10-K 1 a2017123110kdocument.htm 10-K
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

☑ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________
Commission file number 0-24230
ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

DELAWARE |  | 94-3021850
(State of incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

32000 Aurora Road, Suite B
Solon, Ohio 44139
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 440.715.1300
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:
Title of Each Class
Common Stock, Par Value $0.0001
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933. Yes ☐No ☑
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Date File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.

Large accelerated filer ☐ |  | Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
The aggregate value of the Company’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the Company was approximately $29.1 million as of June 30, 2017, the last day of the Company’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, when the last reported sales price was $2.63 per share.
Number of the registrant’s shares of common stock outstanding as of February 16, 2018: 11,889,517
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Portions of the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10-14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PART I | Page
ITEM 1. | BUSINESS | 4
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 10
ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 20
ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES | 20
ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 21
ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 21
| PART II |
ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 22
ITEM 6. | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA | 23
ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 24
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 37
ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES | 66
ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 66
ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION | 67
| PART III |
ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 67
ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 67
ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 67
ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 68
ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 68
| PART IV |
ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 68
ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY | 68
| SIGNATURES | 69
| EXHIBIT INDEX | 70

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PART I
Forward-looking statements
Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to “Energy Focus,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,” or “the Company” refer to Energy Focus, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries, and their respective predecessor entities for the applicable periods, considered as a single enterprise.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) includes statements that express our opinions, expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or projections regarding future events or future results and therefore are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “feels,” “seeks,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could” or “would” or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this Annual Report and include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies, capital expenditures, and the industry in which we operate.
By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. Although we base these forward-looking statements on assumptions that we believe are reasonable when made, we caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and industry developments may differ materially from statements made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and industry developments are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.
We believe that important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties outlined under “Risk Factors” under Item 1A and other matters described in this Annual Report generally. Some of these factors include:

• | our history of operating losses and our ability to effectively implement cost-cutting measures and generate sufficient cash from operations or receive sufficient financing, on acceptable terms, to continue our operations;

• | our reliance on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue, and our ability to maintain or grow such sales levels;

• | our ability to implement and manage our growth plans to diversify our customer base, increase sales, and control expenses;

• | our ability to increase demand in our targeted markets and to manage sales cycles that are difficult to predict and may span several quarters;

• | our dependence on distributors and sales representatives, whose sales efforts may fluctuate and are not bound by long term commitments;

• | the timing of large customer orders and significant expenses, and fluctuations between demand and capacity, as we invest in growth opportunities;

• | our dependence on military maritime customers and on the levels of government funding available to such customers, as well as funding resources of our other customers in the public sector and commercial markets;

• | general economic conditions in the United States and in other markets in which we sell our products;

• | market acceptance of LED lighting technology;

• | the entrance of competitors in the market for the U.S. Navy products;

• | our ability to respond to new lighting technologies and market trends, and fulfill our warranty obligations with safe and reliable products;

• | any delays we may encounter in making new products available or fulfilling customer specifications;

• | our ability to compete effectively against companies with greater resources, lower cost structures, or more rapid development efforts;

• | our ability to protect our intellectual property rights and other confidential information, manage infringement claims by others, and the impact of any type of legal claim or dispute;

• | our reliance on a limited number of third-party suppliers, our ability to obtain critical components and finished products from such suppliers on acceptable terms, and the impact of our fluctuating demand on the stability of such suppliers;

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• | our ability to timely and efficiently transport products from our third-party suppliers to our facility by ocean marine channels;

• | any flaws or defects in our products or in the manner in which they are used or installed;

• | our compliance with government contracting laws and regulations, through both direct and indirect sale channels, as well as other laws, such as those relating to the environment and health and safety;

• | risks inherent in international markets, such as economic and political uncertainty, changing regulatory and tax requirements and currency fluctuations;

• | our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, and to do so in a timely manner; and

• | our ability to maintain effective internal controls and otherwise comply with our obligations as a public company.

In light of the foregoing, we caution you not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement that we make in this Annual Report speaks only as of the date of such statement, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or to publicly announce the results of any revision to any of those statements to reflect future events or developments. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless specifically expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data.
Energy Focus® and Intellitube® are our registered trademarks. We may also refer to trademarks of other corporations and organizations in this document.
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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
The Company was founded in 1985 as Fiberstars, Inc., a California corporation, and reincorporated in Delaware in November 2006. In May 2007, Fiberstars, Inc. merged with and became Energy Focus, Inc., also a Delaware corporation. Our principal executive offices are located at 32000 Aurora Road, Suite B, Solon, Ohio 44139. Our telephone number is 440.715.1300. Our website address is www.energyfocus.com. Information on our website is not part of this Annual Report.
Energy Focus, Inc. and its subsidiary engage in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and sale of energy-efficient lighting systems. We operate in a single industry segment, developing and selling our energy-efficient light-emitting diode (“LED”) lighting products into the general commercial, industrial and military maritime markets. Our goal is to become a trusted leader in the LED lighting retrofit market by replacing fluorescent lamps in institutional buildings and high-intensity discharge (“HID”) lighting in low-bay and high-bay applications with our innovative, high-quality commercial and military tubular LED (“TLED”) products.
Over the past few years we have exited non-core businesses to focus our efforts on TLED products, starting with the sale of our pool lighting products business in 2013. During 2015 we exited our turnkey solutions business operated by our subsidiary, Energy Focus LED Solutions, LLC (“EFLS”), and exited our United Kingdom business through the sale of Crescent Lighting Limited (“CLL”), our wholly-owned subsidiary. As a result, we have reclassified all net sales and expenses associated with both EFLS and CLL from the Consolidated Statements of Operations and have reported the related net income (loss) as discontinued operations. Please refer to Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” for more information on our disposition of these businesses.
Given the decline in our military maritime business, the changing competitive landscape of the U.S. Navy sales channel and the timing uncertainty of commercial sales growth, we implemented a restructuring initiative during the first quarter of 2017. The intent of the restructuring strategy was to maximize operating cost reductions without sacrificing either our new product pipeline or potential long-term revenue growth and return the Company to profitability. On February 19, 2017, the Board appointed Dr. Ted Tewksbury to serve as the Company’s Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President to lead the Company’s restructuring efforts. Dr. Tewksbury, who holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from MIT, is a well-seasoned semiconductor industry executive with experience in implementing and managing successful business restructurings.
The restructuring initiative included an organizational consolidation of management functions in order to streamline and better align the Company into a more focused, efficient, and cost-effective organization. The initiative also included the transition from our historical direct sales model, to an agency driven sales channel strategy in order to expand our market presence throughout the United States (“U.S.”). During 2017 we closed our New York, New York, Arlington, Virginia and Rochester, Minnesota and offices, reduced full-time equivalent headcount by 51 percent and significantly decreased operating expenses from 2016 levels (a net reduction of $8.4 million, which includes $1.8 million in offsetting restructuring and impairment charges). As of December 31, 2017, we had effectively transitioned our sales force to an agency driven sales channel, expanding our sales coverage to the entire U.S. through 6 geographic regions and 30 sales agents. As a result of this transition, we have substantially expanded from a primarily Midwest focus to build market presence and awareness in other regions of the U.S. with significant demand potential, including the Northeast, Southeast and California.
Our industry
We are committed to developing advanced LED technology solutions that enable our customers to run their facilities with greater energy efficiency, productivity and employee wellness. We strive to be the lighting retrofit technology solutions leader, providing high-quality, energy-efficient, “flicker-free”, long-lived, and mercury-free TLED products as retrofit solutions to replace existing linear fluorescent lamp products in general purpose lighting applications and HID lamps in low-bay and high bay lighting applications. We believe these applications represent a dominant portion of the LED lighting market and energy savings potential for our targeted commercial, industrial and military maritime markets.
The U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”) has been a leading advocate of the solid-state lighting (“SSL”) revolution and has supported various studies forecasting the market penetration of LEDs in general lighting applications since 2002. Based on the DOE’s research, the case for the transition to LED lighting technology solutions is compelling. The DOE published their “Energy Saving Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications” in September 2016 (“DOE Report”), outlining the future path for SSL. Currently, fluorescent lighting systems represent almost half of all lighting energy consumption across all U.S. markets, creating a significant energy savings opportunity for LED lighting. The DOE’s market
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analysis assumes the market adoption of LED lighting will be driven by improvements in LED product efficacy, price and technological improvements, including connected lighting. The DOE Report defines connected lighting as an LED lighting system with integrated sensors and controllers that are networked, enabling lighting products within the system to communicate with each other and transmit data. If the DOE’s SSL Program Goal for LED efficacy for the U.S. are met and accelerated consumer adoption of connected lighting is achieved, the market penetration of LEDs is projected to drive a 75 percent reduction in U.S. energy consumption, the equivalent to the energy consumed by 45 million U.S. homes, in 2035 alone.
According to the DOE Report, the 75 percent reduction in energy will be driven largely by linear fixtures, including retrofit applications, and low and high bay product categories, principally in the commercial and industrial markets. The DOE Report further estimated the 2015 LED penetration rates in the U.S. for fixtures and low and high bay products was approximately three percent and six percent, respectively, increasing to penetration rates of 77 percent for fixtures and 86 percent for low and high bay products by 2035. The DOE Report further estimated commercial and industrial penetration rates between 8 and 12 percent in 2015, increasing to between 83 percent and 86 percent by 2035.
We estimate the 2017 North American commercial and industrial linear fixtures market, including retrofit applications, to be approximately $16.0 billion. While the overall revenue within linear fixture market is forecasted to decline at a 0.5 percent CAGR through 2026, LED lamps within this product category are forecast to increase at a 5.7 percent CAGR for the same time period. Within the commercial and industrial markets we estimate the 2017 overall penetration rate for LED lamps to approximate 21 percent. The estimated penetration rates for healthcare and education markets, two markets that value our high quality, high efficacy and less than one percent flicker, are estimated to be 14 percent and 26 percent, respectively. As the efficiency and cost of LED lighting continue to improve, we believe that market adoption will accelerate, particularly in commercial and industrial applications and that we are well positioned to capitalize on this market opportunity.
Our products
We design, develop, manufacture and market a wide variety of LED lighting technologies to serve our primary end markets, including the following:
Commercial products to serve our targeted commercial markets:

• | Direct-wire TLED replacements for linear fluorescent lamps;

• | Commercial Intellitube® TLED replacement for linear fluorescent lamps;

• | LED fixtures and panels for fluorescent replacement or HID replacement in low-bay and high-bay applications;

• | LED down-lights;

• | LED dock lights and wall-packs;

• | LED vapor tight lighting fixtures; and

• | LED retrofit kits.

Military maritime LED lighting products to serve the U.S. Navy and allied foreign navies:

• | Military Intellitube®;

• | Military globe lights;

• | Military berth lights; and

• | Military fixtures.

The key features of our products are as follows:

• | Many of our products make use of proprietary optical and electronics delivery systems that enable high efficiencies with superior lighting qualities and proven records of extremely high product reliability.

• | Our products have exceptionally long life and are backed by a 10-year warranty.

• | Our products have extremely low flicker. Optical flicker, or fluctuations in brightness over time, is largely invisible to the human eye, but has been proven to exert stress on the human brain, causing headaches and eye strain, which reduce occupant comfort and productivity. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”) one of the world's largest technical professional society promoting the development and application of electrotechnology and allied sciences for the benefit of humanity, recommends optical flicker of five percent or less. Our 500D series TLED products are certified by Underwriters Laboratories (“UL®”) as “low optical flicker, less than 1%”.

• | Many of our products meet the lighting efficiency standards mandated by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.

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• | Many of our products qualify for federal and state tax and rebate incentives for commercial consumers available in certain states.

We continue to invest in connected lighting research and development activities and partnerships as we seek to develop new connected lighting LED solutions. The DOE Report estimated that as of 2015 the penetration rates for any type of lighting controls to be 32 percent for commercial applications and six percent for industrial applications. Lighting controls, including dimming, sensor and daylighting technologies, can yield significant energy savings. The controllability of LED technology and the ability to integrate sensing, data processing and network interface hardware into our existing products will allow us to further differentiate our LED solutions and provide greater value to our customers.
Our strengths and strategy
Our LED products are more energy-efficient than traditional lighting products, such as incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps, and we believe they can provide significant long-term energy and maintenance cost savings, reduce carbon emissions and improve the sustainability profile of our customers.
Our strengths, which we believe provide a strategic competitive advantage, include the following:

• | a long research, engineering, and market developmental history, with broad and intimate understanding of lighting technologies and LED lighting applications;

• | owning and controlling the development, design, and construction of our TLED products to ensure we provide industry-leading LED products that offer premium performance with respect optical quality, efficacy, efficiency and power factor;

• | leading the industry in the development of ultra-low flicker TLEDs with less than one percent flicker

• | concentration on developing and providing high-quality, price competitive TLED lamps to replace fluorescent and HID lamps for commercial markets;

• | providing high quality and high performing LED and TLED products with a proven history of reliability; and

• | a deep understanding of the adoption dynamics and decision-making process for LED lighting products in existing commercial building markets.

Through our strengths, we seek to achieve the following objectives:

• | to be a streamlined and high-performing organization, focused on providing industry-leading LED lighting products with compelling, superior value propositions that generate energy savings, reduce carbon emissions, and improve health and well-being for our customers;

• | expand our market reach to further penetrate our target markets including healthcare, education, commercial, industrial and military maritime; and

• | sales growth to support sustainable and profitable financial performance.

Our strategy to achieve these objectives includes the following actions:

• | to utilize our patents and proprietary know-how to develop innovative LED lighting products that are differentiated by their quality, efficiency, reliability, adaptability and cost of ownership;

• | invest in product development resources and partnerships to develop and execute a strategic product pipeline for profitable and compelling energy-efficient LED lighting products;

• | expand our market presence through a network of trusted relationships with key sales agents throughout the United States in order to increase awareness and knowledge of our technology, product offerings and value proposition within our targeted markets;

• | maintain cost control discipline without sacrificing either new product pipeline or potential long-term revenue growth; and

• | continue our efforts to reduce product cost and drive further operating efficiencies.

Sales and marketing
Historically our products were sold through a direct sales model, which included a combination of direct sales employees, electrical and lighting contractors, and distributors. The 2017 restructuring initiative included the transition to an agency driven sales channel strategy in order to expand our market presence throughout the U.S. As of December 31, 2017, we had effectively transitioned our sales force to an agency driven sales channel, expanding our sales coverage to the entire U.S. through six geographic regions and 30 sales agents. As a result of this transition, we have substantially expanded from a primarily Midwest
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focus to build market presence and awareness in other regions of the U.S. with significant demand potential, including the Northeast, Southeast and California.
Targeted vertical markets
We focus on markets where the economic benefits and technical specifications of our lighting product offerings are most compelling. Our LED lighting products fall into two separate applications, commercial markets, focused on quality, efficacy, total cost of ownership and return on investment, and military maritime markets, requiring higher military specifications for durability and dependability.
With the introduction of our military Intellitube® product in 2011, our results had been driven by our military maritime market, accounting for approximately 78 percent of our net sales for the year-ended December 31, 2015. The military maritime competitive landscape changed in late 2016 and we are no longer the only qualified TLED provider for the U.S. Navy. Additionally, we believe that the military maritime market for our military Intellitube® product is limited as we estimate that 50 percent of the Navy’s potentially replaceable fluorescent tubes had been retrofitted with our military Intellitube® product through December 31, 2017. Accordingly, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 our military maritime market accounted for 23 percent and 52 percent of our net sales, respectively. We continue to diversify our military maritime business through the development of LED fixtures, globe and berth lights and our continued efforts to expand sales beyond the U.S. Navy into foreign navies, the military sealift command, U.S. Coast Guard, commercial shipping companies, and military bases.
In light of the changing military maritime market, over the past three years we have been focused on expanding our commercial and industrial market presence where the economic benefits and technical specifications of our lighting product offerings are compelling, such as the healthcare, education and industrial verticals.
Given the 24/7 lighting requirements of hospital systems we believe that our LED solutions offer the quality, performance, long lifetime, return on investment and low flicker lightning that is particularly attractive to this target market. Since 2015 we have been the trusted LED lighting partner for a major northeast Ohio hospital system and as a result of our continued success, we have been able to leverage this relationship to introduce our lighting solutions and value proposition to an increasing number of hospital systems. We further believe that the strength of our agency relationships will allow us to further penetrate this market on a regional basis. As of December 31, 2017, we estimate that the LED penetration rate within the healthcare market is approximately 14 percent.
As we advocate for the benefits of low flicker LED lighting in schools, both in terms of energy-efficiency and in creating a healthy and effective learning environment, we continue to receive orders to retrofit local school districts, colleges and universities. Again, we believe that our relationships with our sales agents will allow us to further build awareness of the benefits of low flicker LED lighting, helping us to drive further penetration in this market. As of December 31, 2017, we estimate that the LED penetration rate within the education market is approximately 26 percent.
Low and high bay applications are generally used in commercial and industrial markets to provide light to large open areas like big-box retail stores, warehouses and manufacturing facilities. In the past few years, technological and cost improvements have allowed LED low and high bay applications to be more competitive against traditional low and high bay applications. In the industrial market in particular, due to the usage of HID lighting, the energy savings that can be achieved by switching to our LED products could be substantial and we believe we have attractive product offerings in this space.
Concentration of sales
Consistent with our efforts to diversify our customer base, three customers accounted for 48.4 percent, of net sales in 2017, compared to two customers accounting for 47.4 percent of net sales in 2016. In 2017, our commercial sales accounted for 76.7 percent of net sales while sales of our military maritime products accounted for 23.3 percent. In 2017, two commercial customers, a major northeastern Ohio hospital system and a large regional retrofit company accounted for 18.3 percent, and 12.8 percent of net sales, respectively, while sales to distributors to the U.S. Navy represented 22.0 percent of net sales. No other customers accounted for more than 10 percent of our net sales in 2017.
Competition
Our LED lighting products compete against a variety of lighting products, including conventional light sources such as compact fluorescent lamps and HID lamps, as well as other TLEDs and full fixture lighting products. Our ability to compete depends substantially upon the superior performance and lower total cost of ownership of our products. Principal competitors in our markets include large lamp manufacturers and lighting fixture companies based in the U.S., as well as TLED
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manufacturers mostly based in Asia, whose financial resources may substantially exceed and cost structure may be well below ours. These competitors may introduce new or improved products that may reduce or eliminate some of the competitive advantage of our products. We anticipate that the competition for our products will also come from new technologies that offer increased energy efficiency, lower maintenance costs, and/or advanced features. We compete with LED systems produced by large lighting companies such as Philips Lighting, CREE, Osram Sylvania and GE Lighting, as well as, smaller manufacturers or distributors such as LED Smart, Revolution Lighting Technologies and Orion Energy Systems. Some of these competitors offer products with performance characteristics similar to those of our products.
Manufacturing and suppliers
We produce our lighting products and systems through a combination of internal manufacturing and assembly at our Solon, Ohio facility, and sourced finished goods, manufactured to our specifications. Our internal lighting system manufacturing consists primarily of final assembly, testing, and quality control. We have worked with several vendors to design custom components to meet our specific needs. Our quality assurance program provides for testing of all sub-assemblies at key stages in the assembly process, as well as testing of finished products produced both internally and sourced through third parties.
Manufacturing costs are managed through the balance of internal production and an outsourced production model for certain parts and components, as well as finished goods in specific product lines, to a small number of vendors in various locations throughout the world, primarily in the United States, Taiwan, and China. In some cases, we rely upon a single supplier to source certain components, sub-assemblies, or finished goods. We continually attempt to improve our global supply chain practices to satisfy client demands in terms of quality and volumes, while controlling our costs and achieving targeted gross margins.
Product development
Product development is a key area of operating focus and competitive differentiation for us and we are dedicated to designing and developing industry leading LED lighting products. Gross product development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were $2.9 million, $3.6 million, and $3.0 million respectively.
Intellectual property
We have a policy of seeking to protect our intellectual property through patents, license agreements, trademark registrations, confidential disclosure agreements, and trade secrets as management deems appropriate. We have approximately 10 patents that we consider key to our current product lines. Additionally, we have various pending United States patent applications, and various pending Patent Cooperation Treaty patent applications filed with the World Intellectual Property Organization that serve as the basis for national patent filings in countries of interest. Our issued patents expire at various times through July 2032. Generally, the term of patent protection is twenty years from the earliest effective filing date of the patent application. There can be no assurance; however, that our issued patents are valid or that any patents applied for will be issued, and that our competitors or clients will not copy aspects of our lighting systems or obtain information that we regard as proprietary. There can also be no assurance that others will not independently develop products similar to ours. The laws of some foreign countries in which we manufacture, sell or may sell our products do not protect proprietary rights to products to the same extent as the laws of the United States.
Insurance
All of our properties and equipment are covered by insurance and we believe that such insurance is adequate. In addition, we maintain general liability and workers’ compensation insurance in amounts we believe to be consistent with our risk of loss and industry practice.
Employees
At December 31, 2017, we had 74 full-time employees, seven of whom were located in Taiwan and 67 in the United States. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements.
Business segments
We currently operate in a single business segment that includes the marketing and sale of commercial and military maritime lighting products. Please refer to Note 4, “Discontinued Operations” and Note 12, “Product and Geographic Information,” included in Item 8 of this Annual Report, for additional information.
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Available information
Our website is located at www.energyfocus.com. We make available free of charge, on or through our website, our annual, quarterly, and current reports, as well as any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Risks associated with our business
We have a history of operating losses and may incur losses in the future.
We have incurred substantial losses in the past and reported net losses from continuing operations of $11.3 million and $16.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. As of December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $10.8 million and an accumulated deficit of $108.2 million.
In order for us to operate our business profitably, we need to continue to expand our market presence to further penetrate our targeted vertical markets, maintain cost control discipline without sacrificing either new product pipeline or potential long-term revenue growth, continue our efforts to reduce product cost, drive further operating efficiencies and develop and execute a strategic product pipeline for profitable and compelling energy-efficient LED lighting products. There is a risk that our strategy to return to profitability may not be as successful as we envision. If our operations do not achieve, or we experience an unanticipated delay in achieving, our intended level and pace of profitability, we may require additional funding.
We may require additional financing, and we may not be able to raise funds on favorable terms or at all.
As of December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $10.8 million, and for the year ended December 31, 2017, we reported a net loss from continuing operations of $11.3 million. During the quarter ended September 30, 2015, we raised approximately $23.6 million from a follow-on offering of 1,500,000 shares of common stock. The proceeds from that offering will continue to provide funding for the near-term, however, there is a risk that we will require additional external financing if our business does not generate adequate cash flow or if our business plans change or require more investment than we currently anticipate.
In addition, we terminated our revolving credit facility effective December 31, 2015 and do not have current plans to enter into a replacement facility.
If we require additional financing, we will evaluate all available external funding sources, but there can be no assurance that we will obtain funding on acceptable terms, in a timely fashion, or at all. Obtaining additional financing contains risks, including:

• | additional equity financing may not be available to us on satisfactory terms and any equity we are able to issue could lead to dilution for current stockholders;

• | loans or other debt instruments may have terms and/or conditions, such as interest rate, restrictive covenants and control or revocation provisions, which are not acceptable to management or our Board of Directors; and

• | the current environment in capital markets combined with our capital constraints may prevent us from being able to obtain adequate debt financing.

