2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries for the indicated periods. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Critical estimates include inputs used to determine stock-based compensation expense and the fair value of financial instruments and other liabilities measured at fair value. Cyclacel reviews its estimates on an ongoing basis. The estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Cyclacel believes the judgments and estimates required by the following accounting policies to be significant in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which is substantially the same as fair value. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of initial purchase to be cash equivalents and categorizes such investments as held to maturity. The objectives of the Company’s cash management policy are to safeguard and preserve funds, to maintain liquidity sufficient to meet Cyclacel’s cash flow requirements and to attain a market rate of return. Cash and cash equivalents, composed of $1.5 million of cash and $32.2 million of cash equivalents, was $33.7 million at June 30, 2013. Cash and cash equivalents, composed of $12.3 million of cash and $4.1 million of cash equivalents, was $16.4 million at December 31, 2012. Cash equivalents include money market funds and commercial paper.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalent balances in the form of business checking accounts, money market accounts and commercial paper, the balances of which at times may exceed federal insurance limits. Cash equivalents are invested in accordance with the Company’s investment policy. The investment policy includes guidelines on the quality of the institutions and financial instruments and defines allowable investments that the Company believes minimizes the exposure to concentration of credit risk.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, common stock warrants, financial instruments associated with stock purchase agreements, and other arrangements. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate their respective fair values due to the nature of the accounts, notably their short maturities. Warrants, financial instruments associated with stock purchase agreements, and certain other liabilities are measured at fair value using applicable inputs as described in Note 3 - Fair Value.

Revenue Recognition

Collaboration, research and development, and grant revenue

Certain of the Company’s revenues are earned from collaborative agreements. The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the fee is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured. Determination of whether these criteria have been met is based on management’s judgments regarding the nature of the research performed, the substance of the milestones met relative to those the Company must still perform, and the collectability of any related fees. Should changes in conditions cause management to determine these criteria are not met for certain future transactions, revenue recognized for any reporting period could be adversely affected.

Research and development revenues, which are earned under agreements with third parties for contract research and development activities, are recorded as the related services are performed. Milestone payments are non-refundable and recognized as revenue when earned, as evidenced by achievement of the specified milestones and the absence of ongoing performance obligations. Any amounts received in advance of performance are recorded as deferred revenue. None of the revenues recognized to date are refundable if the relevant research effort is not successful.

Grant revenues from government agencies and private research foundations are recognized as the related qualified research and development costs are incurred, up to the limit of the prior approval funding amounts. Grant revenues are not refundable.

Clinical Trial Accounting

Data management and monitoring of the Company’s clinical trials are performed with the assistance of contract research organizations (‘‘CROs’’) or clinical research associates (‘‘CRAs’’) in accordance with the Company’s standard operating procedures. Typically, CROs and some CRAs bill monthly for services performed, and others bill based upon milestones achieved. For outstanding amounts, the Company accrues unbilled clinical trial expenses based on estimates of the level of services performed each period. Costs of setting up clinical trial sites for participation in the trials are expensed immediately as research and development expenses. Clinical trial costs related to patient enrollment are accrued as patients are entered into and progress through the trial. Any initial payment made to the clinical trial site is recognized upon execution of the clinical trial agreements and expensed as research and development expenses.

Research and Development Expenditures

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the Company’s product candidates, upfront fees, milestones, compensation and other expenses for research and development personnel, supplies and development materials, costs for consultants and related contract research, facility costs and depreciation. Expenditures relating to research and development are expensed as incurred.

Foreign currency and currency translation

Transactions that are denominated in a foreign currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the current exchange rate on the date of the transaction. Any foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are subsequently remeasured at current exchange rates, with gains or losses recognized as foreign exchange (losses)/gains in the statement of operations.

The assets and liabilities of the Company’s international subsidiary are translated from its functional currency into United States dollars at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Average rates of exchange during the period are used to translate the statement of operations, while historical rates of exchange are used to translate any equity transactions. Translation adjustments arising on consolidation due to differences between average rates and balance sheet rates, as well as unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses arising from translation of intercompany loans that are of a long-term-investment nature, are recorded in other comprehensive income.

