<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001829126-25-007885.txt : 20251003
<SEC-HEADER>0001829126-25-007885.hdr.sgml : 20251003
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20251003171205
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001829126-25-007885
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-3
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		16
FILED AS OF DATE:		20251003
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20251003

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001389545
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		EIN:				680454536
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-290712
		FILM NUMBER:		251374931

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2000 POWELL STREET, SUITE 1150
		CITY:			EMERYVILLE
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94608
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(510) 899-8800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2000 POWELL STREET, SUITE 1150
		CITY:			EMERYVILLE
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94608
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-3
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>novabay_s3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>S-3
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 3, 2025</B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Registration No. 333-___</B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>UNITED STATES<BR>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION<BR>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 14pt"><B>FORM S-3</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>UNDER</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 14pt"><B>NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 49%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Delaware</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 2%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 49%; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>68-0454536</B></FONT></TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(State or other jurisdiction of<BR>incorporation or organization)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(I.R.S. Employer<BR>Identification No.)</FONT></TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>2000 Powell Street, Suite 1150</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Emeryville, CA 94608</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(510)
899-8800</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant&rsquo;s principal executive offices)</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>David E. Lazar</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Chief Executive Officer</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>2000 Powell Street, Suite 1150</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Emeryville, CA 94608</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(510)
899-8800</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Copy to:</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Ross Carmel, Esq.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>1185 Avenue of the Americas</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>New York, NY 10036</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(212) 930-9700</B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public</B>: From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement, as determined by the Registrant.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box:&nbsp;&#9744;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box:&nbsp;&#9746;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering:&nbsp;&#9744;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&nbsp;&#9744;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box.&nbsp;&#9744;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule&nbsp;413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box.&nbsp;&#9744;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; and &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; in Rule&nbsp;12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 20%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large accelerated filer </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 25%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9744;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 24%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated filer </FONT></TD>
    <TD>&#9744;</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9746;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller reporting company</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&#9746;</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth company </FONT></TD>
    <TD>&#9744;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section&nbsp;7(a)(2)(B) of Securities Act. &#9744;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section&nbsp;8(a) of the Securities Act or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section&nbsp;8(a), may determine.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="color: Red"><B>The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="color: Red"><B>PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="color: Red"><B>SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED OCTOBER 3, 2025</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><IMG SRC="img_001.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="height: 64px; width: 300px"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B>$200,000,000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B>Debt Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B>Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B>Units</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">From time to time, we may offer and sell up to $200,000,000 of any combination of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants or units described in this prospectus, either individually or in combination. We may also offer common stock or preferred stock upon the conversion of debt securities, common stock upon the conversion of preferred stock, or common stock, preferred stock or debt securities upon the exercise of warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">This prospectus describes the general terms of these securities and the general manner in which these securities will be offered. We will provide the specific terms of these offerings and securities in one or more supplements to this prospectus. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, as well as any documents incorporated by reference, before buying any of the securities being offered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The securities may be sold directly by us to investors, through agents designated from time to time or to or through underwriters or dealers, on a continuous or delayed basis. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo; in this prospectus. If any agents or underwriters are involved in the sale of any securities with respect to which this prospectus is being delivered, the names of such agents or underwriters and any applicable fees, commissions, discounts and over-allotment options will be set forth in a prospectus supplement. The price to the public of such securities and the net proceeds we expect to receive from such sale will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our common stock is listed on
the NYSE American under the trading symbol &ldquo;NBY.&rdquo; The applicable prospectus supplement will contain information, where applicable,
as to other listings, if any, on the NYSE American or other securities exchange of the securities covered by the applicable prospectus
supplement. Prospective purchasers of our securities are urged to obtain current information as to the market prices of our securities,
where applicable. As of October 1, 2025, the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates is approximately
$25.3 million,<B>&nbsp;</B>based on 6,010,749 shares of outstanding common stock, of which approximately 6,005,132 shares are held by
non-affiliates, and a per share price of $4.22<B>&nbsp;</B>based on the closing sale price of our common stock on September 4, 2025.
Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, in no event will we sell the securities described in this prospectus in a primary
public offering with a value exceeding more than one-third of the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates in
the twelve-month period prior to the date of the sale of any such securities, so long as the aggregate market value of our outstanding
common stock held by non-affiliates remains below $75.0 million.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.1in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0"><B>Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks that we have described under the caption </B>&ldquo;<B>Risk Factors</B>&rdquo;<B> on page&nbsp;4. We may include specific risk factors in supplements to this prospectus under the caption </B>&ldquo;<B>Risk Factors.</B>&rdquo;<B> This prospectus may not be used to sell our securities unless accompanied by a prospectus supplement.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0"><B>Neither the Securities and
Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or
adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">The date of this prospectus is October 3, 2025.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_001">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">1</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 90%"><A HREF="#a_002">PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 9%; text-align: right">2</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_003">RISK FACTORS</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">4</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_004">SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">5</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_005">USE OF PROCEEDS</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">6</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_006">DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">7</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_007">DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">15</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_008">DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">22</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_009">DESCRIPTION OF UNITS</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">24</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_010">LEGAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">25</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_011">PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">29</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_012">LEGAL MATTERS</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">31</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_013">EXPERTS</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">31</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_014">WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">31</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#a_015">INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; vertical-align: top">32</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_001"></A>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, utilizing a &ldquo;shelf&rdquo; registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may offer and sell, either individually or in combination, in one or more offerings, up to a total dollar amount of $200,000,000 of any combination of the securities described in this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we offer securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain more specific information about the terms of that offering. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change any of the information contained in this prospectus or in the documents that we have incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We urge you to read carefully this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any free writing prospectuses we have authorized for use in connection with a specific offering, together with the information incorporated herein by reference as described under the heading &ldquo;Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference,&rdquo; before buying any of the securities being offered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">This prospectus does not contain all of the information that is in the registration statement. We omitted certain parts of the registration statement from this prospectus as permitted by the SEC. We refer you to the registration statement and its exhibits for additional information about us and the securities that may be sold under this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0"><B>This prospectus may not be used to consummate a sale of securities unless it is accompanied by a prospectus supplement.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">You should rely only on the information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, along with the information contained in any free writing prospectuses we have authorized for use in connection with a specific offering. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different or additional information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The information appearing in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front of the document and that any information we have incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus, or any sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the section entitled &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">This prospectus and the information incorporated herein by reference include trademarks, service marks and trade names owned by us or other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included or incorporated by reference into this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus are the property of their respective owners.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Unless the context indicates otherwise in this prospectus, the terms &ldquo;NovaBay,&rdquo; the &ldquo;Company,&rdquo; the &ldquo;Registrant,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;our&rdquo; or &ldquo;us&rdquo; in this prospectus refer to NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_002"></A>PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0"><I>This summary highlights selected information contained elsewhere in this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and does not contain all of the information that you need to consider in making your investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed under the heading </I>&ldquo;<I>Risk Factors</I>&rdquo;<I> contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Each of the risk factors could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial conditions, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our securities.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Overview</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">NovaBay Pharmaceuticals (the &ldquo;Registrant&rdquo;) is currently transitioning from a former focus on eyecare and wound care products toward a structural repositioning following the sale of all operational product lines. On January&nbsp;8, 2025, we completed the divestiture of our wound care trademarks (NeutroPhase<SUP>&reg;</SUP> and PhaseOne<SUP>&reg;</SUP>), and on January&nbsp;17, 2025, we completed the sale of our eyecare business assets, including Avenova<SUP>&reg;</SUP> brand.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">For the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, our revenue from continuing operations was approximately $9.7 million, primarily attributable to sales of eyecare products before disposition, and we recorded a decrease in wound care product revenue compared to 2023.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Following these strategic divestitures, NovaBay is repositioning its business model and evaluating new opportunities and potential strategic transactions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Additional Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">For additional information related to our business and operations, please refer to the reports incorporated herein by reference, including our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as described under the caption &ldquo;Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Registrant Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Our corporate address is 2000 Powell Street, Suite 1150, Emeryville, California 94608, and our telephone number is (510) 899-8800. Our website address is <I>www.novabay.com</I>. Information found on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this prospectus, and you should not consider it part of this prospectus. Our website address is included in this document as an inactive textual reference only.