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Note 8 - Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Notes to Financial Statements |
Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block] |
8. | Income Taxes
At December 31, 2023, we have a consolidated federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of approximately $98.2 million available to offset against future taxable income of which approximately $33.2 million expires in varying amounts in 2024 through 2037. Additionally, we have approximately $3.9 million in research and development (“R&D”) tax credits that expire in 2024 through 2043 unless utilized earlier. No income taxes have been paid to date. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that may limit our utilization of our NOL and R&D tax credit carryforwards in any given year as a result of significant changes in ownership interests that have occurred in past periods or may occur in future periods. Deferred income taxes reflect the net effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. We have established a full valuation allowance equal to the amount of our net deferred tax assets due to uncertainties with respect to our ability to generate sufficient taxable income to realize these assets in the future. The table below presents significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforward |  | $ | 25,527,210 |  |  | $ | 19,764,569 |
Research and development tax credit carryforward |  |  | 3,870,460 |  |  |  | 2,202,603 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 552,886 |  |  |  | 330,553 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 29,728 |  |  |  | 663,211 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 29,980,284 |  |  |  | 22,960,936 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 45,122 |  |  |  | 51,466 |
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 29,935,162 |  |  |  | 22,909,470 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (29,935,162 | ) |  |  | (22,909,470 | )
Net deferred tax asset after reduction for valuation allowance |  | $ | -0- |  |  | $ | -0- |
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
U.S. federal statutory rate applied to pretax loss |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | %
State income tax (benefit) |  |  | 3.9 |  |  |  | 3.9 |
Permanent differences |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | )
NOL carryforward expiration |  |  | (4.3 | ) |  |  | (15.6 | )
R&D tax credits, net of expiration |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 4.6 |
Change in valuation allowance and other adjustments |  |  | (27.0 | ) |  |  | (13.9 | )
Effective tax rate |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 946 -SubTopic 20 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 13 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-13 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2)) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//740/tableOfContent Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-14 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-21 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482526/740-270-50-1 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-17 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-1 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-2 Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482603/740-30-50-2 + Details
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