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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
OR

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-39128
Momentus Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 84-1905538
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3901 N. First Street San Jose, California | 95134
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code)

(650) 564-7820
Registrant's telephone number, including area code
Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock | MNTS | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Warrants | MNTSW | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer | o | Accelerated filer | o
Non-accelerated filer | x | Smaller reporting company | x
|  | Emerging growth company | x

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x
The registrant had outstanding 97,866,756 shares of common stock as of August 9, 2023.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
Part I - Financial Information | 5
Item 1. Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | 6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 9
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 10
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 46
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 47
Part II - Other Information | 48
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 48
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 48
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 50
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 50
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 50
Item 5. Other Information | 50
Item 6. Exhibits | 51
Signatures | 52

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”), including, without limitation, statements under the headings "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the "Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act"). Generally, statements that are not historical facts, including statements concerning Momentus Inc.’s (the “Company,” “Momentus,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events, or results of operations, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the words "believes," "estimates," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "may," "will," "potential," "projects," "predicts," "continue," or "should," or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. There can be no assurance that actual results will not materially differ from expectations.
The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Future developments affecting us may not be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, the ability of the Company to raise additional capital to finance its longer-term business plan, the ability of the Company to obtain licenses and government approvals for its missions, which are essential to its operations; the ability of the Company to effectively market and sell satellite transport services and planned in-orbit services; the ability of the Company to protect its intellectual property and trade secrets; the development of markets for satellite transport and in-orbit services; the ability of the Company to develop, test and validate its technology, including its water plasma propulsion technology; delays or impediments that the Company may face in the development, manufacture and deployment of next generation satellite transport systems; the ability of the Company to convert backlog or inbound inquiries into revenue; changes in applicable laws or regulations and extensive and evolving government regulations that impact operations and business, including export control license requirements; the ability to attract or maintain a qualified workforce with the required security clearances and requisite skills; level of product service or product or launch failures or delays that could lead customers to use competitors’ services; investigations, claims, disputes, enforcement actions, litigation and/or other regulatory or legal proceedings; the Company’s ability to comply with the terms of its National Security Agreement (the “NSA”) and any related compliance measures instituted by the director who was approved by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) Monitoring Agencies (the “Security Director”); the possibility that the Company may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors; and/or other risks and
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uncertainties described under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A. in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws. These risks and others described under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023, may not be exhaustive.
By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. In addition, even if our results or operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.
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ITEM 1. Financial Statements
MOMENTUS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands except number of shares and par value)

| June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 21,298 |  |  | $ | 61,094 |
Restricted cash, current | 488 |  |  | 1,007 |
Accounts receivable | 434 |  |  | — |
Insurance receivable | 4,000 |  |  | 4,000 |
Prepaids and other current assets | 6,771 |  |  | 10,173 |
Total current assets | 32,991 |  |  | 76,274 |
Property, machinery and equipment, net | 3,605 |  |  | 4,016 |
Intangible assets, net | 335 |  |  | 337 |
Operating right-of-use asset | 5,903 |  |  | 6,441 |
Deferred offering costs | 468 |  |  | 331 |
Restricted cash, non-current | 366 |  |  | 312 |
Other non-current assets | 5,048 |  |  | 4,712 |
Total assets | $ | 48,716 |  |  | $ | 92,423 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 2,498 |  |  | $ | 2,239 |
Accrued liabilities | 6,785 |  |  | 8,026 |
Loan payable, current | 8,702 |  |  | 11,627 |
Contract liabilities, current | 1,237 |  |  | 1,654 |
Operating lease liability, current | 1,210 |  |  | 1,153 |
Stock repurchase liability | — |  |  | 10,000 |
Litigation settlement contingency | 8,500 |  |  | 8,500 |
Other current liabilities | 24 |  |  | 27 |
Total current liabilities | 28,956 |  |  | 43,226 |
Contract liabilities, non-current | 794 |  |  | 1,026 |
Loan Payable, non-current | — |  |  | 2,404 |
Warrant liability | 226 |  |  | 564 |
Operating lease liability, non-current | 5,506 |  |  | 6,131 |
Other non-current liabilities | 477 |  |  | 465 |
Total non-current liabilities | 7,003 |  |  | 10,590 |
Total liabilities | 35,959 |  |  | 53,816 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock, $0.00001 par value; 250,000,000 shares authorized and 97,865,351 issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023; 250,000,000 shares authorized and 84,441,153 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital | 356,543 |  |  | 342,733 |
Accumulated deficit | (343,787) |  |  | (304,127) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 12,757 |  |  | 38,607 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 48,716 |  |  | $ | 92,423 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
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MOMENTUS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Service revenue | $ | 1,705 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 1,727 |  |  | $ | 50 |
Cost of revenue | 388 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 12 |
Gross profit | 1,317 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 1,339 |  |  | 38 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development expenses | 10,204 |  |  | 10,896 |  |  | 20,323 |  |  | 20,867 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 10,007 |  |  | 12,861 |  |  | 20,277 |  |  | 27,714 |
Total operating expenses | 20,211 |  |  | 23,757 |  |  | 40,600 |  |  | 48,581 |
Loss from operations | (18,894) |  |  | (23,719) |  |  | (39,261) |  |  | (48,543) |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of warrant liability | 451 |  |  | 2,254 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 1,803 |
Realized (loss) gain on disposal of asset | (17) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (69) |
Interest income | 357 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 912 |  |  | 5 |
Interest expense | (732) |  |  | (1,413) |  |  | (1,652) |  |  | (2,905) |
Litigation settlement, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |
Total other income (expense) | 59 |  |  | 847 |  |  | (399) |  |  | (1,163) |
Net loss | $ | (18,835) |  |  | $ | (22,872) |  |  | $ | (39,660) |  |  | $ | (49,706) |
Net loss per share, basic | $ | (0.20) |  |  | $ | (0.28) |  |  | $ | (0.43) |  |  | $ | (0.62) |
Net loss per share, fully diluted | $ | (0.20) |  |  | $ | (0.28) |  |  | $ | (0.43) |  |  | $ | (0.62) |
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic | 95,978,588 |  |  | 81,319,533 |  |  | 91,791,957 |  |  | 80,642,670 |
Weighted average shares outstanding, fully diluted | 95,978,588 |  |  | 81,319,533 |  |  | 91,791,957 |  |  | 80,642,670 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
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MOMENTUS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except share data)

| Common stock – Class A |  | Additional paid in capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Total stockholders’ equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2022 | 84,441,153 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 342,733 |  |  | $ | (304,127) |  |  | $ | 38,607 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | 370,287 |  |  | — |  |  | 92 |  |  | — |  |  | 92 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs | 766,791 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Share repurchase related to Section 16 Officer tax coverage exchange | (124,899) |  |  | — |  |  | (60) |  |  | — |  |  | (60) |
Stock-based compensation - stock options, RSAs, RSUs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,720 |
Issuance of common stock and related warrants in registered offering, net of issuance costs | 9,396,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,300 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,300 |
Issuance of common stock to non-employees | 135,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,825) |  |  | (20,825) |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | 94,984,332 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 353,897 |  |  | $ | (324,952) |  |  | $ | 28,946 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | 132,417 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs | 472,014 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock upon purchase of ESPP | 106,545 |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of Pre-Funded Warrants | 2,170,043 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation - stock options, RSAs, RSUs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,577 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,577 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,835) |  |  | (18,835) |
Balance, June 30, 2023 | 97,865,351 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 356,543 |  |  | $ | (343,787) |  |  | $ | 12,757 |

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| Common stock – Class A |  | Additional paid in capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Total stockholders’ equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2021 | 81,211,781 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 340,570 |  |  | $ | (208,683) |  |  | $ | 131,888 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | 170,751 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs | 113,710 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Share repurchase related to Section 16 Officer tax coverage exchange | (18,673) |  |  | — |  |  | (59) |  |  | — |  |  | (59) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,212 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,212 |
Share repurchase valuation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,000) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,000) |
Shares issued upon exercise of warrant | 278,146 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,834) |  |  | (26,834) |
Balance, March 31, 2022 | 81,755,715 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 336,771 |  |  | $ | (235,517) |  |  | $ | 101,255 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | 1,294,668 |  |  | — |  |  | 345 |  |  | — |  |  | 345 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs | 149,953 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock purchase of ESPP | 77,162 |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |
Share repurchase related to Section 16 Officer tax coverage exchange | (12,666) |  |  | — |  |  | (38) |  |  | — |  |  | (38) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,105 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,105 |
Share repurchase valuation adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 220 |  |  | — |  |  | 220 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,872) |  |  | (22,872) |
Balance, June 30, 2022 | 83,264,832 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 340,593 |  |  | $ | (258,389) |  |  | $ | 82,205 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
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MOMENTUS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (39,660) |  |  | $ | (49,706) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 452 |  |  | 578 |
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 890 |  |  | 1,462 |
Amortization of right-of-use asset | 537 |  |  | 613 |
Change in fair value of warrant liability | (338) |  |  | (1,803) |
Loss on disposal of property, machinery, equipment and intangible assets | 17 |  |  | 69 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 4,297 |  |  | 5,247 |
Non-cash consulting expense | 112 |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivables | (434) |  |  | — |
Prepaids and other current assets | 3,401 |  |  | 1,914 |
Other non-current assets | (337) |  |  | (585) |
Accounts payable | 258 |  |  | (742) |
Accrued liabilities | (1,298) |  |  | (2,555) |
Accrued interest | 79 |  |  | 53 |
Other current liabilities | 1 |  |  | (6) |
Contract liabilities | (648) |  |  | 133 |
Lease liability | (569) |  |  | (626) |
Other non-current liabilities | 12 |  |  | 11 |
Net cash used in operating activities | (33,228) |  |  | (45,943) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Purchases of property, machinery and equipment | (53) |  |  | (488) |
Proceeds from sale of property, machinery and equipment | 63 |  |  | 7 |
Purchases of intangible assets | (25) |  |  | (464) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (15) |  |  | (945) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 130 |  |  | 393 |
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan | 31 |  |  | 190 |
Repurchase of Section 16 Officer shares for tax coverage exchange | (60) |  |  | (97) |
Principal payments on loan payable | (6,298) |  |  | (3,763) |
Payment of deferred offering costs | (121) |  |  | — |
Payment for repurchase of common shares | (10,000) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and related warrants | 10,000 |  |  | — |
Payments for issuance costs related to common stock and related warrants | (700) |  |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities | (7,018) |  |  | (3,277) |
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (40,261) |  |  | (50,165) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 62,413 |  |  | 160,547 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 22,152 |  |  | $ | 110,382 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |
Purchases of property, machinery and equipment in accounts payable and accrued expenses at period end | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred offering costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses at period end | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | — |
Stock repurchase liability fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,780 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 684 |  |  | $ | 1,392 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Nature of Operations
The Company
Momentus Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries “Momentus” or the “Company”) is a U.S. commercial space company that offers in-space infrastructure services, including in-space transportation, hosted payloads and in-orbit services. Momentus is making new ways of operating in space possible with its in-space transfer and service vehicles, powered by an innovative, space-proven water plasma-based propulsion system.
On May 25, 2022, the Company launched its Vigoride 3 Orbital Service Vehicle (OSV) to low-earth orbit aboard the SpaceX Transporter-5 mission. In addition to Vigoride 3, Momentus used a second port on the same SpaceX mission to fly a third-party deployer from a partner company. Momentus deployed a total of eight customer satellites in low-earth orbit during its inaugural mission, comprising seven satellites from Vigoride 3 and one satellite from the third-party deployer system. The Company incorporated improvements identified during its inaugural mission in advance of its first follow-on mission and other planned follow-on missions.
On January 3, 2023, the Company launched its Vigoride 5 OSV to low-earth orbit aboard the SpaceX Transporter-6 mission. The mission is ongoing and the Vigoride 5 OSV is maneuvering under its own power in low-earth orbit. The primary mission objective is to test the spacecraft on orbit, learn from any issues that are encountered and implement lessons-learned on future Vigoride vehicles and missions. The mission also supported two customers: the Qosmosys Zeus-1 payload which was deployed on orbit on May 10, 2023, and Caltech’s Space Solar Power Demonstrator project, a hosted payload for which the Vigoride 5 continues to provide thrusting maneuvers and on-orbit support, including providing data, communication, commanding and telemetry, and resources for optimal picture taking and solar cell lighting.
As part of the Vigoride 5 mission, we successfully completed the initial tests on-orbit of the pioneering Microwave Electrothermal Thruster (MET) that relies on solar power and uses distilled water as a propellant. The MET is the Vigoride OSV’s primary propulsion method that produces thrust by expelling extremely hot gases through a rocket nozzle. Unlike a conventional chemical rocket engine, which creates thrust through a chemical reaction, the MET is designed to create a plasma and thrust using solar power to drive a microwave energy source that heats the water propellant. Momentus has two patents in support of this proprietary propulsion technology.
The recent MET testing done on-orbit included dozens of firings of the thruster that imparted forces on the Vigoride 5 spacecraft. These forces can change the orbital velocity of the spacecraft, allowing the orbit to be adjusted, changing parameters such as altitude and orbital inclination. This capability allows Momentus to deliver its customers’ payloads to custom orbits. Momentus has used the MET to change the spacecraft altitude during the current Vigoride 5 mission.
The Vigoride OSV’s Attitude Control and Reaction Control Systems also use water as a propellant and were recently tested and fully commissioned. With its water-based propulsion systems, Momentus aims to offer cost-effective, efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly propulsion to meet the demands for in-space transportation and infrastructure services.
On April 15, 2023, the Company launched its Vigoride 6 OSV to low-earth orbit aboard the SpaceX Transporter-7 mission and used its MET to change the orbital inclination of the Vigoride 6 OSV to support the deliveries of six customer payloads, including two satellites for the NASA LLITED mission.
The Vigoride 6 mission is also hosting a Momentus technology demonstration of a new kind of solar array. The Tape Spring Solar Array (TASSA) technology features large sheets of flexible solar cells bonded to tape springs. To stow, they are tightly coiled around a mandrel. After launch, motors unroll the mandrel, deploying the solar array. Momentus aims to drive down vehicle production costs and streamline on-orbit operations, while reducing the cost of power for the satellite, with this technology once operational.
Momentus has entered a new phase by operating two spacecraft in orbit concurrently as the Company continues to grow its capabilities. The Company anticipates flying its next mission with its Vigoride OSV in early 2024. All future missions remain subject to the receipt of licenses and government approvals, and the successful completion of
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
our efforts to prepare our spacecraft for flight. The Company can offer no assurances that the vehicles that it plans to operate in the future missions will be ready on time, or that they will operate as intended.
Business Combination
On August 12, 2021, the Company consummated a merger pursuant to certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 7, 2020, and as amended on March 5, 2021, April 6, 2021, and June 29, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp (“SRAC”), Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of SRAC (“First Merger Sub”), and Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of SRAC (“Second Merger Sub”), pursuant to which First Merger Sub merged with and into Momentus Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Momentus”) with Legacy Momentus as the surviving corporation of the First Merger Sub, and immediately following which Legacy Momentus merged with and into the Second Merger Sub, with the Second Merger Sub as the surviving entity (the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination (“Closing”), the Company changed its name from Stable Road Acquisition Corp. to Momentus Inc., and Legacy Momentus changed its name to Momentus Space, LLC.
The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization under ASC 805, Business Combinations, with SRAC and its two wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company received gross proceeds of $247.3 million upon the closing of the Business Combination. Public and private warrants of SRAC were assumed by the Company as a result of the Business Combination.
Going Concern
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The going concern basis of presentation assumes that the Company will continue in operation one year after the date these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements are issued and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company’s ability to successfully raise capital to fund its business operations and execute on its business plan. To date the Company remains heavily focused on growth and continued development of its proprietary technology, as a result of this it has not generated sufficient revenues to provide cash flows that enable the Company to finance its operations internally and the Company’s financial position and operating results raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. This is reflected by the Company’s incurred net losses of $18.8 million and $39.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and accumulated deficit of $343.8 million as of June 30, 2023. Additionally, the Company used net cash of $33.2 million to fund its operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023, and had cash and cash equivalents of $21.3 million as of June 30, 2023.
Pursuant to the requirements of ASC Topic 205-40, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, management must evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements are issued. This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within control of the Company as of the date the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the unaudited condensed consolidated Interim financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements are issued.
In connection with the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, management conducted an evaluation and concluded that there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within twelve months after the date of the issuance of such financial statements. The Company believes that its current level of cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund its regular operations and commercial scale production and sale of its services and products. These conditions raise substantial doubt regarding its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least one year from the date of issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. In order to proceed with the Company’s business plan and operating strategy, the Company will need to raise substantial additional capital to fund its operations. Until such time, if ever, the Company can generate revenues sufficient to achieve profitability, the Company expects to finance its operations
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
through equity or debt financings, which may not be available to the Company on the timing needed or on terms that the Company deems to be favorable. In an effort to alleviate these conditions, the Company has recently executed a term sheet to raise capital with Deutsche Bank and continues to seek and evaluate all opportunities to access additional capital through any available means.
As a result of these uncertainties, and notwithstanding management’s plans and efforts to date, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to raise substantial additional capital in the near term, the Company's operations and business plan will need to be scaled back or halted altogether. Additionally, if the Company is able to raise additional capital but that capital is insufficient to provide a bridge to full commercial production at a profit, the Company's operations could be severely curtailed or cease entirely and the Company may not realize any significant value from its assets.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis of accounting. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not reflect any adjustments that might result if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Unaudited Interim Financial Information
The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP for audited financial statements. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”).
The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements. The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the statement of stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2023, or for any future period. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 filed with the SEC in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company on March 8, 2023.
Principles of Consolidation
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of all the subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other factors it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates inherent in the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, accounting for useful lives of property, machinery and equipment, net, intangible assets, net, accrued liabilities, leases, income taxes including deferred tax assets and liabilities, impairment valuation, stock-based compensation, and warrant liabilities.
Emerging Growth Company Status
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)
Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can choose not to take advantage of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, and any such election to not take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable. The Company is an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act and has elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period for new or revised financial accounting standards. The Company will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which the market value of Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of that year’s second fiscal quarter, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which the Company after the consummation of the Business Combination has total annual gross revenue of $1.07 billion or more during such fiscal year (as indexed for inflation), (iii) the date on which the Company has issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in the prior three-year period or (iv) December 31, 2024. The Company expects to continue to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period, although it may decide to early adopt such new or revised accounting standards to the extent permitted by such standards. This may make it difficult or impossible to compare the Company’s financial results with the financial results of another public company that is either not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has chosen not to take advantage of the extended transition period exemptions because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, cash in bank with no restrictions, as well as highly liquid investments which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use, and which have remaining maturities of three months or less when initially purchased.
The Company places its cash in the bank, which may at times be in excess of the United States' Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits, with high credit quality financial institutions and attempts to limit the amount of credit exposure with any one institution.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash primarily represents deposited cash that is restricted by financial institutions for two purposes. $0.4 million is restricted primarily as collateral for a letter of credit issued to the Company’s landlord in accordance with the terms of a lease agreement entered into in December 2020, and is classified as a non-current asset as it will be returned to the Company upon the occurrence of future events which are expected to occur beyond one year from June 30, 2023. The remaining $0.5 million is restricted for expenditures related to the NSA. See Note 12 for additional information regarding the NSA.
Deferred Fulfillment and Prepaid Launch Costs
The Company prepays for certain launch costs to third-party providers that will carry the transport vehicle to orbit. Prepaid costs allocated to the delivery of a customers’ payload are classified as deferred fulfillment costs and recognized as cost of revenue upon delivery of the customers’ payload. Prepaid costs allocated to our payload are classified as prepaid launch costs and are amortized to research and development expense upon the release of our payload. The allocation is determined based on the distribution between customer and our payload weight on each launch.
As of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had deferred fulfillment and prepaid launch costs of $6.3 million and $7.4 million, respectively, with $1.5 million and $3.0 million recorded within prepaids and other current assets, respectively, and $4.8 million and $4.4 million are recorded other non-current asset, respectively, in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Property, Machinery and Equipment, net
Property, machinery and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is generally recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The estimated useful lives of fixed assets by asset category are described below:
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)

