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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024, the consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and all related disclosures contained in the accompanying notes, are unaudited. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 21, 2024. The consolidated financial statements are presented on the basis of accounting principles that are generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for a complete set of financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024, and the results of operations, comprehensive loss, and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, have been made. The interim results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024 or for any other reporting period. The consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 that are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 21, 2024. Going Concern Pursuant to the requirements of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern, management is required at each reporting period to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, management evaluates whether the mitigating effects of its plans sufficiently alleviate the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. In performing its analysis, management excluded certain elements of its operating plan that cannot be considered probable. Under ASC 205-40, the future receipts of potential funding from future equity or debt issuances or by entering into partnership agreements cannot be considered probable at this time because these plans are not entirely within the Company’s control nor have they been approved by the Board of Directors as of the date of these consolidated financial statements. Based on the Company’s current operating plan, it is anticipated that cash and cash equivalents of $2.8 million as of March 31, 2024, together with the $8.0 million gross proceeds from equity financing received in May 2024 will allow it to meet its liquidity requirements into the fourth quarter of 2024. The Company’s history of losses, negative cash flows from operations, potential rescission rights, liquidity resources currently on hand, and its dependence on the ability to obtain additional financing to fund its operations after the current resources are exhausted, about which there can be no certainty, have resulted in the assessment that there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from the issuance date of these financial statements. While the Company has plans in place to mitigate this risk, which primarily consist of raising additional capital through a combination of public or private equity or debt financings or by entering into partnership agreements for further development of our drug candidates, there is no guarantee that it will be successful in these mitigation efforts. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”. This standard provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform initiatives that would replace interbank offered rates, including the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). For example, modifications of lease contracts within the scope of ASC 842 solely for changes in reference rates would be accounted for as a continuation of the existing contracts with no reassessments of the lease classification and the discount rate. Following the issuance of ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848”, the relief remains effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024. The Company does not currently have any contracts affected by this guidance. The FASB has issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280)”. This standard will require all public entities – even those like the Company that have a single reportable segment – to disclose additional information about the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), the measure or measures of segment profit and loss used by the CODM in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) in assessing segment performance, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM, and a reconciliation of segment profit and loss to the closest consolidated totals prepared under United States GAAP. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. ASU 2023-07 will not change the way in which reportable segments are determined. However, the Company is currently evaluating the effects of ASU 2023-07 on its financial statement presentation and disclosures. The FASB has issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”. This standard will require all entities to disclose the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign for each annual reporting period. The guidance in ASU 2023-09 becomes effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company does not anticipate that ASU 2023-09 will require significant adjustments to the presentation of that information. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Financial instruments consist of cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their respective fair values due to the nature of the accounts, notably their short maturities. Comprehensive Income (Loss) All components of comprehensive income (loss), including net income (loss), are reported in the financial statements in the period in which they are recognized. Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss), including foreign currency translation adjustments, are reported, net of any related tax effect, to arrive at comprehensive income (loss). No taxes were recorded on items of other comprehensive income (loss). There were no reclassifications out of other comprehensive income (loss) during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Foreign Currency and Currency Translation Transactions that are denominated in a foreign currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the current exchange rate on the date of the transaction. Any foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are subsequently remeasured at current exchange rates, with gains or losses recognized as foreign exchange (losses) gains in the statement of operations. This accounting policy is also applied to intercompany payables or receivables for which settlement is planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future. ​ The assets and liabilities of the Company’s international subsidiary are translated from its functional currency into United States dollars at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Average rates of exchange during the period are used to translate the statement of operations, while historical rates of exchange are used to translate any equity transactions. Translation adjustments arising on consolidation due to differences between average rates and balance sheet rates, as well as unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses arising from translation of intercompany loans for which settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future and that are of a long-term-investment nature, are recorded in other comprehensive loss. Leases The Company accounts for lease contracts in accordance with ASC 842. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s outstanding leases are classified as operating leases. The Company recognizes an asset for the right to use an underlying leased asset for the lease term and records lease liabilities based on the present value of the Company’s obligation to make lease payments under the lease. As the Company’s leases do not indicate an implicit rate, the Company uses a best estimate of its incremental borrowing rate to discount the future lease payments. The Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on observable information about risk-free interest rates that are the same tenure as the lease term, adjusted for various factors, including the effects of assumed collateral, the nature of how the loan is repaid (e.g., amortizing versus bullet), and the Company’s credit risk. The Company evaluates options included in its lease agreements to extend or terminate the lease. The Company will reflect the effects of exercising those options in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. In assessing whether it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise an option, the Company considers factors such as:
| ● | The lease payments due in any optional period;
| ● | Penalties for failure to exercise (or not exercise) the option;
| ● | Market factors, such as the availability of similar assets and current rental rates for such assets;
| ● | The nature of the underlying leased asset and its importance to the Company’s operations; and
| ● | The remaining useful lives of any related leasehold improvements.
Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments, if any, are recognized in the period when the obligation to make those payments is incurred. Lease incentives received prior to lease commencement are recorded as a reduction in the right-of-use asset. Fixed lease incentives received after lease commencement reduce both the lease liability and the right-of-use asset. The Company has elected an accounting policy to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Revenue Recognition When the Company enters into contracts with customers, the Company recognizes revenue using the five step-model provided in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”):
| (1) | identify the contract with a customer;
| (2) | identify the performance obligations in the contract;
| (3) | determine the transaction price;
| (4) | allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
| (5) | recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
The transaction price includes fixed payments and an estimate of variable consideration, including milestone payments. The Company determines the variable consideration to be included in the transaction price by estimating the most likely amount that will be received and then applies a constraint to reduce the consideration to the amount which is probable of being received. When applying the constraint, the Company considers:
| ● | Whether achievement of a development milestone is highly susceptible to factors outside the entity’s influence, such as milestones involving the judgment or actions of third parties, including regulatory bodies;
| ● | Whether the uncertainty about the achievement of the milestone is not expected to be resolved for a long period of time;
| ● | Whether the Company can reasonably predict that a milestone will be achieved based on previous experience; and
| ● | The complexity and inherent uncertainty underlying the achievement of the milestone.
The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the relative selling price of each performance obligation. The best estimate of the selling price is determined after considering all reasonably available information, including market data and conditions, entity-specific factors such as the cost structure of the deliverable and internal profit and pricing objectives. The revenue allocated to each performance obligation is recognized as or when the Company satisfies the performance obligation. The Company recognizes a contract asset, when the value of satisfied (or part satisfied) performance obligations is in excess of the payment due to the Company, and deferred revenue when the amount of unconditional consideration is in excess of the value of satisfied (or part satisfied) performance obligations. Once a right to receive consideration is unconditional, that amount is presented as a receivable. Grant revenue received from organizations that are not the Company’s customers, such as charitable foundations or government agencies, is presented as a reduction against the related research and development expenses.

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