If we fail to obtain required additional financing to grow our business, we would need to delay or scale back our business plan, further reduce our operating costs, or reduce our headcount, each of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, future prospects, and financial condition.
We derive a significant portion of our revenue from a few customers and the loss of one of these customers, or a reduction in their demand for our products, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Historically our customer base has been highly concentrated and one or a few customers have represented a substantial portion of our net sales. In 2017, two commercial customers, a major northeastern Ohio hospital system and a large regional retrofit company accounted for 18.3 percent, and 12.8 percent of net sales, respectively, while sales to distributors to the U.S. Navy represented 22.0 percent of net sales. We generally do not have long-term contracts with our customers that commit them to purchase any minimum amount of our products or require them to continue to do business with us. We could lose business from any one of our significant customer for a variety of reasons, many of which are outside of our control, including, changes in levels of government funding and rebate programs, our inability to comply with government contracting laws and regulations, changes in customers’ procurement strategies or their lighting retrofit plans, changes in product specifications, additional competitors entering particular markets, our failure to keep pace with technological advances and cost reductions, and damage to our professional reputation, among others.
We are attempting to expand and diversify our customer base, reducing the dependence on one or a few customers, through the implementation of our agency driven sales channel strategy. Although as of December 31, 2017, we had effectively
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transitioned our sales force to an agency driven sales channel, expanding our sales coverage to the entire U.S. through six geographic regions and 30 sales agents, our efforts to expand our customer base are generally in the early stages, and we cannot provide any assurance we will be successful. We anticipate that a limited number of customers could continue to comprise a substantial portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future. If we continue to do business with our significant customers, our concentration can cause variability in our results because we cannot control the timing or amounts of their purchases. If a significant customer ceases to do or drastically reduces its business with us, these events can occur with little or no notice and could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows in particular periods.
Our inability to diversify our customer base could adversely impact our business and operating results, and expanding to new target markets may open us up to additional risks and challenges.
Our efforts to penetrate additional markets are generally in the early stages, and we cannot provide any assurance we will be successful. Our initial sales cycle is long, generally six to twelve months or more, and each targeted market may require us to develop different expertise and sales, supply, or distribution channels. We may dedicate significant resources to a targeted customer or industry before we achieve meaningful results or are able to effectively evaluate our success. As we target new customers and industries, we will also face different technological, pricing, supply, regulatory and competitive challenges that we may not have experience with, or that may evolve more rapidly than we can address. As a result, our efforts to expand to new markets may not succeed, may divert management resources from our existing operations and may require significant financial commitments to unproven areas of our business, all of which may harm our financial performance.
If we are unable to manage future growth effectively, our profitability and liquidity could be adversely affected.
Our ability to achieve our desired growth depends on the adoption of LEDs within the general lighting market and our ability to affect and adapt to this rate of adoption. The pace of continued growth in this market is uncertain, and in order to grow, we may need to:

• | manage organizational complexity and communication;

• | expand the skills and capabilities of our current management team;

• | add experienced senior level managers;

• | attract and retain qualified employees;

• | adequately maintain and adjust the operational and financial controls that support our business;

• | expand research and development, sales and marketing, technical support, distribution capabilities, manufacturing planning and administrative functions;

• | maintain or establish additional manufacturing facilities and equipment, as well as secure sufficient third-party manufacturing resources, to adequately meet customer demand; and

• | manage an increasingly complex supply chain that has the ability to maintain a sufficient supply of materials and deliver on time to our manufacturing facilities.

These efforts to grow our business, both in terms of size and in diversity of customer bases served, may put a significant strain on our resources. During 2017, we implemented comprehensive cost-saving initiatives to reduce our net loss and mitigate doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. These initiatives have improved efficiency and streamlined our operations, but future growth may exceed our current capacity and require rapid expansion in certain functional areas.
We may lack sufficient funding to appropriately expand or incur significant expenses as we attempt to scale our resources and make investments in our business that we believe are necessary to achieve long-term growth goals. Such investments take time to become fully operational, and we may not be able to expand quickly enough to exploit targeted market opportunities. In addition to our own manufacturing capacity, we are increasingly utilizing contract manufacturers and original design manufacturers (“ODMs”) to produce our products for us. There are also inherent execution risks in expanding product lines and production capacity, whether through our facilities or that of a third-party manufacturer, that could increase costs and reduce our operating results, including design and construction cost overruns, poor production process yields and reduced quality control. If we are unable to fund any necessary expansion or manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to adequately meet demand, our expenses could increase without a proportionate increase in revenue, our margins could decrease, and our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our results of operations, financial condition and business could be harmed if we are unable to balance customer demand and capacity.
As customer demand for our products changes, we must be able to adjust our production capacity to meet demand. We are continually taking steps to address our manufacturing capacity needs for our products. If we are not able to increase or decrease
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our production capacity at our targeted rate or if there are unforeseen costs associated with adjusting our capacity levels, we may not be able to achieve our financial targets. In addition, as we introduce new products and further develop product generations, we must balance the production and inventory of prior generation products with the production and inventory of new generation products, whether manufactured by us or our contract manufacturers, to maintain a product mix that will satisfy customer demand and mitigate the risk of incurring cost write-downs on the previous generation products, related raw materials and tooling.
If customer demand does not materialize at the rate forecasted, we may not be able to scale back our manufacturing expenses or overhead costs to correspond to the demand. This could result in lower margins and adversely impact our business and results of operations. Additionally, if product demand decreases or we fail to forecast demand accurately, our results may be adversely impacted due to higher costs resulting from lower factory utilization, causing higher fixed costs per unit produced. In addition, our efforts to improve quoted delivery lead-time performance may result in corresponding reductions in order backlog. A decline in backlog levels could result in more variability and less predictability in our quarter-to-quarter net sales and operating results.
Our operating results may fluctuate due to factors that are difficult to forecast and not within our control.
Our past operating results may not be accurate indicators of future performance, and you should not rely on such results to predict our future performance. Our operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past, and could fluctuate in the future. Factors that may contribute to fluctuations include:

• | changes in aggregate capital spending, cyclicality and other economic conditions, or domestic and international demand in the industries;

• | the timing of large customer orders to which we may have limited visibility and cannot control;

• | competition for our products, including the entry of new competitors and significant declines in competitive pricing;

• | our ability to effectively manage our working capital;

• | our ability to generate increased demand in our targeted markets, particularly those in which we have limited experience;

• | our ability to satisfy consumer demands in a timely and cost-effective manner;

• | pricing and availability of labor and materials;

• | quality testing and reliability of new products;

• | our inability to adjust certain fixed costs and expenses for changes in demand and the timing and significance of expenditures that may be incurred to facilitate our growth;

• | seasonal fluctuations in demand and our revenue; and

• | disruption in component supply from foreign vendors.

Depressed general economic conditions may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
Our business is sensitive to changes in general economic conditions, both inside and outside the United States. Slow growth in the economy or an economic downturn, particularly one affecting construction and building renovation, or that cause end-users to reduce or delay their purchases of lighting products, services, or retrofit activities, would have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. LED lighting retrofit projects, in particular, tend to require a significant capital commitment, which is offset by cost savings achieved over time. As such, a lack of available capital, whether due to economic factors or conditions in the capital or debt markets, could have the effect of reducing demand for our products. A decrease in demand could adversely affect our ability to meet our working capital requirements and growth objectives, or could otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Customers may be unable to obtain financing to make purchases from us.
Some of our customers require financing in order to purchase our products and the initial investment is higher than is required with traditional lighting products. The potential inability of these customers to access the capital needed to finance purchases of our products and meet their payment obligations to us could adversely impact the appeal of our products relative to those with lower upfront costs and have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that third party finance companies will provide capital to our customers.
A portion of our business is dependent upon the existence of government funding, which may not be available into the future and could result in a reduction in sales and harm to our business.
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Some of our customers are dependent on governmental funding, including foreign allied navies and U.S. military bases. If any of these other target customers abandon, curtail, or delay planned LED lighting retrofit projects as a result of the levels of funding available to them or changes in budget priorities, it would adversely affect our opportunities to generate product sales.
If LED lighting technology fails to gain widespread market acceptance or we are unable to respond effectively as new lighting technologies and market trends emerge, our competitive position and our ability to generate revenue, and profits may be harmed.
To be successful, we depend on continued market acceptance of our existing LED technology. Although adoption of LED lighting continues to grow, the use of LED lighting products for general illumination is in its early stages, is still limited, and faces significant challenges. Potential customers may be reluctant to adopt LED lighting products as an alternative to traditional lighting technology because of its higher initial cost or perceived risks relating to its novelty, reliability, usefulness, light quality, and cost-effectiveness when compared to other established lighting sources available in the market. Changes in economic and market conditions may also make traditional lighting technologies more appealing. For example, declining energy prices in certain regions or countries may favor existing lighting technologies that are less energy-efficient, reducing the rate of adoption for LED lighting products in those areas. Notwithstanding continued performance improvements and cost reductions of LED lighting, limited customer awareness of the benefits of LED lighting products, lack of widely accepted standards governing LED lighting products and customer unwillingness to adopt LED lighting products could significantly limit the demand for LED lighting products. Even potential customers that are inclined to adopt energy-efficient lighting technology may defer investment as LED lighting products continue to experience rapid technological advances. Any of the foregoing could adversely impact our results of operations and limit our market opportunities.
In addition, we will need to keep pace with rapid changes in LED technology, changing customer requirements, new product introductions by competitors and evolving industry standards, any of which could render our existing products obsolete if we fail to respond in a timely manner. The development, introduction, and acceptance of new products incorporating advanced technology is a complex process subject to numerous uncertainties, including:

• | achievement of technology breakthroughs required to make commercially viable devices;

• | the accuracy of our predictions for market requirements;

• | our ability to predict, influence, and/or react to evolving standards;

• | acceptance of our new product designs;

• | acceptance of new technologies in certain markets;

• | the combination of other desired technological advances with lighting products, such as controls;

• | the availability of qualified research and development personnel;

• | our timely completion of product designs and development;

• | our ability to develop repeatable processes to manufacture new products in sufficient quantities, with the desired specifications, and at competitive costs;

• | our ability to effectively transfer products and technology from development to manufacturing; and

• | market acceptance of our products.

We could experience delays in the introduction of new products. We could also devote substantial resources to the development of new technologies or products that are ultimately not successful.
If effective new sources of light other than LEDs are discovered, our current products and technologies could become less competitive or obsolete. If others develop innovative proprietary lighting technology that is superior to ours, or if we fail to accurately anticipate technology and market trends, respond on a timely basis with our own development of new and reliable products and enhancements to existing products, and achieve broad market acceptance of these products and enhancements, our competitive position may be harmed and we may not achieve sufficient growth in our net sales to attain or sustain profitability.
If we are not able to compete effectively against companies with greater resources, our prospects for future success will be jeopardized.
The lighting industry is highly competitive. In the high-performance lighting markets in which we sell our advanced lighting systems, our products compete with lighting products utilizing traditional lighting technology provided by many vendors. For sales of military maritime products, we compete with a small number of qualified military lighting lamp and fixture suppliers. In certain commercial applications, we typically compete with LED systems produced by large lighting companies. Our primary competitors include Royal Philips, CREE, Inc., Osram Sylvania, LED Smart, Revolution Lighting Technologies and Orion Energy Systems, Inc. Some of these competitors offer products with performance characteristics similar to those of our
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products. Many of our competitors are larger, more established companies with greater resources to devote to research and development, manufacturing and marketing, as well as greater brand recognition. In addition, larger competitors who purchase greater unit volumes from component suppliers may be able to negotiate lower bill of material costs, thereby enabling them to offer lower pricing to end customers. Moreover, the relatively low barriers to entry into the lighting industry and the limited proprietary nature of many lighting products also permit new competitors to enter the industry easily and with lower costs.
In each of our markets, we also anticipate the possibility that LED manufacturers, including those that currently supply us with LEDs, may seek to compete with us. Our competitors’ lighting technologies and products may be more readily accepted by customers than our products will be. Moreover, if one or more of our competitors or suppliers were to merge, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our competitive position. Additionally, to the extent that competition in our markets intensifies, we may be required to reduce our prices in order to remain competitive. If we do not compete effectively, or if we reduce our prices without making commensurate reductions in our costs, our net sales, margins, and profitability and our future prospects for success may be harmed.
If we are unable to obtain and adequately protect our intellectual property rights or are subject to claims that our products infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, our ability to commercialize our products could be substantially limited.
We consider our technology and processes proprietary. If we are not able to adequately protect or enforce the proprietary aspects of our technology, competitors may utilize our proprietary technology. As a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. We protect our technology through a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, and similar means. Despite our efforts, other parties may attempt to disclose, obtain, or use our technologies. Our competitors may also be able to independently develop products that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products or slightly modify our products. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights as fully as do the laws of the United States. As a result, we may not be able to protect our proprietary rights adequately in the United States or abroad. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be issued patents for which we have applied or obtain additional patents, or that we will be able to obtain licenses to patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties that we may need to support our business in the future. The inability to obtain certain patents or rights to third-party patents and other intellectual property rights in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights and positions, which may result in protracted and expensive litigation. We have engaged in litigation in the past and litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Litigation may also be necessary to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity by others. Additionally, we could be required to defend against individuals and groups who have been purchasing intellectual property assets for the sole purpose of making claims of infringement and attempting to extract settlements from companies like ours. Litigation could delay development or sales efforts and an adverse outcome in litigation or any similar proceedings could subject us to significant liabilities, require us to license disputed rights from others or require us to cease marketing or using certain products or technologies. We may not be able to obtain any licenses on acceptable terms, if at all, and may attempt to redesign those products that contain allegedly infringing intellectual property, which may not be possible. We also may have to indemnify certain customers if it is determined that we have infringed upon or misappropriated another party’s intellectual property. The costs of addressing any intellectual property litigation claim, including legal fees and expenses and the diversion of management resources, regardless of whether the claim is valid, could be significant and could materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may be subject to confidential information theft or misuse, which could harm our business and results of operations.
We face attempts by others to gain unauthorized access to our information technology systems on which we maintain proprietary and other confidential information. Our security measures may be breached as the result of industrial or other espionage actions of outside parties, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, and as a result, an unauthorized party may obtain access to our systems. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to access our confidential information through other means, for example by fraudulently inducing our employees to disclose confidential information. We actively seek to prevent, detect and investigate any unauthorized access, which occasionally occurs despite our best efforts. We might be unaware of any such access or unable to determine its magnitude and effects. The theft, corruption and/or unauthorized use or publication of our trade secrets and other confidential business information as a result of such an incident could adversely affect our competitive position and the value of our investment in research and development could be reduced. Our business could be subject to significant disruption, widespread negative publicity and a loss of customers, and we could suffer legal liabilities and monetary or other losses.
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If critical components and finished products that we currently purchase from a small number of third-party suppliers become unavailable or increase in price, or if our suppliers or delivery channels fail to meet our requirements for quality, quantity, and timeliness, our revenue and reputation in the marketplace could be harmed, which would damage our business.
In an effort to reduce manufacturing costs, we have outsourced the production of certain parts and components, as well as finished goods in our product lines, to a small number of vendors in various locations throughout the world, primarily in the United States, Taiwan and China. We generally purchase these sole or limited source items with purchase orders, and we have limited guaranteed supply arrangements with such suppliers. While we believe alternative sources for these components and products are available, we have selected these particular suppliers based on their ability to consistently provide the best quality product at the most cost-effective price, to meet our specifications, and to deliver within scheduled time frames. We do not control the time and resources that these suppliers devote to our business, and we cannot be sure that these suppliers will perform their obligations to us. If our suppliers fail to perform their obligations in a timely manner or at satisfactory quality levels, we may suffer lost sales, reductions in revenue and damage to our reputation in the market, all of which would adversely affect our business. As our demand for our products fluctuates and can be hard to predict, we may not need a sustained level of inventory, which may cause financial hardship for our suppliers or they may need to divert production capacity elsewhere. In the past, we have had to purchase quantities of certain components that are critical to our product manufacturing and were in excess of our estimated near-term requirements as a result of supplier delivery constraints and concerns over component availability, and we may need to do so in the future. As a result, we have had, and may need to continue, to devote additional working capital to support a large amount of component and raw material inventory that may not be used over a reasonable period to produce saleable products, and we may be required to increase our excess and obsolete inventory reserves to provide for these excess quantities, particularly if demand for our products does not meet our expectations.
We may be vulnerable to unanticipated price increases and payment term changes. Significant increases in the prices of sourced components and products could cause our product prices to increase, which may reduce demand for our products or make us more susceptible to competition. Furthermore, in the event that we are unable to pass along increases in operating costs to our customers, margins and profitability may be adversely affected. Accordingly, the loss of all or one of these suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our operations until such time as an alternative supplier could be found.
Additionally, consolidation in the lighting industry could result in one or more current suppliers being acquired by a competitor, rendering us unable to continue purchasing key components and products at competitive prices. We may be subject to various import duties applicable to materials manufactured in foreign countries and may be affected by various other import and export restrictions, as well as other considerations or developments impacting upon international trade, including economic or political instability, shipping delays and product quotas. These international trade factors will, under certain circumstances, have an impact on the cost of components, which will have an impact on the cost to us of the manufactured product and the wholesale and retail prices of our products.
We rely on arrangements with independent shipping companies for the delivery of our products from vendors abroad. The failure or inability of these shipping companies to deliver products or the unavailability of shipping or port services, even
temporarily, could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may also be adversely affected by an increase in freight surcharges due to rising fuel costs and added security costs.
We depend on independent agents and sales representatives for a substantial portion of our net sales, and the failure to manage our relationships with these third parties, or the termination of these relationships, could cause our net sales to decline and harm our business.
Our 2017 restructuring initiative included the transition to an agency driven sales channel strategy in order to expand our market presence throughout the U.S. As of December 31, 2017, we had effectively transitioned our sales force to an agency driven sales channel, expanding our sales coverage to the entire U.S. through six geographic regions and 30 sales agents. As a result, we have increased our reliance on independent sales agent channels to market and sell our products. In addition, these parties provide technical sales support to end-users. The current agreements with our agents are generally non-exclusive, meaning they can sell products of our competitors. Any such agreements we enter into in the future may be on similar terms. Our agents may not be motivated to or successfully pursue the sales opportunities available to them, or they may prefer to sell or be more familiar with the products of our competitors. If our agents do not achieve our sales objectives or these relationships take significant time to develop, our revenue may decline, fail to grow or not increase as rapidly as we intend in order to achieve profitability and grow our business.
Furthermore, our agreements are generally short-term, and can be cancelled by either party without significant financial consequence. The termination of or the inability to negotiate extensions of these contracts on acceptable terms could adversely impact sales of our products. Additionally, we cannot be certain that we or end-users will be satisfied by their performance. If
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these agents significantly change their terms with us, or change their end-user relationships, there could be a significant impact on our net sales and profits.
Our products could contain defects or they may be installed or operated incorrectly, which could reduce sales of those products or result in claims against us.
Despite product testing, defects may be found in our existing or future products. This could result in, among other things, a delay in the recognition or loss of net sales, the write-down or destruction of existing inventory, insurance recoveries that fail to cover the full costs associated with product recalls, significant warranty, support, and repair costs, diversion of the attention of our engineering personnel from our product development efforts, and damage to our relationships with our customers. The occurrence of these problems could also result in reputational damage or the delay or loss of market acceptance of our lighting products, and would likely harm our business. In addition, our customers may specify quality, performance, and reliability standards that we must meet. If our products do not meet these standards, we may be required to replace or rework the products. In some cases, our products may contain undetected defects or flaws that only become evident after shipment. Even if our products meet standard specifications, our customers may attempt to use our products in applications for which they were not designed or in products that were not designed or manufactured properly, resulting in product failures and creating customer satisfaction issues.
Some of our products use line voltages (such as 120 or 240 AC), which involve enhanced risk of electrical shock, injury or death in the event of a short circuit or other malfunction. Defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our lighting products could result in personal injury or financial or other damages to end-users or could damage market acceptance of our products. Our customers and end-users could also seek damages from us for their losses. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly to defend and the adverse publicity generated by such a claim against us or others in our industry could negatively impact our reputation.
We provide warranty periods ranging from one to ten years on our products. The standard warranty on nearly all of our new LED lighting products, which now represent the majority of our revenue, is ten years. Although we believe our reserves are appropriate, we are making projections about the future reliability of new products and technologies, and we may experience increased variability in warranty claims. Increased warranty claims could result in significant losses due to a rise in warranty expense and costs associated with customer support.
We may be subject to legal claims against us or claims by us which could have a significant impact on our resulting financial performance.
At any given time, we may be subject to litigation or claims related to our products, suppliers, customers, employees, stockholders, distributors, sales representatives, intellectual property, and sales of our assets, among other things, the disposition of which may have an adverse effect upon our business, financial condition, or results of operation. The outcome of litigation is difficult to assess or quantify. Lawsuits can result in the payment of substantial damages by defendants. If we are required to pay substantial damages and expenses as a result of these or other types of lawsuits our business and results of operations would be adversely affected. Regardless of whether any claims against us are valid or whether we are liable, claims may be expensive to defend and may divert time and money away from our operations. Insurance may not be available at all or in sufficient amounts to cover any liabilities with respect to these or other matters. A judgment or other liability in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims could adversely affect our business and the results of our operations.
Our business may suffer if we fail to comply with government contracting laws and regulations.
We derive a portion of our revenues from direct and indirect sales to U.S., state, local, and foreign governments and their respective agencies. Contracts with government customers are subject to various procurement laws and regulations, business prerequisites to qualify for such contracts, accounting procedures, intellectual property process, and contract provisions relating to their formation, administration and performance, which may provide for various rights and remedies in favor of the governments that are not typically applicable to or found in commercial contracts. Failure to comply with these laws, regulations, or provisions in our government contracts could result in litigation, the imposition of various civil and criminal penalties, termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, or suspension from future government contracting. If our government contracts are terminated, if we are suspended from government work, or if our ability to compete for new contracts is adversely affected, our business could suffer due to, among other factors, lost sales, the costs of any government action or penalties, damages to our reputation and the inability to recover our investment in developing and marketing products for military maritime use.
The ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
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We have significant U.S. net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards (the “Tax Attributes”). Under federal tax laws, we can carry forward and use our Tax Attributes to reduce our future U.S. taxable income and tax liabilities until such Tax Attributes expire in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “IRC”). Section 382 and Section 383 of the IRC provide an annual limitation on our ability to utilize our Tax Attributes, as well as certain built-in-losses, against future U.S. taxable income in the event of a change in ownership, as defined under the IRC. Share issuances in connection with our past financing transactions or other future changes in our stock ownership, which may be beyond our control, could result in changes in ownership for purposes of the IRC. Such changes in ownership could further limit our ability to use our Tax Attributes. Accordingly, any such occurrences could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
The cost of compliance with environmental, health, safety, and other laws and regulations could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
We are subject to a broad range of environmental, health, safety, and other laws and regulations. These laws and regulations impose increasingly stringent environmental, health, and safety protection standards and permit requirements regarding, among other things, air emissions, wastewater storage, treatment, and discharges, the use and handling of hazardous or toxic materials, waste disposal practices, the remediation of environmental contamination, and working conditions for our employees. Some environmental laws, such as Superfund, the Clean Water Act, and comparable laws in U.S. states and other jurisdictions world-wide, impose joint and several liability for the cost of environmental remediation, natural resource damages, third party claims, and other expenses, without regard to the fault or the legality of the original conduct, on those persons who contributed to the release of a hazardous substance into the environment. We may also be affected by future laws or regulations, including those imposed in response to energy, climate change, geopolitical, or similar concerns. These laws may impact the sourcing of raw materials and the manufacture and distribution of our products and place restrictions and other requirements on the products that we can sell in certain geographical locations.
We have international operations and are subject to risks associated with operating in international markets.
We outsource the production of certain parts and components, as well as finished goods in certain product lines, to a small number of vendors in various locations outside of the United States, including Taiwan and China. Although we do not currently generate significant sales from customers outside the United States, we are targeting foreign allied navies as a potential opportunity to generate additional sales of our military products.
International business operations are subject to inherent risks, including, among others:

• | difficulty in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through foreign legal systems;

• | unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, tariffs, and other trade barriers or restrictions;

• | potentially adverse tax consequences;

• | the burdens of compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, similar anti-bribery laws in other countries, and a wide variety of laws;

• | import and export license requirements and restrictions of the United States and each other country in which we operate;

• | exposure to different legal standards and reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

• | currency fluctuations and restrictions; and

• | political, social, and economic instability, including war and the threat of war, acts of terrorism, pandemics, boycotts, curtailment of trade, or other business restrictions.

If we do not anticipate and effectively manage these risks, these factors may have a material adverse impact on our business operations.
If we are unable to attract or retain qualified personnel, our business and product development efforts could be harmed.
To a large extent, our future success will depend on the continued contributions of certain employees, such as our current Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President and Chief Financial Officer. We have had significant turnover in our management team and other employees since 2013 and cannot be certain that these and other key employees will continue in their respective capacities for any period of time, and these employees may be difficult to replace. Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract and retain qualified technical, sales, marketing, and management personnel, for whom competition is very intense. As we attempt to rapidly grow our business, it could be especially difficult to attract and retain
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sufficient qualified personnel, especially in light of our lean cost-structure. The loss of, or failure to attract, hire, and retain any such persons could delay product development cycles, disrupt our operations, increase our costs, or otherwise harm our business or results of operations.
We believe that certification and compliance issues are critical to adoption of our lighting systems, and failure to obtain such certification or compliance would harm our business.
We are required to comply with certain legal requirements governing the materials in our products. Although we are not aware of any efforts to amend any existing legal requirements or implement new legal requirements in a manner with which we cannot comply, our net sales might be adversely affected if such an amendment or implementation were to occur.
Moreover, although not legally required to do so, we strive to obtain certification for substantially all our products. In the United States, we seek certification on substantially all of our products from UL®, Intertek Testing Services (ETL®), or DesignLights Consortium (DLC™). Where appropriate in jurisdictions outside the United States and Europe, we seek to obtain other similar national or regional certifications for our products. Although we believe that our broad knowledge and experience with electrical codes and safety standards have facilitated certification approvals, we cannot ensure that we will be able to obtain any such certifications for our new products or that, if certification standards are amended, that we will be able to maintain such certifications for our existing products. Moreover, although we are not aware of any effort to amend any existing certification standard or implement a new certification standard in a manner that would render us unable to maintain certification for our existing products or obtain ratification for new products, our net sales might be adversely affected if such an amendment or implementation were to occur.
As a public reporting company, we are subject to complex regulations concerning corporate governance and public disclosure that require us to incur significant expenses, divert management resources, and expose us to risks of non-compliance.
We are faced with complicated and evolving laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure. To comply with these requirements and operate as a public company, we incur legal, financial, accounting and administrative costs and other related expenses. As a smaller reporting company, these expenses may be significant to our financial results. In addition, due to our limited internal resources, we must devote substantial management and other resources to compliance efforts. As we attempt to rapidly grow our business, compliance efforts could become more complex and put additional strain on our resources. Despite our efforts, we cannot guarantee that we will effectively meet all of the requirements of these laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with any of the laws, rules and regulations applicable to U.S. public companies or with respect to publicly-traded stock, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny, possible sanctions or higher risks of shareholder litigation, all of which could harm our reputation, lower our stock price or cause us to incur additional expenses.
Any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements.
As a public company reporting to the Securities and Exchange Commission, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, including section 404(a) that requires that we annually evaluate and report on our systems of internal controls. If material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls are discovered or occur in the future, our financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results. This could result in a decrease in our stock price, securities litigation, and the diversion of significant management and financial resources.
If we cease to meet the criteria to be considered a “smaller reporting company,” we will also become subject to section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires an auditor attestation of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. This additional requirement will increase our financial, accounting and administrative costs, and other related expenses, which may be significant to our financial results. In addition, due to our limited internal resources, further compliance efforts put additional strain on our resources. Despite our efforts, if our auditors are unable to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny and higher risk of shareholder litigation, which could harm our reputation, lower our stock price or cause us to incur additional expenses.
We rely heavily on information technology in our operations and any material failure, weakness, interruption or breach of security could prevent us from effectively operating our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We rely heavily on our information technology systems, including our enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) software, across our operations and corporate functions, including for management of our supply chain, payment of obligations, data
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warehousing to support analytics, finance systems, accounting systems, and other various processes and procedures, some of which are handled by third parties.
Our ability to efficiently and effectively manage our business depends significantly on the reliability and capacity of these systems. Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected if we experience system usage problems. The failure of these systems to operate effectively, maintenance problems, system conversions, back-up failures, problems or lack of resources for upgrading or transitioning to new platforms or damage or interruption from circumstances beyond our control, including, without limitation, fire, natural disasters, power outages, systems failure, security breaches, cyber-attacks, viruses or human error could result in, among other things, transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, loss of data, inability to generate timely SEC reports, loss of sales and customers and reduce efficiency in our operations. Additionally, we and our customers could suffer financial and reputational harm if customer or Company proprietary information is compromised by such events. Remediation of such problems could result in significant unplanned capital investments and any damage or interruption could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks associated with an investment in our common stock
As a “thinly-traded” stock with a relatively small public float, the market price of our common stock is highly volatile and may decline regardless of our operating performance.
Our common stock is “thinly-traded” and we have a relatively small public float, which increases volatility in the share price and makes it difficult for investors to buy or sell shares in the public market without materially affecting our share price. Since our listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market in August 2014, our market price has ranged from a low of $1.51 to a high of $29.20 and continues to experience significant volatility. Broad market and industry factors also may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Factors that could cause wide fluctuations in our stock price may include, among other things:

• | general economic conditions and trends;

• | addition or loss of significant customers and the timing of significant customer purchases;

• | actual or anticipated variations in our financial condition and operating results;

• | market expectations following period of rapid growth;

• | our ability to effectively manage our growth and the significance and timing of associated expenses;

• | unanticipated impairments and other changes that reduce our earnings;

• | overall conditions or trends in our industry;

• | the entry or exit of new competitors into our target markets;

• | any litigation or legal claims;

• | the terms and amount of any additional financing that we may obtain, if any;

• | unfavorable publicity;

• | additions or departures of key personnel;

• | changes in the estimates of our operating results or changes in recommendations by any securities or industry analysts that elect to follow our common stock; and

• | sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders, including sales by our directors and officers.

Because our common stock is thinly-traded, investors seeking to buy or sell a certain quantity of our shares in the public market may be unable to do so within one or more trading days and it may be difficult for stockholders to sell all of their shares in the market at any given time at prevailing prices. Any attempts to buy or sell a significant quantity of our shares could materially affect our share price. In addition, because our common stock is thinly-traded and we have a relatively small public float, the market price of our shares may be disproportionately affected by any news, commentary or rumors regarding us or our industry, regardless of the source or veracity, which could also result in increased volatility.
In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities litigation has often been instituted against these companies. Volatility in the market price of our shares could also increase the likelihood of regulatory scrutiny. Securities litigation, if instituted against us, or any regulatory inquiries or actions that we face could result in substantial costs, diversion of our management’s attention and resources and unfavorable publicity, regardless of the merits of any claims made against us or the ultimate outcome of any such litigation or action.
We could issue additional shares of common stock without stockholder approval.
We are authorized to issue 30,000,000 shares of common stock, of which 11,889,517 shares were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017. Our Board of Directors has the authority, without action or vote of our stockholders, to issue authorized
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but unissued shares subject to the rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market. In addition, in order to raise capital or acquire businesses in the future, we may need to issue securities that are convertible or exchangeable for shares of our common stock. Any such issuances could be made at a price that reflects a discount to the then-current trading price of our common stock. These issuances could be dilutive to our existing stockholders and cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they downgrade our stock, the price of our stock could decline.
The trading market for our common stock is likely to be influenced by any research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts downgrades our stock or publish unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. There are currently a limited number of analysts covering us, which could increase the influence of particular analysts or reports. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease and cause our stock price and trading volume to decline. Any of these effects could be especially significant because our common stock is “thinly-traded” and we have a relatively small public float.
Our failure to comply with the continued listing requirements of the NASDAQ Capital Market could adversely affect the price of our common stock and its liquidity.
We must comply with NASDAQ’s continued listing requirements related to, among other things, stockholders’ equity, market value, minimum bid price, and corporate governance in order to remain listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market. Although we expect to meet the continued listing requirements, there can be no assurance we will continue to do so in the future. If we do not remain compliant with these continued listing requirements, we could be delisted. If we were delisted, it would be likely to have a negative impact on our stock price and liquidity. The delisting of our common stock could also deter broker-dealers from making a market in or otherwise generating interest in or recommending our common stock, and would adversely affect our ability to attract investors in our common stock. Furthermore, our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. As a result of these factors, the value of the common stock could decline significantly.
We have never paid dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid dividends on our common stock, nor do we anticipate paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the operations and expansion of our business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon the earnings, financial condition, operating results, capital requirements and other factors as deemed necessary by our Board of Directors.
The elimination of monetary liability against our directors under Delaware law and the existence of indemnification rights held by our directors, officers, and employees may result in substantial expenditures by the Company and may discourage lawsuits against our directors, officers, and employees.
Our Certificate of Incorporation eliminates the personal liability of our directors to our Company and our stockholders for damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director to the extent permissible under Delaware law. Further, our Bylaws provide that we are obligated to indemnify any of our directors or officers to the fullest extent authorized by Delaware law and, subject to certain conditions, advance the expenses incurred by any director or officer in defending any action, suit or proceeding prior to its final disposition. Those indemnification obligations could result in the Company incurring substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against our directors or officers, which we may be unable to recoup. These provisions and resultant costs may also discourage us from bringing a lawsuit against any of our current or former directors or officers for breaches of their fiduciary duties, and may similarly discourage the filing of derivative litigation by our stockholders against our directors and officers even though such actions, if successful, might otherwise benefit us or our stockholders.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
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Our principal executive offices and our manufacturing facility are located in an approximately 117,000 square foot facility in Solon, Ohio, under a lease agreement expiring on June 30, 2022. We believe this facility is adequate to support our current and anticipated operations.
As part of our 2017 restructuring initiatives, we closed our New York, New York, Arlington, Virginia and Rochester, Minnesota offices.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business. See Note 14, “Legal Matters,” included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
Executive officers of the registrant
The following is the name, age, and present position of each of our current executive officers, as well as all prior positions held by each of them during the last five years and when each of them was first elected or appointed as an executive officer:

Name |  | Age |  | Current position and business experience
Theodore L. Tewksbury III, Ph.D. |  | 61 |  | Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President – February 2017 to present
|  |  |  | Executive Chairman of the Board – December 2016 to February 2017
|  |  |  | Dr. Tewksbury has been Founder and CEO of Tewksbury Partners, LLC, providing strategic consulting, advisory and board services to private and public technology companies, venture capital and private equity firms, since 2013. He had served as President and Chief Executive Officer (from November 2014) and a director (from September 2010) of Entropic Communications, a public company specializing in semiconductor solutions for the connected home, until its sale to MaxLinear, Inc., another public semiconductor company, in April 2015, and he remains a director of MaxLinear, Inc. He is also a director of Jariet Technologies, a private company specializing in digital microwave integrated circuits for wireless infrastructure, backhaul and military applications. From 2008 to 2013, Dr. Tewksbury served as President and Chief Executive Officer and a director of Integrated Device Corporation, a public semiconductor company.
Michael H. Port |  | 53 |  | Chief Financial Officer – March 2017 to present
|  |  |  | Interim Chief Financial Officer – August 2016 to December 2016
|  |  |  | Corporate Controller – July 2015 to March 2017
|  |  |  | Mr. Port served as Energy Focus’s Controller from July 2015 to March 2017 and as Interim Chief Financial Officer and Secretary from August to December 2016. From 2010 to July 2015, Mr. Port was a consultant with Resources Global Professionals, a multinational professional services firm, during which time he specialized in filling roles such as Interim CFO, Controller and Director of External Reporting for industrial and manufacturing customers, including interim Controller of the Company from April to July 2015. Prior to joining Resources Global Professionals, Mr. Port held various senior level executive positions at both private and public companies, including Mork Process, Inc., an international manufacturer of industrial cleaning equipment, Oglebay Norton Company, a shipping and industrial minerals company, and Hitachi Medical Systems of America, a distributor of diagnostic imaging products. He began his career at Ernst & Young, focusing on entrepreneurial growth companies. Mr. Port, a certified public accountant, received a B.S.B.A. degree in Accounting from The Ohio State University and earned his Master’s degree in Business Administration from Case Western Reserve University.

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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock trades on The NASDAQ Capital Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “EFOI.”
The following table sets forth the high and low market sales prices per share for our common stock for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 as reported by NASDAQ:

| High |  | Low
First quarter 2017 | $ | 5.18 |  |  | $ | 3.03 |
Second quarter 2017 | 3.52 |  |  | 2.32 |
Third quarter 2017 | 3.24 |  |  | 1.51 |
Fourth quarter 2017 | 3.46 |  |  | 2.00 |
First quarter 2016 | $ | 13.80 |  |  | $ | 6.55 |
Second quarter 2016 | 8.54 |  |  | 5.50 |
Third quarter 2016 | 6.32 |  |  | 3.61 |
Fourth quarter 2016 | 5.37 |  |  | 2.95 |

Stockholders
There were approximately 86 holders of record of our common stock as of February 16, 2018, however, a large number of our stockholders hold their stock in “street name” in brokerage accounts. Therefore, they do not appear on the stockholder list maintained by our transfer agent.
Dividends
We have not declared or paid any cash dividends, and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the near future.
Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans
The following table details information regarding our existing equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2017:

|  | Equity Compensation Plan Information |
Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 554,654 |  |  | $ | 5.76 |  | (2) | 2,226,130 |  | (1)

(1) | Includes 427,437 shares available for issuance under the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and 1,798,693 shares available for issuance under our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, which may be issued in the form of options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and other equity-based awards.