Fixed Assets |  | Estimated Useful Life
Computer equipment |  | Three years
Furniture and fixtures |  | Five years
Leasehold improvements |  | Lesser of estimated useful life or remaining lease term (one year to seven years)
Machinery and equipment |  | Seven years

Costs of maintenance or repairs that do not extend the lives of the respective assets are charged to expenses as incurred.
Intangible Assets, net
Intangible assets, which consist of patents, are considered long-lived assets and are reported at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment loss, if any. Amortization is recognized on a straight-line basis over 10 years for patents, which is the estimated useful lives of the intangible assets.
In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles, the Company presents capitalized implementation costs for cloud computing arrangements within prepaid and other current assets, and other non-current assets to properly present the capitalized costs with their related subscription fees.
Deferred Offering Costs
Offering costs consist of legal, accounting, underwriting fees and other costs incurred that are directly related to fundraising activities. During the year ended December 31, 2022, and the six months ended June 30, 2023, deferred offering costs were attributable to the Company’s S-3 Universal Shelf registration (the “Form S-3”) and the at-the-market offering program and Securities Purchase Agreement. These costs will be netted with the proceeds proportional to the at-the-market program fundraising and any future fundraising under the "Form S-3". Refer to Note 9 for additional information.
Loss Contingencies
The Company estimates loss contingencies in accordance with ASC 450-20, Loss Contingencies (“ASC 450-20”), which states that a loss contingency shall be accrued by a charge to income if both of the following conditions are met: (i) information available before the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued or are available to be issued indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and (ii) the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether such accruals should be adjusted and whether new accruals are required. Refer to Note 12 for additional information.
Revenue Recognition
The Company enters into short-term contracts for ‘last-mile’ satellite and cargo delivery (transportation service), payload hosting and in-orbit servicing options with customers that are primarily in the aerospace industry. For its transportation service arrangements, The Company has a single performance obligation of delivering the customers’ payload to its designated orbit and recognizes revenue (along with any other fees that have been paid) at a point in time, upon satisfaction of this performance obligation. Additionally, for its in-orbit service arrangements, the Company provides a multitude of services consistently throughout the mission to its customers and also has services available on a ‘stand ready’ basis as needed until the mission reaches its conclusion. The Company recognizes revenue for these in-orbit services ratably over time on a straight-line basis.
The Company accounts for customer contracts in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which includes the following five-step model:
•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer.
•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract.
•Determination of the transaction price.
•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)
•Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
The Company estimates variable consideration at the most likely amount, which is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. While the Company’s standard contracts do not contain refund or recourse provisions that enable its customers to recover any non-refundable fees that have been paid, the Company may issue full or partial refunds, or concessions on future services to customers on a case-by-case basis as necessary to preserve and foster future business relationships and customer goodwill.
As part of its contracts with customers, the Company collects up-front non-refundable deposits prior to launch. As of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had customer deposit balances of $2.0 million and $2.7 million, respectively, related to signed contracts with customers, including firm orders and options (some of which have already been exercised by customers). These deposits are recorded as current and non-current contract liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Included in the collected amount as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are $0.8 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of non-current deposits.
During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized $1.7 million of revenue, due to transportation services performed in Vigoride 5 and Vigoride 6 spaceship launches, on-going hosting services in Vigoride 5, and forfeited customer deposits primarily related to expired options. The Company recognized $0.1 million in revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
The disaggregation of revenue by type is as follows:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Transportation services | $ | 1,305 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 1,305 |  |  | $ | 50 |
In-orbit services | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |
Revenue from forfeited customer deposits | 258 |  |  | — |  |  | 280 |  |  | — |
Total revenue | $ | 1,705 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 1,727 |  |  | $ | 50 |

Fair Value Measurement
The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. A three-tiered hierarchy is established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value. This hierarchy requires that the Company use observable market data, when available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value:
•Level 1, observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;
•Level 2, inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
•Level 3, unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which requires that the Company develop its own assumptions.
The fair values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, and certain prepaid and other current assets and accrued expenses approximate carrying values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments which fall with Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value of certain other non-current assets and liabilities approximates fair value. The Company had no Level 2 inputs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.
The Company’s warrants are recorded as a derivative liability pursuant to ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), and are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the Company is using the Black Scholes Option Pricing model. The primary significant unobservable input used in the valuation of the warrants is expected stock price volatility. Expected stock price volatility is based on the actual historical volatility of a group of comparable publicly traded companies observed over a historical period equal to the expected remaining life of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect on the date of valuation equal
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NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)
to the remaining expected life of the warrants. The expected term was based on the maturity of the warrants, which is 5 years. The dividend yield percentage is zero because the Company does not currently pay dividends, nor does it intend to do so during the expected term of the warrants. Upon conversion of the Legacy Momentus private warrants immediately prior to the business combination, the key valuation input was the closing price of Company’s Common Stock on the Closing Date, as the expected term and volatility were immaterial to the pricing model.
The Company’s performance awards under the equity incentive plans are recorded as contingent liabilities pursuant to ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), measured at fair value. The performance awards are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy as the fair value is dependent on management assumptions about the likelihood of non-market outcomes. See Note 10 for additional information.
The Company’s stock repurchase agreements with the Co-Founders (see Note 12 for additional information) are recorded as contingent liabilities pursuant to ASC 480, measured at fair value. The stock repurchase agreements are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy as the fair value is dependent on management assumptions about the likelihood of non-market outcomes. The Company paid $10.0 million to satisfy the stock repurchase agreement contingent liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 (see Note 9 for additional information). There were no transfers between levels of input during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.
The change in fair values of liabilities subject to recurring remeasurement were as follows:

(in thousands) | Level |  | Fair value as of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  | Payment of Stock Repurchase Liability |  | Change in Fair Value |  |  |  | Fair value as of June 30, 2023
Warrant Liability | 3 |  | $ | 564 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (338) |  |  |  |  | $ | 226 |
Stock Repurchase Liability | 3 |  | 10,000 |  |  |  |  | (10,000) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | 10,564 |  |  |  |  | $ | (10,000) |  |  | $ | (338) |  |  |  |  | $ | 226 |

Key assumptions for the Black-Scholes model used to determine the fair value of warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2023 were as follows:

Warrant term (years) | 3.12
Volatility | 98.90 | %
Risk-free rate | 4.42 | %
Dividend yield | 0.00 | %