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>The Securities We May Offer</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may offer shares of our common stock and preferred stock, various series of debt securities, warrants to purchase any of such securities and/or units, either individually or in combination, up to a total dollar amount of $200,000,000, from time to time under this prospectus, together with the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of any offering. We may also offer common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities upon the exercise of warrants. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we offer a type or series of securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will describe the specific amounts, prices and other important terms of the securities, including, to the extent applicable:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">designation or classification;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">aggregate principal amount or aggregate offering price;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">maturity date, if applicable;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">original issue discount, if any;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">rates and times of payment of interest or dividends, if any;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">redemption, conversion, exercise, exchange or sinking fund terms, if any;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">conversion or exchange prices or rates, if any, and, if applicable, any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the conversion or exchange prices or rates and in the securities or other property receivable upon conversion or exchange;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">ranking;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">restrictive covenants, if any;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">voting or other rights, if any; and</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">material or special U.S. federal income tax considerations, if any.</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change any of the information contained in this prospectus or in the documents we have incorporated by reference. However, no prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will offer a security that is not registered and described in this prospectus at the time of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may sell the securities directly to investors or to or through agents, underwriters or dealers. We, and our agents or underwriters, reserve the right to accept or reject all or part of any proposed purchase of securities. If we do offer securities to or through agents or underwriters, we will include in the applicable prospectus supplement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">the names of those agents or underwriters;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">applicable fees, discounts and commissions to be paid to them;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">details regarding over-allotment options, if any; and</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">the net proceeds to us.</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><B>THIS PROSPECTUS MAY NOT BE USED TO CONSUMMATE A SALE OF SECURITIES UNLESS IT IS ACCOMPANIED BY A PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_003"></A>RISK FACTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and discussed under the section entitled &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; contained in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, and in our most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and other filings made pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as well as any amendments thereto reflected in any such subsequent filings with the SEC, which are incorporated by reference into this prospectus in their entirety, together with other information in this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with this offering. See &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The risks described in these documents are not the only ones we face, but those that we consider to be material based on the information currently known to us. There may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that could have material adverse effects on our future results. Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flow could be seriously harmed. This could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, resulting in a loss of all or part of your investment. Please also read carefully the section below entitled &ldquo;Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_004"></A>SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">This prospectus and the documents we have filed with the SEC that are incorporated by reference contain &ldquo;forward-looking statements&rdquo; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act and Section&nbsp;21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;). These statements relate to future events or to our future operating or financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performances or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as &ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;will,&rdquo; &ldquo;should,&rdquo; &ldquo;could,&rdquo; &ldquo;would,&rdquo; &ldquo;expects,&rdquo; &ldquo;plans,&rdquo; &ldquo;anticipates,&rdquo; &ldquo;believes,&rdquo; &ldquo;estimates,&rdquo; &ldquo;projects,&rdquo; &ldquo;predicts,&rdquo; &ldquo;potential&rdquo; and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We discuss in greater detail many of these risks under the heading &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; contained in the applicable prospectus supplement, in any free writing prospectuses we may authorize for use in connection with a specific offering, and in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, and in our most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as any amendments thereto reflected in subsequent filings with the SEC, which are incorporated by reference into this prospectus in their entirety. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of the document containing the applicable statement. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or developments, unless required by law to do so. Thus, you should not assume that our silence over time means that actual events are bearing out as expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. You should read this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement, together with the documents we have filed with the SEC that are incorporated by reference and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with this offering completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in the foregoing documents by these cautionary statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_005"></A>USE OF PROCEEDS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Except as described in any applicable prospectus supplement or in any free writing prospectuses we have authorized for use in connection with a specific offering, we currently intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered by us hereunder, if any, for working capital and general corporate purposes, including sales and marketing expenses, research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_006"></A>DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The following description of our capital stock is not complete and may not contain all the information you should consider before investing in our capital stock. This description is summarized from, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws which have been publicly filed with the SEC, including our Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on August&nbsp;19, 2025 (the &ldquo;Investment Transaction Form 8-K&rdquo;). See &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information&rdquo; and &ldquo;Incorporation by Reference.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; margin: 0"><B>Authorized and Outstanding Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Our authorized capital stock consists of 150,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, of which of which the Company has designated 15,000 shares as Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, 3,250 shares as Series C Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, 481,250 shares as Series D Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, and 1,988,283 shares of Series F Voting Retractable Preferred Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">As of October 1, 2025<B>,</B> there were 6,010,749 shares of common stock outstanding and 2,467,946 shares of preferred stock outstanding, consisting of 131 shares of Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, no shares of Series C Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, 481,250 shares of Series D Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, and 1,986,565 shares of Series F Voting Retractable Preferred Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0"><I>Dividend rights</I>. Subject to preferences that may apply to shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of outstanding shares of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available if our Board of Directors (the &ldquo;Board&rdquo;), in its discretion, determines to issue dividends and then only at the times and in the amounts that our Board may determine.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0"><I>Voting rights</I>. Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation does not provide for the right of stockholders to cumulate votes for the election of directors. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation establishes a classified Board, divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Only one class of directors is elected at each annual meeting of our stockholders, with the other classes continuing for the remainder of their respective three-year terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0"><I>No preemptive or similar rights</I>. Our common stock is not entitled to preemptive rights and is not subject to conversion, redemption or sinking fund provisions. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any series of our preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0"><I>Right to receive liquidation distributions</I>. Upon our dissolution, liquidation or winding-up, the assets legally available for distribution to holders of our common stock are distributable ratably among the holders of our common stock, subject to prior satisfaction of all outstanding debt and liabilities and the preferential rights and payment of liquidation preferences, if any, on any outstanding shares of our preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The rights of the holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of holders of shares of any preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Our Board is authorized, subject to limitations prescribed by Delaware law, to issue preferred stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each series and to fix the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each series and any of its qualifications, limitations or restrictions. Our Board can also increase or decrease the number of shares of any series, but not below the number of shares of that series then outstanding, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our Board may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of the common stock. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with financings, possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could, among other things, have the effect of delaying, deferring, discouraging or preventing a change in control of our company, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and the voting and other rights of the holders of common stock, and may reduce the likelihood that common stockholders will receive dividend payments and payments upon liquidation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will fix the designations, voting powers, preferences and rights of the preferred stock of each series we issue under this prospectus, as well as the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, in the certificate of designation relating to that series. We will file as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of any certificate of designation that contains the terms of the series of preferred stock we are offering. We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of preferred stock being offered, including, to the extent applicable:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the title and stated value;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the number of shares we are offering;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the liquidation preference per share;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the purchase price;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the dividend rate, period and payment date and method of calculation for dividends;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends will accumulate;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if applicable;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the provisions for a sinking fund, if applicable;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the provisions for redemption or repurchase, if applicable, and any restrictions on our ability to exercise those redemption and repurchase rights;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any listing of the preferred stock on any securities exchange or market;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether the preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock, and, if applicable, the conversion price, or how it will be calculated, and the conversion period;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether the preferred stock will be exchangeable into debt securities, and, if applicable, the exchange price, or how it will be calculated, and the exchange period;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">voting rights of the preferred stock;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">preemptive rights, if any;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">restrictions on transfer, sale or other assignment;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether interests in the preferred stock will be represented by depositary shares;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">a discussion of material United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any limitations on the issuance of any class or series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the preferred stock.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Series B Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Designation</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The Company has designated up to 15,000 shares of its preferred stock as Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share. Each share has a stated value of $1,000, which may be increased as provided in Section&nbsp;3 of the Certificate of Designation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Ranking</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Series B Preferred Stock ranks pari passu with the common stock with respect to dividends and liquidation rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Voting Rights</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Series B Preferred Stock does not have preemptive rights and has no voting rights except as required by the Delaware General Corporation Law and in certain limited matters affecting its rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Conversion Rights</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder at any time, into a number of shares of common stock determined by dividing the stated value by the applicable conversion price, subject to the beneficial ownership and other limitations in the Certificate of Designation. The conversion price is initially $0.40 per share of common stock (subject to adjustment).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Dividends</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on an &ldquo;if-converted&rdquo; basis when, as and if dividends are declared on the common stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Liquidation Preference</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Upon a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive the same consideration they would have received if the shares had been converted into common stock immediately prior to such event.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Transfer Restrictions</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The Series B Preferred Stock may only be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged or otherwise disposed of in accordance with state and federal securities laws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Series C Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Designation</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The Company has designated up to 3,250 shares of its preferred stock as Series C Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, with a stated value per share of $1,000.