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(2) | Does not include 306,142 shares that are restricted stock units and do not have an exercise price.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The Selected Consolidated Financial Data set forth below have been derived from our financial statements. It should be read in conjunction with the information appearing under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7 of this report and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes found in Item 8 of this report.
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
(amounts in thousands, except per share data)

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
OPERATING SUMMARY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 19,846 |  |  | $ | 30,998 |  |  | $ | 64,403 |  |  | $ | 22,700 |  |  | $ | 9,423 |
Gross profit |  | 4,821 |  |  | 7,677 |  |  | 29,292 |  |  | 7,778 |  |  | 2,078 |
Loss on impairment |  | 185 |  |  | 857 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 608 |
Restructuring |  | 1,662 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net (loss) income from continuing operations |  | (11,267 | ) |  | (16,875 | ) |  | 9,471 |  |  | (4,246 | ) |  | (5,907 | )
(Loss) income from discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (691 | ) |  | (1,599 | ) |  | 3,546 |
Net (loss) income |  | (11,267 | ) |  | (16,887 | ) |  | 8,780 |  |  | (5,845 | ) |  | (2,361 | )
Net (loss) income per share - basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
From continuing operations |  | $ | (0.95 | ) |  | $ | (1.45 | ) |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | (0.55 | ) |  | $ | (1.24 | )
From discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.07 | ) |  | (0.20 | ) |  | 0.74 |
Total |  | (0.95 | ) |  | (1.45 | ) |  | 0.84 |  |  | (0.75 | ) |  | (0.50 | )
Net (loss) income per share - diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
From continuing operations |  | $ | (0.95 | ) |  | $ | (1.45 | ) |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | (0.55 | ) |  | $ | (1.24 | )
From discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.06 | ) |  | (0.20 | ) |  | 0.74 |
Total |  | (0.95 | ) |  | (1.45 | ) |  | 0.82 |  |  | (0.75 | ) |  | (0.50 | )
Shares used in net (loss) income per share calculation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 11,806 |  |  | 11,673 |  |  | 10,413 |  |  | 7,816 |  |  | 4,779 |
Diluted |  | 11,806 |  |  | 11,673 |  |  | 10,752 |  |  | 7,816 |  |  | 4,779 |
FINANCIAL POSITION SUMMARY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 22,151 |  |  | $ | 34,978 |  |  | $ | 55,702 |  |  | $ | 19,496 |  |  | $ | 12,808 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 10,761 |  |  | 16,629 |  |  | 34,640 |  |  | 7,435 |  |  | 1,890 |
Credit line borrowings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 453 |  |  | — |
Current maturities of long-term debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |
Long-term debt, net of current maturities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | 4,011 |
Stockholders' equity |  | 19,292 |  |  | 29,938 |  |  | 45,320 |  |  | 9,773 |  |  | 2,924 |
Common shares outstanding |  | 11,890 |  |  | 11,711 |  |  | 11,649 |  |  | 9,424 |  |  | 5,142 |

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements (“financial statements”) and related notes thereto, included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.
Overview
Energy Focus, Inc. and its subsidiary engage in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and sale of energy-efficient lighting systems. We operate in a single industry segment, developing and selling our energy-efficient light-emitting diode (“LED”) lighting products into the general commercial, industrial and military maritime markets. Our goal is to become a trusted leader in the LED lighting retrofit market by replacing fluorescent lamps in institutional buildings and high-intensity discharge (“HID”) lighting in low-bay and high-bay applications with our innovative, high-quality commercial and military tubular LED (“TLED”) products.
Over the past few years we have exited non-core businesses to focus our efforts on TLED products, starting with the sale of our pool lighting products business in 2013. During 2015 we exited our turnkey solutions business operated by our subsidiary, Energy Focus LED Solutions, LLC (“EFLS”), and exited our United Kingdom business through the sale of Crescent Lighting Limited (“CLL”), our wholly-owned subsidiary. As a result, we have reclassified all net sales and expenses associated with both EFLS and CLL from the Consolidated Statements of Operations and have reported the related net income (loss) as discontinued operations. Please refer to Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” for more information on our disposition of these businesses.
During 2016, we were impacted by a slowdown in demand from U.S. Navy compared to the rapid pace of 2015 when we experienced record high military maritime sales of $50.1 million. We experienced a year-over-year decrease in military maritime sales of 67.7 percent from 2015 to 2016 and, as a result we re-evaluated the economics of manufacturing components versus purchasing them and ceased using certain specialized manufacturing equipment and software used in the manufacture of our military Intellitube® product. Accordingly, we recorded an impairment loss of $0.9 million to adjust the carrying value of the equipment and software to its net realizable value, as of December 31, 2016. In 2017, we recorded an additional impairment loss of $0.2 million to adjust the carrying value of the equipment and software to the current expected net realizable value. We continue to actively market the equipment and software for sale and expect to complete a sale in the first quarter of 2018.
Additionally, we had initiated an aggressive inventory procurement plan during 2016 in order to meet expected commercial sales growth, which did not materialize. As a result, our gross inventory levels increased $5.0 million as of December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), we evaluated our 2016 year-end inventory quantities for excess levels and potential obsolescence after evaluation of historical sales, current economic trends, forecasted sales and product lifecycles and charged $3.3 million to cost of sales from continuing operations for excess and obsolete inventories, as compared to $1.7 million in 2015.
Given the decline in our military maritime business, the changing competitive landscape of the U.S. Navy sales channel and the timing uncertainty of commercial sales growth, we implemented a restructuring initiative during the first quarter of 2017. The intent of the restructuring strategy was to maximize operating cost reductions without sacrificing either our new product pipeline or potential long-term revenue growth and return the Company to profitability. On February 19, 2017, the Board appointed Dr. Ted Tewksbury to serve as the Company’s Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President to lead the Company’s restructuring efforts. Dr. Tewksbury, who holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from MIT, is a well-seasoned semiconductor industry executive with experience in implementing and managing successful business restructurings.
The restructuring initiative included an organizational consolidation of management functions in order to streamline and better align the Company into a more focused, efficient, and cost-effective organization. The initiative also included the transition from our historical direct sales model to an agency driven sales channel strategy in order to expand our market presence throughout the U.S. During 2017 we closed our New York, New York, Arlington, Virginia and Rochester, Minnesota offices, reduced full-time equivalent headcount by 51% and significantly decreased operating expenses from 2016 levels (a net reduction of $8.4 million, which includes $1.8 million in offsetting restructuring and impairment charges). As of December 31, 2017, we had effectively transitioned our sales force to an agency driven sales channel, expanding our sales coverage to the entire U.S. through six geographic regions and 30 sales agents. As a result of this transition, we have substantially expanded from a primarily Midwest focus to build market presence and awareness in other regions of the U.S. with significant demand potential, including the Northeast, Southeast and California.
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While substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern continued to exist at December 31, 2017, we had $10.8 million in cash and no debt obligations at the end of the year. Consequently, considering both quantitative and qualitative information, we continue to believe that the combination of our restructuring actions, current financial position, liquid resources, obligations due or anticipated within the next year, executive reorganization, and implementation of our sales channel strategy will return us to profitability in 2018 and effectively mitigate the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
Results of operations
The following table sets forth the percentage of net sales represented by certain items reflected on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the following periods:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of sales |  | 75.7 |  |  | 75.2 |  |  | 54.5 |
Gross profit |  | 24.3 |  |  | 24.8 |  |  | 45.5 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Product development |  | 14.8 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 4.4 |
Selling, general, and administrative |  | 57.0 |  |  | 64.9 |  |  | 26.1 |
Loss on impairment |  | 0.9 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | — |
Restructuring |  | 8.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses |  | 81.1 |  |  | 79.1 |  |  | 30.5 |
(Loss) income from operations |  | (56.8 | ) |  | (54.3 | ) |  | 15.0 |
Other expense (income): |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Other expenses (income) |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | )
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes |  | (57.3 | ) |  | (54.3 | ) |  | 15.0 |
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes |  | (0.5 | ) |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |
Net (loss) income from continuing operations |  | (56.8 | ) |  | (54.5 | ) |  | 14.8 |
Discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss from discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3 | )
Loss on sale of discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.8 | )
(Loss) income from discontinued operations before income taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.1 | )
Benefit from income taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loss from discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.1 | )
Net (loss) income |  | (56.8 | )% |  | (54.5 | )% |  | 13.7 | %

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Net sales
A further breakdown of our net sales by product line is as follows (in thousands):

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Commercial | $ | 15,217 |  |  | $ | 14,809 |  |  | $ | 14,156 |
Military maritime | 4,629 |  |  | 16,189 |  |  | 50,128 |
R&D Services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |
Total net sales | $ | 19,846 |  |  | $ | 30,998 |  |  | $ | 64,403 |

While our net sales of $19.8 million in 2017 decreased 36.0 percent compared to 2016, our commercial sales increased 2.8 percent reflecting our continued efforts to penetrate our targeted vertical markets. Overall demand for our military maritime products increased during 2017 compared to 2016, but our distributor for the U.S. Navy had the ability to satisfy that demand with inventory they had purchased during 2016 under an exclusive distribution agreement that ended on March 31, 2017. As a result, our 2017 military maritime sales decreased 71.4 percent compared 2016.
Net sales of $31.0 million in 2016 decreased 51.9 percent in comparison to $64.4 million in 2015, primarily due to a $33.9 million decrease in military maritime sales. This decrease was the result of high-volume sales to distributors for the U.S. Navy during 2015. Commercial sales increased $0.7 million, or 4.6 percent, in 2016 compared to 2015, as we continued our efforts to diversify and expand our commercial market. R&D services decreased by $0.1 million, as we completed work on research contracts and grants in 2015.
International sales
With the sale of our United Kingdom subsidiary CLL in 2015, we no longer generate significant sales from customers outside the United States. International net sales accounted for approximately two percent, four percent, and less than one percent of net sales in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The effect of changes in currency exchange rates was not material in 2017, 2016, and 2015.
Gross profit
Gross profit was $4.8 million in 2017, compared to $7.7 million in 2016. The year-over-year decline in gross profit was principally driven by lower sales volumes and changes in mix between our commercial and military maritime products, as sales of our commercial products represented 76.7 percent of total net sales in 2017 compared to 47.8 percent in 2016. Our 2017 gross profit as a percent of net sales of 24.3 percent was comparable with our 2016 gross profit as a percent of net sales of 24.8 percent. As a result of our 2017 restructuring initiative and our efforts to improve operating efficiencies, we were successful in maintaining our manufacturing overhead as a percentage of net sales to 2016 levels, in spite of lower sales volumes. Additionally, during 2017 we implemented a strategic sales initiative to sell certain excess inventory that had previously been written-down in conjunction with our excess inventory reserve analysis in prior years, as required by U.S. GAAP. This initiative resulted in reduction of our excess inventory reserves of $1.4 million. Our 2016 gross margin was driven by product mix, as our commercial products, which had lower margins than our military maritime products, represented 47.8 percent of total net sales in 2016. The 2016 gross margin was negatively impacted by the recognition of a $3.3 million excess inventory reserve based on our year-end excess inventory reserve analysis.
Gross profit in 2016 decreased $21.6 million from the gross profit of $29.3 million in 2015. Gross margins declined 20.7 percentage points as a result of lower sales and changes in product mix, as our commercial products had lower margins than our military maritime products. In addition to the gross margin impact of lower sales and product mix, our 2016 gross margin was negatively impacted by the recognition of a $3.3 million excess inventory reserve based on our year-end excess inventory reserve analysis.
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Operating expenses
Product development
Product development expenses include salaries, including stock-based compensation and related benefits, contractor and consulting fees, legal fees, supplies and materials, as well as overhead items, such as depreciation and facilities costs. Product development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Cost recovery represents the combination of revenues and credits from government contracts.
Total gross and net product development spending, including credits from government contracts, is shown in the following table (in thousands):

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Total gross product development expenses | $ | 2,940 |  |  | $ | 3,630 |  |  | $ | 3,005 |
Cost recovery through cost of sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25 | )
Cost recovery and other credits | — |  |  | (93 | ) |  | (170 | )
Net product development expense | $ | 2,940 |  |  | $ | 3,537 |  |  | $ | 2,810 |

Gross product development expenses were $2.9 million in 2017, a $0.7 million, or 19.0 percent, decrease compared to $3.6 million in 2016. The decrease primarily resulted from restructuring related operating cost reductions of $0.5 million, principally related to salaries, including stock-based compensation and related benefits of approximately $0.3 million and reductions in outside testing and legal fees of approximately $0.2 million, as we focused our efforts on redefining our product road map in light of our restructuring initiative. Gross 2016 product development expenses of $3.6 million increased 20.8 percent compared to $3.0 million in 2015. The increase resulted from higher salaries, including stock-based compensation and related benefits, of approximately $0.8 million, partially offset by a reduction in outside testing and legal fees of approximately $0.1 million.
Selling, general, and administrative
Selling, general, and administrative expenses were $11.3 million, or 57.0 percent, of net sales in 2017, compared to $20.1 million, or 64.9 percent of net sales in 2016. Of the year-over-year $8.8 million decrease, approximately $5.6 million is attributable to our restructuring initiative, resulting in reduced salaries, including stock-based compensation and related benefits, of $2.9 million, consulting fees of $1.1 million, recruiting and relocation expenses of $0.6 million, travel and related expenses of $0.5 million and rent and related expenses of $0.5 million. Additionally, our operating cost control initiatives resulted in an additional $1.5 million in operating expense reductions including decreased trade show and marketing expenses of $0.8 million and legal and professional fees of $0.6 million in 2017, compared to 2016. Due to the overall lower sales volumes and the November 2016 termination of an outside sales representation agreement related to sales to the U.S. Navy, our 2017 sales commission expense decreased $1.0 million compared to 2016.
Selling, general, and administrative expenses in 2016 increased by $3.3 million, or 19.5 percent, from $16.8 million in 2015. The dollar increase resulted from higher salaries, including stock-based compensation and related benefits of approximately $1.2 million, tradeshow and marketing expenses of $0.7 million, legal and professional fees of $0.4 million and travel and related expenses of $0.2 million in our efforts to diversify and expand our commercial markets. In addition, severance and related benefits costs increased $0.4 million as a result of our efforts to align our direct sales force, marketing personnel and administrative talent to support our operations. In October 2015, we began using an outside sales representative who earned a commission on sales for our military maritime products for the U.S. Navy, which resulted in higher sales commission of $0.3 million in 2016 compared to 2015. Partially offsetting these increased costs was a reduction in recruiting and relocation expenses of $0.4 million.
Loss on impairment
As a result of the decline in the level of expected future sales of our military maritime products and reductions in the cost of procuring components from our suppliers, during 2016 we re-evaluated the economics of manufacturing versus purchasing such components and determined that we would no longer use the equipment and software purchased to conduct this
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manufacturing. As of December 31, 2016, we evaluated the carrying value of the equipment and software compared to its fair value and determined that the equipment and software were impaired, recording an impairment loss of $0.9 million to adjust the carrying value of the equipment and software to its estimated net realizable value. Due to the specialized nature of this equipment we have not been able to find a buyer for this equipment in 2017. As a result, we re-evaluated the carrying value of the equipment and software compared to its fair value and recorded an additional impairment loss of $0.2 million as of December 31, 2017.
Restructuring
In the first quarter of 2017, we announced a restructuring initiative with a goal of significantly reducing our annual operating costs from 2016 levels. This initiative included an organizational consolidation of management and oversight functions in order to streamline and better align the organization into more focused, efficient, and cost-effective reporting relationships.
The actions taken in the first quarter of 2017 included closing our offices in Rochester, Minnesota, New York, New York, and Arlington, Virginia and impacted 20 employees, primarily located in these offices. During the second quarter of 2017, we fully exited the New York and Arlington facilities and took additional actions to improve our operating efficiencies. These actions impacted an additional 17 production and administrative employees in our Solon location.
During 2017, we recorded restructuring charges totaling approximately $1.7 million consisting of approximately $0.8 million in severance and related benefits, approximately $0.7 million in facilities costs related to the termination of the Rochester lease obligations and the remaining lease obligations for the former New York and Arlington offices, and $0.2 million in other restructuring costs primarily related to fixed asset and prepaid expenses write-offs.
We estimated that we would receive a total of approximately $1.2 million in sublease payments to offset our remaining lease obligations, which extend until June 2021, of approximately $1.7 million. We expect to incur insignificant additional costs over the remaining life of our lease obligations, but we do not anticipate further major restructuring activities in the near future. Please refer to Note 3, “Restructuring,” included in Item 8 for further information.
While substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern that existed at December 31, 2016 remained at December 31, 2017, we had $10.8 million in cash and no debt obligations at the end of the year. In addition, the restructuring actions taken in 2017 resulted in a net decrease in operating expenses of $8.4 million, including restructuring and asset impairment charges of $1.8 million in 2017 and impairment charges of $0.9 million in 2016. The intent of the restructuring strategy was to maximize operating cost reductions without sacrificing either our new product pipeline or potential long-term revenue growth. Consequently, considering both quantitative and qualitative information, we continue to believe that the combination of our restructuring actions, current financial position, liquid resources, obligations due or anticipated within the next year, executive reorganization, and implementation of our sales channel strategy will return us to profitability in 2018 and effectively mitigates the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
Other (expense) income
Interest expense
We incurred $2 thousand in interest expense in 2017. As a result of settling our long term debt obligations during the fourth quarter of 2015, we incurred no interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $0.1 million.
Other expenses
We recognized other expenses of $0.1 million in 2017, compared to other expense of $18 thousand in 2016 and other income of $0.1 million in 2015. The expenses in 2017 and 2016 primarily consisted of losses on the disposal of fixed assets partially offset by interest income on our cash balances. The income in 2015 primarily consisted of recognized foreign currency transaction gains partially offset by the non-cash amortization of fees related to our former revolving credit facility.
Income taxes
For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, our effective tax rate was 1.02 percent and (0.2) percent, respectively.
In 2017, our effective tax rate was lower than the statutory rate due to the remeasurement of our deferred tax assets resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Act”) and a decrease in the valuation allowance. In 2016, our effective tax rate
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was lower than the statutory tax rate due primarily due to an increase in the valuation allowance as a result of $10.6 million of additional net operating loss we recognized for that year.
On December 22, 2017, the Act was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. Changes include, but are not limited to, a corporate tax rate decrease from 35 percent to 21 percent effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, repeal of the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax, elimination of certain deductions, and changes to the carryforward period and utilization of Net Operating Losses generated after December 31, 2017. We have calculated our best estimate of the impact of the Act in our year end income tax provision in accordance with our understanding of the Act and guidance available as of the date of this filing. As a result of the Act, we have recorded $0.1 million as additional income tax benefit in the fourth quarter of 2017, the period in which the legislation was enacted. This amount related to the release of the valuation allowance on our Alternative Minimum Tax Credit carry forward, which is expected to be fully refunded by 2021. We remeasured our deferred tax assets and liabilities, based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future. The impact of the remeasurement was $5.9 million of additional tax expense, which was offset by a $5.9 million valuation allowance reduction resulting in no net impact to the financial statements. The U.S. Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service, and other standard-setting bodies could interpret or issue guidance on how provisions of the Act will be applied or otherwise administered that is different from our interpretation. As we complete our analysis of the Act, collect and prepare necessary data, and interpret any additional guidance, we may make adjustments to provisional amounts that we have recorded that may materially impact our provision for income taxes in the period in which the adjustments are made.
Deferred income tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. In considering the need for a valuation allowance, we assess all evidence, both positive and negative, available to determine whether all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Such evidence includes, but is not limited to, recent earnings history, projections of future income or loss, reversal patterns of existing taxable and deductible temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. We have recorded a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We had no net deferred liabilities at December 31, 2017 or 2016. We will continue to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.
At December 31, 2017, we had net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $91.8 million for federal, state, and local income tax purposes. However, due to changes in our capital structure, approximately $37.3 million of this amount is available after the application of IRC Section 382 limitations. If not utilized, these carry-forwards will begin to expire in 2021 for federal purposes and have begun to expire for state and local purposes. Please refer to Note 11, “Income Taxes,” included in Item 8 for further information.
Net (loss) income from continuing operations
Despite an $11.2 million, or 36.0 percent, decline in net sales, our net loss from continuing operations improved $5.6 million to $11.3 million in 2017 compared to $16.9 million in 2016. The improvement in our loss from continuing operations is the direct result of our restructuring initiative, including efforts to improve operating efficiencies, allowing us to maintain consistent gross margin percentages, and control operating costs, resulting in a $8.4 million year-over-year operating expense reduction, including $1.8 million in restructuring and asset impairment charges. Net loss from continuing operations was $16.9 million in 2016, a decrease of $26.3 million compared to 2016 compared to net income of $9.5 million in 2015. Lower net sales, changes in product mix and investments in corporate infrastructure, charges recorded for excess inventory and the asset impairment on certain manufacturing equipment contributed to the difference in operating results.
Discontinued operations
During 2015 we exited our turnkey solutions business operated by our subsidiary, EFLS. There were no assets disposed as a result of the discontinuation, and we did not recognize a gain or loss on disposal or record an income tax expense or benefit. In August 2015, we sold our wholly-owned United Kingdom subsidiary, CLL. The sale was for nominal consideration under the terms of the agreement. As a result of the transaction and the elimination of this foreign subsidiary, we recorded a one-time loss of $44 thousand, which included a $469 thousand accumulated other comprehensive income reclassification adjustment for foreign currency translation adjustments. Accordingly, we have relcassified all net sales and expenses associated with both EFLS and CLL from the Consolidated Statements of Operations and have reported the related net income (loss) as discontinued operations.
In November 2013, we sold our pool products business. In February 2015, the buyer filed an arbitration claim asserting damages under the Purchase Agreement relating to product development and on March 18, 2016, a settlement agreement was executed for this claim. The legal fees incurred for the arbitration are included in the loss on disposal of discontinued
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operations for all periods presented. See Note 14, “Legal Matters,” included in Item 8 of this Annual Report for more information on this claim.
Revenues from discontinued operations in 2015 were $1.1 million. See Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” included in Item 8 of this Annual Report for more information.
Net (loss) income
Net (loss) income includes the results from continuing operations as well as the results from discontinued operations. Net loss was $11.3 million in 2017, a decrease of $5.6 million compared to a net loss of $16.9 million in 2016, as a result of the reasons discussed above. Net loss $16.9 million in 2016 represented a decrease of $25.7 million compared to a net income of $8.8 million in 2015, as a result of the reasons discussed above.
Liquidity and capital resources
We generated a net loss of $11.3 million in 2017, compared to net loss of $16.9 million in 2016. We have incurred substantial losses in the past, and as of December 31, 2017, we had an accumulated deficit of $108.2 million. In order for us to operate our business profitably, we need to continue to expand our market presence to further penetrate our targeted vertical markets, maintain cost control discipline without sacrificing either new product pipeline or potential long-term revenue growth, continue our efforts to reduce product cost, drive further operating efficiencies and develop and execute a strategic product pipeline for profitable and compelling energy-efficient LED lighting products. There is a risk that our strategy to return to profitability may not be as successful as we envision. If our operations do not achieve, or we experience an unanticipated delay in achieving, our intended level and pace of profitability, we may require additional funding.
We terminated our revolving credit facility effective December 31, 2015, and are not actively pursuing securing a new line of credit at this time. There can be no assurance that we will generate sufficient cash flows to sustain and grow our operations or, if necessary, obtain funding on acceptable terms or in a timely fashion or at all. As such, we may continue to review and pursue selected external funding sources to execute these objectives including, but not limited to, the following:

• | obtain financing from traditional or non-traditional investment capital organizations or individuals; and

• | obtain funding from the sale of our common stock or other equity or debt instruments.