Warrant Liability
The Company’s private warrants and stock purchase warrants are recorded as derivative liabilities pursuant to ASC 815 and are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the Company is using the Black Scholes Option Pricing model to calculate fair value. See Note 9 for additional information. Significant unobservable inputs, prior to the Company’s stock being publicly listed, included stock price, volatility and expected term. At the end of each reporting period, changes in fair value during the period are recognized as components of other income within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company will continue to adjust the warrant liability for changes in fair value until the earlier of (i) the exercise or expiration of the warrants or (ii) the redemption of the warrants, at which time the warrants will be reclassified to additional paid-in capital within the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity.
The warrants issued by Momentus Inc. prior to the Business Combination were exercised in connection with the Business Combination and as a result, the Company performed a fair value measurement of those warrants on the Closing Date and recorded the change in the instruments’ fair values prior to converting them to equity. The warrants assumed by the Company as a result of the Business Combination remain outstanding.
Public and Private Warrants
Prior to the Business Combination, SRAC issued 11,272,500 private placement warrants (“Private Warrants”) and 8,625,000 public warrants (“Public Warrants” and, together with the “Private Warrants”, “Warrants”). Each whole warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock at a price of $11.50 per share,
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NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)
subject to adjustments and will expire five years after the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.
The Private Warrants do not meet the derivative scope exception and are accounted for as derivative liabilities. Specifically, the Private Warrants contain provisions that cause the settlement amounts to be dependent upon the characteristics of the holder of the warrant which is not an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares. Therefore, the Private Warrants are not considered indexed to the Company’s stock and should be classified as a liability. Since the Private Warrants meet the definition of a derivative, the Company recorded the Private Warrants as liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet at fair value upon the Closing, with subsequent changes in the fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations at each reporting date. The fair value of the Private Warrants was measured using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model at each measurement date.
In addition, the Public Warrants are accounted for as equity classified by the Company. On consummation of the Business Combination, the Company recorded equity related to the Public Warrants of $20.2 million, with an offsetting entry to additional paid-in capital. Similarly, on the consummation of the Business Combination, the Company recorded a liability related to the Private Warrants of $31.2 million, with an offsetting entry to additional paid-in capital.
The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including issued stock purchase warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC 815, at the initial recognition.
Other than the Public and Private Warrants noted above, the company also had other warrants issued and outstanding which were recognized as derivative liabilities in accordance with ASC 815 until they were fully exercised. Accordingly, the Company recognized the warrant instruments as liabilities at fair value and adjusts the instruments to fair value at each reporting period until exercised. The fair value of the warrant liabilities issued were initially measured using the Black- Scholes model and were subsequently remeasured at each reporting period with changes recorded as a component of other income in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. Derivative warrant liabilities are classified as non-current as their liquidation is not reasonably expected to require the use of current assets or require the creation of current liabilities. See Note 9 for additional information.
Basic and Diluted Loss Per Share
Net loss per share is provided in accordance with FASB ASC 260-10, Earnings per Share. Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing losses by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share excludes all potential common shares if their effect is anti-dilutive. See Note 11 for additional information.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
The Company evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets, which includes intangible assets, on an annual basis, or more frequently whenever circumstances indicate a long-lived asset may be impaired. When indicators of impairment exist, the Company estimates future undiscounted cash flows attributable to such assets. In the event cash flows are not expected to be sufficient to recover the recorded value of the assets, the assets are written down to their estimated fair value. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, there were immaterial impairments of long-lived assets. See Note 4 and Note 5 for additional information.
Stock-based Compensation
The Company has a stock incentive plan under which equity awards are granted to employees, directors, and consultants. All stock-based payments are recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements based on their respective grant date fair values.
Restricted stock unit fair value is based on our closing stock price on the day of the grant. Stock option fair value is determined using the Black Scholes Merton Option Pricing model. The model requires management to make a number of assumptions, including expected volatility of the Company’s stock, expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) compensation fair value is also
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)
determined using the Black Scholes Merton Option Pricing model, using a six-month expected term to conform with the six month ESPP offering period.
The fair value of equity awards is expensed over the related service period which is typically the vesting period, and expense is only recognized for awards that are expected to vest. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
401(k) Plan
The Company has a 401(k) plan that it offers to its full-time employees. The Company did not contribute to the plan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include activities to develop existing and future technologies for the Company’s vehicles. Research and development activities include basic research, applied research, design, development, and related test program activities. Costs incurred for developing our vehicles primarily include equipment, material, and labor hours (both internal and subcontractors).
Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities related to an executory contractual arrangement are deferred and capitalized. These advance payments are recognized as an expense as the related goods are delivered or services performed. When the related goods are no longer expected to be delivered or services rendered, the capitalized advance payment should be charged to expense.
Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception based on whether there is an identified property, plant or equipment and whether the Company controls the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use.
Operating leases are included in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. Lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease and are included in current and non-current liabilities. Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease inception date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term discounted based on the more readily determinable of (i) the rate implicit in the lease or (ii) the Company’s incremental borrowing rate (which is the estimated rate the Company would be required to pay for a collateralized borrowing equal to the total lease payments over the term of the lease). Because the Company’s operating leases generally do not provide an implicit rate, the Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date for borrowings with a similar term.
The Company’s operating lease ROU assets are measured based on the corresponding operating lease liability adjusted for (i) payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, (ii) initial direct costs incurred and (iii) tenant incentives under the lease. The Company does not assume renewals or early terminations unless it is reasonably certain to exercise these options at commencement. The Company elected the practical expedient which allows the Company to not allocate consideration between lease and non-lease components. Variable lease payments are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. In addition, the Company elected the practical expedient such that it does not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less of all asset classes. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. See Note 6 for additional details on the Company’s leases.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with authoritative guidance, which requires the use of the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based upon the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rate expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the differences are expected to be reversed.
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont.)
Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all available evidence, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, and the feasibility of tax planning strategies.
In the event that management changes its determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust its valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.
The Company is required to evaluate the tax positions taken in the course of preparing its tax returns to determine whether tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits of positions not deemed to meet the “more likely than not” threshold would be recorded as a tax expense in the current year. The amount recognized is subject to estimate and management judgment with respect to the likely outcome of each uncertain tax position. The amount that is ultimately sustained for an individual uncertain tax position or for all uncertain tax positions in the aggregate could differ from the amount that is initially recognized.
Concentrations of Risk
Financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in banks that management believes are creditworthy, however deposits may exceed federally insured limits.
Segment Reporting
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing operating performance. In consideration of ASC 280, Segment Reporting, we are not organized around specific services or geographic regions. We currently operate in one service line providing in-space transportation services.
Our chief operating decision maker uses condensed financial information to evaluate our performance, which is the same basis on which our results and performance are communicated to our Board of Directors. Based on the information described above and in accordance with the applicable literature, management has concluded that we are organized and operated as one operating and reportable segment.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Although there are several new accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB, which have been adopted or will be adopted as applicable, management does not believe any of these accounting pronouncements has had or will have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
Note 3. Prepaids and Other Current Assets
Prepaids and other current assets consisted of the following:

(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Prepaid launch costs, current | $ | 1,523 |  |  | $ | 3,000 |
Prepaid research and development | 2,377 |  |  | 2,841 |
Prepaid insurance and other assets | 2,871 |  |  | 4,332 |
Total | $ | 6,771 |  |  | $ | 10,173 |

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the non-current portion of prepaid launch costs recorded in other non-current assets was $4.8 million and $4.4 million, respectively.
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 4. Property, Machinery and Equipment, net
Property, machinery and equipment, net consisted of the following:

(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Computer equipment | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Leasehold improvements | 2,281 |  |  | 2,281 |
Machinery and equipment | 3,411 |  |  | 3,411 |
Construction in-progress | 50 |  |  | 106 |
Property, machinery and equipment, gross | 5,752 |  |  | 5,808 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (2,147) |  |  | (1,792) |
Property, machinery and equipment, net | $ | 3,605 |  |  | $ | 4,016 |

Depreciation expense related to property, machinery and equipment was $0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
Note 5. Intangible Assets, net
Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of June 30, 2023:

(in thousands) | Gross Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Value |  | Weighted Average Remaining Amortization Period (In Years)
Patents/Intellectual Property | $ | 485 |  |  | $ | (150) |  |  | $ | 335 |  |  | 6.6
Total | $ | 485 |  |  | $ | (150) |  |  | $ | 335 |  |  |

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022:

(in thousands) | Gross Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Value |  | Weighted Average Remaining Amortization Period (In Years)
Patents/Intellectual Property | $ | 461 |  |  | $ | (124) |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | 7.0
Total | $ | 461 |  |  | $ | (124) |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  |

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $0.01 million and $0.03 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $0.04 million and $0.08 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
As of June 30, 2023, the future estimated amortization expense related to intangible assets is as follows:

(in thousands) |
Remainder of 2023 | $ | 27 |
2024 | 53 |
2025 | 53 |
2026 | 53 |
2027 | 53 |
Thereafter | 96 |
Total | $ | 335 |

Note 6. Leases
The Company leases office space under non-cancellable operating leases. In January 2021, the Company commenced a lease in San Jose, California. The lease expires in February 2028. The Company is obligated to pay
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NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
approximately $11 million over the term of the lease. Prior to December 31, 2021, the Company modified two minor leases to extend access until April 2022 to aid the full transition to the San Jose facility. The Company had one additional minor lease that expired in November 2022.
The components of operating lease expense were as follows:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating lease cost | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 404 |  |  | $ | 735 |  |  | $ | 844 |
Variable lease expense | 136 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 291 |
Total lease expense | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 994 |  |  | $ | 1,135 |

Variable lease expense consists of the Company’s proportionate share of operating expenses, property taxes, and insurance.
As of June 30, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 4.7 years and the weighted-average discount rate was 5.6%.
As of June 30, 2023, the maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities were as follows:

(in thousands) |
Remainder of 2023 | $ | 767 |
2024 | 1,580 |
2025 | 1,627 |
2026 | 1,674 |
2027 | 1,729 |
Thereafter | 297 |
Total lease payments | 7,674 |
Less: Imputed interest | (958) |
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 6,716 |

Note 7. Accrued Liabilities
Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Legal and other professional services | $ | 3,204 |  |  | $ | 3,128 |
Compensation expense | 1,897 |  |  | 3,584 |
Research and development projects | 1,532 |  |  | 981 |
Other accrued liabilities | 152 |  |  | 333 |
Total | $ | 6,785 |  |  | $ | 8,026 |

Note 8. Loan Payable
Term Loan
On February 22, 2021, the Company entered into a Term Loan and Security Agreement (the “Term Loan”) which provided the Company with up to $40.0 million in borrowing capacity at an annual interest rate of 12%. $25.0 million of the Term Loan was immediately available for borrowing by the Company at the inception of the agreement, the Company borrowed this amount on March 1, 2021. The remaining $15.0 million of borrowing capacity is no longer available as the Company did not achieve certain milestones by the June 30, 2021 deadline. The repayment terms of the Term Loan provide for interest-only payments from March 1, 2021 through February 28, 2022.
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 8. Loan Payable (cont.)
Under the original terms, the principal amount was due and payable on March 1, 2022. However, during January 2022 the Company exercised its option to pay back the principal amount of the Term Loan over two years beginning on March 1, 2022 and ending on February 28, 2024.
The Company allocated the proceeds from the Term Loan agreement to the note and warrants issued in conjunction with the Term Loan comprising the financing agreement based on the relative fair value of the individual securities on the February 22, 2021 closing date of the agreements. The discount attributable to the note, an aggregate of $15.8 million, primarily related to the value of the warrant liability with immaterial issuance costs, is amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the note, originally maturing on March 1, 2022, but now being repaid over two years, recorded as interest expense. Because the discount on the note exceeds 63% of its initial face value, and because the discount is amortized over the period from issuance to maturity, the calculated effective interest rate up until January 2022 was 126.0%.
As a result of the exercised extended repayment schedule, the unamortized discount and issuance costs were recast over the updated term of the loan and resulted in a recalculated effective interest rate of 28.2%. Interest expense amortization was $0.4 million and $0.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $0.7 million and $1.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s total loan payable consisted of gross Term Loan payable of $9.0 million and accrued interest of $0.2 million, offset by unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $0.5 million. The Term Loan principal has future scheduled maturities of $6.7 million and $2.3 million for the remainder of 2023 and 2024, respectively.
Note 9. Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock and Preferred Stock
Pursuant to the terms of the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Company is authorized and has available a total of 270,000,000 shares of stock, consisting of (i) 250,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share, and (ii) 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share (“Preferred Stock”).
February 2023 Securities Purchase Agreement
On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with an investor, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to the Investor in a registered offering (the “Offering”), (i) an aggregate of 9,396,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a purchase price of $0.8646 per share, (ii) pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 2,170,043 shares of Class A Stock and (iii) warrants to purchase 11,566,043 shares of Class A Stock (the “Class A Warrants”).
The purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant was equal to the price per share of Class A Stock being sold in the Offering minus $0.00001. The Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.00001 per share and are exercisable at any time after the issuance, subject to the availability of authorized but unissued shares of Class A Stock, and will not expire until exercised. The Class A Warrants have an exercise price of $1.15 per share and exercisable beginning on August 27, 2023, subject to the availability of authorized but unissued shares of Class A Stock, and will expire August 27, 2028.
The Company received aggregate gross proceeds from the Offering of approximately $10.0 million, before deducting estimated expenses in connection with the Offering. Both the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Class A Warrants met the requirements for equity classification.
The Company estimated the fair value of the Pre-Funded Warrants based on the fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the issuance date, less the $0.00001 exercise price. The Company allocated approximately $1.1 million in proceeds from the Offering to the value of the Pre-Funded Warrants on a relative fair value basis, which was recorded to additional paid in capital.
The Company estimated the fair value of the Class A Warrants using the Black-Scholes valuation model and allocated approximately $4.0 million in proceeds from the Offering to the value of the Class A Warrants on a
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 9. Stockholders' Equity (cont.)
relative fair value basis, which was recorded to additional paid in capital. The significant inputs into the Black-Scholes valuation model at February 23, 2023 (the initial recognition date) is as follows:

Warrant term (years) | 5.51
Volatility | 85.00 | %
Risk-free rate | 4.03 | %
Dividend yield | 0.00 | %

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 2,170,043 shares of Class A Stock as a result of all of the Pre-Funded Warrants being exercised and the Company received an immaterial amount of cash proceeds.
Co-Founder Divestment and Stock Repurchase Agreements
In accordance with the NSA and pursuant to stock repurchase agreements entered into with the Company, the Co-Founders sold 100% of their respective equity interests in the Company on June 30, 2021. The Company paid an aggregate of $40.0 million to the Co-Founders following the Business Combination, and an additional payment of an aggregate of $10.0 million was payable after cumulative business combination or capital raising transactions resulted in cash proceeds to the Company of no less than $250.0 million.
As a result of the Offering on February 27, 2023, the Company raised $10.0 million of gross cash proceeds through the sale of securities which, together with the $247.3 million raised in the Business Combination and other capital raising activities, triggered the $10.0 million obligation under the stock repurchase agreements. The Company paid the Co-Founders $10.0 million to pay off the liability during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Public and Private Warrants
As of June 30, 2023, the Company had public and private warrants outstanding to purchase 8,625,000 shares and 11,272,500 shares of Common Stock, respectively, related to the Business Combination. The warrants entitle the registered holder to purchase stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment, at any time commencing on August 12, 2021. The public and private warrants expire on the fifth anniversary of the Business Combination, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.
The Company also had private warrants outstanding to purchase 308,569 shares of Common Stock, with an exercise price of $0.20 per share, unrelated to the Business Combination, which were exercised on a net basis for 278,146 shares during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
The Company issued 11,566,043 of additional warrants on February 27, 2023, in relation to the Offering. The warrants entitle the registered holder to purchase shares of Common Stock at a price of $1.15 per share.
The private warrants assumed in connection with the Business Combination are accounted for as a derivative liability and decrease of the estimated fair value of the warrants of $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $2.3 million and $1.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, was recorded in other income (expense) within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The public warrants and the legacy outstanding private warrants were recorded as equity within the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity.
Contingent Sponsor Earnout Shares
As a result of the Business Combination, the Company modified the terms of 1,437,500 shares of Common Stock held by SRAC’s sponsor (the “Sponsor Earnout Shares”), such that all such shares will be forfeited if the share price of Common Stock does not reach a volume-weighted average closing sale price of $12.50, two thirds of such shares will be forfeited if the share price of Common Stock does not reach a volume-weighted average closing sale price of $15.00, and one third of such shares will be forfeited if the share price of Common Stock does not reach a volume-weighted average closing sale price of $17.50, in each case, prior to the fifth anniversary of the Business Combination. Certain events which change the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, such as a split, combination, or recapitalization, among other potential events, will equitably adjust the target vesting prices above. The Sponsor Earnout Shares may not be transferred without the Company’s consent until the shares vest.
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 9. Stockholders' Equity (cont.)
The Sponsor Earnout Shares are recorded within equity. Due to the contingently forfeitable nature of the shares, the Sponsor Earnout Shares are excluded from basic EPS calculations but are considered potentially dilutive shares for the purposes of diluted EPS (refer to Note 11).
At-The-Market Offering
On September 28, 2022, Momentus entered into an At-the-Market Equity Offering Sales Agreement with a sales agent (the “ATM Sales Agreement”). Pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement, the Company may from time to time sell, through the sales agent using at-the-market (“ATM”) offerings, shares of Common Stock up to an aggregate offer price of $50.0 million. Under the ATM Sales Agreement, the sales agent will be entitled to compensation at a commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold.
During the six months ended June 30, 2023 there were no sales under the ATM Sales Agreement.
Note 10. Stock-based Compensation
Legacy Stock Plans
In May 2018, the Board of Directors of Momentus Inc. approved the 2018 Stock Plan (the “Initial Plan”) that allowed for granting of incentive and non-qualified stock options and restricted stock awards to employees, directors, and consultants. The Initial Plan was terminated in November 2018. Awards outstanding under the Initial Plan continue to be governed by the terms of the Initial Plan.
In February and March 2020, the Board approved the Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Plan (the “2018 Plan”). No additional grants have been made since 2020 and no new grants will be made from the 2018 Plan, however, the options issued and outstanding under the plan continue to be governed by the terms of the 2018 Plan. Forfeitures from the legacy plans become available under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, described below.
2021 Equity Incentive Plan
In connection with the Closing, the Company adopted the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), under which 5,982,922 shares of Common Stock were initially reserved for issuance. The 2021 Plan allows for the issuance of incentive stock options (“ISOs”), non-qualified stock options (“NSOs”), restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance awards. The Board of Directors determines the period over which grants become exercisable. The 2021 Plan became effective immediately following the Closing. The 2021 Plan has an evergreen provision which allows for shares available for issuance under the plan to be increased on the first day of each fiscal year beginning with the 2022 fiscal year and ending on (and including) the first day of the 2031 fiscal year, in each case, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) three percent (3.0%) of the outstanding shares on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year and (ii) such number of Shares determined by the Board. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the shares available for grant under the 2021 Plan increased by 2,533,234 and 206,111 due to the evergreen provision and forfeitures from both the Initial Plan and the 2018 Plan, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, there were 1,275,145 shares remaining available for grant. Grant activity under the 2021 Plan is described below.
2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In connection with the Closing, the Company adopted the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2021 ESPP Plan”), under which 1,595,445 shares of Common Stock were initially reserved for issuance. The Plan provides a means by which eligible employees of the Company may be given an opportunity to purchase shares of Common Stock at a discount as permitted under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The 2021 ESPP Plan has an evergreen provision which allows for shares available for issuance under the plan to be increased on the first day of each fiscal year beginning with the 2022 fiscal year and ending on (and including) the first day of the 2031 fiscal year, in each case, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) half a percent (0.5%) of the outstanding shares on the last day of the calendar month prior to the date of such automatic increase and (ii) 1,595,445 shares. The 2021 ESPP Plan became effective immediately following the Closing. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the shares available for issuance under the 2021 ESPP Plan increased by 422,205 due to the evergreen provision. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, there were 106,545 shares issued under the 2021 ESPP Plan. The Company has an outstanding liability pertaining to the ESPP of $0.03 million as of June 30, 2023, included in accrued expenses, for employee
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 10. Stock-based Compensation (cont.)
contributions to the 2021 ESPP Plan, pending issuance at the end of the offering period. As of June 30, 2023, there were 2,151,771 shares remaining available for issuance.
2022 Inducement Equity Plan
In February 2022, the Company adopted the 2022 Inducement Equity Plan (the “2022 Plan”), under which 4,000,000 shares of Common Stock were initially reserved for issuance. The 2022 Plan allows for the issuance of NSOs, RSAs, SARs, RSUs, and stock bonus awards, subject to certain eligibility requirements. The Board of Directors determines the period over which grants become exercisable and grants generally vest over a four-year period.
On March 21, 2023, the Company adopted the first amendment to the 2022 Plan to increase the number of shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan from 4,000,000 shares of Common Stock to 7,000,000 shares of Common Stock. All other terms of the 2022 Plan remained the same.
On May 8, 2023, the Company adopted the second amendment to the 2022 Plan to increase the number of shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan from 7,000,000 shares of Common Stock to 8,000,000 shares of Common Stock. All other terms of the 2022 Plan remained the same.
As of June 30, 2023, only RSU grants have been made under the 2022 Plan and there were 771,746 shares remaining available for issuance. Grant activity under the 2022 Plan is described below.
Options Activity
The following table sets forth the summary of options activity, under the 2018 Plan and the 2021 Plans, for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