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Ranking</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The Series C Preferred Stock ranks pari passu with the Company&rsquo;s common stock in respect of dividends and liquidation rights, except as otherwise provided in the Certificate of Designation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Voting Rights</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The holders of the Series C Preferred Stock do not have voting rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Conversion Rights</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Each share of Series C Preferred Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into a number of shares of common stock determined by dividing the stated value by the conversion price. Conversions are subject to beneficial ownership limitations as detailed in the Certificate of Designation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Dividends</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Holders of Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on an &ldquo;if-converted&rdquo; basis: when, as and if dividends are declared on common stock, Series C holders participate on the same basis. No additional dividends are payable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Liquidation Preference</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, the holders of Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to receive out of the assets of the Company the same amount that a holder of common stock would receive if the Series C Preferred Stock were fully converted (disregarding any conversion limitations) into common stock, with such amounts paid pari passu with the holders of common stock. The Company is required to mail written notice of any such liquidation at least 45 days prior to the payment date stated therein to each holder of Series C Preferred Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Transfer Restrictions</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The Series C Preferred Stock may only be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged or otherwise disposed of in accordance with state and federal securities laws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Series D and Series E Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Designation</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The Company has designated 481,250 shares of its preferred stock as Series D Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, pursuant to a Certificate of Designation filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on August&nbsp;19, 2025. The Series E Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation will be filed with the Delaware Secretary of State prior to the final closing of the investment transaction, as described in the Investment Transaction Form 8-K and with it the form of such Series E Certificate of Designation attached as Exhibit 3.2 to the Investment Transaction Form 8-K. The powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions of the Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock are substantially similar, except as specifically noted below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><I>Ranking</I></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock each rank pari passu with the Company&rsquo;s common stock with respect to dividends and liquidation rights, except as expressly set forth in their respective certificates of designation.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><I>Voting Rights</I></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock generally have no voting rights, except as required by Delaware law or as otherwise provided in their certificates of designation. The consent of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of the applicable series would be required to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: left">(i)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights of that series,</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: left">(ii)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">amend the Company&rsquo;s certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in a manner that adversely affects the rights of that series,</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: left">(iii)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">increase the number of authorized shares of that series, or</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: left">(iv)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><I>Conversion Rights</I></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Each share of Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock is convertible into 160 shares of common stock (or up to 77.0 million and 43.0 million shares, respectively, in the aggregate), subject to the beneficial-ownership and share-issuance limitations set forth in the applicable certificate of designation and to receipt of stockholder approval of the conversion proposal (the &ldquo;Conversion Approval&rdquo;). On the third business day after the Company receives the Conversion Approval, all outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock will automatically convert into shares of common stock. On the 30th business day after the Conversion Approval is received and the Series E Preferred Stock has been issued, all outstanding shares of Series E Preferred Stock will automatically convert into shares of common stock. The conversion rates of the Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock are subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments for stock dividends, stock splits, reverse stock splits and similar events, as set forth in their respective certificates of designation.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><I>Dividends</I></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Holders of Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on an &ldquo;if-converted&rdquo; basis, in the same form and amount as dividends paid on the common stock, when, as and if dividends are declared on the common stock; provided, however, that no dividends will be paid prior to the declaration and payment of the special dividend and the Company&rsquo;s receipt of the Conversion Approval.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><I>Liquidation Preference</I></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, holders of Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock are entitled to receive the same consideration they would have been entitled to receive had they converted such shares into common stock immediately prior to such event.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><I>Transfer Restrictions</I></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock may only be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged or otherwise disposed of in accordance with state and federal securities laws<I>.</I></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><B>Series F Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><I>Designation</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company has designated 1,988,283 shares of its preferred stock as Series F Voting Retractable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Ranking</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The Series F Preferred Stock ranks senior to the common stock with respect to voting rights but does not carry a separate liquidation preference or dividend rights senior to the common stock, except as expressly provided in the Certificate of Designation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Voting Rights</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Each share of Series F Preferred Stock is entitled to vote together with the holders of common stock, on an as-converted basis, representing in the aggregate approximately 842,832 votes, or about 12.3% of the voting power of the Company&rsquo;s capital stock as of the record date for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Pursuant to the Series F Agreements, the holders have agreed to vote all shares of Series F Preferred Stock in favor of the proposals presented at the 2025 Annual Meeting, including the conversion approval.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Conversion / Retirement Rights</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Following receipt of stockholder approval of the conversion proposal, each share of Series F Preferred Stock will be convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion rate specified in the Certificate of Designation. In addition, beginning after the earlier of (i) the date stockholder approval of the conversion proposal is obtained or (ii) December&nbsp;31, 2025, each holder has the right to require that the Company retire (repurchase) all shares of Series F Preferred Stock held by such holder for cash consideration of $175,000 per holder (aggregate $525,000). The Company also has the right to retire the Series F Preferred Stock for the same amount after December&nbsp;31, 2025, if such shares have not previously been retired.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Dividends</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The Series F Preferred Stock does not accrue or pay dividends, except to the extent that holders are entitled to participate on an &ldquo;as-converted&rdquo; basis if and when dividends are declared and paid on the common stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Liquidation Preference</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, holders of Series F Preferred Stock are entitled to receive the same consideration they would have been entitled to receive had they converted such shares into common stock immediately prior to such event.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><I>Transfer Restrictions</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">The Series F Preferred Stock may only be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged or otherwise disposed of in accordance with state and federal securities laws and as permitted by the Series F Agreements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Outstanding Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As of October 1, 2025, we
had warrants outstanding to purchase an aggregate of 101,191 shares of common stock with a weighted-average exercise price of $66.61
per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.1in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Anti-takeover effects of provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0"><I>Amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws.</I> Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that our Board is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Only one class of directors is elected at each annual meeting of our stockholders, with the other classes continuing for the remainder of their respective three-year terms. Because holders of our common stock do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors, stockholders holding a majority of the shares of common stock outstanding are able to elect all of our directors. Our Board is able to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the Board or due to the resignation or departure of an existing board member. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws also provide that all stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called meeting of stockholders and not by written consent, and that only the Board pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of authorized directors may call a special meeting of stockholders. In addition, our bylaws include a requirement for the advance notice of nominations for election to the Board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders&rsquo; meeting. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides for the ability of the Board to issue, without stockholder approval, up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock with terms set by the Board, which rights could be senior to those of our common stock. In August&nbsp;2025, we filed a Certificate of Designation designating the Series D Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, the rights, preferences and limitations of which are set forth therein. The existence of authorized but undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our Board to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change control of our company. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws also provide that approval of at least 66-2/3% of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors will be required to adopt, amend or repeal our bylaws, or repeal the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation regarding the election of directors and the inability of stockholders to take action by written consent in lieu of a meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The foregoing provisions make it difficult for holders of our common stock to replace our Board. In addition, the authorization of undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our Board to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change control of our company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Section&nbsp;203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We are subject to the provisions of Section&nbsp;203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law regulating corporate takeovers. This section prevents some Delaware corporations from engaging, under some circumstances, in a business combination, which includes a merger or sale of at least 10% of the corporation&rsquo;s assets with any interested stockholder, meaning a stockholder who, together with affiliates and associates, owns or, within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, did own 15% or more of the corporation&rsquo;s outstanding voting stock, unless:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the transaction is approved by the Board prior to the time that the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder&rsquo;s becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced; or</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">at or subsequent to such time that the stockholder became an interested stockholder, the business combination is approved by the Board and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders by at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">A Delaware corporation may &ldquo;opt out&rdquo; of these provisions with an express provision in its original certificate of incorporation or an express provision in its certificate of incorporation or bylaws resulting from a stockholders&rsquo; amendment approved by at least a majority of the outstanding voting shares. We do not plan to &ldquo;opt out&rdquo; of these provisions. The statute could prohibit or delay mergers or other takeover or change in control attempts and, accordingly, may discourage attempts to acquire us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Transfer Agent and Registrar</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Computershare Shareholder Services, Inc., located in Providence, Rhode Island, Providence County, is the transfer agent and registrar for our common stock in the United States and Computershare Investor Services, Inc., located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is the co-transfer agent and registrar for our common stock in Canada. The transfer agent for any series of preferred stock that we may offer under this prospectus will be named and described in the prospectus supplement related to that series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Listing on the NYSE American</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American under the symbol &ldquo;NBY.