Obtaining financing through the above-mentioned mechanisms contains risks, including:

• | additional equity financing may not be available to us on satisfactory terms and any equity that we are able to issue could lead to dilution of stockholder value for current stockholders;

• | loans or other debt instruments may have terms and/or conditions, such as interest rate, restrictive covenants and control or revocation provisions, which are not acceptable to management or our Board of Directors or would restrict our growth opportunities; and

• | the current environment in capital markets combined with our capital constraints may prevent us from being able to obtain adequate debt financing.

If we fail to generate cash to grow our business, we would need to delay or scale back our business plan or further reduce our operating costs or headcount, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, future prospects, and financial condition.
Cash and cash equivalents and debt
At December 31, 2017, our cash and cash equivalents balance was $10.8 million, compared to $16.6 million at December 31, 2016. The balances at December 31, 2017 and 2016 included restricted cash of $0.3 million, which represents a letter of credit requirement under our New York office lease obligation. The restricted cash balance of $0.1 million at December 31, 2015 relates to funds to be used exclusively for a research and development project with the National Shipbuilding Research Program.
On September 11, 2015, we announced the pricing of a registered underwritten follow-on offering of shares of our common stock by us and certain of our stockholders (the “Selling Stockholders”). We sold 1,500,000 shares of our common stock at a price to the public of $17.00 per share and the Selling Stockholders sold an additional 1,500,000 shares of our common stock on the same terms and conditions.
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The offering closed on September 16, 2015 and we received $23.6 million in net proceeds from the transaction, after giving effect to underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses. We have used the net proceeds from the offering to finance our growth efforts, for working capital, and other general corporate purposes.
The following is a summary of cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities, as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands):

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities |  | $ | (5,874 | ) |  | $ | (16,553 | ) |  | $ | 4,446 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (65 | ) |  | $ | (1,597 | ) |  | $ | (2,242 | )
Proceeds from warrants exercised |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,503 |
Proceeds from issuances of common stock, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,574 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and purchases through employee stock purchase plan |  | 130 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 346 |
Common stock withheld in lieu of income tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units |  | (49 | ) |  | (309 | ) |  | — |
Payments on other borrowings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Net (repayments) proceeds from credit line borrowings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (453 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 25,957 |

Cash (used in) provided by operating activities
Net cash used in operating activities of $5.9 million in 2017 resulted primarily from the net loss incurred of $11.3 million, adjusted for non-cash items, including: depreciation and amortization of $0.7 million, stock-based compensation, net of $0.5 million and fixed asset impairment and disposal losses of $0.4 million. Cash generated by decreases in inventory and accounts receivable of $5.2 million and $2.2 million, respectively further offset cash impact of the net loss incurred. The cash generated by these working capital changes was partially offset by cash used for decreases in trade accounts payable of $1.8 million, primarily related to the timing of inventory purchases and decreased accrued expenses of $0.3 million, primarily related to lower severance, sales commissions, product warranty and payroll accruals.
Net cash used in operating activities in 2016 of $16.6 million resulted from the net loss incurred of $16.9 million, adjusted for non-cash items, including: an adjustment to the reserves for slow-moving and obsolete inventories of $3.3 million, stock-based compensation of $1.4 million, fixed asset impairment and disposal losses of $0.9 million, and depreciation and amortization of $0.8 million. Net cash used in operating activities in 2016 also included an increase in inventories of $5.0 million, and decreases in trade accounts payable of $4.0 million, primarily related to the timing of inventory purchases and accrued expenses of $1.4 million, primarily related to the payment of 2015 sales commissions and incentives that were paid in 2016. The cash used by these working capital changes was partially offset by cash generated by a decrease in accounts receivable of $4.3 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2015 was $4.4 million. In 2015, the net cash from operating activities resulted from the net income generated of $8.8 million, adjusted for non-cash items, including: an adjustment to the reserves for slow-moving and obsolete inventories of $1.7 million, stock-based compensation of $0.8 million, and depreciation and amortization of $0.3 million. Net cash provided by operating activities in 2015 also included an increase in accrued liabilities and federal and state taxes of $1.7 million. The cash provided by these working capital changes was partially offset by cash used by accounts receivable of $7.5 million and inventory of $2.6 million.
Cash (used in) investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $0.1 million in 2017, and resulted primarily from the purchase of software and equipment to support our website and marketing efforts, partially offset by proceeds received from the sale of certain computer
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equipment and reimbursements from our landlord for certain leasehold improvements. We do not expect significant capital expenditures in 2018.
In 2016, net cash used in investing activities of $1.6 million resulted from the acquisition and disposal of various office and operating fixed assets implementation of new modules and capabilities of our surface mount technology equipment purchased in 2015 and our licensed enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, as well as the purchase of tradeshow booths to support our sales and marketing initiatives. In 2015, net cash used in investing activities of $2.2 million primarily resulted from the acquisition of property and equipment related to our “Buy American” product initiative.
Cash provided by financing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 of $0.1 million, resulted from activity related to the Company’s equity award and employee stock purchase plans.
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2015 of $26.0 million included the receipt of $23.6 million related to our follow-on stock offering, $2.5 million from the exercises of outstanding warrants and $0.3 million related to the Company’s equity award and employee stock purchase plans, partially offset by $0.5 million in net payments on the Company’s line of credit and other borrowings.
Credit facilities
We terminated our prior revolving line of credit facility in December 2015. We do not have nor are we actively pursuing a new line of credit at this time.
Contractual obligations
The following summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017, consisting of minimum lease payments under operating leases (in thousands):

Year ending December 31, |  | Non-Cancellable Operating Leases (Gross) | Sublease Income (1) | Non-Cancellable Operating Leases (Net)
2018 |  | $ | 1,259 |  | $ | 428 |  | $ | 831 |
2019 |  | 1,127 |  | 399 |  | 728 |
2020 |  | 960 |  | 267 |  | 693 |
2021 |  | 789 |  | 134 |  | 655 |
2022 & thereafter |  | 309 |  | — |  | 309 |
Total contractual obligations |  | $ | 4,444 |  | $ | 1,228 |  | $ | 3,216 |

(1) Represents the amount of income expected from sublease agreements executed in 2017 for our former New York, New York and Arlington, Virginia offices.
Off-balance sheet arrangements
We had no off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2017 or 2016.
Critical accounting policies and estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) requires that we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingencies, and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses in the financial statements. Material differences may result in the amount and timing of net sales and expenses if different judgments or different estimates were utilized. Critical accounting policies, judgments, and estimates that we believe have the most significant impact on our financial statements are set forth below:
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• | revenue recognition,

• | allowances for doubtful accounts, returns and discounts,

• | impairment of long-lived assets,

• | valuation of inventories,

• | accounting for income taxes, and

• | share-based compensation.

Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized when it is realized or realizable, has been earned, and when all of the following have occurred:

• | persuasive evidence or an arrangement exists (e.g., a sales order, a purchase order, or a sales agreement),

• | shipment has occurred, with the standard shipping term being F.O.B. ship point, or services provided on a proportional performance basis or installation have been completed,

• | price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and

• | collectability is reasonably assured.

Revenues from our products are generally recognized upon shipping based upon the following:

• | all sales made by us to our customer base are non-contingent, meaning that they are not tied to that customer’s resale of products,

• | standard terms of sale contain shipping terms of F.O.B. ship point, meaning that title and risk of loss is transferred when shipping occurs, and

• | there are no automatic return provisions that allow the customer to return the product in the event that the product does not sell within a defined timeframe.

Revenues from research and development contracts are recognized primarily on the percentage-of-completion method of accounting. Percentage-of-completion is determined by relating the actual cost of the work performed to date to the current estimated total cost of the respective contracts. When the estimate on a contract indicates a loss, our policy is to record the entire loss during the accounting period in which it is estimable. Deferred revenue is recorded for the excess of contract billings over the amount of contract costs and profits. Costs in excess of billings, included in prepaid and other assets, are recorded for contract costs in excess of contract billings.
We warrant our products against defects or workmanship issues. We set up allowances for estimated returns, discounts and warranties upon recognition of revenue, and these allowances are adjusted periodically to reflect actual and anticipated returns, discounts and warranty expenses. These allowances are based on past history and historical trends, and contractual terms. The distributors’ obligations to us are not contingent upon the resale of our products and as such do not prohibit revenue recognition.
Allowances for doubtful accounts, returns, and discounts
We establish allowances for doubtful accounts and returns for probable losses based on the customers’ loss history with us, the financial condition of the customer, the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole, and the contractual terms established with the customer. The specific components are as follows:

• | Allowance for doubtful accounts for accounts receivable, and

• | Allowance for sales returns and discounts.

In 2017, the total allowance was $42 thousand, which was all related to sales returns. In 2016, the total allowance was $236 thousand, with $50 thousand related to accounts receivable and $186 thousand related to sales returns. We review these allowance accounts periodically and adjust them accordingly for current conditions.
Long-lived assets
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Property and equipment are stated at cost and include expenditures for additions and major improvements. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to operations as incurred. We use the straight-line method of depreciation over the estimated useful lives of the related assets (generally two to fifteen years) for financial reporting purposes. Accelerated methods of depreciation are used for federal income tax purposes. When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Refer to Note 5, “Property and Equipment,” included in Item 8 for additional information.
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Events or circumstances that would result in an impairment review primarily include operations reporting losses, a significant change in the use of an asset, or the planned disposal or sale of the asset. The asset would be considered impaired when the future net undiscounted cash flows generated by the asset are less than its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, as determined by quoted market prices (if available) or the present value of expected future cash flows. At December 31, 2017 and 2016 we recorded a loss on the impairment of our surface mount technology equipment and software of $0.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively. Refer to Note 6, “Property and Equipment,” included in Item 8 for additional information.
Valuation of inventories
We state inventories at the lower of standard cost (which approximates actual cost determined using the first-in-first-out method) or net realizable value. We establish provisions for excess and obsolete inventories after evaluation of historical sales, current economic trends, forecasted sales, product lifecycles, and current inventory levels. During 2017, we implemented a strategic sales initiative to sell certain excess inventory that had previously been written-down in conjunction with our excess inventory reserve analysis in prior years, as required by U.S. GAAP. This initiative resulted in a net reduction of our excess inventory reserves of $1.4 million in 2017. During 2016 and 2015, due to the introduction of new products and technological advancements, we charged $3.3 million and $1.7 million, respectively, to cost of sales from continuing operations for excess and obsolete inventories. Adjustments to our estimates, such as forecasted sales and expected product lifecycles, could harm our operating results and financial position. Refer to Note 5, “Inventories,” included in Item 8 for additional information.
Accounting for income taxes
As part of the process of preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to estimate our income tax liability in each of the jurisdictions in which we do business. This process involves estimating our actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as deferred revenues, for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We then assess the likelihood of the deferred tax assets being recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be recovered, or is unknown, we establish a valuation allowance.
Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we have recorded a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets in the United States due to uncertainties related to our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets, primarily consisting of certain net operating losses carried forward. The valuation allowance is based upon our estimates of taxable income by jurisdiction and the period over which our deferred tax assets will be recoverable. In considering the need for a valuation allowance, we assess all evidence, both positive and negative, available to determine whether all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Such evidence includes, but is not limited to, recent earnings history, projections of future income or loss, reversal patterns of existing taxable and deductible temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. We continue to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.
At December 31, 2017, we had net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $91.8 million for federal, state, and local income tax purposes. However, due to changes in our capital structure, approximately $37.3 million of this amount is available after the application of IRC Section 382 limitations. If not utilized, these carry-forwards will begin to expire in 2021 for federal purposes and have begun to expire for state and local purposes. Please refer to Note 11, “Income Taxes,” included in Item 8 for further information.
Share-based payments
The cost of employee and director stock options and restricted stock units, as well as other share-based compensation arrangements, is reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements based on the estimated grant date fair value method under the authoritative guidance. Management applies the Black-Scholes option pricing model to options issued to employees and
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directors to determine the fair value of stock options and apply judgment in estimating key assumptions that are important elements of the model in expense recognition. These elements include the expected life of the option, the expected stock-price volatility, and expected forfeiture rates. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based awards under Black-Scholes represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable and appropriate, changes in assumptions could materially impact our reported financial results. Restricted stock units and stock options issued to non-employees are valued based upon the intrinsic value of the award. See Note 10, “Stockholders’ Equity,” included in Item 8 for additional information.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements
In May 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting, which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award would require an entity to apply modification accounting. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flow. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period, but any adjustments must be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The new standard must be adopted retrospectively. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice by making eight targeted changes to how cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and will require adoption on a retrospective basis. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which significantly changes the accounting for credit losses on instruments within its scope. The new guidance introduces an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain financial instruments, including trade receivables, and requires an entity to recognize an allowance based on its estimate of expected credit losses rather than incurred losses. This standard will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and will generally require adoption on a modified retrospective basis. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which supersedes the current lease accounting requirements. This standard requires a lessee to record on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. In addition, this standard requires lessees to disclose certain key information about lease transactions. Upon implementation, a company’s lease payment obligations will be recognized at their estimated present value along with a corresponding right-of-use asset. Lease expense recognition will be generally consistent with current practice. This standard will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and will require adoption on a modified retrospective basis. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which amends certain aspects of the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. This amendment requires all equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income (other than those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in the consolidation of the investee). This standard will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and will require adoption on a prospective basis with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the beginning balance sheet. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), as amended by ASU 2015-14, 2016-08, 2016-10, 2016-12, and 2016-20, which is a comprehensive revenue recognition standard which supersedes nearly all of the existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. This standard requires an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration the entity expects for
35

receive in exchange for those goods or services. Entities will need to use more judgments and estimates than under the current guidance, including estimating the amount of variable revenue to recognize for each performance obligation. Additional disclosures regarding the nature, amount, and timing of revenues and cash flows from contracts will also be required. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period, using either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach. We will adopt the standard on January 1, 2018, as required, using the modified retrospective approach. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations, as our revenue arrangements generally consist of a single performance obligation to transfer promised goods. We continue to evaluate the impact the guidance in this ASU will have on our disclosures.
36

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 38
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 | 39
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 | 40
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 | 41
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 | 42
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 | 43
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 45

37

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Energy Focus, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Energy Focus, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and schedule appearing under Schedule II (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009.
/s/ Plante & Moran, PLLC
Cleveland, Ohio
February 21, 2018
38

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
AS OF DECEMBER 31,
(amounts in thousands except share data)

| 2017 |  | 2016
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 10,761 |  |  | $ | 16,629 |
Trade accounts receivable, less allowances of $42 and $236, respectively | 3,595 |  |  | 5,640 |
Inventories, net | 5,718 |  |  | 9,469 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 596 |  |  | 882 |
Assets held for sale | 225 |  |  | — |
Total current assets | 20,895 |  |  | 32,620 |
Property and equipment, net | 1,097 |  |  | 2,325 |
Other assets | 159 |  |  | 33 |
Total assets | $ | 22,151 |  |  | $ | 34,978 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 1,630 |  |  | $ | 3,257 |
Accrued liabilities | 992 |  |  | 1,676 |
Deferred revenue | 5 |  |  | — |
Total current liabilities | 2,627 |  |  | 4,933 |
Other liabilities | 232 |  |  | 107 |
Total liabilities | 2,859 |  |  | 5,040 |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share: |  |  |
Authorized: 2,000,000 shares in 2017 and 2016 |  |  |
Issued and outstanding: no shares in 2017 and 2016 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share: |  |  |
Authorized: 30,000,000 shares in 2017 and 2016 |  |  |
Issued and outstanding: 11,868,896 at December 31, 2017 and 11,710,549 at December 31, 2016 | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital | 127,493 |  |  | 126,875 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | 2 |  |  | (1 | )
Accumulated deficit | (108,204 | ) |  | (96,937 | )
Total stockholders' equity | 19,292 |  |  | 29,938 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 22,151 |  |  | $ | 34,978 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
39

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
(amounts in thousands except per share data)

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales | $ | 19,846 |  |  | $ | 30,998 |  |  | $ | 64,403 |
Cost of sales | 15,025 |  |  | 23,321 |  |  | 35,111 |
Gross profit | 4,821 |  |  | 7,677 |  |  | 29,292 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Product development | 2,940 |  |  | 3,537 |  |  | 2,810 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 11,315 |  |  | 20,113 |  |  | 16,830 |
Loss on impairment | 185 |  |  | 857 |  |  | — |
Restructuring | 1,662 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses | 16,102 |  |  | 24,507 |  |  | 19,640 |
(Loss) income from operations | (11,281 | ) |  | (16,830 | ) |  | 9,652 |
Other expense (income): |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |
Other expenses (income) | 99 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (53 | )
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes | (11,382 | ) |  | (16,848 | ) |  | 9,620 |
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes | (115 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | 149 |
Net (loss) income from continuing operations | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (16,875 | ) |  | $ | 9,471 |
Discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |
Loss from discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | (167 | )
Loss on sale of discontinued operations | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (534 | )
(Loss) income from discontinued operations before income taxes | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (701 | )
Benefit from income taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10 | )
(Loss) from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | (691 | )
Net (loss) income | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (16,887 | ) |  | $ | 8,780 |
Net (loss) income per share - basic: |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income from continuing operations | $ | (0.95 | ) |  | $ | (1.45 | ) |  | $ | 0.91 |
Net loss from discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.07 | )
Net (loss) income | $ | (0.95 | ) |  | $ | (1.45 | ) |  | $ | 0.84 |
Net (loss) income per share - diluted: |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income from continuing operations | $ | (0.95 | ) |  | $ | (1.45 | ) |  | $ | 0.88 |
Net loss from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.06 | )
Net (loss) income | $ | (0.95 | ) |  | $ | (1.45 | ) |  | $ | 0.82 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 11,806 |  |  | 11,673 |  |  | 10,413 |
Diluted | 11,806 |  |  | 11,673 |  |  | 10,752 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
40

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
(amounts in thousands)

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net (loss) income | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (16,887 | ) |  | $ | 8,780 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 3 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (469 | )
Reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 469 |
Comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (11,264 | ) |  | $ | (16,888 | ) |  | $ | 8,780 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
41

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2016, AND 2015
(amounts in thousands)

|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  |  |  |
| Common Stock | Accumulated Deficit |
| Shares |  | Amount | Total
Balance at December 31, 2014 | 9,424 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 98,133 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | (88,830 | ) |  | $ | 9,773 |
Issuance of common stock under registered follow-on offering, net | 1,500 |  |  |  |  | 23,574 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23,574 |
Issuance of common stock under employee stock option and stock purchase plans | 77 |  |  |  |  | 346 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 346 |
Stock-based compensation | 10 |  |  |  |  | 813 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 813 |
Warrants exercised | 638 |  |  |  |  | 2,503 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,503 |
Reclassification of foreign currency adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  | (469 | ) |  |  |  | (469 | )
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,780 |  |  | 8,780 |
Balance at December 31, 2015 | 11,649 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 125,369 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (80,050 | ) |  | $ | 45,320 |
Issuance of common stock under employee stock option and stock purchase plans | 113 |  |  |  |  | $ | 455 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 455 |
Common stock withheld to satisfy exercise price and income tax withholding on option exercises | (51 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (309 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (309 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,360 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,360 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (1 | )
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (16,887 | ) |  | $ | (16,887 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 11,711 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 126,875 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (96,937 | ) |  | $ | 29,938 |
Issuance of common stock under employee stock option and stock purchase plans | 173 |  |  |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 130 |
Common stock withheld in lieu of income tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | (15 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (49 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (49 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | $ | 807 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 807 |
Stock-based compensation reversal |  |  |  |  | $ | (270 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (270 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (11,267 | )
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 11,869 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 127,493 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (108,204 | ) |  | $ | 19,292 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
42

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
(amounts in thousands)