(in thousands, except share-based data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Options |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (In Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,556,733 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  |  |  |
Vested exercised |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (502,704) |  |  | 0.26 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeitures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (691,906) |  |  | 1.87 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,362,123 |  |  | $ | 1.24 |  |  | 7.0 |  | $ | 35 |
Exercisable as of June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 917,812 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  |  | 6.5 |  | $ | 31 |
Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,362,123 |  |  | $ | 1.24 |  |  | 7.0 |  | $ | 35 |

As of June 30, 2023, there was a total of $0.6 million in unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years.
The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was $0.01 million and $0.2 million, respectively, and during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, and $3.7 million and $4.1 million, respectively.
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 10. Stock-based Compensation (cont.)
Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award Activity
The following table sets forth the summary of RSU and RSA activity, under the Initial Plan, the 2018 Plan, the 2021 Plan, and the 2022 Plan, for the six months ended June 30, 2023. RSAs were an immaterial portion of activity for the period:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (i.e. Share Price)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  | 7,780,917 |  |  | $ | 3.99
Granted |  | 10,377,589 |  |  | 0.55 |
Vested |  | (1,238,805) |  |  | 2.99 |
Forfeited |  | (1,983,441) |  |  | 3.03 |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023 |  | 14,936,260 |  |  | $ | 1.81 |

As of June 30, 2023, there was a total of $21.1 million in unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years. Outstanding unvested and expected to vest RSUs had an intrinsic value of $4.7 million.
Stock-based Compensation
The following table sets forth the stock-based compensation under the Initial Plan, the 2018 Plan, the 2021 Plan, and the 2022 Plan by expense type:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Research and development expenses | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | 1,157 |  |  | $ | 887 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 1,896 |  |  | 2,521 |  |  | 3,140 |  |  | 4,360 |
Total | $ | 2,577 |  |  | $ | 3,035 |  |  | $ | 4,297 |  |  | $ | 5,247 |

The following table sets forth the stock-based compensation under the Initial Plan, the 2018 Plan, the 2021 Plan, and the 2022 Plan by award type:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Options | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 251 |
RSUs & RSAs | 2,499 |  |  | 2,909 |  |  | 4,099 |  |  | 4,984 |
ESPP | (14) |  |  | 22 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 82 |
Performance Awards | $ | — |  |  | $ | (70) |  |  | — |  |  | (70) |
Total | $ | 2,577 |  |  | $ | 3,035 |  |  | $ | 4,297 |  |  | $ | 5,247 |

Performance Awards
Performance awards under the 2021 Plan are accounted for as liability-classified awards, as the obligations are typically a fixed monetary amount which is settled on a future date in a variable number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The variable number of potentially settled shares is not limited. Performance awards are measured at their fair value based on management’s estimates of potential outcomes of the performance. Outstanding performance awards correspond to zero shares if they were settled on June 30, 2023.
Issuance of Common Stock to Non-employees
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 135,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock to a third party consulting firm in exchange for public relations services. The shares were not issued under the equity incentive plans described above. Under the agreement, the shares are contingently forfeitable in the event of early termination by the Company. The shares had an issuance date fair value of $0.1 million to be recorded as
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 10. Stock-based Compensation (cont.)
consulting expense over the six-month term of the agreement. Related consulting expense was $0.05 million and $0.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.
Note 11. Diluted Earnings Per Share
Net Loss Per Share
Net loss per share is provided in accordance with ASC 260-10, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net loss for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. It is computed by dividing undistributed earnings allocated to common stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of outstanding preferred shares, options and unvested stock units, and warrants outstanding pursuant to the treasury stock method.
As the Company incurred a net loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the inclusion of certain options, unvested stock units, warrants, and contingent Sponsor Earnout Shares in the calculation of diluted earnings per share would be anti-dilutive and, accordingly, were excluded from the diluted loss per share calculation.
The following table summarizes potential common shares that were excluded as their effect is anti-dilutive:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Options and unvested stock units outstanding | 14,552,254 |  |  | 6,109,403 |  |  | 7,397,561 |  |  | 6,000,378 |
Warrants outstanding | 31,463,543 |  |  | 19,897,500 |  |  | 31,463,543 |  |  | 20,023,655 |
Contingent Sponsor Earnout Shares | 1,437,500 |  |  | 1,437,500 |  |  | 1,437,500 |  |  | 1,437,500 |
Total | 47,453,297 |  |  | 27,444,403 |  |  | 40,298,604 |  |  | 27,461,533 |

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Obligations
Momentus enters into purchase obligations in the normal course of business. These obligations include purchase orders and agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable, legally binding, and have significant terms and minimum purchases stipulated. As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s future unconditional purchase obligations are as follows:

(in thousands) |
Remainder of 2023 | 15,752 |
2024 | 540 |
Total | $ | 16,292 |

Legal Proceedings
Securities Class Actions
On July 15, 2021, a purported stockholder of SRAC filed a putative class action complaint against SRAC, SRC-NI Holdings, LLC ("Sponsor"), Brian Kabot (SRAC CEO), James Norris (SRAC CFO), Momentus, and the Company's co-founder and former CEO, Mikhail Kokorich, in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, in a case captioned Jensen v. Stable Road Acquisition Corp., et al., No. 2:21-cv-05744 (the "Jensen class action"). The complaint alleges that the defendants omitted certain material information in their public statements and disclosures regarding the Business Combination, in violation of the securities laws, and seeks damages on behalf of a putative class of stockholders who purchased SRAC stock between October 7, 2020 and July 13, 2021. Subsequent complaints captioned Hall v. Stable Road Acquisition Corp., et al., No. 2:21-cv-05943 and Depoy v. Stable Road Acquisition Corp., et al., No. 2:21-cv-06287 were consolidated in the first filed matter (collectively, referred to as the "Securities Class Actions"). An amended complaint was filed on November 12, 2021. The Company disputes the allegations in the Securities Class Actions.
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies (cont.)
On February 10, 2023, the lead plaintiff in the Securities Class Actions and the Company reached an agreement in principle to settle the Securities Class Actions. Under the terms of the agreement in principle, the lead plaintiff, on behalf of a class of all persons that purchased or otherwise acquired Company stock between October 7, 2020 and July 13, 2021, inclusive, would release the Company from all claims asserted or that could have been asserted in the Securities Class Actions and dismiss such claims with prejudice, in exchange for payment of $8.5 million by the Company (at least $4.0 million of which is expected to be funded by insurance proceeds). The agreement in principle remains subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, including negotiation and execution of a memorandum of understanding, final stipulation of settlement, notice to the proposed class, and approval by the United States District Court for the Central District of California. If these conditions are satisfied, the proposed settlement will resolve all claims in the Securities Class Actions against the Company (except as to any shareholders that may elect to opt-out of the class). The Company and the other defendants have denied and continue to deny each and all of the claims alleged in the Securities Class Actions, and the proposed settlement contains no admission of liability, wrongdoing or responsibility by any of the defendants. In the event that the Company is unable to execute a final stipulation of settlement and obtain Court approval, the Company will continue to vigorously defend against the claims asserted in the Securities Class Actions.
As a result of the agreement in principle to settle the Securities Class Action, the Company recorded a litigation settlement contingency of $8.5 million. The Company additionally recorded an insurance receivable of $4.0 million for the insurance proceeds expected from its insurers related to the settlement. The net amount of $4.5 million was recognized in litigation settlement, net during the year ended December 31, 2022.
CFIUS Review
In February 2021, the Company and Mikhail Kokorich submitted a joint notice to the CFIUS for review of the historical acquisition of interests in the Company by Mr. Kokorich, his wife, and entities that they control in response to concerns of the U.S. Department of Defense regarding the Company’s foreign ownership and control. On June 8, 2021, the U.S. Departments of Defense and the Treasury, on behalf of CFIUS, Mr. Kokorich, on behalf of himself and Nortrone Finance S.A. (an entity controlled by Mr. Kokorich), Lev Khasis and Olga Khasis, each in their respective individual capacities and on behalf of Brainyspace LLC (an entity controlled by Olga Khasis) entered into the NSA.
In accordance with the NSA and pursuant to stock repurchase agreements entered into with the Company, effective as of June 8, 2021, each of Mr. Kokorich, Nortrone Finance S.A. and Brainyspace LLC (collectively “the Co-Founders”) agreed to sell 100% of their respective equity interests in the Company on June 30, 2021. The Company paid an aggregate of $40 million to the Co-Founders following the Business Combination, and an additional payment of an aggregate of $10 million was payable within 10 business days after cumulative business combination or capital raising transactions (whether in the form of debt or equity) resulted in cash proceeds to the Company of no less than $250 million.
On February 27, 2023 the Company raised aggregate gross proceeds of $10.0 million through the sale of securities (see Note 9 for additional information), which together with the Business Combination and other capital raising activities triggered the $10.0 million liability to the Co-Founders in accordance with the terms of the stock repurchase agreements. The amount had previously been recorded as an estimated liability with a corresponding offset to additional paid in capital within the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022.
The NSA establishes various requirements and restrictions on the Company to protect U.S. national security, certain of which may materially and adversely affect the Company’s operating results due to the cost of compliance, limitations on the Company’s control over certain U.S. facilities, contracts, personnel, vendor selection and operations, and any potential penalties for noncompliance with such requirements and restrictions. The NSA provides for quarterly compliance auditing by an independent auditor. The NSA further provides for liquidated damages up to $1,000,000 per breach of the NSA. If the CFIUS Monitoring Agencies, the U.S. Departments of Defense and Treasury, find noncompliance, the CFIUS Monitoring Agencies could impose penalties, including liquidated damages.
The Company incurred legal expenses related to these matters of approximately $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $0.5 million and $1.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and expects to continue to incur legal expenses in the future.
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies (cont.)
Shareholder Section 220 Litigation
On June 16, 2022, Plaintiff and the Company’s shareholder James Burk filed a verified complaint against the Company in the Delaware Court of Chancery, Case. No. 2022-0519, to inspect the books and records of the Company pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Plaintiff seeks production of books and records relating to the management of the Company and its disclosures to potential investors in connection with the Business Combination. On March 14, 2023, the Court granted the parties stipulation of dismissal with prejudice, and the matter was closed. The Company from time to time responds to books and records requests properly submitted pursuant to applicable Delaware law.
Shareholder Derivative Litigation
On June 20, 2022, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Brian Lindsey, on behalf of the Company, in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, Case No. 2:22-cv-04212, against the Company (as a nominal defendant), SRAC, Brian Kabot, Juan Manuel Quiroga, James Norris, James Hofmockel, Mikhail Kokorich, Dawn Harms, Fred Kennedy, Chris Hadfield, Mitchel B. Kugler, Victorino Mercado, Kimberly A. Reed, Linda J. Reiners, and John C. Rood. This derivative action alleges the same core allegations as stated in the securities class action litigation. Defendants dispute the allegations as stated in this derivative action. On September 27, 2022, Plaintiff filed his Notice of Voluntary Dismissal without Prejudice seeking to dismiss the case. Because Plaintiff’s dismissal of this derivative action was voluntary and without prejudice, this plaintiff and/or other shareholders may seek to re-file the claims asserted in this matter at a later date. As noted below, Brian Lindsey re-filed a shareholder derivative action in Delaware Chancery Court on June 30, 2023. As noted below, Brian Lindsey re-filed a shareholder derivative action in Delaware Chancery Court on June 30, 2023.
On January 25, 2023, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Melissa Hanna, on behalf of the Company, in the US District Court for the Northern District of California, Case No. 5:23-cv-00374, against the Company (as a nominal defendant), SRAC, Brian Kabot, Juan Manuel Quiroga, James Norris, James Hofmockel, Mikhail Kokorich, Dawn Harms, Fred Kennedy, Chris Hadfield, Mitchel B. Kugler, Victorino Mercado, Kimberly A. Reed, Linda J. Reiners, and John C. Rood (the “Derivative Action II”). The Derivative Action II alleges the same core allegations as stated in the Securities Class Actions, and also claims that the Company ignored and/or refused a prior demand made by Ms. Hanna on the Company’s Board of Directors. This matter has been stayed until August 2023. The Company intends to vigorously defend the litigation.
On April 25, 2023, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Justin Rivlin, purportedly on behalf of the Company, in the United States District Court for the District of California, Case No. 2:23-cv-03120, against the Company (as a nominal defendant), Brian Kabot, James Norris, Marc Lehmann, James Hofmockel, and Ann Kono. The Rivlin derivative action alleges the same core allegations as stated in the Securities Class Actions. The Company has filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that the claims are time-barred and that the plaintiff was not excused from making a demand on the Company before filing the lawsuit.The Company intends to vigorously defend the litigation.
On June 30, 2023, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Brian Lindsey, purportedly on behalf of the Company in the Court of Chancery for the State of Delaware (Case No. 2023-0674), against the Company (as a nominal defendant), Juan Manuel Quiroga, James Norris, James Hofmockel, Stable Road Acquisition Corp., SRC-NI Holdings, LLC, Mikhail Kokorich, Brian Kabot, Dawn Harms, Fred Kennedy, Chris Hadfield, Mitchel B. Kugler, Victorino Mercado, Kimberly A. Reed, Linda J. Reiners and John C. Rood. The Lindsey derivative action alleges the same core allegations as stated in the Securities Class Actions. The Company intends to vigorously defend the litigation.
SAFE Note Litigation
On July 20, 2022, The Larian Living Trust ("TLLT") filed an action against the Company in New Castle County Superior Court, Delaware, in the Complex Commercial Litigation Division, Case No. N22C-07-133 EMD CCLD. TLLT pleads claims for fraudulent inducement and breach of contract arising from two investment contracts pursuant to which TLLT alleges it invested $4 million in the Company. TLLT alleges that a "liquidity event" occurred when the Company closed the Business Combination, such that it was entitled to the greater of its $4 million investment or its “Conversion Amount” of the Company’s shares, which was a total of 724,995 shares of the Company’s stock. TLLT further alleges that the Company refused to provide it the conversion amount of shares until April 2022, at which point the value of its shares had dropped significantly from their peak value in August of 2021, in excess of $7.6 million. TLLT seeks damages in excess of $7.6 million, in addition to interests and its
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies (cont.)
attorney's fees and costs. On March 16, 2023, the Company’s motion to dismiss TLLT’s claims was denied and the parties will move forward with discovery. On July 13, 2023, the Company filed a motion for partial summary judgment. The Company disputes the allegations in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.
Founder Litigation
On June 8, 2021, former co-founders and shareholders of the Company, Mikhail Kokorich and Lev Khasis signed the NSA alongside stock repurchase agreements, whereby they agreed to divest their interests in the Company in exchange for a cash payments and other considerations. As part of the NSA and stock repurchase agreements, Messrs. Kokorich and Khasis agreed to a broad waiver and release of all claims (broadly defined) against the Company. The Company has maintained that this release is effective as to various advancement and indemnification claims either individual may have against the Company.
Both Messrs. Kokorich and Khasis have, through counsel, disagreed with the Company’s position. For example, Mr. Kokorich is named as a defendant in the securities class action pending against the Company and other defendants, although he has not been served nor appeared in those matters. In addition, Mr. Kokorich is the sole defendant in a civil litigation action filed against him by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which remains pending in the US District Court for the District of Columbia, Case No. 1:21-cv-01869. Mr. Kokorich has demanded indemnification and advancement from the Company for his fees and costs incurred in these actions, which claims are disputed by the Company.
The Company continues to maintain that Mr. Kokorich’s release in the NSA and stock repurchase agreements is effective as to his claims for advancement and indemnification in these litigation matters. On August 16, 2022, Mr. Kokorich filed a verified complaint against the Company in the Delaware Court of Chancery (Case. No. 2022-0722) seeking indemnification and advancement from the Company. Following the Company filing a motion to dismiss this action, on November 14, 2022, Mr. Kokorich filed an amended complaint. Additional motions to dismiss and replies were filed and considered at a hearing on February 2, 2023. The Delaware Chancery Court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss the Kokorich indemnification claim action on May 15, 2023.On June 13, 2023, Kokorich filed a notice of appeal. The Company continues to dispute the allegations in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the litigation on appeal.
On March 24, 2023, Mr. Khasis filed a verified complaint against the Company in the Delaware Court of Chancery (Case. No. 2023-0361) seeking indemnification and advancement of expenses from the Company. On April 17, 2023, the Company filed a motion to dismiss. On May 16, 2023. Mr. Khasis filed an amended complaint. On May 23, 2023, Momentus filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. Separately, Khasis has requested an expedited trial in his claim for advancement of fees. On June 23, 2023, the Court of Chancery ordered that Khasis indemnification litigation will not be stayed pending the appeal of the Kokorich. Moreover, the Court of Chancery further ordered the parties to prepare a scheduling order to the Court which includes all relevant deadlines to argue the Company’s motion to dismiss and Khasis’ expedited motion for advancement concurrently. The parties are currently negotiating concerning an acceptable schedule. The Company disputes the allegations in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.
Delaware Class Actions
On November 10, 2022, purported stockholders filed a putative class action complaint against Brian Kabot, James Hofmockel, Ann Kono, Marc Lehmann, James Norris, Juan Manuel Quiroga, SRC-NI Holdings, LLC, Edward K. Freedman, Mikhail Kokorich, Dawn Harms, Fred Kennedy, and John C. Rood in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, in a case captioned Shirley, et al. v. Kabot et al., 2022-1023-PAF. The complaint alleges that the defendants made certain material misrepresentations, and omitted certain material information, in their public statements and disclosures regarding the Proposed Transaction, in violation of the securities laws, and seeks damages on behalf of a putative class of stockholders who purchased SRAC stock on or before August 9, 2021.
On March 16, 2023, purported stockholders of the Company filed a putative class action complaint against certain current and former directors and officers of the Company in the Delaware Court of Chancery, in a case captioned Lora v. Kabot, et al., Case No. 2023-0322 (the “Lora Action”). Like the Shirley complaint, the complaint alleges that the defendants made certain material misrepresentations, and omitted certain material information, in their public statements and disclosures regarding the Business Combination in violation of the securities laws, and seeks damages on behalf of a putative class of stockholders who purchased SRAC stock on or before August 9, 2021.
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MOMENTUS INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies (cont.)
On March 17, 2023, purported stockholders of the Company filed a putative class action complaint against certain current and former directors and officers of the Company in the Delaware Court of Chancery, in a case captioned Burk v. Kabot, et al., Case No. 2023-0334 (the “Burk Action”). Like the Lora and Shirley complaints, the Burk complaint alleges that the defendants made certain material misrepresentations, and omitted certain material information, in their public statements and disclosures regarding the Business Combination in violation of the securities laws, and seeks damages on behalf of a putative class of stockholders who purchased SRAC stock on or before August 9, 2021.
On May 26, 2023, plaintiffs filed a stipulation and proposed order for consolidation and appointment of co-lead plaintiffs and co-lead plaintiffs’ counsel designating the complaint filed in the Lora Action as the operative complaint.
The Shirley Action, the Lora Action, and the Burk Action have been consolidated under the caption, In re Momentus, Inc. Stockholders Litigation, C.A. No. 2022-1023-PAF (Del Ch. Nov. 10, 2022). These putative class actions do not name the Company as a defendant. Regardless, the SRAC directors and officers, together with current and former directors and officers of the Company, have demanded indemnification and advancement from the Company, under the terms of the merger agreement and the exhibits thereto, the Delaware corporate code, the Company’s bylaws, and their individual indemnification agreements. The Company may be liable for the fees and costs incurred by the defendants, and has an obligation to advance such fees during the pendency of the litigation. The Company understands that the defendants dispute the allegations in the complaint and intend to vigorously defend against any such litigation.
Other Litigation and Related Matters
These and other litigation matters may be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause the Company to incur significant defense and settlement costs or liability, even if we believe the claims asserted against us are without merit. We intend to vigorously defend against all such claims. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, as well as claims for indemnity from various of the parties concerned, we may from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, further compounded by various claims for indemnity which may or may not be fully insured, we cannot assure that the results of these actions, either individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
From time to time, the Company may be a party to litigation and subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business on in connection with the matters discussed above. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company currently believes that the final outcome of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of judgment, defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under ASC 450-20. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
Note 13. Income Taxes
The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was zero percent. The effective tax rate may vary significantly from period to period and can be influenced by many factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes to the statutory rates in the jurisdictions where the Company has operations and changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily relates to certain nondeductible items, state and local income taxes, the absence of current income tax, and a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.
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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis provides information which our management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. This discussion and analysis should be read together with our audited and unaudited financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) and Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023. This discussion and analysis should also be read together with our financial information for the period ended and as of June 30, 2023. In addition to historical financial information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under the “Risk Factors” under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q and under Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023, and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
Certain figures, such as interest rates and other percentages, included in this section have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this section have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this section may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this section may similarly vary slightly due to rounding.
Overview
Momentus offers transportation and infrastructure services to help enable the commercialization of space. Satellite operators are our principal customers and target commercial customers. Momentus is also seeking business in support of U.S. Government missions for Departments and Agencies like NASA and the Department of Defense.
Services that we plan to provide include “last mile” satellite transportation, payload-hosting, on-orbit satellite refueling, on-orbit inspection, on-orbit satellite maintenance, de-orbiting, debris removal, and other satellite-to-satellite service offerings.
Our transportation service offering will focus on delivering our customers’ satellites to precision orbits of their choosing. To accomplish this, we plan to create a hub-and-spoke transportation network in partnership with leading launch service providers, such as SpaceX. Under this model, our customers’ satellites would “ride share” from Earth to space on a midsized or large rocket. Our Orbital Service Vehicles (“OSVs”) would then provide “last mile” transportation services from the rocket’s drop-off orbit to a custom orbit of the satellite operator’s choosing. We believe our hub-and-spoke model has the potential to expand our customers’ deployment options relative to what they would be able to achieve with ride share launch alone, while reducing their costs relative to what they could achieve with a dedicated small launch vehicle. Over time, we plan to begin introducing additional services beyond “last mile” transportation.
Since our founding in 2017, we have been working to develop, test and enhance our vehicles and supporting technologies, particularly our water plasma propulsion technology. We have signed contracts for approximately $32 million in backlog (potential revenue), as of July 31, 2023. These agreements contain firm orders as well as options, allowing customers to opt-in to launches on shorter notice without requiring a separate agreement. The breadth of these signed contracts spans across 18 companies in 14 countries. In general, our customers have the right to cancel their contracts with the understanding that they will forgo their deposits. If a customer cancels a contract before it is required to pay non-refundable deposits, we may not receive revenue from these orders, except for an initial deposit which is paid at the time the contract is signed.
Our services are made possible by the space industry’s rapid technological developments over the past two decades, driven predominantly by significant decreases in launch costs, as well as the advent of smaller, lower-cost satellites. The convergence of these trends has resulted in substantial growth in the commercial space market, rooted in higher accessibility for companies entering the new space economy that aim to offer communication, earth observation and data collection services, and other satellite services.
We anticipate potential considerable growth over the coming years in the space transportation segment as companies continue to seek versatile and low-cost ways to deliver single satellites to specific orbits or deploy their satellite constellations. We anticipate that the need for small satellite transportation to low-earth orbit will continue to drive overall demand growth for space transportation services in the short-term as technology advancements continue to make space more accessible to new market entrants, although new applications beyond low-earth orbit are also emerging. We also believe that over the next decade, new space-based businesses may emerge, for example the
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generation of solar energy in space, space manufacturing or space data processing. The advent of these new business models could substantially increase demand for space transportation and other space infrastructure services.
Beyond transportation, we anticipate that growth of the satellite constellations market may drive demand for our hosted payload, on-orbit satellite refueling, on-orbit inspection, on-orbit satellite maintenance, de-orbiting, debris removal, and other satellite-to-satellite service offerings, if we are successful in executing on our business plan, including fully developing and validating our technology in space. Satellite constellations have relatively short lifespans and, in our view, will require maintenance, de-orbiting, and other general servicing with higher frequency.
On January 3, 2023, the Company launched its Vigoride 5 OSV to low-earth orbit aboard the SpaceX Transporter-6 mission. The mission is ongoing and the Vigoride 5 OSV is maneuvering under its own power in low-earth orbit. The primary mission objective is to test the spacecraft on orbit, learn from any issues that are encountered and implement lessons-learned on future Vigoride vehicles and missions. The mission also supported two customers: the Qosmosys Zeus-1 payload which was deployed on orbit on May 10, 2023, and Caltech’s Space Solar Power Demonstrator project, a hosted payload for which the Vigoride 5 continues to provide thrusting maneuvers and on-orbit support, including providing data, communication, commanding and telemetry, and resources for optimal picture taking and solar cell lighting.
As part of the Vigoride 5 mission, we successfully completed the initial tests on-orbit of the pioneering Microwave Electrothermal Thruster (MET) that relies on solar power and uses distilled water as a propellant. The MET is the Vigoride OSV’s primary propulsion method that produces thrust by expelling extremely hot gases through a rocket nozzle. Unlike a conventional chemical rocket engine, which creates thrust through a chemical reaction, the MET is designed to create a plasma and thrust using solar power to drive a microwave energy source that heats the water propellant. Momentus has two patents in support of this proprietary propulsion technology.
The recent MET testing done on-orbit included dozens of firings of the thruster that imparted forces on the Vigoride 5 spacecraft. These forces can change the orbital velocity of the spacecraft, allowing the orbit to be adjusted, changing parameters such as altitude and orbital inclination. This capability allows Momentus to deliver its customers’ payloads to custom orbits. Momentus has used the MET to change the spacecraft altitude during the current Vigoride 5 mission.
The Vigoride OSV’s Attitude Control and Reaction Control Systems also use water as a propellant and were recently tested and fully commissioned. With its water-based propulsion systems, Momentus aims to offer cost-effective, efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly propulsion to meet the demands for in-space transportation and infrastructure services.
On April 15, 2023, the Company launched its Vigoride 6 OSV to low-earth orbit aboard the SpaceX Transporter-7 mission and used its MET to change the orbital inclination of the Vigoride 6 OSV to support the deliveries of six customer payloads, including two satellites for the NASA LLITED mission.
The Vigoride 6 mission is also hosting a Momentus technology demonstration of a new kind of solar array. The Tape Spring Solar Array (TASSA) technology features large sheets of flexible solar cells bonded to tape springs. To stow, they are tightly coiled around a mandrel. After launch, motors unroll the mandrel, deploying the solar array. Momentus aims to drive down vehicle production costs and streamline on-orbit operations, while reducing the cost of power for the satellite, with this technology once operational.
Our ability to execute on our business plan is dependent on the continued development and successful commercialization of the technologies described in this Form 10-Q. We believe our water plasma propulsion technology will be a key differentiator of our product offerings, and preliminary in-space tests are successful, but we have yet to confirm the unit’s ability to generate sufficient thrust for completion of deliveries, and there can be no assurance that it can be operated in a manner that is sufficiently reliable and efficient to permit full commercialization of the technology. Development of space technologies is extremely complex, time consuming, and expensive, and there can be no assurance that our predicted theoretical and ground-based results will translate into operational space vehicles that operate within the parameters we expect, or at all. This Form 10-Q describes Momentus’ current business plans for continuing to develop its technology and marketing and commercializing its products, however there can be no assurance that Momentus will be able to successfully develop its technologies and implement them in commercially viable vehicles.
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Services Overview
When our technology is fully developed and validated in the future, we currently plan to provide the following infrastructure services to the space economy:
Space Transportation. We are developing a space transportation service based on a hub-and-spoke model, which combines ride share launch on a medium or large rocket with last-mile delivery using one of our OSVs. Under this model, our customers will deliver their payload to us a few months prior to launch for integration onto our vehicle. Once we have integrated our customers’ payloads, we will then ship our vehicle, holding the customer payload fixture, to the launch site, where it will be integrated onto the rocket. The rocket will then transport our vehicle to the drop-off orbit. After separation from the rocket, our vehicle will transport our customers’ payloads to their chosen final orbit.
We build our water plasma thrusters to enable our vehicle to efficiently transport each customer payload to its respective orbit. We believe our hub-and-spoke model has the potential to expand our customers’ deployment options relative to what they could achieve with ride share launch alone, while reducing their costs relative to what they could achieve with a dedicated small launch vehicle.
Initially, our vehicles will de-orbit after delivering our customer payloads to their final orbits. Ultimately, our plan is to develop the capability for our vehicles to be reusable, such that, upon delivery of the payload, they will be capable of remaining in space to conduct additional missions.
Hosted Payload. We are developing a modular approach to satellite systems through our subscription-based hosted payload service. This service is designed to help our customers avoid a meaningful capital outlay to design and manufacture a bespoke satellite as they would under traditional business models, which assumed tight integration of a given payload with its satellite bus. We have designed our transfer vehicles for modularity and ease of integration with customer payloads, with a full suite of capabilities that our customers will need on orbit. Under our hosted payload model, after transporting a customer payload to a specific orbit our vehicle would stay connected to the payload for the duration of its mission to provide continuous power, orbit maintenance, orientation, and communications to support telemetry, commanding, and downlinking of payload data.
In-Orbit Servicing. We view in-orbit servicing of satellites as a quickly growing business opportunity. As the number of satellites in space increases, so does their need to be serviced. We are designing Momentus’ future reusable vehicles to be capable of performing in-orbit servicing and are pursuing development activities that support this objective. Our aim is to equip future vehicles with robotic arms and the ability to maneuver in close proximity to other spacecraft and dock or berth with them. Once fully developed, we believe these capabilities could allow us to offer a suite of different in-orbit services, such as inspection, refueling, life extension, re-positioning, salvage missions, maintenance and repair, and de-orbiting.
Satellite Bus. We are offering a modified version of the Vigoride OSV for use as a satellite bus for commercial and government customers. With modification, the Vigoride OSV offers significant capabilities that support the missions of these commercial and government customers.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
We believe that our performance and future success depend to a substantial extent on our ability to capitalize on the following opportunities, which in turn is subject to significant risks and challenges, including those discussed below.
In-Space Transport and Service Vehicles and Related Technology Development
Our primary research and development objectives focus on the development of our existing and future in-space transfer and service vehicles and related water plasma propulsion technology.
Vigoride is the first vehicle that Momentus is developing. Once fully developed, tested and validated in space, we expect Vigoride will be sufficient to meet our initial operating plan of offering in-space transportation in low-earth orbit to small satellites. Vigoride is intended to transport up to 750 kg of customer payload in low-earth orbit, although our payload capacity will likely be lower in most common configurations. We have set the delta-v and host power objectives for Vigoride at 2 km/sec and 1 kW, respectively, which we believe we can achieve a few years into our product roadmap.
We are planning our next Vigoride test and demonstration mission on a launch that SpaceX plans to conduct in early 2024, and we have also secured launch service agreements with SpaceX for various missions through the end of 2024 to support customer demand. While securing space on the manifest is an important step, all future missions
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remain subject to the receipt of licenses and government approvals, and successful completion of our efforts to prepare our spacecraft for flight. The Company can offer no assurances that the vehicles that it plans to operate in future missions will be ready on time, or that they will operate as intended.
Early Vigoride vehicles will not be reusable, meaning that we will de-orbit them following delivery of their customer payloads. However, as early as 2025, we aim to make our vehicles capable of reuse such that, upon delivery of their payloads, they will be able to remain in space to conduct follow-on missions. Establishing reusable vehicles will require significant additional research and technological developments. We believe our choice of water as a propellant will help with the creation of reusable vehicles because water can be stored without special conditions, other than ensuring lines and tanks do not freeze or become obstructed with ice, for an indefinite amount of time and pumped easily. Additionally, water is safe and non-hazardous relative to commonly used propellants such as cryogenic components and hypergolic toxic fuels for chemical propulsion, or highly pressurized noble gases (such as xenon or krypton) for electrical propulsion. We believe that if we are able to achieve reusability, it will allow us to lower manufacturing and launch costs on a per-ride basis and achieve higher margins and returns for our investors while also reducing our environmental impact.
Beyond Vigoride, we envision bringing larger vehicles to market. These vehicles will be similar to our Vigoride vehicle, but with larger structures, larger solar arrays, and more powerful propulsion systems in order to carry progressively larger payloads progressively further from Earth.
The successful development of our vehicles with water plasma propulsion technology involves uncertainties, including:
•timing in finalizing systems design and specifications;
•successful completion of test programs and demonstration missions;
•receipt and the timing of such receipt of licenses and government approvals that will allow us to fly our vehicles in space and gather valuable data that will assist in further development of our vehicles;
•meeting stated technological objectives and goals for the design on time, on budget and within target cost objectives;
•our ability to obtain additional applicable approvals, licenses or certifications from regulatory agencies and maintaining current approvals, licenses or certifications;
•our ability to secure slots on our launch providers’ manifests;
•performance of our manufacturing facility despite risks that disrupt productions, such as natural disasters;
•performance of our third-party contractors that support our research and development activities;
•performance of a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials and supplied components and their willingness to do business with us;
•our ability to protect our intellectual property critical to the design and function of our OSVs;
•our ability to continue funding and maintaining our current research and development activities; and
•our ability to comply with the terms of the NSA and any related compliance measures instituted by the Security Director.
A change in the outcome of any of these variables could delay the development of our vehicles which in turn could impact our business and results of operations.
Initial and Successive Launches
Our water plasma propulsion technology (that we are developing) is based on the use of microwave electrothermal or “MET,” thrusters, which we believe could ultimately provide safe, affordable, reliable, and regular in-space services, including space transportation, hosted payload, and in-orbit servicing. To accomplish this, we currently intend to:
Develop our commercial program for in-space transportation. We conducted our inaugural test and demonstration mission with Vigoride in 2022 and began our second and third tests and demonstration missions in January and April 2023, respectively. We plan to deliver customers to orbit on the Transporter-9 mission scheduled for November, 2023. The Company has space reserved on every currently planned SpaceX Transporter mission through the end of 2024 and is actively booking customers. All future missions remain subject to the receipt of licenses and government approvals, and successful completion of our efforts to prepare our spacecraft for flight. The Company can offer no assurances that the vehicles that it plans to operate in future missions will be ready on time, or that they will operate as intended.
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Launch our commercial program for hosted payload. We are developing a modular approach to satellite systems through our hosted payload model. For missions that require significant power for the payload and/or specific orbits, our objective is for Momentus to be able to provide a unique combination of a low-cost service model, in-orbit flexibility, and high electrical power generation.
Launch our commercial program for in-orbit servicing. If we develop reusability for our vehicles as currently contemplated, we believe we will be able to begin offering a suite of different in-orbit services to our clients. Although we have not yet developed these capabilities or the technology that would be required to provide these services, such services may include inspection, refueling, life extension, re-positioning, salvage missions, maintenance and repair, and de-orbiting. As the quantity of satellites sent into space continues to increase, we anticipate growing demand from such services.
The success of our in-space infrastructure services business will depend on our ability to successfully and regularly deliver customer satellites into custom orbits. Our early missions, particularly those in 2022 and 2023, including our inaugural mission (Vigoride 3) in May 2022, were and are intended to be demonstration missions. The primary goals of our planned demonstration missions are to test Vigoride in orbit and learn from any issues that we encounter. The lessons learned from demonstration missions will help inform changes we can make to our Vigoride vehicle as we seek to ultimately certify a design for production. Depending on the nature of issues we encounter, our schedule for future launches and other planned activities could be adversely affected. There can be no assurance that we will not experience operational or process failures and other problems during our future demonstration missions or on any future mission. Any failures or setbacks, particularly those that we experienced on our inaugural mission (Vigoride 3) and those that we may encounter on other early missions, could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
Customer Demand
We have received significant interest from a range of satellite operators, satellite manufacturers, satellite aggregators, launch service providers, and others. As of June 30, 2023, we had collected approximately $2.0 million in customer deposits related to future launches. There were no refunds paid during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.
Because our technologies have not yet been fully tested, our service offering to our customers on our demonstration missions will be limited. To reflect this, we expect to provide discounts to customers on these demonstration missions relative to the price we intend to eventually charge for our transportation services. During our demonstration missions, we plan to demonstrate Vigoride’s ability to deploy satellites. Once all customer payloads have been released, we plan to perform certain maneuvers and technology demonstrations to validate our technology and establish the potential commercial viability of our strategy. This approach limits risk for us as well as for our customers.
We have signed contracts for approximately $32 million in backlog (potential revenue), as of July 31, 2023. These agreements include firm orders as well as options, which allow customers to opt-in to launches on shorter notice without requiring a separate agreement. The breadth of these signed contracts spans across 18 companies in 14 countries. In general, our customers have the right to cancel their contracts with the understanding that they will forgo their deposits. If a customer cancels a contract before it is required to pay non-refundable deposits, we may not receive revenue from these orders, except for an initial deposit which is paid at the time the contract is signed.
Our backlog is subject to meaningful customer concentration risk. As of July 31, 2023, approximately 89% of the total dollar value of our backlog related to three launch services providers and aggregators of launch services capacity, and their affiliates. The top ten customers in our backlog represent approximately 99% of the total dollar value of our backlog.
In addition, backlog is typically subject to large variations from quarter to quarter and comparisons of backlog from period to period are not necessarily indicative of future revenues. Furthermore, some contracts comprising the backlog are for services scheduled many years in the future, and the economic viability of customers with whom we have contracted is not guaranteed over time. As a result, the contracts comprising our backlog may not result in actual revenue in any particular period, or at all, and the actual revenue from such contracts may differ from our backlog estimates. The timing of receipt of revenues, if any, on projects included in the backlog could change because many factors affect the scheduling of missions and adjustments to contracts may also occur. The failure to realize some portion of our backlog could adversely affect our revenues and gross margins.
Recent Developments
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February 2023 Securities Purchase Agreement
On February 27, 2023, Momentus sold an aggregate of 9,396,000 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.8646 per share, pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,170,043 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.8646 per pre-funded warrant less the exercise price of $0.00001 per pre-funded warrant, and warrants to purchase 11,566,043 shares of Common Stock to an institutional investor. The aggregate gross proceeds of this offering, before the deduction of fees and expenses, was approximately $10.0 million. We used all of the net proceeds from this offering to satisfy certain stock repurchase obligations of the Company from prior to the Business Combination.
During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 2,170,043 shares of Class A Stock as a result of all of the Pre-Funded Warrants being exercised and the Company received an immaterial amount of cash proceeds from the exercise of such Pre-Funded Warrants.
Organizational Changes
On November 28, 2022, Jikun Kim, the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, tendered his resignation effective January 6, 2023. On January 3, 2023, the Board of Directors appointed Dennis Mahoney as the Interim Chief Financial Officer and principal accounting officer of the Company, effective as of January 7, 2023. Then on April 5, 2023, the Board of Directors appointed Eric Williams as the permanent Chief Financial Officer and principal accounting officer of the Company.
At-The-Market Offering
On September 28, 2022, Momentus entered into the ATM Sales Agreement. Pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement, the Company may from time to time sell, through the sales agent using ATM offerings, shares of Common Stock up to an aggregate offer price of $50.0 million. Under the ATM Sales Agreement, the sales agent will be entitled to compensation at a commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold.
During the six months ended June 30, 2023, there were no sales under the ATM Sales Agreement.
CFIUS Review
We have incurred significant expenses in connection with the CFIUS review described below and have incurred and expect to incur significant expenses in connection with the implementation of the NSA described below. We have also incurred significant expenses related to the SEC settlement discussed below. The Company incurred legal expenses related to these matters of approximately $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $0.5 million and $1.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and expects to continue to incur legal expenses in the future.
NSA
In February 2021, the Company and Mikhail Kokorich submitted a joint notice to the CFIUS for review of the historical acquisition of interests in the Company by Mr. Kokorich, his wife, and entities that they control in response to concerns of the U.S. Department of Defense regarding the Company’s foreign ownership and control. On June 8, 2021, the U.S. Departments of Defense and the Treasury, on behalf of CFIUS, Mr. Kokorich, on behalf of himself and Nortrone Finance S.A. (an entity controlled by Mr. Kokorich), Lev Khasis and Olga Khasis, each in their respective individual capacities and on behalf of Brainyspace LLC (an entity controlled by Olga Khasis) entered into the National Security Agreement with the U.S. government, represented by the U.S. Departments of Defense and the Treasury (the “NSA”).
Co-Founder Divestment and Stock Repurchase Agreements
In accordance with the NSA and pursuant to stock repurchase agreements entered into with the Company, effective as of June 8, 2021, each of Mr. Kokorich, Nortrone Finance S.A. and Brainyspace LLC (collectively “the Co-Founders”) agreed to sell 100% of their respective equity interests in the Company on June 30, 2021. The Company paid an aggregate of $40 million to the Co-Founders following the Business Combination, and an additional payment of an aggregate of $10 million was payable within 10 business days after cumulative business combination or capital raising transactions (whether in the form of debt or equity) resulted in cash proceeds to the Company of no less than $250 million.
On February 27, 2023 the Company raised aggregate gross proceeds of $10.0 million through the sale of securities (see Note 9 for additional information), which together with the Business Combination and other capital raising activities triggered the payment of the $10.0 million liability to the Co-Founders in accordance with the terms of the
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stock repurchase agreements. The amount was paid during the three months ended March 31, 2023, had previously been recorded as an estimated liability with a corresponding offset to additional paid in capital within the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022.
Components of Results of Operations
Service Revenue
We enter into contracts for ‘last-mile’ satellite and cargo delivery, payload hosting and in-orbit servicing options with customers that are primarily in the aerospace industry. The Company recognizes revenue (along with any other fees that have been paid) upon the earlier of the satisfaction of our performance obligation or when the customer cancels the contract.
During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized $1.7 million of revenue, primarily from the completion of performance obligation in connection with the Vigoride 5 and Vigoride 6 missions as well as some forfeited customer deposits upon contract expiration.
As of June 30, 2023 we have signed contracts with customers and have collected approximately $2.0 million in customer deposits, of which, $1.2 million are recorded as current contract liabilities and $0.8 million are recorded as non-current contract liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company estimates variable consideration at the most likely amount, which is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. While the Company’s standard contracts do not contain refund or recourse provisions that enable its customers to recover any non-refundable fees that have been paid, the Company may issue full or partial refunds to customers on a case-by-case basis as necessary to preserve and foster future business relationships and customer goodwill.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses associated with the cost of the orbital service vehicle and third-party launch costs. Until the orbital service vehicle design is completed and released for production, the cost of these orbital service vehicles is being expensed as research and development costs as materials and services are received. The current design and technology allow for a single use of the orbital service vehicle.
Research and Development
Research and development expenditures consist primarily of the cost for the following activities for developing existing and future technologies for our vehicles. Research and development activities include basic research, applied research, design, development, and related test program activities. Costs incurred for developing our vehicles primarily include equipment, material, and labor hours (both internal and subcontractors). The Company also records launch costs related to the testing of its Vigoride vehicles as research and development costs.
As of June 30, 2023, we have expensed all research and development costs associated with developing and building our vehicles. We expect to continue to see an increase in our research and development expenses as we develop our next generation of vehicles.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of human capital related expenses for employees involved in general corporate functions, including executive management and administration, accounting, finance, tax, legal, information technology, security, sales, marketing, and human resources; depreciation expense and rent relating to facilities, and equipment; professional fees; and other general corporate costs. Headcount-related expenses primarily include salaries, bonuses, equity compensation expense and benefits.
We also incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses necessary to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange and related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC as well as to comply with the NSA.
Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability
Changes in the fair value of warrants consists of changes in the estimated fair value of our warrant liability.
Interest Income
Interest income consists of interest earned on investment holdings in interest bearing bank accounts.
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Interest Expense
Interest expense includes interest incurred related to our loan payables as well as the amortization of warrant discount and debt issuance costs.
Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) primarily relates to non-recurring fees incurred in conjunction with the Term Loan financing, SEC settlement cost, and other immaterial items.
Income Tax Provision
We are subject to income taxes in the United States. Our income tax provision consists of an estimate of federal and state income taxes based on enacted federal and state tax rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in tax laws.
The effective tax rate may vary significantly from period to period and can be influenced by many factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes to the statutory rates in the jurisdictions where the Company has operations and changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily relates to certain nondeductible items, state and local income taxes and a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.
Results of Operations
The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
Comparison of Financial Results for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Service revenue | $ | 1,705 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 1,655 |  |  | 3310 | %
Cost of revenue | 388 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 376 |  |  | 3133 | %
Gross profit | 1,317 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | 3366 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development expenses | 10,204 |  |  | 10,896 |  |  | (692) |  |  | (6 | %)
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 10,007 |  |  | 12,861 |  |  | (2,854) |  |  | (22 | %)
Loss from operations | (18,894) |  |  | (23,719) |  |  | 4,825 |  |  | (20 | %)
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of warrant liability | 451 |  |  | 2,254 |  |  | (1,803) |  |  | (80 | %)
Realized loss on disposal of asset | (17) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (18) |  |  | (1800 | %)
Interest income | 357 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 7040 | %
Interest expense | (732) |  |  | (1,413) |  |  | 681 |  |  | (48 | %)
Net loss | $ | (18,835) |  |  | $ | (22,872) |  |  | $ | 4,037 |  |  | (18 | %)