&rdquo; The applicable prospectus supplement will contain information, where applicable, as to any other listing, if any, on the NYSE American or any securities market or other exchange of the preferred stock covered by such prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_007"></A>DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may issue debt securities from time to time, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any debt securities that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any debt securities offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the indenture, we also are referring to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will issue the debt securities under the indenture that we will enter into with a trustee named in the indenture. The indenture will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the &ldquo;Trust Indenture Act&rdquo;). We have filed the form of indenture as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The following summary of material provisions of the debt securities and the indenture is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements and any related free writing prospectuses related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete indenture that contains the terms of the debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>General</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The indenture does not limit the amount of debt securities that we may issue. It provides that we may issue debt securities up to the principal amount that we may authorize and may be in any currency or currency unit that we may designate. Except for the limitations on consolidation, merger and sale of all or substantially all of our assets contained in the indenture, the terms of the indenture do not contain any covenants or other provisions designed to give holders of any debt securities protection against changes in our operations, financial condition or transactions involving us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may issue the debt securities issued under the indenture as &ldquo;discount securities,&rdquo; which means they may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. These debt securities, as well as other debt securities that are not issued at a discount, may be issued with &ldquo;original issue discount,&rdquo; or OID, for U.S. federal income tax purposes because of interest payment and other characteristics or terms of the debt securities. Material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to debt securities issued with OID will be described in more detail in any applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of debt securities being offered, including:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the title of the series of debt securities;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any limit upon the aggregate principal amount that may be issued;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the maturity date or dates;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the form of the debt securities of the series;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the applicability of any guarantees;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether the debt securities rank as senior debt, senior subordinated debt, subordinated debt or any combination thereof, and the terms of any subordination;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such debt securities will be issued is a price other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such debt securities that is convertible into another security or the method by which any such portion shall be determined;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the interest rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if applicable, the date or dates after which, or the period or periods during which, and the price or prices at which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the date or dates, if any, on which, and the price or prices at which we are obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder&rsquo;s option to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether the debt securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a global security or securities; the terms and conditions, if any, upon which such global security or securities may be exchanged in whole or in part for other individual securities; and the depositary for such global security or securities;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if applicable, the provisions relating to conversion or exchange of any debt securities of the series and the terms and conditions upon which such debt securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at our option or the holders&rsquo; option) conversion or exchange features, the applicable conversion or exchange period and the manner of settlement for any conversion or exchange;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of debt securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any changes in or additions to the covenants applicable to the particular debt securities being issued, including, among others, the consolidation, merger or sale covenant;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">additions to or changes in the events of default with respect to the securities and any change in the right of the trustee or the holders to declare the principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, with respect to such securities to be due and payable;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">additions to or changes in or deletions of the provisions relating to covenant defeasance and legal defeasance;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">additions to or changes in the provisions relating to satisfaction and discharge of the indenture;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">additions to or changes in the provisions relating to the modification of the indenture both with and without the consent of holders of debt securities issued under the indenture;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the currency of payment of debt securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether interest will be payable in cash or additional debt securities at our or the holders&rsquo; option and the terms and conditions upon which the election may be made;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the terms and conditions, if any, upon which we will pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the debt securities of the series to any holder that is not a &ldquo;United States person&rdquo; for federal tax purposes;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the debt securities of the series; and</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, any other additions or changes in the provisions of the indenture, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Conversion or Exchange Rights</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will set forth in the prospectus supplement the terms on which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or our other securities. We will include provisions as to settlement upon conversion or exchange and whether conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of our common stock or our other securities that the holders of the series of debt securities receive would be subject to adjustment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Consolidation, Merger or Sale</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indenture will not contain any covenant that restricts our ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets must assume all of our obligations under the indenture or the debt securities, as appropriate. If the debt securities are convertible into or exchangeable for our other securities or securities of other entities, we or the person with whom we consolidate or merge or to whom we sell all of our property must make provisions for the conversion of the debt securities into securities that the holders of the debt securities would have received if they had converted the debt securities before the consolidation, merger or sale.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Events of Default Under the Indenture</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the indenture with respect to any series of debt securities that we may issue:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if we fail to pay any installment of interest on any series of debt securities, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by us in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if we fail to pay the principal of, or premium, if any, on any series of debt securities as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to such series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such debt securities in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant or agreement contained in the debt securities or the indenture, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and our failure continues for 90 days after we receive written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such is a notice of default thereunder, from the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet point above, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal of, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, due and payable immediately. If an event of default specified in the last bullet point above occurs with respect to us, the principal amount of and accrued interest, if any, of each issue of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action on the part of the trustee or any holder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series and its consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Subject to the terms of the indenture, if an event of default under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities, unless such holders have offered the trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable indenture; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not involved in the proceeding.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">A holder of the debt securities of any series will have the right to institute a proceeding under the indenture or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies only if:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a continuing event of default with respect to that series;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made written request, and such holders have offered reasonable indemnity to the trustee to institute the proceeding as trustee; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will periodically file statements with the trustee regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Modification of Indenture; Waiver</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We and the trustee may change an indenture without the consent of any holders with respect to specific matters:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture or in the debt securities of any series;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to comply with the provisions described above under &ldquo;Description of Debt Securities-Consolidation, Merger or Sale;&rdquo;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to provide for uncertificated debt securities in addition to or in place of certificated debt securities;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to add to our covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of debt securities, to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default or to surrender any right or power conferred upon us in the indenture;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set forth in the indenture;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to make any change that does not adversely affect the interests of any holder of debt securities of any series in any material respect;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the debt securities of any series as provided above under &ldquo;Description of Debt Securities-General&rdquo; to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or any series of debt securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment under any indenture by a successor trustee; or</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">In addition, under the indenture, the rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However, unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we and the trustee may make the following changes only with the consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">extending the fixed maturity of any debt securities of any series;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any premium payable upon the redemption of any series of any debt securities; or</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment, supplement, modification or waiver.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Discharge</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Each indenture provides that we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except for specified obligations, including obligations to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">provide for payment;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the series;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">pay principal of and premium and interest on any debt securities of the series;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">maintain paying agencies;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">hold monies for payment in trust;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">recover excess money held by the trustee;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">compensate and indemnify the trustee; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">appoint any successor trustee.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must deposit with the trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, any premium, if any, and interest on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Form, Exchange and Transfer</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will issue the debt securities of each series only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indenture provides that we may issue debt securities of a series in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository Trust Company, or DTC, or another depositary named by us and identified in a prospectus supplement with respect to that series. To the extent the debt securities of a series are issued in global form and as book-entry, a description of terms relating will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement, the holder of the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the debt securities may present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we will impose no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement the security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will not be required to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Information Concerning the Trustee</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth in the applicable indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to this provision, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the indenture at the request of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Payment and Paying Agents</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record date for the interest.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the holder or by wire transfer to certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will designate the corporate trust office of the trustee as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each series. We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee for the payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt security thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Governing Law</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The indenture and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 is applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_008"></A>DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The following description, together with the additional information that we include in any applicable prospectus supplement and in any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be distributed to you, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, which may be issued in one or more series. Warrants may be offered independently or in combination with other securities offered by any prospectus supplement. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any series of warrants in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The following description of warrants will apply to the warrants offered by this prospectus unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement. The applicable prospectus supplement for a particular series of warrants may specify different or additional terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part by amendment, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, that contain the terms of the particular series of warrants we are offering, and any supplemental agreements, before the issuance of such warrants. The following summaries of material terms and provisions of the warrants are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the form of warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, and any supplemental agreements applicable to a particular series of warrants that we may offer under this prospectus. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement related to the particular series of warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as any related free writing prospectuses, and the complete form of warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, and any supplemental agreements, that contain the terms of the warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>General</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of warrants being offered, including:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the currency for which the warrants may be purchased;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the price at, and currency in which, this principal amount of debt securities may be purchased upon such exercise;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as the case may be, purchasable upon the exercise of one warrant and the price at which these shares may be purchased upon such exercise;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreements and the warrants;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the terms of any rights to redeem or call the warrants;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and expire;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the manner in which the warrant agreements and warrants may be modified;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">a discussion of any material or special U.S. federal income tax considerations of holding or exercising the warrants;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of or restrictions on the warrants.