Fair Value Measurements

Inputs used to determine the fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities are categorized using a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes observable and unobservable inputs into three broad levels, from Level 1, for quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, to Level 3, for unobservable inputs (see Note 3 - Fair Value). Management reviews the categorization of fair value inputs on a periodic basis and may determine that it is necessary to transfer an input from one level of the fair value hierarchy to another based on changes in events or circumstances, such as a change in the observability of an input. Any such transfer will be recognized at the end of the reporting period.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized.

The Company applies the accounting guidance codified in ASC 740 “Income taxes” (“ASC 740”) related to accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. ASC 740 specifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in a company’s financial statements by prescribing a minimum probability threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements.

Credit is taken for research and development tax credits, which will be claimed from H. M. Revenue & Customs (“HMRC”) the United Kingdom’s taxation and customs authority, in the accounting period during which qualifying research and development costs are incurred.

Tax years 2010, 2011 and 2012 remain open to examination by major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject, which are primarily in the United States and the United Kingdom, as carryforward attributes generated in years past may still be adjusted upon examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), the HMRC or state tax authorities if they have or will be used in a future period. The Company is currently not under examination by the IRS or any other jurisdictions for any tax years.

Income tax benefit, net from continuing operations on the consolidated statements of operations of $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2013 includes $0.6 million of research and development tax credits from the HMRC and approximately $80,000 in tax expense estimated based on the application of IRS alternative minimum tax.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company grants stock options, restricted stock units and restricted stock to officers, employees and directors under the Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan (“2006 Plan”), which was approved on March 16, 2006, as amended on May 21, 2007, amended and restated on April 14, 2008 and further amended on May 23, 2012. Under the 2006 Plan, the Company has granted various types of awards, which are described more fully in Note 6 - Stock Based Compensation Arrangements. The Company accounts for these awards under ASC 718 “Compensation — Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718”).

ASC 718 requires measurement of compensation cost for all stock-based awards at fair value on date of grant and recognition of compensation over the requisite service period for awards expected to vest. The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units is determined based on the number of shares granted and the quoted price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The determination of grant-date fair value for stock option awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes model, which includes variables such as the expected volatility of the Company’s share price, the anticipated exercise behavior of employees, interest rates, and dividend yields. These variables are projected based on historical data, experience, and other factors. Changes in any of these variables could result in material adjustments to the expense recognized for share-based payments. Such value is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period, net of estimated forfeitures, using the straight-line attribution method. The estimation of stock awards that will ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from current estimates, such amounts are recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised. The Company considers many factors when estimating expected forfeitures, including type of awards granted, employee class, and historical experience. Actual results and future estimates may differ substantially from current estimates.

Segments

After considering its business activities and geographic reach, the Company has concluded that it operates in just one operating segment being the discovery, development and commercialization of novel, mechanism-targeted drugs to treat cancer and other serious disorders, with development operations in two geographic areas, namely the United States and the United Kingdom.

Net (Loss) Income Per Common Share

The Company calculates net (loss) income per common share in accordance with ASC 260 “Earnings Per Share” (“ASC 260”). Basic net loss (income) per common share was determined by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The Company’s potentially dilutive shares include outstanding common stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, convertible preferred stock and common stock warrants.