Service revenue
The revenue recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily driven by fulfillment of performance obligations to customers in connection with the Vigoride 5 and Vigoride 6 missions, resulting in $1.3 million of revenue recognition. The remaining $0.4 million of revenue recognized was a combination of customer deposit forfeiture upon contract expiration and the launch of one customer payload through another supplier on the SpaceX Transporter 8 mission.
The revenue recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2022 was due to a cancelled customer contract, which resulted in the forfeiture of the related customer deposit.
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Cost of revenue
The cost of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2023 was due to the launch cost allocated to customer payloads on the Vigoride 5 and Vigoride 6 missions. The Company allocated the cost of the launch proportionally based on payload weight.
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses decreased from $10.9 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $10.2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was driven by a $0.7 million reduction in allocated information technology and facilities expenses, a $0.4 million decrease in sign in bonuses, and decreased spending on materials of $0.2 million, partially offset by an increase in research and development launch costs of $0.8 million from the Vigoride 6 mission.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased from $12.9 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $10.0 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023. NSA compliance spending decreased by $0.4 million and other legal services expenses decreased by $0.5 million, partially offset by a $0.3 million increase in SEC compliance spending, as the Company’s activity related to the NSA and SEC topics discussed in Note 12 shifted from legal proceedings to compliance. Stock based compensation decreased by $0.6 million due to executive turnover. Information technology costs, general and administrative launch costs associated with a strategic supplier test in May 2022, and other general corporate expenses decreased by $0.7 million, $0.6 million, and $0.2 million, respectively.
Change in fair value of warrant liability
For both the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the decrease in the calculated fair value of the Company’s currently outstanding warrants, which were assumed from the Business Combination, was primarily driven by the observable market price of the publicly listed warrants to purchase the Company’s stock under comparable terms. See Note 9 for additional information.
Realized loss on disposal of assets
Realized loss on disposal of assets in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, was immaterial.
Interest income
Interest income increased from an immaterial amount for three months ended June 30, 2022 to $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as the Company invested more in money market funds in response to rising interest rates.
Interest expense
Interest expense decreased from $1.4 million of cash and amortization interest for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $0.7 million of cash and amortization interest for the three months ended June 30, 2023 due to the application of the effective interest method which results in less cash and amortization interest as the Term Loan approaches maturity. See Note 8 for additional information.
Other income
Other income in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, was immaterial.
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Comparison of Financial Results for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Service revenue | $ | 1,727 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 1,677 |  |  | 3354 | %
Cost of revenue | 388 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 376 |  |  | 3133 | %
Gross profit | 1,339 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 1,301 |  |  | 3424 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development expenses | 20,323 |  |  | 20,867 |  |  | (544) |  |  | (3 | %)
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 20,277 |  |  | 27,714 |  |  | (7,437) |  |  | (27 | %)
Loss from operations | (39,261) |  |  | (48,543) |  |  | 9,282 |  |  | (19 | %)
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of warrant liability | 338 |  |  | 1,803 |  |  | (1,465) |  |  | (81 | %)
Realized loss on disposal of asset | (17) |  |  | (69) |  |  | 52 |  |  | (75 | %)
Interest income | 912 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 907 |  |  | 18140 | %
Interest expense | (1,652) |  |  | (2,905) |  |  | 1,253 |  |  | (43 | %)
Litigation settlement, net | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (100 | %)
Other income | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 100%
Net loss | $ | (39,660) |  |  | $ | (49,706) |  |  | 10,046 |  |  | (20 | %)