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (16,887 | ) |  | $ | 8,780 |
Loss from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | (691 | )
(Loss) income from continuing operations | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (16,875 | ) |  | $ | 9,471 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Loss on impairment | 185 |  |  | 857 |  |  | — |
Depreciation | 681 |  |  | 805 |  |  | 266 |
Stock-based compensation | 807 |  |  | 1,360 |  |  | 813 |
Stock-based compensation reversal | (270 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Provision for doubtful accounts receivable | (194 | ) |  | 156 |  |  | 39 |
Provision for slow-moving and obsolete inventories | (1,400 | ) |  | 3,281 |  |  | 1,739 |
Provision for warranties | (157 | ) |  | 170 |  |  | 255 |
Amortization of loan origination fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |
Loss (gain) on dispositions of property and equipment | 203 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 3 |
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 2,240 |  |  | 4,313 |  |  | (7,493 | )
Inventories | 5,151 |  |  | (5,018 | ) |  | (2,602 | )
Prepaid and other assets | 161 |  |  | (123 | ) |  | 146 |
Accounts payable | (1,759 | ) |  | (4,035 | ) |  | 135 |
Accrued and other liabilities | (260 | ) |  | (1,389 | ) |  | 1,674 |
Deferred revenue | 5 |  |  | (93 | ) |  | (40 | )
Total adjustments | 5,393 |  |  | 322 |  |  | (5,025 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | (5,874 | ) |  | (16,553 | ) |  | 4,446 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions of property and equipment | (162 | ) |  | (1,624 | ) |  | (2,242 | )
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment | 97 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (65 | ) |  | (1,597 | ) |  | (2,242 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from warrants exercised | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,503 |
Proceeds from issuances of common stock, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,574 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and purchases through employee stock purchase plan | 130 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 346 |
Common stock withheld in lieu of income tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | (49 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock withheld to satisfy exercise price and income tax withholding on option exercises | — |  |  | (309 | ) |  | — |
Payments on other borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Net (repayments) proceeds from credit line borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | (453 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 81 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 25,957 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (10 | ) |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Net cash (used in) provided by continuing operations | (5,868 | ) |  | (17,999 | ) |  | 28,161 |

(continued on the following page)
43

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
(amounts in thousands)

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cash flows of discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows, net | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (691 | )
Investing cash flows, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 181 |
Financing cash flows, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (446 | )
Net cash used in discontinued operations | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (956 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (5,868 | ) |  | (18,011 | ) |  | 27,205 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 16,629 |  |  | 34,640 |  |  | 7,435 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | 10,761 |  |  | $ | 16,629 |  |  | $ | 34,640 |
Classification of cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 10,419 |  |  | $ | 16,287 |  |  | $ | 34,527 |
Restricted cash held | 342 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 113 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | 10,761 |  |  | $ | 16,629 |  |  | $ | 34,640 |
Supplemental information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid in year for interest | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 84 |
Cash paid in year for income taxes | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 200 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
44

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS
Energy Focus, Inc. and its subsidiary engage in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and sale of energy-efficient lighting systems. We operate in a single industry segment, developing and selling our energy-efficient light-emitting diode (“LED”) lighting products into the general commercial, industrial and military maritime markets. Our goal is to become a trusted leader in the LED lighting retrofit market by replacing fluorescent lamps in institutional buildings and high-intensity discharge (“HID”) lighting in low-bay and high-bay applications with our innovative, high-quality commercial and military tubular LED (“TLED”) products.
Over the past few years we have exited non-core businesses to focus our efforts on TLED products, starting with the sale of our pool lighting products business in 2013. During 2015 we exited our turnkey solutions business operated by our subsidiary, Energy Focus LED Solutions, LLC (“EFLS”), and exited our United Kingdom business through the sale of Crescent Lighting Limited (“CLL”), our wholly-owned subsidiary. As a result, we have reclassified all net sales and expenses associated with both EFLS and CLL from the Consolidated Statements of Operations and have reported the related net income (loss) as discontinued operations. Please refer to Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” for more information on our disposition of these businesses.
Given the decline in our military maritime business, the changing competitive landscape of the U.S. Navy sales channel and the timing uncertainty of commercial sales growth, we implemented a restructuring initiative during the first quarter of 2017. The intent of the restructuring strategy was to maximize operating cost reductions without sacrificing either our new product pipeline or potential long-term revenue growth and return the Company to profitability. On February 19, 2017, the Board appointed Dr. Ted Tewksbury to serve as the Company’s Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President to lead the Company’s restructuring efforts. Dr. Tewksbury, who holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from MIT, is a well-seasoned semiconductor industry executive with experience in implementing and managing successful business restructurings.
The restructuring initiative included an organizational consolidation of management functions in order to streamline and better align the Company into a more focused, efficient, and cost-effective organization. The initiative also included the transition from our historical direct sales model, to an agency driven sales channel strategy in order to expand our market presence throughout the U.S. During 2017 we closed our New York, New York, Arlington, Virginia and Rochester, Minnesota offices, reduced full-time equivalent headcount by 51 percent and significantly decreased operating expenses from 2016 levels (a net reduction of $8.4 million, which includes $1.8 million in offsetting restructuring and impairment charges). As of December 31, 2017, we had effectively transitioned our sales force to an agency driven sales channel, expanding our sales coverage to the entire U.S. through six geographic regions and 30 sales agents. As a result of this transition, we have substantially expanded from a primarily Midwest focus to build market presence and awareness in other regions of the U.S. with significant demand potential, including the Northeast, Southeast and California.
NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The significant accounting policies of our Company, which are summarized below, are consistent with U.S. GAAP and reflect practices appropriate to the business in which we operate.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods presented. Estimates include, but are not limited to, the establishment of reserves for accounts receivable, sales returns, inventory obsolescence and warranty claims; the useful lives for property, equipment, and intangible assets; and stock-based compensation. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with the determination of the fair value of financial instruments and evaluation of long-lived assets for impairment requires considerable judgment. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences could be material.
Reclassifications
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified within the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto, to be consistent with current year presentation.
45

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Basis of presentation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and, until the 2013 disposition of our pool products business and the 2015 dispositions of its subsidiaries EFLS in Solon, Ohio, and CLL in the United Kingdom. All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated. Therefore, the results of operations and financial position of EFLS, CLL, and the pool products business are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements as Discontinued operations and previously reported financial information for the current and prior years have been adjusted. Unless indicated otherwise, the information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements relates to our continuing operations.
Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized when it is realized or realizable, has been earned, and when all of the following have occurred:

• | persuasive evidence or an arrangement exists (e.g., a sales order, a purchase order, or a sales agreement),

• | shipment has occurred, with the standard shipping term being F.O.B. ship point, or services provided on a proportional performance basis or installation have been completed,

• | price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and

• | collectability is reasonably assured.

Revenues from sales of our products are generally recognized upon shipping based upon the following:

• | all sales made by us to our customer base are non-contingent, meaning that they are not tied to that customer’s resale of products,

• | standard terms of sale contain shipping terms of F.O.B. ship point, meaning that title and risk of loss is transferred when shipping occurs, and

• | there are no automatic return provisions that allow the customer to return the product in the event that the product does not sell within a defined timeframe.

Revenues from research and development contracts are recognized primarily on the percentage-of-completion method of accounting. Deferred revenue is recorded for the excess of contract billings over the amount of contract costs and profits. Costs in excess of billings, included in prepaid and other assets, are recorded for contract costs in excess of contract billings.
We warrant our products against defects or workmanship issues. We set up allowances for estimated returns, discounts and warranties upon recognition of revenue, and these allowances are adjusted periodically to reflect actual and anticipated returns, discounts and warranty expenses. These allowances are based on past history, historical trends, and contractual terms. The distributors’ obligations to us are not contingent upon the resale of our products and as such do not prohibit revenue recognition.
Cash and cash equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had $10.8 million and $16.6 million, respectively, in cash on deposit with financial institutions located in the United States. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, $0.3 million of the cash balance amount was designated as restricted cash and relates to a standby letter of credit agreement for the lease of our New York, New York office. Please refer to Note 9, “Commitments and Contingencies,” for additional information.
Inventories
We state inventories at the lower of standard cost (which approximates actual cost determined using the first-in-first-out method) or net realizable value. We establish provisions for excess and obsolete inventories after evaluation of historical sales, current economic trends, forecasted sales, product lifecycles, and current inventory levels. During 2017, we implemented a strategic sales initiative to sell certain excess inventory that had previously been written-down in conjunction with our excess inventory reserve analysis in prior years, as required by U.S. GAAP. This initiative resulted in a net reduction of our excess inventory reserves of $1.4 million in 2017. During 2016 and 2015, due to the introduction of new products and technological advancements, we charged $3.3 million, and $1.7 million, respectively, to cost of sales from continuing operations for excess and obsolete inventories. Adjustments to our estimates, such as forecasted sales and expected product lifecycles, could harm our operating results and financial position. Please refer to Note 5, “Inventories,” for additional information.
46

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Accounts receivable
Our customers are concentrated in the United States. In the normal course of business, we extend unsecured credit to our customers related to the sale of our services and products. Typical credit terms require payment within 30 to 60 days from the date of delivery or service. We evaluate and monitor the creditworthiness of each customer on a case-by-case basis. We also provide allowances for sales returns and doubtful accounts based on our continuing evaluation of our customers’ ongoing requirements and credit risk. We write-off accounts receivable when we deem that they have become uncollectible and payments subsequently received on such receivables are credited to the allowance for doubtful accounts. We do not generally require collateral from our customers.
Income taxes
As part of the process of preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to estimate our income tax liability in each of the jurisdictions in which we do business. This process involves estimating our actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as deferred revenues, for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet. We then assess the likelihood that these deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent that we believe that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be recovered, or is unknown, we establish a valuation allowance.
Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had a full valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets in the United States due to uncertainties related to our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets, primarily consisting of certain net operating losses carried forward. The valuation allowance is based upon our estimates of taxable income by jurisdiction and the period over which our deferred tax assets will be recoverable.
At December 31, 2017, we had net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $91.8 million for federal, state, and local income tax purposes. However, due to changes in our capital structure, approximately $37.3 million of this amount is available after the application of IRC Section 382 limitations. In 2018, we expect to have approximately $37.3 million of the net operating loss carry-forward available for use. If not utilized, these carry-forwards will begin to expire in 2021 for federal purposes, and have begun to expire for state and local purposes. Please refer to Note 11, “Income Taxes,” for additional information.
Fair value measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value of financial assets and liabilities are measured on a recurring or non-recurring basis. Financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis are those that are adjusted to fair value each time a financial statement is prepared. Financial assets and liabilities measured on a non-recurring basis are those that are adjusted to fair value when a significant event occurs.
We utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of available market information and generally accepted valuation methodologies. We assess the inputs used to measure fair value using a three-tier hierarchy. The hierarchy indicates the extent to which pricing inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. Level 1 inputs include unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities and are the most observable. Level 2 inputs include unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities that are either directly or indirectly observable, or other observable inputs such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity rates, and yield curves. Level 3 inputs are not observable in the market and include our own judgments about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments including cash and equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short maturities.
Long-lived assets
Property and equipment are stated at cost and include expenditures for additions and major improvements. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to operations as incurred. We use the straight-line method of depreciation over the estimated useful lives of the related assets (generally 2 to 15 years) for financial reporting purposes. Accelerated methods of depreciation are used for federal income tax purposes. When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated
47

ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Refer to Note 6, “Property and Equipment,” for additional information.
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Events or circumstances that would result in an impairment review primarily include operations reporting losses, a significant change in the use of an asset, or the planned disposal or sale of the asset. The asset would be considered impaired when the future net undiscounted cash flows generated by the asset are less than its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, as determined by quoted market prices (if available) or the present value of expected future cash flows. At December 31, 2016, we recorded an impairment loss of $0.9 million related to our surface mount technology equipment. Due to the specialized nature of this equipment we were not able to find a buyer for this equipment in 2017. As a result, we re-evaluated the carrying value of the equipment and software compared to its fair value and recorded an additional impairment loss of $0.2 million as of December 31, 2017. We continue to actively market the equipment and software for sale and expect to complete a sale in the first quarter of 2018. Refer to Note 6, “Property and Equipment,” for additional information.
Certain risks and concentrations
Historically our products were sold through a direct sales model, which included a combination of direct sales employees, electrical and lighting contractors, and distributors. The 2017 restructuring initiative included the transition to an agency driven sales channel strategy in order to expand our market presence throughout the U.S. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral. Although we maintain allowances for potential credit losses that we believe to be adequate, a payment default on a significant sale could materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
We have certain customers whose net sales individually represented 10 percent or more of our total net sales, or whose net trade accounts receivable balance individually represented 10 percent or more of our total net trade accounts receivable, as follows:
Consistent with our efforts to diversify our customer base, three customers accounted for 48.4 percent, of net sales in 2017, compared to two customers accounting for 47.4 percent of net sales in 2016. In 2017, two commercial customers, a major northeastern Ohio hospital system and a large regional retrofit company located in Texas accounted for 18.3 percent, and 12.8 percent of net sales, respectively, while sales to distributors to the U.S. Navy represented 22.0 percent of net sales.
In 2016, two customers, a distributor to the U.S. Navy and a major Northeast Ohio hospital, accounted for 36.5 percent and 10.9 percent of our net sales, respectively. Including sales pursuant to an indefinite duration, indefinite quantity (“IDIQ”) supply contract we were awarded in 2011, total sales of products for the U.S. Navy accounted for 43.1 percent of net sales. This IDIQ contract expired on August 1, 2016. For 2015, two distributors to the U.S. Navy accounted for approximately 59.0 percent and 15.8 percent of our 2016 net sales. Including sales pursuant to the IDIQ contract, total sales of products for the U.S. Navy accounted for 79.7 percent of our 2015 net sales.
At December 31, 2017, two commercial customers, a major Northeast Ohio hospital system and a large regional retrofit company located in Texas, accounted for 21.0 percent and 17.4 percent of our net trade accounts receivable, respectively. In addition, a distributor to the U.S. Navy accounted for 39.0 percent of our net trade accounts receivable at December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2016, two customers, a distributor to the U.S. Navy and a major Northeast Ohio hospital system, accounted for approximately 63.3 percent and 10.1 percent of our net trade accounts receivable, respectively.
We require substantial amounts of purchased materials from selected vendors. With specific materials, all of our purchases are from a single vendor. Substantially all of the materials we require are in adequate supply. However, the availability and costs of materials may be subject to change due to, among other things, new laws or regulations, suppliers’ allocation to other purchasers, interruptions in production by suppliers, and changes in exchange rates and worldwide price and demand levels. Our inability to obtain adequate supplies of materials for our products at favorable prices could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, or results of operations by decreasing our profit margins and by hindering our ability to deliver products to our customers on a timely basis.
Product development
Product development expenses include salaries, contractor and consulting fees, supplies and materials, as well as costs related to other overhead items such as depreciation and facilities costs. Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred.
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ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Net (loss) income per share
Basic (loss) income per share is computed by dividing the net (loss) income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, excluding the effects of any potentially dilutive securities. Diluted (loss) income per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive potential common shares consist of incremental shares upon exercise of stock options and warrants, unless the effect would be anti-dilutive.
The following table presents a reconciliation of basic and diluted (loss) income per share computations (in thousands, except per share amounts):

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) income from continuing operations | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (16,875 | ) |  | $ | 9,471 |
Loss from discontinued operations | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (691 | )
Net (loss) income | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (16,887 | ) |  | $ | 8,780 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding | 11,806 |  |  | 11,673 |  |  | 10,413 |
Potential common shares from options and warrants | — |  |  | — |  |  | 339 |
Diluted weighted average shares | 11,806 |  |  | 11,673 |  |  | 10,752 |

As a result of the net loss we incurred for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, options, warrants and convertible securities representing approximately 60,434 and 139,595 shares of common stock were excluded from the loss per share calculation, respectively, because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.
Stock-based compensation
We recognize compensation expense based on the estimated grant date fair value under the authoritative guidance. Management applies the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value stock options issued to employees and directors, and applies judgment in estimating key assumptions that are important elements of the model in expense recognition. These elements include the expected life of the option, the expected stock-price volatility, and expected forfeiture rates. Compensation expense is generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. See Note 10, “Stockholders’ Equity,” for additional information. Common stock, stock options, and warrants issued to non-employees that are not part of an equity offering are accounted for under the applicable guidance under ASC 505-50, “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees,” and are generally re-measured at each reporting date until the awards vest.
Foreign currency translation
Our product development center in Taiwan uses local currency as its functional currency. Included within “Accumulated other comprehensive income” within the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity is the effect of foreign currency translation related to our Taiwan operations.
Until its disposition, our international subsidiary used its local currency as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities were translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and income and expense accounts were translated at average exchange rates during the year. Resulting translation adjustments were recorded directly to “Accumulated other comprehensive income” within the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. With the sale of CLL in August 2015, the translation adjustments recorded within the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity in 2015 were reclassified and are recorded as a component of the “Loss on disposal of discontinued operations” within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” for additional information.
Advertising expenses
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ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Advertising expenses are charged to operations in the period incurred. They consist of costs for the placement of our advertisements in various media and the costs of demos provided to potential distributors of our products. Advertising expenses from continuing operations were $0.5 million, $1.4 million, and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
Shipping and handling costs
We include shipping and handling revenues in net sales, and shipping and handling costs in cost of sales.
Product warranties
We warrant finished goods against defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service for periods generally between one and ten years. Settlement costs consist of actual amounts expensed for warranty coverage, which are largely a result of the cost of replacement products. A liability for the estimated future costs under product warranties is maintained for products outstanding under warranty and is included in “Accrued liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The warranty activity for the respective years is as follows (in thousands):

| At December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at the beginning of the year | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | 314 |
Accruals for warranties issued | 196 |  |  | 170 |
Adjustments to existing warranties | (87 | ) |  | (95 | )
Settlements made during the year (in kind) | (266 | ) |  | (58 | )
Accrued warranty expense | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 331 |

Recent accounting standards and pronouncements
In May 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting, which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award would require an entity to apply modification accounting. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flow. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period, but any adjustments must be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The new standard must be adopted retrospectively. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice by making eight targeted changes to how cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and will require adoption on a retrospective basis. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which significantly changes the accounting for credit losses on instruments within its scope. The new guidance introduces an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain financial instruments, including trade receivables, and requires an entity to recognize an allowance based on its estimate of expected credit losses rather than incurred losses. This standard will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and will generally require adoption on a modified retrospective basis. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard.
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ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which supersedes the current lease accounting requirements. This standard requires a lessee to record on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. In addition, this standard requires lessees to disclose certain key information about lease transactions. Upon implementation, an entity’s lease payment obligations will be recognized at their estimated present value along with a corresponding right-of-use asset. Lease expense recognition will be generally consistent with current practice. This standard will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and will require adoption on a modified retrospective basis. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which amends certain aspects of the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. This amendment requires all equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income (other than those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in the consolidation of the investee). This standard will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and will require adoption on a prospective basis with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the beginning balance sheet. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), as amended by ASU 2015-14, 2016-08, 2016-10, 2016-12, and 2016-20, which is a comprehensive revenue recognition standard which supersedes nearly all of the existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. This standard requires an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration the entity expects for receive in exchange for those goods or services. Entities will need to use more judgments and estimates than under the current guidance, including estimating the amount of variable revenue to recognize for each performance obligation. Additional disclosures regarding the nature, amount, and timing of revenues and cash flows from contracts will also be required. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period, using either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach. We will adopt the standard on January 1, 2018, as required, using the modified retrospective approach. We have evaluated the accounting guidance and determined that there is no material impact to our consolidated financial position or results of operations, as our revenue arrangements generally consist of a single performance obligation to transfer promised goods. We continue to evaluate the impact the guidance in this ASU will have on our disclosures.
NOTE 3. RESTRUCTURING
In 2016 and 2017, we were not able to sustain the level of sales and profitability recognized in 2015. Due to our financial performance in 2016 and 2017, including net losses of $16.9 million and $11.3 million, respectively, and total cash used of $18.0 million and $5.9 million, respectively, we believe that substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern existed at December 31, 2016 and 2017.
As a result, we evaluated actions to mitigate the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our evaluation considered both quantitative and qualitative information, including our current financial position and liquid resources, and obligations due or anticipated within the next year. With $16.6 million in cash and no debt obligations as of December 31, 2016, we focused our efforts on reducing our overall operating expenses in an effort to return to profitability. Consequently, in February 2017, we announced a corporate restructuring initiative with a goal of significantly reducing annual operating costs from 2016 levels. The initiative included an organizational consolidation of management and oversight functions in order to streamline and better align the organization into more focused, efficient, and cost-effective reporting relationships, and involved headcount reductions and office closures. This initiative was designed to return the Company to profitability and mitigate the substantial doubt that existed at December 31, 2016 about our ability to continue as a going concern. The restructuring actions taken in 2017 resulted in a net decrease in operating expenses through December 31, 2017 of $8.4 million, including restructuring and asset impairment charges of $1.8 million in 2017 and impairment charges of $0.9 million in 2016.
While the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern continued to exist at December 31, 2017, we had $10.8 million in cash and no debt obligations at the end of the year. Consequently, considering both quantitative and qualitative information, we continue to believe that the combination of our restructuring actions, current financial position, liquid resources, obligations due or anticipated within the next year, executive reorganization, and implementation of our sales channel strategy will return us to profitability in 2018 and effectively mitigates the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
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The actions taken in the first quarter of 2017 included closing our offices in Rochester, Minnesota, New York, New York, and Arlington, Virginia and reduced our staff by 20 employees, primarily located in these offices. During the second quarter of 2017, we fully exited the New York and Arlington facilities and took additional actions to improve our operating efficiencies. These actions reduced our staff by an additional 17 production and administrative employees in our Solon location.
During the year ended December 31, 2017 we recorded net restructuring expenses totaling approximately $1.7 million, consisting of approximately $0.8 million for severance and related benefits, approximately $0.7 million related to the facility closings, and approximately $0.2 million primarily related to fixed asset and prepaid expenses write-offs.
Our restructuring liabilities consist of one-time termination costs for severance and benefits to former employees and estimated ongoing costs related to long-term operating lease obligations. The recorded value of the termination severance and benefits to employees approximates fair value, as the remaining obligation is based on the arrangements made with the former employees, and these obligations will be completely satisfied in less than 12 months. The recorded value of the ongoing lease obligations is based on the remaining lease term and payment amount, net of estimated sublease income, discounted to present value. Changes in subsequent periods resulting from a revision to either the timing or the amount of estimated cash flows over the future period are measured using the credit adjusted, risk-free rate that was used to measure the restructuring liabilities initially. The current portion of the ongoing lease obligations is included within the caption, “Accrued liabilities” and the long term portion of the ongoing lease obligations comprises the caption, “Other liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017. We estimated that we would receive a total of approximately $1.2 million in sublease payments to offset our remaining lease obligations, which extend until June 2021, of approximately $1.7 million. We expect to incur insignificant additional costs over the remaining life of our lease obligations, but we do not anticipate further major restructuring activities in the near future. The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of our restructuring liability:

| Severance and Related Benefits |  | Facilities |  | Other |  | Total
Balance at January 1, 2017 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Additions | $ | 770 |  |  | $ | 830 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 1,786 |
Accretion of lease obligations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |
Adjustment of lease obligations |  |  | $ | (155 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (155 | )
Write-offs |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (95 | ) |  | $ | (86 | )
Payments | $ | (708 | ) |  | $ | (375 | ) |  | $ | (91 | ) |  | $ | (1,174 | )
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 402 |