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Before exercising their warrants, holders of warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities purchasable upon such exercise, including:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the right to receive payments of principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities purchasable upon exercise or to enforce covenants in the applicable indenture; or</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the right to receive dividends, if any, or, payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or to exercise voting rights, if any.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Exercise of Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase the securities that we specify in the applicable prospectus supplement at the exercise price that we describe in the applicable prospectus supplement. The warrants may be exercised as set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to the warrants offered. Unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement, warrants may be exercised at any time up to the close of business on the expiration date set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to the warrants offered thereby. After the close of business on the expiration date, unexercised warrants will become void.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Upon receipt of payment and the warrant or warrant certificate, as applicable, properly completed and duly executed at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent, if any, or any other office, including ours, indicated in the prospectus supplement, we will, as soon as practicable, issue and deliver the securities purchasable upon such exercise. If less than all of the warrants (or the warrants represented by such warrant certificate) are exercised, a new warrant or a new warrant certificate, as applicable, will be issued for the remaining warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Governing Law</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement, the warrants and any warrant agreements will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Each warrant agent, if any, will act solely as our agent under the applicable warrant agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any warrant. A single bank or trust company may act as warrant agent for more than one issue of warrants. A warrant agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable warrant agreement or warrant, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a warrant may, without the consent of the related warrant agent or the holder of any other warrant, enforce by appropriate legal action its right to exercise, and receive the securities purchasable upon exercise of, its warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_009"></A>DESCRIPTION OF UNITS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">In this section, we describe the general terms and provisions of the units that we may offer. We may issue units consisting of any combination of the other types of securities offered hereunder and described in this prospectus in one or more series. Each unit will be issued so that the holder of the unit also is the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each included security. We may evidence each series of units by unit certificates that we will issue under a separate agreement. We may enter into unit agreements with a unit agent. Each unit agent will be a bank or trust company that we select. We will indicate the name and address of the unit agent in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of units.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The following description, together with the additional information included in any applicable prospectus supplement, will summarize the general features of the units that we may offer hereunder. You should read any prospectus supplement and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you related to the series of units being offered, as well as the complete unit agreements that contain the terms of the units. Specific unit agreements will contain additional important terms and provisions and we will file as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from another report that we file with the SEC, the form of each unit agreement relating to units offered under this prospectus. We urge you to read the applicable unit agreement and the applicable prospectus supplement and any other offering material in their entirety.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">If we offer any units, certain terms of that series of units will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement, including, without limitation, the following, as applicable:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the title of the series of units;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">identification and description of the separate constituent securities comprising the units;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the price or prices at which the units will be issued;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the date, if any, on and after which the constituent securities comprising the units will be separately transferable;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether the units will be issued in fully registered or global form;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">a description of the terms of any unit agreement governing the units;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">a description of the provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or the securities comprising those units;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">a discussion of certain United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the units; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any other terms of the units and their constituent securities.</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_010"></A>LEGAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We can issue securities in registered form or in the form of one or more global securities. We describe global securities in greater detail below. We refer to those persons who have securities registered in their own names on the books that we or any applicable trustee, depositary or warrant agent maintain for this purpose as the &ldquo;holders&rdquo; of those securities. These persons are the legal holders of the securities. We refer to those persons who, indirectly through others, own beneficial interests in securities that are not registered in their own names, as &ldquo;indirect holders&rdquo; of those securities. As we discuss below, indirect holders are not legal holders, and investors in securities issued in book-entry form or in street name will be indirect holders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Book-Entry Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may issue securities in book-entry form only, as we will specify in the applicable prospectus supplement. This means securities may be represented by one or more global securities registered in the name of a financial institution that holds them as depositary on behalf of other financial institutions that participate in the depositary&rsquo;s book-entry system. These participating institutions, which are referred to as participants, in turn, hold beneficial interests in the securities on behalf of themselves or their customers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Only the person in whose name a security is registered is recognized as the holder of that security. Securities issued in global form will be registered in the name of the depositary or its participants. Consequently, for securities issued in global form, we will recognize only the depositary as the holder of the securities, and we will make all payments on the securities to the depositary. The depositary passes along the payments it receives to its participants, which in turn pass the payments along to their customers who are the beneficial owners. The depositary and its participants do so under agreements they have made with one another or with their customers; they are not obligated to do so under the terms of the securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">As a result, investors in a book-entry security will not own securities directly. Instead, they will own beneficial interests in a global security, through a bank, broker or other financial institution that participates in the depositary&rsquo;s book-entry system or holds an interest through a participant. As long as the securities are issued in global form, investors will be indirect holders, and not holders, of the securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Street Name Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may terminate a global security or issue securities in non-global form. In these cases, investors may choose to hold their securities in their own names or in &ldquo;street name.&rdquo; Securities held by an investor in street name would be registered in the name of a bank, broker or other financial institution that the investor chooses, and the investor would hold only a beneficial interest in those securities through an account he or she maintains at that institution.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">For securities held in street name, we will recognize only the intermediary banks, brokers and other financial institutions in whose names the securities are registered as the holders of those securities, and we will make all payments on those securities to them. These institutions pass along the payments they receive to their customers who are the beneficial owners, but only because they agree to do so in their customer agreements or because they are legally required to do so. Investors who hold securities in street name will be indirect holders, not holders, of those securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Legal Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Our obligations, as well as the obligations of any applicable trustee and of any third parties employed by us or a trustee, run only to the legal holders of the securities. We do not have obligations to investors who hold beneficial interests in global securities, in street name or by any other indirect means. This will be the case whether an investor chooses to be an indirect holder of a security or has no choice because we are issuing the securities only in global form.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For example, once we make a payment or give a notice to the holder, we have no further responsibility for the payment or notice even if that holder is required, under agreements with depositary participants or customers or by law, to pass it along to the indirect holders but does not do so. Similarly, we may want to obtain the approval of the holders to amend an indenture, to relieve us of the consequences of a default or of our obligation to comply with a particular provision of the indenture or for other purposes. In such an event, we would seek approval only from the holders, and not the indirect holders, of the securities. Whether and how the holders contact the indirect holders is up to the holders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Special Considerations For Indirect Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">If you hold securities through a bank, broker or other financial institution, either in book-entry form or in street name, you should check with your own institution to find out:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the performance of third party service providers;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">how it handles securities payments and notices;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether it imposes fees or charges;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">how it would handle a request for the holders&rsquo; consent, if ever required;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether and how you can instruct it to send you securities registered in your own name so you can be a holder, if that is permitted in the future;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">how it would exercise rights under the securities if there were a default or other event triggering the need for holders to act to protect their interests; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if the securities are in book-entry form, how the depositary&rsquo;s rules and procedures will affect these matters.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Global Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">A global security is a security that represents one or any other number of individual securities held by a depositary. Generally, all securities represented by the same global securities will have the same terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Each security issued in book-entry form will be represented by a global security that we deposit with and register in the name of a financial institution or its nominee that we select. The financial institution that we select for this purpose is called the depositary. Unless we specify otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, DTC will be the depositary for all securities issued in book-entry form.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">A global security may not be transferred to or registered in the name of anyone other than the depositary, its nominee or a successor depositary, unless special termination situations arise. We describe those situations below under the section entitled &ldquo;Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated&rdquo; in this prospectus. As a result of these arrangements, the depositary, or its nominee, will be the sole registered owner and holder of all securities represented by a global security, and investors will be permitted to own only beneficial interests in a global security. Beneficial interests must be held by means of an account with a broker, bank or other financial institution that in turn has an account with the depositary or with another institution that does. Thus, an investor whose security is represented by a global security will not be a holder of the security, but only an indirect holder of a beneficial interest in the global security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">If the prospectus supplement for a particular security indicates that the security will be issued in global form only, then the security will be represented by a global security at all times unless and until the global security is terminated. If termination occurs, we may issue the securities through another book-entry clearing system or decide that the securities may no longer be held through any book-entry clearing system.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Special Considerations For Global Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The rights of an indirect holder relating to a global security will be governed by the account rules of the investor&rsquo;s financial institution and of the depositary, as well as general laws relating to securities transfers. We do not recognize an indirect holder as a holder of securities and instead deal only with the depositary that holds the global security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">If securities are issued only in the form of a global security, an investor should be aware of the following:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">an investor cannot cause the securities to be registered in his or her name, and cannot obtain non-global certificates for his or her interest in the securities, except in the special situations we describe below;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">an investor will be an indirect holder and must look to his or her own bank or broker for payments on the securities and protection of his or her legal rights relating to the securities, as we describe above;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">an investor may not be able to sell interests in the securities to some insurance companies and to other institutions that are required by law to own their securities in non-book-entry form;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">an investor may not be able to pledge his or her interest in a global security in circumstances where certificates representing the securities must be delivered to the lender or other beneficiary of the pledge in order for the pledge to be effective;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the depositary&rsquo;s policies, which may change from time to time, will govern payments, transfers, exchanges and other matters relating to an investor&rsquo;s interest in a global security;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">we and any applicable trustee have no responsibility for any aspect of the depositary&rsquo;s actions or for its records of ownership interests in a global security, nor do we or any applicable trustee supervise the depositary in any way;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the depositary may, and we understand that DTC will, require that those who purchase and sell interests in a global security within its book-entry system use immediately available funds, and your broker or bank may require you to do so as well; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">financial institutions that participate in the depositary&rsquo;s book-entry system, and through which an investor holds its interest in a global security, may also have their own policies affecting payments, notices and other matters relating to the securities.