The computation of basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share for ‘‘Income from continuing operations’’ for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2013 is as follows (in $000s, except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2012			2013			2012			2013
Net (loss) income from continuing operations	$	(3,379	)	$	1,478		$	(6,173	)	$	(1,620	)
Deemed dividend on convertible exchangeable preferred shares	—			—			—			(8,366		)
Dividend on convertible exchangeable preferred shares	(182		)	(63		)	(364		)	(185		)
Numerator for earnings per share for Income from continuing operations — Basic and Diluted	$	(3,561	)	$	1,415		$	(6,537	)	$	(10,171	)

Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding — Basic	8,428,154			13,885,442			8,125,621			11,849,270
Dilutive effect of stock options	—			41,929			—			—
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding — Diluted	8,428,154			13,927,371			8,125,621			11,849,270

Net (loss) income from continuing operations — Basic	$	(0.42	)	$	0.10		$	(0.80	)	$	(0.86	)
Net (loss) income from continuing operations — Diluted	$	(0.42	)	$	0.10		$	(0.80	)	$	(0.86	)

The following potentially dilutive shares of common stock have not been included in the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2012 and 2013 as the result would be anti-dilutive:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2012	2013	2012	2013
Stock options	508,766	334,996	508,766	487,719
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units	44,138	123,143	44,138	123,143
Convertible preferred stock	73,747	25,573	73,747	25,573
Contingently issuable shares and common stock warrants associated with Economic Rights	440,375	—	440,375	—
Common stock warrants	1,973,431	1,591,795	1,973,431	1,591,795
Total shares excluded from calculation	3,040,457	2,075,507	3,040,457	2,228,230

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

In accordance with ASC 220, “Comprehensive Income” (“ASC 220”), all components of comprehensive income (loss), including net income (loss), are reported in the financial statements in the period in which they are recognized. Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss), including foreign currency translation adjustments, are reported, net of any related tax effect, to arrive at comprehensive income (loss). No taxes were recorded on items of other comprehensive income.

Accounting Standards Adopted in the Period

On January 1, 2013 the Company adopted guidance issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) on testing indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. This guidance states that an entity has the option first to assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, an entity concludes that it is not more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, then the entity is not required to take further action. However, if an entity concludes otherwise, then it is required to determine the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset and perform the quantitative impairment test by comparing the fair value with the carrying. Under the guidance, an entity also has the option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any indefinite-lived intangible asset in any period and proceed directly to performing the quantitative impairment test. An entity will be able to resume performing the qualitative assessment in any subsequent period. The adoption of this guidance has not had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

On January 1, 2013, the Company adopted guidance issued by the FASB on the reporting of amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. The guidance requires entities to present (either on the face of the statement where net income is presented or in the notes) the effects on the line items of net income of significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income, but only if the item reclassified is required under GAAP to be reclassified to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period. For other reclassification items (that are not required under GAAP) to be reclassified directly to net income in their entirety in the same reporting period, an entity should cross-reference to other disclosures currently required under GAAP. The adoption of this guidance has not had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

On January 1, 2013, the Company adopted guidance issued by the FASB to clarify the scope of the previously issued guidance which required companies to disclose information about offsetting and related arrangements to enable users of financial statements to understand the effect of those arrangements on its financial position. This guidance clarifies that ordinary trade receivables and receivables are not within the scope of the guidance and that the guidance only applies to derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse purchase agreements, and securities borrowing and securities lending transactions that are either offset in accordance with specific criteria or subject to a master netting arrangement or similar agreement. The adoption of this guidance has not had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In July 2013, the FASB issued guidance relating to the presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward (“NOL”), a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists. The guidance states that an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a NOL, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward, except to the extent it is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. We are currently reviewing the impact of adopting this guidance.

In March 2013, the FASB issued guidance relating to certain foreign currency matters. This guidance clarifies the parent company’s accounting for the cumulative translation adjustment when a reporting entity ceases to have a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary or group of assets that is a nonprofit activity or a business within a foreign entity or of an investment in a foreign entity. The guidance is effective prospectively for fiscal years (and interim reporting periods within those years) beginning after December 15, 2013. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2013, the FASB issued guidance relating to obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements for which the total amount of the obligation is fixed at the reporting date. This provides guidance for the recognition, measurement, and disclosure of obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements for which the total amount of the obligation is fixed at the reporting date, except for obligations addressed within existing guidance in GAAP. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. The guidance should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented for those obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements that exist at the beginning of an entity’s fiscal year of adoption. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.