NOTE 4. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
EFLS
As part of the strategy to align our resources with developing and selling our energy-efficient LED products into the
commercial and military maritime markets, we completed the exit of our turnkey solutions business, operated by EFLS during the third quarter of 2015. During 2014, we shifted our focus away from the turnkey solutions business. We stopped accepting new projects and completed all outstanding solutions-based projects in the first quarter of 2015. As of September 30, 2015, the exit of our turnkey solutions business was complete. Accordingly, the operating results related to EFLS have been included as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for all periods presented. There were no assets disposed as a result of the disposition, and we did not recognize a gain or loss on disposal or record an income tax expense or benefit. We do not anticipate any significant continuing involvement related to this discontinued operation.
CLL
In August 2015, we sold our wholly-owned United Kingdom subsidiary, CLL. The sale was for nominal consideration under the terms of the agreement. As a result of the transaction and the elimination of this foreign subsidiary consolidated under the equity method of accounting, we recorded a one-time loss of $44 thousand, which included a $469 thousand accumulated other comprehensive income reclassification adjustment for foreign currency translation adjustments. The loss was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations under the caption “Loss on disposal of discontinued operations.” We do not anticipate any significant continuing involvement related to this discontinued operation.
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Pool Products Business
On November 26, 2013, we announced the sale of our pool products business for a cash purchase price of $5.2 million. Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, we sold substantially all of the assets associated with the pool products business and the buyer assumed certain related liabilities. In connection with the sale, we and the buyer entered into a transition services agreement that continued until April 30, 2014, under which we provided services to transition the pool products business to the buyer. In addition, the Purchase Agreement contains representations, warranties and covenants of us and the buyer and prohibits us from competing with the buyer in the pool business for a period of five years following the closing. The Purchase Agreement also provided for an escrow of $500 thousand of the purchase price to secure customary indemnification obligations with respect to our representations, warranties, covenants and other obligations under the Purchase Agreement. Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, the first of five $100 thousand scheduled escrow releases commenced on March 25, 2014, and was to continue on the 25th day of each of the next four subsequent months. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $200 thousand of the cash held in escrow had been released to us and $300 thousand remained in escrow subject to the resolution of outstanding buyer claims that were the subject of an arbitration claim filed by the buyer in February 2015. At December 31, 2015, we offset the full escrow amount by the expected costs to settle this claim, as we had reached an agreement in principle with the buyer. On March 18, 2016, a settlement agreement was executed for this claim and the funds in the escrow account, plus the interest earned on the account, were released to the buyer. The legal fees incurred for the arbitration are included in the loss on disposal of discontinued operations for all periods presented. For additional information on the status of the remaining cash in escrow, please refer to Note 14, “Legal Matters.”
As a result of exiting EFLS and selling CLL and the pool products businesses, we have reclassified all net sales and expenses associated with this business from the Consolidated Statements of Operations, and have reported the net (loss) income from those activities as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for all years presented.
The following table summarizes the components included in loss from discontinued operations in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the periods presented (in thousands):

| December 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,078 |
Cost of sales | — |  |  | 588 |
Gross Profit | — |  |  | 490 |
Operating expenses of discontinued operations | — |  |  | 657 |
Other expenses | — |  |  | — |
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations | (12 | ) |  | (534 | )
Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes | (12 | ) |  | (701 | )
Benefit from income taxes | — |  |  | (10 | )
Loss from discontinued operations | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | (691 | )

The following table shows the components of the loss from discontinued operations by business for the periods presented (in thousands):
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| December 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015
CLL | — |  |  | (138 | )
EFLS | — |  |  | (29 | )
Pool products business | — |  |  | — |
Loss from operations of discontinued operations | — |  |  | (167 | )
CLL | — |  |  | (44 | )
Pool products business | (12 | ) |  | (490 | )
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations | (12 | ) |  | (534 | )
Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes | (12 | ) |  | (701 | )
Benefit from income taxes | — |  |  | (10 | )
Loss from discontinued operations | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | (691 | )

NOTE 5. INVENTORIES
Inventories are stated at the lower of standard cost (which approximates actual cost determined using the first-in, first-out cost method) or net realizable value and consists of the following (in thousands):

| At December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Raw materials | $ | 3,316 |  |  | $ | 5,049 |
Finished goods | 6,598 |  |  | 10,016 |
Reserve for excess, obsolete, and slow moving inventories | (4,196 | ) |  | (5,596 | )
Inventories, net | $ | 5,718 |  |  | $ | 9,469 |

During 2017, we implemented a strategic sales initiative to sell certain excess inventory that had previously been written-down in conjunction with our excess inventory reserve analysis in prior years, as required by U.S. GAAP. This initiative resulted in a net reduction of our gross inventory levels and excess inventory reserves of $5.2 million and $1.4 million, respectively, in 2017.
During the first half of 2016 we initiated an aggressive inventory procurement plan in order to meet the expected demand based on the commercial sales growth experienced during the first six months of the year. While we did not achieve this level of demand, we had already committed to inventory purchases into the third quarter due to manufacturing and shipment lead times. As a result, our gross inventory levels increased $5.0 million as of December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015. After evaluation of historical sales, current economic trends, forecasted sales, and product lifecycles, we charged $3.3 million to cost of sales from continuing operations for excess, obsolete, and slow moving inventories in 2016 compared to $1.7 million in 2015.
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NOTE 6. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets and consist of the following (in thousands):

| At December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Equipment (useful life 3 - 15 years) | $ | 1,557 |  |  | $ | 2,231 |
Tooling (useful life 2 - 5 years) | 371 |  |  | 863 |
Vehicles (useful life 5 years) | 47 |  |  | 39 |
Furniture and fixtures (useful life 5 years) | 137 |  |  | 170 |
Computer software (useful life 3 years) | 1,043 |  |  | 977 |
Leasehold improvements (the shorter of useful life or lease life) | 201 |  |  | 256 |
Construction in progress | 55 |  |  | 154 |
Property and equipment at cost | 3,411 |  |  | 4,690 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (2,314 | ) |  | (2,365 | )
Property and equipment, net | $ | 1,097 |  |  | $ | 2,325 |

Depreciation expense was $0.7 million, $0.8 million, and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
During 2015, the Company invested in certain equipment to be used to increase our capabilities and reduce the cost of components used in our domestic manufacturing processes, as many of our sales opportunities were with respect to products made in the U.S. or meeting “Buy American” standards. These opportunities included our military maritime product line, as well as products for use in government-funded facilities, such as military bases, which must comply with certain domestic preference standards. As a result of the decline in 2016 sales as well as our expectation of limited sales of our military Intellitube® product going forward due to new competition for retrofit products for the U.S. Navy, coupled with the current cost of procuring components from our suppliers for such products, versus manufacturing them at a low volume, at December 31, 2016, we re-evaluated the economics of manufacturing versus purchasing such components from our suppliers. We concluded that we would no longer use the equipment and software purchased to conduct this manufacturing and evaluated the carrying value of the equipment and software compared to its fair value and determined that the equipment and software were impaired. Accordingly, we recorded an impairment loss of $0.9 million, to adjust the carrying value of the equipment and software to its net realizable value as of December 31, 2016. Due to the specialized nature of this equipment we were not able to find a buyer for this equipment in 2017. As a result, we re-evaluated the carrying of the equipment and software compared to its fair value and recorded an additional impairment loss of $0.2 million as of December 31, 2017. We have classified the net carrying value of this equipment as “Assets held for sale” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017.
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NOTE 7. ACCRUED LIABILITIES
Accrued current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

| At December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
Accrued payroll and related benefits | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 522 |
Accrued sales commissions and incentives | 124 |  |  | 325 |
Accrued warranty expense | 174 |  |  | 331 |
Accrued severance and related benefits | — |  |  | 328 |
Accrued restructuring - short-term | 170 |  |  | — |
Accrued legal and professional fees | 77 |  |  | 63 |
Accrued other expenses | 53 |  |  | 107 |
Total accrued liabilities | $ | 992 |  |  | $ | 1,676 |

NOTE 8. DEBT
Credit facilities
On December 22, 2011, we entered into a $4.5 million revolving line of credit (“credit facility”) with Rosenthal & Rosenthal. The total loan amount available to us under the line of credit was equal to 85 percent of our net, eligible receivables, plus available inventory (50 percent of the lower of cost or market value of eligible inventory, or $250 thousand, whichever was less). The credit facility was secured by a lien on our domestic assets. The interest rate for borrowing on accounts receivable was 8.5 percent, on inventories 10 percent, and on overdrafts 13 percent. Additionally, there was an annual 1 percent facility fee on the entire $4.5 million amount of the credit facility payable at the beginning of the year. The agreement automatically renewed from year to year after December 31, 2014, unless we provided the requisite notice to Rosenthal. Additionally, Rosenthal had the right to terminate the agreement by providing 60 days written notice to us. We provided the required advance notice to Rosenthal, and as such, the facility was terminated in December 2015.
Borrowings
On June 1, 2009, we entered into a $70 thousand unsecured promissory note with Quercus Trust that bore interest in the amount of 1 percent per year. The principal and accrued interest on the note were due on June 1, 2109. In December 2015, we entered into an agreement with Quercus Trust to cancel the note and the accrued interest for a single payment of $13 thousand in cash. At the time of the cancellation, we had recorded $5 thousand in accrued interest on this note. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized a gain of $62 thousand within “Other income” within the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a result of this cancellation.
NOTE 9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
We lease certain equipment, manufacturing, warehouse and office space under non-cancellable operating leases expiring through 2022 under which we are responsible for related maintenance, taxes, and insurance. Future minimum non-cancellable lease commitments are as follows (in thousands):

For the year ending December 31, |  | Minimum Lease Commitments | Sublease Payments (1) | Net Lease Commitments
2018 |  | $ | 1,259 |  | $ | 428 |  | $ | 831 |
2019 |  | 1,127 |  | 399 |  | 728 |
2020 |  | 960 |  | 267 |  | 693 |
2021 |  | 789 |  | 134 |  | 655 |
2022 & thereafter |  | 309 |  | — |  | 309 |
Total contractual obligations |  | $ | 4,444 |  | $ | 1,228 |  | $ | 3,216 |

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(1) Represents the amount of income expected from sublease agreements executed in 2017 for our former New York, New York and Arlington, Virginia offices.
Certain leases included above contain escalation clauses and, as such, rent expense was recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Net rent expense from continuing operations was $1.2 million, $1.2 million, and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
On December 22, 2014, a former employee filed a lawsuit against us in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Diego, known as Merl Toyer v. Energy Focus, Inc., et al., alleging wrongful termination and other claims related to his employment with us. We subsequently removed the case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of California. On May 1, 2015, we entered into a settlement agreement with the plaintiff, which assigned no culpability to any party and provided for a payment by us in exchange for full settlement and release of his claims. As of June 30, 2015, the total settlement amount of $0.3 million had been paid to the plaintiff. In September 2015, we received $0.2 million as reimbursement from our insurance company for the settlement claim. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we had income of $0.2 million from the insurance reimbursement and expense of $0.2 million, net of the insurance settlement, respectively, included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations under the caption, “Selling, general, and administrative.”
NOTE 10. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock follow-on offering
On September 11, 2015, we announced the pricing of a registered underwritten follow-on offering of shares of our common stock by us and certain of our stockholders (the “Selling Stockholders”). We sold 1,500,000 shares of our common stock at a purchase price to the public of $17.00 per share and the Selling Stockholders sold an additional 1,500,000 shares of our common stock on the same terms and conditions.
The offering closed on September 16, 2015 and we received $23.6 million in net proceeds from the transaction, after giving effect to underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses. We expect to use the remaining net proceeds from the offering to finance our growth efforts, for working capital, and other general corporate purposes.
Warrants
We have issued warrants in conjunction with various equity issuances, debt financing arrangements, and sales incentives. As part of the underwriting agreement for our August 6, 2014 public offering, we issued a warrant for 47,000 shares to the underwriter representing four percent of the number of shares of common stock sold in the offering at an issue price of $5.40 per share representing 120 percent of the public offering price of the shares of common stock. The warrant was exercised on September 10, 2015. Additionally, there was a warrant issued to a former employee in 2013 as part of the sales of our pool products business, which was exercised in May 2015.
A summary of warrant activity was as follows:

| Warrants Outstanding |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price During Period
Balance, December 31, 2014 | 969,549 |  |  | 4.61 |
Warrants exercised | (638,189 | ) |  | 4.58 |
Warrants cancelled/forfeited | (112,110 | ) |  | 5.54 |
Warrants expired | (205,000 | ) |  | 4.20 |
Balance, December 31, 2015 | 14,250 |  |  | 4.30 |
Warrants cancelled/forfeited | (7,500 | ) |  | 4.30 |
Balance, December 31, 2016 | 6,750 |  |  | $ | 4.30 |
Warrants cancelled/forfeited | (6,750 | ) |  | $ | 4.30 |
Balance, December 31, 2017 | — |  |  | $ | — |

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Stock-based compensation
On May 6, 2014, our Board of Directors approved the Energy Focus, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”). The 2014 Plan was approved by the stockholders at our annual meeting on July 15, 2014, after which no further awards could be issued under the Energy Focus, Inc. 2008 Incentive Stock Plan (the “2008 Plan”). The 2014 Plan initially allowed for awards up to 600,000 shares of common stock and expires on July 15, 2024. On July 22, 2015, the stockholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Plan to increase the shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan by an additional 600,000 shares. On June 21, 2017, the stockholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Plan to increase the shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan by an additional 1,300,000. We have two other equity-based compensation plans under which options are currently outstanding; however, no new awards may be granted under these plans. Generally, stock options are granted at fair market value and expire ten years from the grant date. Employee grants generally vest in three or four years, while grants to non-employee directors generally vest in one year. The specific terms of each grant are determined by our Board of Directors. At December 31, 2017, 1,798,693 shares remain available to grant under the 2014 Plan.
Stock-based compensation expense is attributed to the granting of stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock unit awards. For all stock-based awards, we recognize compensation expense using a straight-line amortization method.
The impact on our results for stock-based compensation was as follows (in thousands):

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cost of sales | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Product development | 59 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 37 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 714 |  |  | 1,220 |  |  | 738 |
Total stock-based compensation | $ | 807 |  |  | $ | 1,360 |  |  | $ | 813 |

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had unearned stock compensation expense of $0.7 million and $1.2 million, respectively. These costs will be charged to expense and amortized on a straight-line basis in subsequent periods. The remaining weighted average period over which the unearned compensation is expected to be amortized was approximately 1.8 years as of both December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Stock options
The fair value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Estimates utilized in the calculation include the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rate, and expected volatility, and are further comparatively detailed as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Fair value of options issued | $ | 2.66 |  |  | $ | 5.27 |  |  | $ | 5.33 |
Exercise price | $ | 3.55 |  |  | $ | 7.46 |  |  | $ | 7.23 |
Expected life of option (in years) | 5.8 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 5.8 |
Risk-free interest rate | 2.1 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  | 1.7 | %
Expected volatility | 91.9 | % |  | 93.7 | % |  | 90.7 | %
Dividend yield | 0.00 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 0.00 | %

We utilize the simplified method as provided by ASC 718-10 to calculate the expected stock option life. Under ASC 718-10, the expected stock option life is based on the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term of the stock option award. The use of this simplified method in place of using the actual historical exercise data is allowed when a stock option award meets all of the following criteria: the exercise price of the stock option equals the stock price on the date of grant; the exercisability of the stock option is only conditional upon completing the service requirement through the vesting date; employees who terminate their service prior to the vesting date forfeit their stock options; employees who terminate their service after vesting are granted a limited time period to exercise their stock options; and the stock options are nontransferable
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and nonhedgeable. We believe that our stock option awards meet all of these criteria. The estimated expected life of the option is calculated based on contractual life of the option, the vesting life of the option, and historical exercise patterns of vested options. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the grant date for a maturity similar to the expected life of the option. The volatility estimates are calculated using historical volatility of our stock price calculated over a period of time representative of the expected life of the option. We have not paid dividends in the past, and do not expect to pay dividends over the corresponding expected term as of the grant date.
Options outstanding under all plans at December 31, 2017 have a contractual life of ten years, and vesting periods between one and four years. A summary of option activity under all plans was as follows:

| Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
Outstanding at December 31, 2014 | 459,271 |  |  | $ | 8.95 |
Granted | 340,500 |  |  | 8.65 |
Cancelled | (147,152 | ) |  | 10.10 |
Exercised | (50,412 | ) |  | 4.69 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 602,207 |  |  | 8.58 |
Granted | 167,819 |  |  | 7.31 |
Cancelled | (160,126 | ) |  | 12.94 |
Exercised | (79,166 | ) |  | 4.48 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 530,734 |  |  | 7.48 |
Granted | 192,984 |  |  | 3.55 |
Cancelled | (377,095 | ) |  | 6.71 |
Expired | (56,111 | ) |  | 10.65 |
Exercised | (42,000 | ) |  | 2.30 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 248,512 |  |  | $ | 5.76 |
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2017 | 228,880 |  |  | $ | 5.97 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2017 | 110,476 |  |  | $ | 8.63 |

The “Expected to Vest” options are the unvested options that remain after applying the pre-vesting forfeiture rate assumption to total unvested options. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2017 was $42 thousand. The total intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercisable at December 31, 2017 was $150.00 each, which was calculated using the closing stock price at the end of the year of $2.45 per share less the option price of the in-the-money grants.
The options outstanding at December 31, 2017 have been segregated into ranges for additional disclosure as follows:
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OPTIONS OUTSTANDING |  | OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
Range of Exercise Prices |  | Number of Shares Outstanding |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number of Shares Exercisable |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
$2.30 | — | $3.25 |  | 59,558 |  |  | 9.1 |  | $ | 3.04 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 4.9 |  | $ | 2.45 |
$3.26 | — | $4.00 |  | 74,165 |  |  | 9.2 |  | 3.43 |  |  | — |  |  | 9.2 |  | 3.43 |
$4.01 | — | $5.50 |  | 51,919 |  |  | 6.6 |  | 4.96 |  |  | 50,461 |  |  | 6.6 |  | 4.94 |
$5.51 | — | $20.00 |  | 62,870 |  |  | 6.0 |  | 11.75 |  |  | 58,015 |  |  | 5.8 |  | 12.05 |
|  |  |  | 248,512 |  |  | 7.8 |  | $ | 5.76 |  |  | 110,476 |  |  | 6.1 |  | $ | 8.63 |