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">There may be more than one financial intermediary in the chain of ownership for an investor. We do not monitor and are not responsible for the actions of any of those intermediaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0"><B>Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">In a few special situations described below, the global security will terminate and interests in it will be exchanged for physical certificates representing those interests. After that exchange, the choice of whether to hold securities directly or in street name will be up to the investor. Investors must consult their own banks or brokers to find out how to have their interests in securities transferred to their own name, so that they will be direct holders. We have described the rights of holders and street name investors above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, the global security will terminate when the following special situations occur:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if the depositary notifies us that it is unwilling, unable or no longer qualified to continue as depositary for that global security and we do not appoint another institution to act as depositary within 90 days;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if we notify any applicable trustee that we wish to terminate that global security; or</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if an event of default has occurred with regard to securities represented by that global security and has not been cured or waived.</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The applicable prospectus supplement may also list additional situations for terminating a global security that would apply only to the particular series of securities covered by the applicable prospectus supplement. When a global security terminates, the depositary, and not we or any applicable trustee, is responsible for deciding the names of the institutions that will be the initial direct holders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_011"></A>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may sell the securities from time to time pursuant to underwritten public offerings, direct sales to the public, negotiated transactions, block trades or a combination of these methods. We may sell the securities to or through underwriters or dealers, through agents, directly to one or more purchasers or through a combination of any of these methods. We may distribute securities from time to time in one or more transactions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">at negotiated prices.</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Each time we use this prospectus to sell our securities, we will also provide a prospectus supplement. A prospectus supplement or supplements (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) will describe the specific plan of distribution and terms of the offering of the securities, including, to the extent applicable:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the name or names of the underwriters, dealers or agents, if any, and the amounts of securities underwritten or purchased by each of them;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the purchase price of the securities or other consideration therefor, and the proceeds, if any, we will receive from the sale;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any over-allotment options under which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents&rsquo; or underwriters&rsquo; compensation;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any public offering price;</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers; and</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed.</TD> </TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Only underwriters, dealers or agents named in the prospectus supplement will be underwriters, dealers or agents of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account, and may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. We may offer the securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement, other than securities covered by any over-allotment option. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We may use underwriters with whom we have a material relationship. If so, we will name the underwriter and describe the nature of any such relationship in the prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities and we will describe any commissions we will pay the agent in the prospectus supplement. If we use agents, they may then resell the securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by such agents at the time of resale. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, our agent will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of its appointment. If we sell securities directly, then we may solicit offers to purchase the securities directly, and we may sell the securities directly to institutional or other investors, who may be deemed underwriters within the meaning of the Securities Act with respect to any resales of those securities. Unless otherwise indicated in a prospectus supplement, if we sell directly, no underwriters, dealers or agents would be involved. We will not make an offer of securities in any jurisdiction that does not permit such an offer. The terms of these sales will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. Such institutions could include banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies and educational and charitable institutions. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may provide agents and underwriters with indemnification against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to payments that the agents or underwriters may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents and underwriters may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">All securities we may offer, other than common stock, will be new issues of securities with no established trading market. Any underwriters may make a market in these securities, but will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. We cannot guarantee the liquidity of the trading markets for any securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We may grant underwriters who participate in the distribution of securities an option to purchase additional securities to cover overallotments, if any, in connection with the distribution. Any underwriter may engage in over-allotment, stabilizing transactions, short-covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act. Over-allotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum price. Syndicate-covering or other short-covering transactions involve purchases of the securities, either through exercise of the over-allotment option or in the open market after the distribution is completed, to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a stabilizing or covering transaction to cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Unless otherwise mandated by order or other action taken by the SEC, any underwriters or agents that are qualified market makers on the NYSE American may engage in passive market making transactions in the common stock on the NYSE American in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act, during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the common stock. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker&rsquo;s bid, however, the passive market maker&rsquo;s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded. Passive market making may stabilize the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">In compliance with guidelines of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, the aggregate maximum consideration, discount or agency fees or other items constituting underwriting compensation to be received by any FINRA member or independent broker dealer may not exceed 8% of the aggregate amount of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or pricing supplement, as the case may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_012"></A>LEGAL MATTERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Certain legal matters with respect to the validity of the issuance of the securities offered hereby will be passed upon by our counsel, Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP, unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement. If the securities are being distributed in an underwritten offering, the validity of the securities will be passed upon for the underwriters by counsel identified in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_013"></A>EXPERTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The consolidated financial statements of NovaBay appearing in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, and incorporated in this prospectus by reference, have been audited by WithumSmith+Brown, PC, an independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon, and incorporated herein by reference. Such consolidated financial statements are incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_014"></A>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statement, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, which are available at the SEC&rsquo;s website at http://www.sec.gov.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we have filed with the SEC under the Securities Act and therefore omits certain information contained in the registration statement. We have also filed exhibits and schedules with the registration statement that are excluded from this prospectus, and you should refer to the applicable exhibit or schedule for a complete description of any statement referring to any contract or other document. You may obtain a copy of the registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules, without charge, at www.sec.gov.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We also maintain a website at http://www.novabay.com, through which you can access our SEC filings free of charge. The information set forth on our website is not incorporated into or otherwise part of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="a_015"></A>INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The SEC allows us to &ldquo;incorporate by reference&rdquo; the information we file with the SEC. This permits us to disclose important information to you by referring to these filed documents. Any information referred to in this way is considered part of this prospectus. The information incorporated by reference is an important part of this prospectus, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. This prospectus omits certain information contained in the registration statement, as permitted by the SEC. You should refer to the registration statement, including the exhibits, for further information about us and the securities we may offer pursuant to this prospectus. Statements in this prospectus regarding the provisions of certain documents filed with, or incorporated by reference in, the registration statement are not necessarily complete and each statement is qualified in all respects by that reference. We incorporate by reference the following documents that have been filed with the SEC (other than information that has been &ldquo;furnished&rdquo; but not &ldquo;filed&rdquo; under the Exchange Act, including, but not limited to, information furnished under either Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of any Current Report on Form 8-K and corresponding information furnished under Item 9.01 as an exhibit thereto):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">our Annual Report on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774925010730/nby20241231_10k.htm">Form 10-K</A> for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on April&nbsp;2, 2025;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">our Current Reports on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774925000796/nby20250107_8k.htm">January&nbsp;10, 2025</A>; <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774925001566/nby20250120_8k.htm">January&nbsp;22, 2025</A>; <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774925001634/nby20250123_8k.htm">January&nbsp;23, 2025</A>; <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774925002747/nby20250203_8k.htm">February&nbsp;4, 2025</A>; <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774925007045/nby20250310_8k.htm">March&nbsp;11, 2025</A>; <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774925012710/nby20250421_8k.htm">April&nbsp;22, 2025</A>; <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000182912625006520/novabay_8k.htm">August&nbsp;19, 2025</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000182912625006735/novabay_8k.htm">August&nbsp;26, 2025</A>.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the description of our common stock provided in <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774925010730/ex_793560.htm">Exhibit 4.1</A> of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on April&nbsp;2, 2025.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Any information in any of the foregoing documents will automatically be deemed to be modified or superseded to the extent that information in this prospectus modifies or replaces such information. We also incorporate by reference any future filings (other than current reports furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and exhibits filed on such form that are related to such items) made with the SEC pursuant to Sections&nbsp;13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act prior to the termination of the offering of the securities made by this prospectus, including those made after the date of the initial filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and prior to effectiveness of such registration statement. Information in such future filings shall update and supplement the information provided in this prospectus as of the respective dates such information is filed. Any statements in any such future filings will automatically be deemed to modify and supersede any information in any document we previously filed with the SEC that is incorporated or deemed to be incorporated herein by reference to the extent that statements in the later filed document modify or replace such earlier statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">We will provide, upon written or oral request, without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a copy of this prospectus is delivered, a copy of any or all of the information incorporated herein by reference (exclusive of exhibits to such documents unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference herein). You may request in writing or orally a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following address:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0">NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0">2000 Powell Street, Suite 1550</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0">Emeryville, CA 94608</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0">(510) 899-8800</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0">Attn: Corporate Secretary</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B>PART II</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B>INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN THE PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <B>Item 14.</B> <B>Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following table sets forth an estimate of the fees and expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by us in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities being registered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 0.5pt solid">Amount</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0.5pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 88%; text-align: left">SEC registration fee</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 9%; text-align: right">30,620</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Accounting fees and expenses</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Legal fees and expenses</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Transfer agent, trustee and registrar fees and expenses</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Printing and miscellaneous fees and expenses</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">*</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; vertical-align: top">Total</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"> <B>*</B></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify">*</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The fees are calculated based on the securities offered and the number of issuances and cannot be estimated at this time.