Service revenue
The revenue recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily driven by fulfillment of performance obligations for Vigoride 5 and Vigoride 6 customers, resulting in $1.3 million of revenue recognition. The remaining $0.4 million of revenue recognized was a combination of customer deposit forfeiture upon contract expiration and the launch of one customer payload through another supplier on the SpaceX Transporter 8 mission.
The revenue recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was due to a cancelled customer contract, which resulted in the forfeiture of the related customer deposit.
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses decreased from $20.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $20.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to spending on materials and components, which decreased by $1.2 million, a reduction in allocated information technology and facilities expenses of $0.8 million, and a $0.4 million decreases in signing bonuses, partially offset by increases in launch costs of $1.4 million associated with Vigoride 5 and Vigoride 6 missions and an increase in subcontractor expenses of $0.5 million.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased from $27.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $20.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023. SEC compliance spending decreased by $1.7 million, NSA compliance spending decreased by $0.9 million, other legal services expenses decreased by $0.6 million, and non-legal professional fees decreased by $0.7 million as the Company’s activity related to the NSA and SEC topics discussed in Note 12 shifted from legal proceedings to compliance. Non-stock based compensation payroll decreased by $0.4 million due to prior year one-time bonuses and executive departures temporarily replaced by consultants, and stock based compensation decreased by $1.2 million due to executive turnover. IT costs, G&A launch costs associated with a strategic supplier test in May 2022, and other general corporate office expenses decreased by $0.8 million, $0.6 million, and $0.4 million, respectively.
Change in fair value of warrant liability
For both the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the decrease in the calculated fair value of the Company’s currently outstanding warrants, which were assumed from the Business Combination, was primarily driven by the observable market price of the publicly listed warrants to purchase the Company’s stock under comparable terms. See Note 9 for additional information.
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Realized loss on disposal of assets
The decrease in realized loss on disposal of asset for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was due to disposals of furniture and equipment related to the end of three minor leases during the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to immaterial disposals during the six months ended June 30, 2023.
Interest income
Interest income increased from an immaterial amount for six months ended June 30, 2022 to $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as the Company invested more in money market funds in response to rising interest rates.
Interest expense
Interest expense decreased from $2.9 million of cash and amortization interest for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $1.7 million of cash and amortization interest for the six months ended June 30, 2023 due to the application of the effective interest method which results in less cash and amortization interest as the Term Loan approaches maturity. See Note 8 for additional information.
Litigation settlement, net
Litigation settlements amounts payable for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, were immaterial.
Other income
Other income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, was immaterial.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Going Concern
The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company’s ability to successfully raise capital to fund its business operations and execute on its business plan. To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenues to provide cash flows that enable the Company to finance its operations internally and the Company’s financial position and operating results raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. This is reflected by the Company’s incurred net losses of $18.8 million and $39.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and had an accumulated deficit of $343.8 million as of June 30, 2023. Additionally, the Company used net cash of $33.2 million to fund its operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023, and had cash and cash equivalents of $21.3 million as of June 30, 2023.
In connection with the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, management conducted an evaluation and concluded that there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within twelve months after the date of the issuance of such financial statements. The Company believes that its current level of cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund commercial scale production and sale of its services and products. These conditions raise substantial doubt regarding its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least one year from the date of issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. In order to proceed with the Company’s business plan and operating strategy, the Company will need to raise substantial additional capital to fund its operations. Until such time, if ever, the Company can generate revenues sufficient to achieve profitability, the Company expects to finance its operations through equity or debt financings, which may not be available to the Company on the timing needed or on terms that the Company deems to be favorable. In an effort to alleviate these conditions, the Company continues to seek and evaluate opportunities to access additional capital through all available means.
As a result of these uncertainties, and notwithstanding management’s plans and efforts to date, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to raise substantial additional capital in the near term, the Company's operations and business plan will need to be scaled back or halted altogether. Additionally, if the Company is able to raise additional capital but that capital is insufficient to provide a bridge to full commercial production at a profit, the Company's operations could be severely curtailed or cease entirely and the Company may not realize any significant value from its assets.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis of accounting. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not reflect any adjustments that might result if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.
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Cash Flows

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Net cash used in: |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | (33,228) |  |  | $ | (45,943) |  |  |
Investing activities | (15) |  |  | (945) |  |  |
Financing activities | (7,018) |  |  | (3,277) |  |  |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (40,261) |  |  | $ | (50,165) |  |  |

Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $33.2 million, driven primarily by headcount costs, research and development activities, legal expenses, and professional fees, as well as net cash changes in operating assets and liabilities. Headcount related payroll costs, excluding accrued bonus of $1.7 million and stock-based compensation of $4.3 million, were $11.0 million. Research and Development activity expenses, including materials, components, and subcontractor costs were $7.0 million. Professional fees of $8.9 million included $1.3 million of costs related to the SEC and NSA topics discussed in Note 12 and legal fees of $4.1 million. Office overheads, other general corporate expenses, and cash interest were $4.6 million which includes insurance costs of $1.5 million. The Company incurred launch costs of $1.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 that were amortized in connection with its first launch. These cash outflows were partially offset by gross profit of $1.3 million primarily related to the fulfillment of performance obligations for Vigoride 5 and Vigoride 6 customers during the six months ended June 30, 2023. The Company additionally had change in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.2 million.
Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $45.9 million, driven primarily by headcount costs, research and development activities, and professional fees related to the SEC and NSA compliance costs, as well as net cash changes in operating assets and liabilities. Headcount related payroll costs, excluding accrued bonus and stock-based compensation, were $15.7 million. Research and development activity expenses, including materials, components, and subcontractor costs were $7.8 million. Legal fees, related to the SEC and CFIUS review topics, discussed in Note 12, were $4.7 million. Professional fees for recruiting, accounting and audit, and other services were $8.5 million. Office overheads, other general corporate expenses, and cash interest were $8.3 million. The Company incurred launch costs of $1.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 that were amortized in connection with its first launch.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $0.01 million and $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which consisted primarily of purchases of machinery and equipment partially offset by proceeds from sale of machinery and equipment.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $7.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to principal repayments of $6.3 million under the Term Loan and $10.0 million paid to satisfy the stock repurchase agreement contingent liability. These cash outflows were partially offset by gross proceeds of approximately $10.0 million received from the February 2023 Securities Purchase Agreement offering.
Net cash used in financing activities was $3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, due to principal repayment under the Term Loan, which did not commence until March of 2022.
Funding Requirements
We expect our cash consumption to continue in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue to advance the development of our vehicles, build corporate infrastructure and enhance our sales and marketing functions.
Specifically, our operating expenses will continue as we:
•continue to refine our corporate infrastructure, people, processes and systems;
•enhance and scale our sales and marketing function;
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•pursue further research and development related to developing our next generation vehicles;
•seek regulatory approvals for changes or updates to our vehicles;
•actively manage our workforce, including right sizing in personnel;
•implement measures required under the NSA and continue to implement measures required under the NSA and seek to comply with the NSA's requirements;
•maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
•comply with public company reporting requirements; and
•defend against litigation.
Changing circumstances may cause us to expend capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, or we may need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be adversely affected.
Some of these risks and uncertainties are described in more detail under Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors," in this Form 10-Q under the heading “Risk Factors — We may not be able to continue as a going concern.”
Commitments and Contingencies
We are a party to operating leases primarily for facilities (e.g., office buildings, warehouses and spaceport) under non-cancellable operating leases. These leases expire at various dates through 2028. Refer to Note 6.
We have principal of $9.0 million outstanding under the Term Loan. Refer to Note 8.
We enter into purchase obligations in the normal course of business. These obligations include purchase orders and agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable, legally binding, and have significant terms and minimum purchases stipulated. Refer to Note 12.
As a result of the settlement of the Amended Complaint, we recorded a litigation settlement contingency of $8.5 million. Refer to Note 12.
In addition, we enter into agreements in the normal course of business with vendors for research and development services and outsourced services, which are generally cancellable upon written notice.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not engage in any off-balance sheet activities or have any arrangements or relationships with unconsolidated entities, such as variable interest, special purpose, and structured finance entities.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments as of the balance sheet date that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. In addition to our critical accounting policies below, see Note 2 in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Revenue Recognition
The Company enters into short-term contracts for ‘last-mile’ satellite and cargo delivery (transportation services), payload hosting and in-orbit servicing options with customers that are primarily in the aerospace industry. For its transportation service arrangements, the Company has a single performance obligation of delivering the customers’ payload to its designated orbit and recognizes revenue (along with any other fees that have been paid) at a point in time, upon satisfaction of this performance obligation. Additionally, for its in-orbit service arrangements, the Company provides a multitude of services consistently throughout the mission to its customers and has services available on a ‘stand ready’ basis until the mission reaches its conclusion. The Company recognizes revenue for these in-orbit services ratably over time on a straight-line basis.
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We account for customer contracts in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which includes the following five-step model:
•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer.
•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract.
•Determination of the transaction price.
•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.
•Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
The Company estimates variable consideration at the most likely amount, which is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. While the Company’s standard contracts do not contain refund or recourse provisions that enable its customers to recover any non-refundable fees that have been paid, the Company may issue full or partial refunds, or concessions on future services to customers on a case-by-case basis as necessary to preserve and foster future business relationships and customer goodwill.
The Company’s satellite and cargo delivery services (transportation services) are considered a single performance obligation, to transport the customers’ payload to a specified orbit in space. We recognize revenue for these services at a point in time, when control is transferred, which is considered to be upon the release of the customers’ payload into its specified orbit. We will calculate the weight distribution of each transfer vehicle at the customer level, and we will estimate the delivery date for each customer’s payload based on the relative weight of payloads released to determine the point in time to recognize revenue for each payload release.
The Company’s in-orbit services consist of a collection of interdependent and integrated services which are not considered distinct from one another and may vary depending on the specific needs of the Customer and mission. Revenue for these in-orbit services are recognized ratably over time on a straight line basis.
In periods in which we recognize revenue, we will disclose the amounts of revenue recognized that was included as a contract liability balance at the beginning of the reporting period in accordance with ASC 606-10-50-8(b).
Loss Contingencies
We are subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business, including product-related and other litigation. We consider the likelihood of loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability, as well as our ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss in determining loss contingencies. An estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether such accruals should be adjusted and whether new accruals are required. Refer to Note 12.
Deferred Fulfillment and Prepaid Launch Costs
We prepay for certain launch costs to third-party providers that will carry the orbital service vehicle to orbit. Prepaid costs allocated to the delivery of a customer’s payload are classified as deferred fulfillment costs and recognized as cost of revenue upon delivery of the customer’s payload. Prepaid costs allocated to our payload are classified as prepaid launch costs and are amortized to research and development expense upon the release of our payload. The allocation is determined based on the distribution between customer and our payload weight on each launch.
Contract Liabilities
Customer deposits collected prior to the release of the customer’s payload into its specified orbit are recorded as current and non-current contract liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets as the amounts received represent a prepayment for the satisfaction of a future performance obligation that has not yet commenced. Each non-refundable deposit is determined to be a contract liability upon cash collection. Prior to making this determination, we ensure that a valid contract is in place that meets the definition of the existence of a contract in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-1 and 2.
Stock-based Compensation
We have various stock incentive plans under which incentive and non-qualified stock options and restricted stock awards are granted to employees, directors, and consultants. All stock-based payments to employees, including
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grants of employee stock options are recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements based on their respective grant date fair values.
We recognize stock-based compensation expense using a fair value-based method for costs related to all stock-based payments. We estimate the fair value of stock-based payments on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The model requires management to make a number of assumptions, including expected volatility of our stock, expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. The fair value of the stock is expensed over the related service period which is typically the vesting period. The stock-based compensation expense that is reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements is based on awards that are expected to vest. We account for forfeitures as they occur.
Estimating the fair value of equity awards as of the grant date using valuation models, such as the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, is affected by assumptions regarding a number of variables as disclosed above, and any changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes in accordance with authoritative guidance, which requires the use of the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based upon the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rate expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the differences are expected to be reversed.
Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all available evidence, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, and the feasibility of tax planning strategies.
In the event that management changes its determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.
We are required to evaluate the tax positions taken in the course of preparing its tax returns to determine whether tax positions are “more likely than not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits of positions not deemed to meet the “more likely than not” threshold would be recorded as a tax expense in the current year. The amount recognized is subject to estimate and management judgment with respect to the likely outcome of each uncertain tax position. The amount that is ultimately sustained for an individual uncertain tax position or for all uncertain tax positions in the aggregate could differ from the amount that is initially recognized.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by us as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
Please refer to Note 2 in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for a description of recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted, the timing of their adoptions and our assessment, to the extent we have made one, of their potential impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to a variety of market and other risks, including the effects of changes in interest rates, and inflation, as well as risks to the availability of funding sources, hazard events, and specific asset risks.
Interest Rate Risk
The market risk inherent in our financial instruments and our financial position represents the potential loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates. As of June 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $21.3 million, which are primarily invested in highly liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity of three months or
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less. However, due to the short-term maturities and the low-risk profile of our investments, an immediate 10% change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our cash and cash equivalents.
Because the Term Loan indebtedness bears interests at a fixed rate, it is not impacted by changes in interest rates.
Foreign Currency Risk
There were no material foreign currency transactions for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Currently, a significant portion of our cash receipts and expenses are generated in U.S. dollars.
ITEM 4. Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of June 30, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023 which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. Other Information
ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings
See the disclosures under the caption “Legal Proceedings” in Note 12 in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for disclosures related to our legal proceedings, which disclosures are incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company on March 8, 2023, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. Except as set forth below, we do not believe that there have been any material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company on March 8, 2023. The risks described below and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company on March 8, 2023, are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and/or cash flows.
We have a limited history of delivering customer satellites into orbit using our service vehicles, and setbacks experienced during our initial mission or in future missions and other demonstration and commercial missions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation and could harm our reputation.
The success of our in-space infrastructure services business will depend on our ability to successfully and regularly deliver customer satellites to custom orbits. Our initial mission in May 2022 was a hybrid commercial-demonstration mission in which our vehicles would deliver paying customers’ satellites into orbit for the first time. We used a third-party deployer from a partner company to place our first customer satellite in orbit. Our Vigoride spacecraft reached low-earth orbit and was able to deploy two out of nine customer satellites, but certain anomalies relating primarily to its communication and power systems limited our ability to communicate with the vehicle. Since that time, the Vigoride spacecraft has deployed five additional customer satellites, but we have been unable to confirm the deployment of the remaining two customer satellites. The communication issues have also prevented Vigoride from performing orbit change maneuvers and technology demonstrations that were part of our program to validate our technology in space, and to demonstrate end-to-end in-space transfer and service operations.
We plan to use the ongoing Vigoride 5 and Vigoride 6 missions, as well as future Vigoride missions, to conduct on-orbit functional proof of principle and performance verification data for the MET — this data will be used to assess the efficacy of the MET and identify potential refinements or upgrades for future versions of the MET in order to improve its performance. Like the ground test campaigns we conduct, on-orbit tests can be understood as incremental confidence-building measures — meeting key requirements for thrust, specific impulse, firing duration, lifetime and other performance parameters will help Momentus determine whether the MET is performing in accordance with our expectations. Doing so repeatedly, both on the ground and on orbit, will demonstrate the soundness and robustness of the MET design and is expected to contribute to growing customer confidence over time. Despite the anomalies experienced on Vigoride 3, we are using the results of the inaugural mission, and expect to use the data collected from future missions, to determine what services or level of services we will be able to initially provide customers, including the degree to which Vigoride possesses capabilities of providing customers with low-earth orbit transfer services. We anticipate that each mission will also lay the groundwork for continual improvements and enhancements that we plan to flight-demonstrate on future missions. We plan to offer low-earth orbit transfer services to customers in the future, based in part on the outcome of future missions and the MET demonstration, as well as the results of ongoing ground testing.
We are mindful of the inherent risks involved in the initial use of hardware and complex systems in space given the difficulties of replicating all aspects of the environment and stresses that the system will experience in space during ground-based testing in simulated environments. We have learned and gathered valuable data during our previous Vigoride missions as we continue to develop and improve the system and our other systems. While we have conducted an analysis of the root causes of the anomalies experienced by Vigoride 3 on its inaugural mission, there can be no assurance that we will not experience operational or process failures and other problems on any future missions. Any failures, delays or setbacks, including anomalies experienced in our current or future mission, could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results.
We may not be able to convert our orders in backlog into revenue.
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As of July 31, 2023, our backlog consisted of approximately $32 million in customer contracts, including firm orders and options for future services. However, these contracts are cancellable by customers for convenience. If a customer cancels a contract before it is required to pay the last deposit prior to launch, we may not receive all potential revenue from these orders, except for an initial non-refundable deposit which is paid at the time the contract is signed. In certain situations, Momentus may decide to refund customers for their deposits, even though it is not contractually required, to maintain goodwill with customers.
In addition, backlog may be subject to large variations from quarter to quarter and comparisons of backlog from period to period are not necessarily indicative of future revenues. Furthermore, some contracts comprising the backlog are for services scheduled many years in the future, and the economic viability of customers with whom we have contracted is not guaranteed over time. As a result, the contracts comprising our backlog may not result in actual revenue in any particular period, or at all, and the actual revenue from such contracts may differ from our backlog estimates. The timing of receipt of revenues, if any, on projects included in the backlog could change because many factors affect the scheduling of missions and adjustments to contracts may also occur. The failure to realize some portion of our backlog could adversely affect our revenues and gross margins. Furthermore, the presentation of our financial results requires us to make estimates and assumptions that may affect revenue recognition. In some instances, we could reasonably use different estimates and assumptions, and changes in estimates are likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ significantly from our estimates.
In addition, if we do not receive regulatory approvals in a timely manner, or our future missions experience anomalies in addition to the issues experienced by our inaugural Vigoride mission (Vigoride 3), our backlog and prospects will be materially adversely affected. For example, we have experienced erosion in our backlog from $86 million as of March 4, 2021 to $67 million as of January 31, 2022, to $33 million as of February 28, 2023, to $32 million as of July 31, 2023, as customers chose to cancel their contracts with us and seek alternative providers due to delays in our scheduled missions. If we continue to experience delays or future missions experience significant anomalies, we could experience further erosion in our backlog.
We may not be able to continue as a going concern.
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis of accounting which assumes that we will continue as a going concern, and do not reflect any adjustments that might result if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company’s ability to generate revenues and raise capital. To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenues to provide cash flows that enable the Company to finance its operations internally. In connection with an evaluation conducted by the Company’s management during the preparation of this report, management concluded that there were conditions and events which raised substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within twelve months after the date of the issuance of the financial statements included in this report.
The uncertainty regarding our ability to continue as a going concern could materially adversely affect our share price and our ability to service our indebtedness, raise new capital or enter into commercial transactions. To address these matters, the Company may take actions that materially and adversely affect our business, including significant reductions in research, development, administrative and commercial activities, reduction of our employee base, and ultimately curtailing or ceasing operations, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and share price. In addition, doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern could impact our relationships with customers, vendors and other third parties and our ability to obtain, maintain or renew contracts with them, or negatively impact our negotiating leverage with such parties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, any loss of key personnel, employee attrition or material erosion of employee morale arising out of doubts about our ability to operate as a going concern could have a material adverse effect on our ability to effectively conduct our business and could impair our ability to execute our strategy and implement our business objectives, thereby having a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may fail to achieve the expected cost savings and related benefits from our reduction in workforce.
On July 3, 2023 we reduced our workforce to enable us to help achieve a more cost-efficient organization necessary to increase the cash runway of the Company. The reduction in workforce affected 18 employees. The Company may have to implement additional reductions in workforce if the Company is unable to raise additional capital or otherwise fund the operations of the Company.The reductions in workforce to date, and any further reductions,as well as the perceptions of our vendors, customers, potential customers and investors regarding these actions,could materially adversely affect our ability to operate our business and achieve our business objectives, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and share price.
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The pursuit of additional capital and other strategic alternatives will consume a substantial portion of the time and attention of our management and require additional capital resources which may be disruptive to our business,and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are not able to predict with certainty the amount of time and resources necessary to successfully identify, pursue and execute any strategic alternative or to obtain additional financing. The diversion of management’s attention may materially adversely affect the conduct of our business, and, as a result, our financial condition and results of operations. The additional expense we accrue in connection with our review of strategic alternatives and pursuit of additional capital may materially adversely impact our financial condition and partially offset the value of any strategic plan we may pursue or additional financing we may be able to obtain.
ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
None.
ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
ITEM 5. Other Information.
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
There were no adoption or termination of contracts, instructions or written plans for the purchase and sale of the Company’s securities by our Section 16 officers and directors for the three months ended June 30, 2023, each of which would be intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act.
Letter Agreement for Accelerated Vesting upon a Change in Control
On August 8, 2023, the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors authorized the Company to enter into a letter agreement with each active, full-time employee of the Company for the purpose of enhancing employee retention, providing for the accelerated vesting of all outstanding equity awards upon a Change in Control (as defined in the Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan). A copy of the form of letter agreement is attached to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as Exhibit 10.2.
ITEM 6. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
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Tables of Contents

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibit |
2.1† |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 7, 2020, by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp., Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, and Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2020). |
2.2 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 5, 2021, by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp., Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, and Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Registration No. 333-249787) filed on March 8, 2021). |
2.3 |  | Amendment No. 2 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 6, 2021, by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp., Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, and Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Registration No. 333-249787) filed on June 29, 2021). |
2.4 |  | Amendment No. 3 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 29, 2021, by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp., Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, and Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Registration No. 333-249787) filed on June 29, 2021). |
3.1 |  | First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 25, 2023). |
10.1 |  | Second Amendment to the Momentus Inc. 2022 Inducement Equity Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-272104) filed on May 19, 2023). |
10.2* |  | Form of Change in Control Letter Agreement. |
31.1* |  | Certification Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) Under The Securities Act of 1934, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
31.2* |  | Certification Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) Under The Securities Act of 1934, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
32.1** |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
32.2** |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |
101.SCH* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
101.CAL* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
101.LAB* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
101.PRE* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
101.DEF* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |

__________
# Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith
†Certain of the exhibits and schedules to this Exhibit List have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5). The Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of all omitted exhibits and schedules to the SEC upon its request.
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Tables of Contents
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

MOMENTUS INC.
Date: August 14, 2023 | By: |  | /s/ John Rood
| Name: |  | John Rood
| Title: |  | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 14, 2023 | By: |  | /s/ Eric Williams
| Name: |  | Eric Williams
| Title: |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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