Restricted stock and Restricted Stock Units
Prior to 2011, we issued restricted stock to Executive Officers and Directors in lieu of paying a portion of their cash compensation or Directors’ fees.
In 2015, we began issuing restricted stock units to employees and non-employee Directors under the 2014 Plan with vesting periods ranging from 1 to 3 years from the grant date.
The following table shows a summary of restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity:

| Restricted Stock Units Outstanding |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
At December 31, 2014 | — |  |  | — |
Granted | 73,750 |  |  | 6.92 |
Forfeited | (16,250 | ) |  | 5.54 |
At December 31, 2015 | 57,500 |  |  | $ | 7.31 |
Granted | 290,966 |  |  | 6.56 |
Vested | (11,213 | ) |  | 14.18 |
Forfeited | (87,138 | ) |  | 6.73 |
At December 31, 2016 | 250,115 |  |  | $ | 6.34 |
Granted | 375,542 |  |  | $ | 3.18 |
Vested | (115,622 | ) |  | $ | 5.78 |
Forfeited | (203,893 | ) |  | $ | 5.30 |
At December 31, 2017 | 306,142 |  |  | $ | 3.37 |

Employee stock purchase plans
In September 2013, our stockholders approved the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2013 Plan”) to replace the 1994 prior purchase plan. A total of 500,000 shares of common stock were provided for issuance under the 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock through payroll deductions at a price equal to the lower of 85 percent of the fair market value of our common stock at the beginning or end of the offering period. Employees may end their participation at any time during the offering period, and participation ends automatically upon termination of employment with us. During 2017, 2016 and 2015, employees purchased 16,004, 22,094, and 18,119, respectively. At December 31, 2017, 427,437 shares remained available for purchase under the 2014 Plan.
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NOTE 11. INCOME TAXES
We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, as well as in various state and local jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, and local, or non-United States income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2014. Our practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense when and if they become applicable. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, there were no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.
The following table shows the components of (loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes (in thousands):

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
United States | $ | (11,382 | ) |  | $ | (16,848 | ) |  | $ | 9,620 |
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | (11,382 | ) |  | $ | (16,848 | ) |  | $ | 9,620 |

The following table shows the components of the provision for income taxes from continuing operations (in thousands):

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Current: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 123 |
State | 10 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |
Total current | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 149 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal | $ | (125 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
State | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total deferred | $ | (125 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Provision for income taxes | $ | (115 | ) |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 149 |

The principal items accounting for the difference between income taxes computed at the U.S. statutory rate and the provision for income taxes from continuing operations reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows:

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
U.S. statutory rate | 34.0 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 34.0 | %
State taxes (net of federal tax benefit) | 2.3 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 0.2 |
Valuation allowance | 17.4 |  |  | (27.5 | ) |  | (27.9 | )
Deferred rate change due to changes in tax laws | (51.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | (1.0 | ) |  | (8.4 | ) |  | (4.8 | )
| 1.0 | % |  | (0.2 | )% |  | 1.5 | %

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):
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| At December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Accrued expenses and other reserves | 1,749 |  |  | 3,138 |  |  | 2,244 |
Tax credits, deferred R&D, and other | 197 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 122 |
Net operating loss | 8,610 |  |  | 9,239 |  |  | 5,384 |
Valuation allowance | (10,556 | ) |  | (12,537 | ) |  | (7,768 | )
Net deferred tax assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

In 2017, our effective tax rate was lower than the statutory rate due to the remeasurement of our deferred tax assets resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Act”) and a decrease in the valuation allowance. In 2016, our effective tax rate was lower than the statutory rate due to an increase in the valuation allowance as a result of the $10.6 million additional federal net operating loss we recognized for the year.
On December 22, 2017, the Act was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”). Changes include, but are not limited to, a corporate tax rate decrease from 35 percent to 21 percent effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, repeal of the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax, elimination of certain deductions, and changes to the carryforward period and utilization of Net Operating Losses generated after December 31, 2017. We have calculated our best estimate of the impact of the Act in our year end income tax provision in accordance with our understanding of the Act and guidance available as of the date of this filing. As a result of the Act, we have recorded $0.1 million as additional income tax benefit in the fourth quarter of 2017, the period in which the legislation was enacted. The amount related to the release of the valuation allowance on the Alternative Minimum Tax Credit carry-forward which is expected to be fully refunded by 2021. We remeasured the deferred tax assets and liabilities, based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future. The impact of the remeasurement was $5.9 million of additional tax expense which was offset by a $5.9 million reduction of the valuation allowance resulting in a net zero impact to the financial statements. The U.S. Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service, and other standard-setting bodies could interpret or issue guidance on how provisions of the Act will be applied or otherwise administered that is different from our interpretation. As we complete our analysis of the Act, collect and prepare necessary data, and interpret any additional guidance, we may make adjustments to provisional amounts that we have recorded that may materially impact our provision for income taxes in the period in which the adjustments are made.
Since we believe it is more likely than not that the benefit from net operating loss carry-forwards will not be realized, we have provided a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We had no net deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2017 or 2016, respectively. In 2017, we recognized U.S. federal and various states income tax benefit of $0.1 million as a result of the reduction of the valuation allowance on the portion of Alternative Minimum Tax Credits that are expected to be refunded. In 2016, we recognized U.S. federal and various states income tax expense as a result of the adjustment from the 2015 provision to the actual tax on the 2015 returns that were filed in 2016.
Deferred income tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. In considering the need for a valuation allowance, we assess all evidence, both positive and negative, available to determine whether all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Such evidence includes, but is not limited to, recent earnings history, projections of future income or loss, reversal patterns of existing taxable and deductible temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. We will continue to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.
At December 31, 2017, we had net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $91.8 million for U.S. federal, state, and local income tax purposes. However, due to changes in our capital structure, approximately $37.3 million of this amount is available to offset future taxable income after the application of the limitations found under Section 382 of the IRC. As a result of this limitation, in 2018, we expect to have approximately $37.3 million of the net operating loss carry-forward available for use. If not utilized, these carry-forwards will begin to expire in 2021 for federal purposes and have begun to expire for state and local purposes. Additionally, the changes to our capital structure have subjected, and will continue to subject our net operating loss carry-forward to an annual limitation as discussed further below. This limitation will significantly restrict our ability to utilize the carry-forward to offset taxable income in future periods.
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The IRC imposes restrictions on the utilization of various carry-forward tax attributes in the event of a change in ownership, as defined by IRC Section 382. During 2015, we completed an IRC Section 382 review and the results of this review indicate ownership changes have occurred which would cause a limitation on the utilization of carry-forward attributes. Our net operating loss carry-forwards and research and development credits are all subject to limitation. Under these tax provisions, the limitation is applied first to any capital losses, next to any net operating losses, and then to any general business credits. The Section 382 limitation is currently estimated to result in the expiration of $54.2 million of net operating loss carry-forwards and $0.3 million of research and development credits. A valuation allowance has been established to reserve for the potential benefits of the remaining net operating loss carry-forwards in the consolidated financial statements to reflect the uncertainty of future taxable income required to utilize available tax loss carry-forwards.
NOTE 12. PRODUCT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
During 2013, we sold our pool products business. During 2014, we shifted our focus away from the turnkey solutions business to align our resources with developing and selling our LED products and completed our exit of that business in September 2015. With the exit from EFLS and sale of CLL, we have aligned our resources and focused our efforts on the sale of LED lighting products, in particular our military and commercial tubular LED (“TLED”) lines of products, into targeted vertical markets. Our products are sold primarily in the United States through a combination of direct sales employees, independent sales representatives and distributors. We currently operate in a single industry segment, developing and selling our energy-efficient light-emitting diode (“LED”) lighting products into the military maritime and commercial markets.
The following table provides a breakdown of product net sales from continuing operations for the years indicated (in thousands):

| Year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Commercial | $ | 15,217 |  |  | $ | 14,809 |  |  | $ | 14,156 |
Military maritime | 4,629 |  |  | 16,189 |  |  | 50,128 |
R&D services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |
Total net sales | $ | 19,846 |  |  | $ | 30,998 |  |  | $ | 64,403 |

A geographic summary of net sales from continuing operations is as follows (in thousands):

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
United States | $ | 19,446 |  |  | $ | 29,840 |  |  | $ | 64,251 |
International | 400 |  |  | 1,158 |  |  | 152 |
Total net sales | $ | 19,846 |  |  | $ | 30,998 |  |  | $ | 64,403 |

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, approximately 98 percent and 99 percent of our long-lived assets, respectively, which consist of property and equipment, were located in the United States.
NOTE 13. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
On December 12, 2012, our Board of Directors appointed James Tu to serve as our non-executive Chairman. On April 30, 2013, Mr. Tu became the Executive Chairman assuming the duties of the Principal Executive Officer. On October 30, 2013 Mr. Tu was appointed Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer by the Board of Directors. On May 9, 2016, Mr. Tu also assumed the role of President. On August 11, 2016, our Board of Directors appointed a separate Executive Chairman of the Board, and Mr. Tu continued to serve in the role of Chief Executive Officer and President, until February 19, 2017.
Mr. Tu is also the Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer of 5 Elements Global Advisors, an investment advisory and management company managing the holdings of 5 Elements Global Fund LP, which was a beneficial owner of more than 5 percent of our common stock prior to the August 2014 registered offering. As of December 31, 2017, 5
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Elements Global Fund LP holds approximately 2.5 percent of our common stock. 5 Elements Global Advisors focuses on investing in clean energy companies with breakthrough, commercialized technologies, and near-term profitability potential. Mr. Tu is also Co-Founder of Communal International Ltd. (“Communal”), a British Virgin Islands company dedicated to assisting clean energy, solutions-based companies, maximizing technology and product potential and gaining them access to global marketing, distribution licensing, manufacturing and financing resources. Communal has a 50 percent ownership interest in 5 Elements Energy Efficiencies (BVI) Ltd., a beneficial owner of approximately 2.4 percent of our common stock. Yeh-Mei Cheng controls 5 Elements Energy Efficiencies (BVI) Ltd. and owns the other 50 percent. She is Co-Founder of Communal International Ltd. with Mr. Tu and the mother of Simon Cheng, a member of our Board of Directors through February 19, 2017 and an employee of the Company.
On February 27, 2012, we entered into an Asian Business Development/Collaboration Agreement with Communal. The agreement had a term of 60 months, under which we paid $523 thousand to Communal in 2012. Effective January 1, 2013, the Asian Business Development/Collaboration Agreement with Communal was amended to reflect the extension of the terms of the Agreement for an additional twelve months, and the addition of certain services and countries in the territory covered by the Agreement. In connection with the amended and restated Agreement, we paid an additional $425 thousand in 2013 and recorded expense of $226 thousand. For the year ended December 31, 2015, nothing was paid under this Agreement and we recorded expense of $226 thousand per year. On December 23, 2015, we terminated the Agreement with Communal without penalty.
NOTE 14. LEGAL MATTERS
We may be the subject of threatened or pending legal actions and contingencies in the normal course of conducting our business. We provide for costs related to these matters when a loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The effect of the outcome of these matters on our future results of operations and liquidity cannot be predicted because any such effect depends on future results of operations and the amount or timing of the resolution of such matters. While it is not possible to predict the future outcome of such matters, we believe that the ultimate resolution of such individual or aggregated matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. For certain types of claims, we maintain insurance coverage for personal injury and property damage, product liability and other liability coverages in amounts and with deductibles that we believe are prudent, but there can be no assurance that these coverages will be applicable or adequate to cover adverse outcomes of claims or legal proceedings against us.
On November 26, 2013, we announced the sale of our pool products business for a cash purchase price of $5.2 million. Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, we sold substantially all of the assets associated with the pool products business and the buyer assumed certain related liabilities. The Purchase Agreement provided for an escrow of $500 thousand of the purchase price to secure customary indemnification obligations with respect to our representations, warranties, covenants and other obligations under the Purchase Agreement. Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, the first of five $100 thousand scheduled escrow releases commenced on March 25, 2014, and was to continue on the 25th day of each of the next four subsequent months. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $200 thousand of the cash held in escrow had been released to us and $300 thousand remained in escrow subject to the resolution of outstanding buyer claims. The Purchase Agreement provides that all disputes related to the sale must be resolved through binding arbitration. On February 18, 2015, the buyer filed a claim with the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) asserting claims for damages of $780 thousand under the Purchase Agreement and relating to product development, which was amended on September 1, 2015 to assert damages of $1.6 million. We believed the claims were without merit and asserted a counterclaim in the arbitration for the $300 thousand that remained in escrow. On March 18, 2016, a settlement agreement was executed for this claim and the funds in the escrow account, plus the interest earned on the account, were released to the buyer.
SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION TO ITEM 8.
The following table sets forth our selected unaudited financial information for the four quarters in the periods ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. This information has been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and, in the opinion of management, contains all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation thereof.
QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
(amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
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2017 |  | Fourth Quarter |  | Third Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | First Quarter
Net sales from continuing operations |  | $ | 4,727 |  |  | $ | 5,002 |  |  | $ | 6,011 |  |  | $ | 4,106 |
Gross profit from continuing operations |  | 1,622 |  |  | 1,137 |  |  | 1,501 |  |  | 561 |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | (1,858 | ) |  | (1,773 | ) |  | (3,114 | ) |  | (4,522 | )
Net loss from discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss |  | $ | (1,858 | ) |  | $ | (1,773 | ) |  | $ | (3,114 | ) |  | $ | (4,522 | )
Net loss per share (basic and diluted): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.16 | ) |  | $ | (0.15 | ) |  | $ | (0.26 | ) |  | $ | (0.39 | )
Net loss from discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss |  | $ | (0.16 | ) |  | $ | (0.15 | ) |  | $ | (0.26 | ) |  | $ | (0.39 | )

2016 |  | Fourth Quarter |  | Third Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | First Quarter
Net sales from continuing operations |  | $ | 7,186 |  |  | $ | 8,261 |  |  | $ | 7,126 |  |  | $ | 8,425 |
Gross profit from continuing operations |  | (1,072 | ) |  | 3,082 |  |  | 2,522 |  |  | 3,145 |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | (7,805 | ) |  | (3,177 | ) |  | (3,916 | ) |  | (1,977 | )
Net loss from discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | )
Net loss |  | $ | (7,805 | ) |  | $ | (3,177 | ) |  | $ | (3,916 | ) |  | $ | (1,989 | )
Net loss per share (basic and diluted): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (0.67 | ) |  | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (0.34 | ) |  | $ | (0.17 | )
Net loss from discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss |  | $ | (0.67 | ) |  | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (0.34 | ) |  | $ | (0.17 | )

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNT AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Our disclosure controls and procedures have been designed to meet reasonable assurance standards. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. Any design of disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Report on Form 10-K, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2017.
Management’s report on internal controls over financial reporting
The management of Energy Focus, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based upon criteria established in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO Framework”).
An effective internal control system, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error and circumvention or overriding of controls; therefore, it can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to reliable financial reporting. Furthermore, effectiveness of an internal control system in future periods cannot be guaranteed, because the design of any system of internal controls is based in part upon assumptions about the likelihood of future events. There can be no assurance that any control design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, certain controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate. As such, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Based upon our evaluation under the COSO framework as of December 31, 2017, management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
During the fourth quarter of 2017, there were no material changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit us to provide only management’s report.
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Directors
The information regarding our directors will be set forth under the caption “Election of Directors” in our Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference.
Executive officers
The information regarding our executive officers is set forth under the caption entitled “Executive Officers of the Registrant” following Item 4, in Part I, of this report and is incorporated herein by reference.
Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance
The information regarding compliance with Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 will be set forth under the caption entitled “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Audit committee
The information regarding the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors and the information regarding “Audit Committee Financial Experts” will be set forth under the caption entitled “Audit and Finance Committee” in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Code of ethics
We have adopted a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, which applies to all of our directors, officers, and employees. Our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct can be found on our website at www.energyfocus.com. Any person may receive a copy free of charge by writing to us at Energy Focus, Inc., 32000 Aurora Road, Suite B, Solon, Ohio 44139, Attention: Secretary.
We intend to disclose on our website any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct that applies to our directors and executive officers, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or any persons performing similar functions, and that is required to be publicly disclosed pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the information provided in the section captioned “Executive Compensation and Other Information” to be included in our Proxy Statement.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information about security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the information to be provided in the section captioned “Security Ownership of Principal Shareholders and Management” in our Proxy Statement. Information regarding our equity compensation plans is set forth under Item 5 of this Annual Report under “Shares authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans.”
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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information regarding certain relationships and related transactions and director independence required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the information to be provided in our Proxy Statement under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Director Independence.”
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information regarding principal accountant fees and services and the pre-approval policies and procedures required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the information to be contained in our Proxy Statement under the captions “Principal Accountant Fees and Services” and “Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures.”
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) | (1) Financial statements

The financial statements required by this Item 15(a)(1) are set forth in Item 8.
(2) Financial statement schedules
Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts is set forth below. All other schedules are omitted either because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or the notes.
SCHEDULE II
ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
SCHEDULE OF VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
(amounts in thousands)

Description |  | Beginning Balance |  | Charges to Revenue/ Expense |  | Deductions |  | Ending Balance
Year ended December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts and returns |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 42 |
Inventory reserves |  | 5,596 |  |  | 1,139 |  |  | 2,539 |  |  | 4,196 |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets |  | 12,537 |  |  | 3,883 |  |  | 5,864 |  |  | 10,556 |
Year ended December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts and returns |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 236 |
Inventory reserves |  | 2,315 |  |  | 6,110 |  |  | 2,829 |  |  | 5,596 |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets |  | 7,768 |  |  | 4,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,537 |
Year ended December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts and returns |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 155 |
Inventory reserves |  | 576 |  |  | 2,066 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 2,315 |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets |  | 9,008 |  |  | (1,240 | ) |  | — |  |  | 7,768 |

(3) Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K
The information required by this Item is set forth on the Exhibit Index that follows the signature page of this report.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | ENERGY FOCUS, INC.
|  | By: |  | /s/ Theodore L. Tewksbury III
|  |  |  | Theodore L. Tewksbury III
|  |  |  | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President Date: February 22, 2018

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated and on the date indicated:

Signature |  | Title
/s/ Theodore L. Tewksbury III |  | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President and Director
Theodore L. Tewksbury III |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Michael H. Port |  | Chief Financial Officer
Michael H. Port |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
*Ronald D. Black |  | Director
*William Cohen |  | Director
*Glenda Dorchak |  | Director
*Marc J. Eisenberg |  | Director
*Michael R. Ramelot |  | Director
| *By: | /s/ Theodore L. Tewksbury III
|  | Theodore L. Tewksbury III (Attorney-in-fact)
|  | Date: February 22, 2018

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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number | Description of Documents
3.1 | Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 13, 2013).
3.2 | Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 16, 2014).
3.3 | Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of the Registration (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 27, 2015).
3.4 | Certificate of Designation of Series A Participating Preferred Stock of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 27, 2006).
3.5 | Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 10, 2016).
3.6 | Certificate of Ownership and Merger, Merging Energy Focus, Inc., a Delaware corporation, into Fiberstars, Inc., a Delaware corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2007).
4.1 | Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 27, 2014).
10.1* | 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF14A filed on August 16, 2013).
10.2* | 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Commission File No. 333-122-686) filed on February 10, 2005).
10.3* | 2008 Incentive Stock Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference from Appendix B to the Registrant’s Preliminary Proxy Statement on Form PRER14A filed on June 8, 2012).
10.4* | 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (filed with this report).
10.5* | Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Agreement to Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 16, 2014).
10.6* | Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Agreement to Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 16, 2014).
10.7* | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement to Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 16, 2014).
10.8* | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement to Non-Employee Directors (filed with this Report).
10.9* | Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant Agreement to Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 16, 2014).
10.10* | Agreement and General Release of Claims dated May 6, 2016 between Eric W. Hilliard and Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 11, 2016).
10.11* | Separation Agreement and Release dated June 17, 2016 between Marcia J. Miller and Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 21, 2016).
10.12* | Executive Chairman Offer Letter dated November 18, 2016 between Theodore L. Tewksbury III and Energy Focus, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 23, 2017).
10.13* | Chief Financial Officer Offer Letter dated November 18, 2016 between Bradley B. White and Energy Focus, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 23, 2017).
10.14* | Separation Agreement and Release dated February 18, 2017 between James Tu and Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 21, 2017).
10.15* | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President Offer Letter and Change in Control Participation Agreement dated February 19, 2017 between Theodore L. Tewksbury III and Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 21, 2017).
10.16* | Change in Control Benefit Plan Participation Agreement dated March 21, 2017 between Michael H. Port and Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2017).

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10.17* | Energy Focus, Inc. Executive Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 17, 2017).
10.18* | Change in Control Plan and Form of Participation Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 21, 2017).
10.19* | Change in Control Participation Agreement dated February 19, 2017 between Bradley B. White and Energy Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 21, 2017).
10.20* | Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 13, 2013).
10.21* | Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant for 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on September 8, 2010).
10.22 | Lease agreement by and between Aurora Development Center LLC and Energy Focus, Inc. dated April 19, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2016).
21.1 | Subsidiaries of the Registrant (filed with this Report).
23.1 | Consent of Plante & Moran, PLLC, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (filed with this Report).
24.1 | Powers of Attorney (filed with this Report).
31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by Chief Executive Officer (filed with this Report).
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by Chief Financial Officer (filed with this Report).
32.1 | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (filed with this Report).
101 | The following financial information from Energy Focus, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iv) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
* | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

71