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <B>Item 15.</B> <B>Indemnification of Directors and Officers</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Registrant&rsquo;s amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the liability of the directors for monetary damages shall be eliminated to the fullest extent under applicable law. If the Delaware General Corporation Law is amended to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors, then the liability of a director of the Registrant shall be eliminated to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, as so amended. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, no director will be personally liable to the Registrant or the Registrant&rsquo;s stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability:</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">for any breach of the duty of loyalty to the Registrant or the Registrant&rsquo;s stockholders;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">for acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">for unlawful payment of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions under Section&nbsp;174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Registrant&rsquo;s amended and restated bylaws provide that:</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">the Registrant is required to indemnify the Registrant&rsquo;s directors and executive officers to the fullest extent not prohibited by Delaware law, subject to limited exceptions;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">the Registrant may indemnify the Registrant&rsquo;s other employees and agents as set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">the Registrant is required to advance expenses to the Registrant&rsquo;s directors and executive officers as incurred in connection with legal proceedings against them for which they may be indemnified, against an undertaking by the indemnified party to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined that the indemnified party is not entitled to indemnification; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 0.25in; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">the rights conferred in the amended and restated bylaws are not exclusive.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The information provided above is a summary of relevant provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and certain provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law. We urge you to read the full text of these documents, forms of which have been filed with the SEC, as well as the referenced provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law because they are the legal documents and provisions that will govern matters of indemnification with respect to our directors and officers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The Registrant has entered into indemnification agreements with each of the Registrant&rsquo;s directors and executive officers that require the Registrant to indemnify these persons all direct and indirect costs of any type or nature whatsoever, including attorney&rsquo;s fees, witness fees, and other out-of-pocket costs of whatever nature, incurred by the director or officer in any action or proceeding, whether actual, pending or threatened, subject to certain limitations, to which any of these people may be made a party by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or an executive officer of the Registrant or is or was serving or at any time serves at the request of the Registrant as a director, officer, employee or other agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">The Registrant has purchased insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director or officer of the Registrant against any loss arising from any claim asserted against him or her and incurred by him or her in any such capacity, subject to certain exclusions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <B>Item 16.</B> <B>Exhibits</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 9%; vertical-align: bottom">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>Exhibit Number</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 90%; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">1.1*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Form of Underwriting Agreement</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">3.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774918005177/ex_107885.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on March&nbsp;21, 2018 (SEC File No. 001-33678))</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">3.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774918011215/ex_115851.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 4, 2018 (SEC File No. 001-33678))</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">3.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774920011939/ex_188182.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on May 28, 2020 (SEC File No. 001-33678))</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">3.4</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; color: #0000EE"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774910002032/ex3-2.htm">Bylaws of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 29, 2010 (SEC File No. 001-33678))</A></P> </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">3.5</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774924018930/ex_681989.htm">Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (incorporated by reference to exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2024.</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">3.6</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000182912625006520/novabay_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series D Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 19, 2025)</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Reference is made to Exhibits <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774918005177/ex_107885.htm">3.1</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774918011215/ex_115851.htm">3.2</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774920011939/ex_188182.htm">3.3</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000119312507178794/dex41.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same description from the Registrant&rsquo;s amendment to the registration statement of Form S-1 filed with the SEC on August 10, 2007 (SEC File No. 333-140714))</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.3*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Specimen Preferred Stock Certificate and Form of Certificate of Designation of Preferred Stock</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1389545/000143774912003021/ex4-4.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Form of Debt Indenture (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form S-3, as filed with the SEC on March 29, 2012 (SEC File No. 333-180460))</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.5*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Form of Debt Securities</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.6*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Form of Common Stock Warrant Agreement and Warrant Certificate</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.7*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Form of Preferred Stock Warrant Agreement and Warrant Certificate</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.8*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Form of Debt Securities Warrant Agreement and Warrant Certificate</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.9*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Form of Unit Agreement and Unit Certificate</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">5.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="novabay_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">23.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="novabay_ex23-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Consent of WithumSmith+Brown, PC</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">23.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="novabay_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Consent of Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">24.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#poa">Power of Attorney (included on the signature page hereto)</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">25.1**</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">Statement of Eligibility of Trustee under the Debt Indenture</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">107</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="novabay_ex107.htm">Filing Fee Table (filed herewith)</A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="width: 25%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify">*</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">To be filed, if necessary, subsequent to the effectiveness of this registration statement by an amendment to this registration statement or incorporated by reference pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K in connection with an offering of securities.</TD> </TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify">**</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">To be filed separately pursuant to Section&nbsp;305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <B>Item 17.</B> <B>Undertakings</B></P>

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<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">(a)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.75in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(1)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being
made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 1in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 0.35in">(i)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">To include any prospectus required by Section&nbsp;10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">(ii)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the &ldquo;Calculation of Registration Fee&rdquo; table in the effective registration statement;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">(iii)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top">To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><I>provided, however, </I>that paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii) of this section do not apply if the registration statement is on Form S-3 and the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to Section&nbsp;13 or Section&nbsp;15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in this registration statement or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b) that is part of this registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.75in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify">(2)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial <I>bona fide </I>offering thereof.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.75in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify">(3)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.75in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify">(4)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 1in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: justify">(i)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 1in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: justify">(ii)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule&nbsp;430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section&nbsp;10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule&nbsp;430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial <I>bona fide</I> offering thereof. <I>Provided, however</I>, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.75in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify">(5)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 1in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: justify">(i)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 1in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: justify">(ii)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 1in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: justify">(iii)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 1in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; text-align: justify">(iv)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">(b)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to section&nbsp;13(a) or section&nbsp;15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to section&nbsp;15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial <I>bona fide</I> offering thereof.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">(h)(3)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"> Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">(j)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to file an application for the purpose of determining the eligibility of the trustee to act under subsection (a) of Section&nbsp;310 of the Trust Indenture Act (&ldquo;Act&rdquo;) in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Commission under section&nbsp;305(b)(2) of the Act.</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><B><A NAME="poa"></A>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and
has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Emeryville,
State of California, on October 3, 2025.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.1in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 50%"><B>NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</B></TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">/s/ David E. Lazar</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">David E. Lazar</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; vertical-align: top">Chief Executive Officer </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS that each of the undersigned officers and directors does hereby constitute and appoint David E. Lazar and Justin M. Hall, and each of them, or their substitute or substitutes, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power and authority to do any and all acts and things and to execute and file or cause to be filed any and all instruments, documents or exhibits which said attorneys and agents, or any one of them, determine may be necessary or advisable or required to enable said corporation to comply with the Securities Act and any rules or regulations or requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with this registration statement. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing power and authority, the powers granted include the power and authority to sign the names of the undersigned officers and directors in the capacities indicated below to this registration statement, to any and all amendments, both pre-effective and post-effective, and supplements to this registration statement and to any and all instruments, documents or exhibits filed as part of or in conjunction with this registration statement or amendments or supplements thereof, and to any additional registration statement to be filed under SEC Rule&nbsp;462(b), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all documents in connection therewith, with the powers of substitution and revocation, and each of the undersigned hereby ratifies and confirms all that said attorneys and agents, or any one of them, or their substitute or substitutes, shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. In witness whereof, each of the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney as of the dates indicated below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 40%; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><B>Signature</B> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 40%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><B>Title</B> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 16%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><B>Date</B> </TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom">/s/ David E. Lazar</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">Chief Executive Officer</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">October&nbsp;3, 2025</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">David E. Lazar</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><I>(principal executive officer)</I> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom">/s/ Tommy Law</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"> Chief Financial Officer</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">October&nbsp;3, 2025</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">Tommy Law</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin: 0"><I>(principal financial officer)</I></P> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom">/s/ Paul E. Freiman</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">Chairman</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">October&nbsp;3, 2025</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">Paul E. Freiman</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom">/s/ Julie Garlikov</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">Director</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">October&nbsp;3, 2025</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">Julie Garlikov</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom">/s/ Swan Sit</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">Director</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">October&nbsp;3, 2025</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">Swan Sit</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom">/s/ Mijia (Bob) Wu</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">Director</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">October&nbsp;3, 2025</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">Mijia (Bob) Wu</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom">/s/ Yenyou (Jeff) Zheng</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">Director</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">October&nbsp;3, 2025</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">Yenyou (Jeff) Zheng</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 40%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom">/s/ Justin M. Hall, Esq,</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 40%; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">Director</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 16%; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">October&nbsp;3, 2025</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">Justin M. Hall, Esq.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>novabay_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
5.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red"><B><IMG SRC="ex5-1_001.jpg" ALT=""></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
3, 2025</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">NovaBay
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2000
Powell Street, Suite 1150</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emeryville,
CA 94608</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Re:
Registration Statement on Form S-3</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 24.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ladies
and Gentlemen:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have acted as counsel to NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), in connection with the registration,
pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-3 (the &ldquo;Registration Statement&rdquo;), filed by the Company with the Securities
and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;Commission&rdquo;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Act&rdquo;), relating
to the offering and sale from time to time, as set forth in the Registration Statement, the form of prospectus contained therein (the
&ldquo;Prospectus&rdquo;), and one or more supplements to the Prospectus (each, a &ldquo;Prospectus Supplement&rdquo;), by the Company
of up to an aggregate of $200,000,000 of securities of the Company consisting of (a) shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share
(&ldquo;Common Stock&rdquo;), (b) shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share (&ldquo;Preferred Stock&rdquo;), (c) debt securities
of the Company, which may be senior or subordinated, convertible or non-convertible, secured or unsecured (the &ldquo;Debt Securities&rdquo;),
(d) warrants to purchase one or more of the Securities (as hereinafter defined) (the &ldquo;Warrants&rdquo;), and (e) units consisting
of any combination of the foregoing securities (the &ldquo;Units&rdquo;). The Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Debt Securities, Warrants
and Units, and any securities issuable upon the conversion, exchange or exercise of such securities, are collectively referred to herein
as the &ldquo;Securities&rdquo;.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
advise you that we have examined executed originals or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction of the following
documents: (i) the Registration Statement; (ii) the prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement; (iii) resolutions adopted
by the Company&rsquo;s board of directors (the &ldquo;Board of Directors&rdquo;) relating to the registration of the Securities and related
matters, (iv) the Company&rsquo;s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended to date (the &ldquo;Certificate of Incorporation&rdquo;);
and (v) the Company&rsquo;s Bylaws, as amended to date (the &ldquo;Bylaws&rdquo;, and together with the Certificate of Incorporation,
the &ldquo;Constituent Documents&rdquo;). In addition, we have examined and relied upon such corporate records and other documents, instruments
and certificates of officers and representatives of the Company and of public officials, and we have made such examination of law, as
we have deemed necessary or appropriate for purposes of the opinion expressed below.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have assumed for purposes of rendering the opinions set forth herein, without any verification by us, the genuineness of all signatures,
the legal capacity of all natural persons to execute and deliver documents, the authenticity and completeness of documents submitted
to us as originals and the completeness and conformity with authentic original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies,
that all documents, books and records made available to us by the Company are accurate and complete.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1185
AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS | 31ST FLOOR | NEW YORK, NY | 10036</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">T
(212) 930-9700 | F (212) 930-9725 | WWW.SRFC.LAW</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
purposes of this opinion letter, we have also assumed that: (a) the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto (including post-effective
amendments) shall have become and remain effective under the Act, no stop order with respect thereto shall have been issued, a prospectus
supplement shall have been prepared and filed with the Commission describing the Securities offered thereby and such Securities shall
have been issued and sold in accordance with the terms set forth in such prospectus supplement; (b) any securities issuable upon conversion,
exercise or exchange of any Securities being offered shall have been duly authorized by corporate action and, if appropriate, reserved
for issuance upon such conversion, exercise or exchange; (c) at the time of any offering or sale of any shares of Common Stock, Preferred
Stock or Securities exercisable, convertible or exchangeable into Common Stock or Preferred Stock, there shall be a sufficient number
of shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock, as applicable, authorized and unissued under the Certificate of Incorporation then in effect
and not otherwise reserved for issuance; (d) at the time of issuance of the Securities, the Company shall validly exist and shall be
in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and shall have the necessary corporate power for such issuance; (e) any definitive
purchase, at-the-market offering, underwriting or similar agreement with respect to any Securities, if applicable, and any applicable
indenture, warrant agreement or unit agreement relating to Debt Securities, Warrants or Units, as the case may be, shall constitute legally
valid and binding obligations of the parties thereto, enforceable against each of them in accordance with their respective terms, at
the time of issuance of the applicable Securities; (f) certificates representing the shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock, as the
case may be, or any Debt Securities, Warrants or Units shall have been duly executed, countersigned, registered and delivered, or if
uncertificated, valid book-entry notations shall have been made in the share or other register of the Company, in each case in accordance
with the Constituent Documents and in the manner contemplated by the Registration Statement and/or the applicable prospectus supplement,
either (x) against payment therefor in an amount not less than the par value thereof, in the case of Common Stock or Preferred Stock,
or such other consideration determined by the board of directors, or an authorized committee thereof, as permitted under the General
Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the &ldquo;DGCL&rdquo;), in accordance with the provisions of any applicable definitive purchase
agreement, at-the-market offering agreement, underwriting agreement, indenture, warrant agreement, unit agreement or similar agreement,
if any, approved by the Company or (y) upon conversion, exercise or exchange of any other Security in accordance with the terms of such
Security or the instrument governing such Security as approved by the Company, for the consideration approved by the Company (in the
case of Common Stock or Preferred Stock in an amount not less than the par value thereof, or such other consideration determined by the
board of directors, or an authorized committee thereof, as permitted under the DGCL); (g) the Constituent Documents shall be in full
force and effect and shall not have been amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise altered, and there shall be no authorization of
any such amendment, restatement, supplement or alteration, in each case since the date hereof, other than in connection with the authorization
and issuance of Securities; and (h) any trustee under an applicable indenture has satisfied all regulatory and legal requirements applicable
to its activities.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
purposes of this opinion letter, we refer to the following as the &ldquo;Future Authorization and Issuance&rdquo; of Securities:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)
with respect to any of the Securities, (i) the authorization by the Company of the terms, offering and issuance of such Securities (the
&ldquo;Authorization&rdquo;) and (ii) the issuance of such Securities in accordance with the Authorization therefor upon the receipt
by the Company of the consideration to be paid therefor in accordance with the Authorization;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)
with respect to Preferred Stock, (i) the establishment of the terms of such Preferred Stock by the Company in conformity with the Certificate
of Incorporation and applicable law and (ii) the proper execution, acknowledgement and filing with the Delaware Secretary of State, and
the effectiveness of, a certificate of designations to the Certificate of Incorporation setting forth the terms of such Preferred Stock
in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable law;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)
With respect to the Debt Securities, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable indenture and the due authorization,
execution, authentication and delivery of such Debt Securities in accordance with such indenture and any applicable definitive agreement,
and upon receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Debt Securities will constitute valid and binding obligations of
the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)
with respect to Warrants, (i) the due authorization, valid execution and delivery by the Company and the other parties thereto of any
agreement under which the Warrants are to be issued (each, a &ldquo;Warrant Agreement&rdquo;) and (ii) the establishment of the terms
of the Warrants, and the execution and delivery of the Warrants, in conformity with the Warrant Agreement and applicable law; and</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(e)
With respect to the Units, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable unit agreement, if any, and the due authorization,
issuance and delivery of such Units in accordance with such unit agreement and any applicable definitive agreement, and upon receipt
by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Units will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against
the Company in accordance with their terms.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1185
Avenue of the Americas | 31<SUP>st</SUP> Floor | New York, NY | 10036</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">T
(212) 930 9700 | F (212) 930 9725 | WWW.SRFC.LAW</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
upon the foregoing and subject to the qualifications, assumptions and limitations contained herein, we are of the opinion that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.
With respect to the Common Stock, including those shares that are duly issued upon conversion, exchange or exercise of any Preferred
Stock, Debt Securities, Warrants or Units, upon the authorization and issuance of such shares of Common Stock, such shares of Common
Stock will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.
With respect to one or more series of the Preferred Stock, including those duly issued upon conversion, exchange or exercise of any Debt
Securities, Warrants or Units, upon the authorization and issuance of such shares of Preferred Stock, such shares of Preferred Stock
will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.
With respect to the Debt Securities, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable indenture and the due authorization,
execution, authentication and delivery of such Debt Securities in accordance with such indenture and any applicable definitive agreement,
and upon receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Debt Securities will constitute valid and binding obligations of
the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms..</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.
With respect to the Warrants, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable warrant agreement and the due authorization,
countersignature, issuance and delivery of such Warrants in accordance with such warrant agreement and any applicable definitive agreement,
and upon receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Warrants will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company,
enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.
With respect to the Units, upon the due authorization, execution and delivery of the applicable unit agreement, if any, and the due authorization,
issuance and delivery of such Units in accordance with such unit agreement and any applicable definitive agreement, and upon receipt
by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Units will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against
the Company in accordance with their terms.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
opinions set forth above are subject to the following exceptions, limitations and qualifications:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
express no opinion as to: (a) the effect of bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, fraudulent transfer, moratorium or other similar
laws now or hereafter in effect relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of creditors; (b) the effect of general principles of
equity, including without limitation, concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing and the possible unavailability
of specific performance or injunctive relief, regardless of whether enforcement is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law, and
the discretion of the court before which any proceeding may be brought; (c) the unenforceability under certain circumstances under law
or court decisions of provisions providing for the indemnification of, or contribution to, a party with respect to a liability where
such indemnification or contribution is contrary to public policy; (d) the rights or remedies available to any party for violations or
breaches of any provisions of the Debt Securities, Warrants or Units that are immaterial or the enforcement of which would be unreasonable
under the then-existing circumstances; (e) the rights or remedies available to any party for material violations or breaches that are
the proximate result of actions taken by any party to the Debt Securities, Warrants or Units, other than the party against whom enforcement
is sought, which actions such other party is not entitled to take pursuant to the Debt Securities, Warrants or Units, or that otherwise
violate applicable laws; (f) the rights or remedies available to any party that takes discretionary action that is arbitrary, unreasonable
or capricious, or is not taken in good faith or in a commercially reasonable manner, whether or not the Debt Securities, Warrants or
Units permit such action; or (g) the effect of the exercise of judicial discretion, whether in a proceeding in equity or at law.&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1185
Avenue of the Americas | 31<SUP>st</SUP> Floor | New York, NY | 10036</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">T
(212) 930 9700 | F (212) 930 9725 | WWW.SRFC.LAW</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
aforesaid opinions as to enforceability of the Debt Securities, Warrants and Units are subject to the qualification that certain provisions
of the Debt Securities, Warrants and Units, as applicable, may not be enforceable, but (subject to the limitations set forth in clauses
(a) through (g) of the immediately preceding paragraph) such unenforceability will not render the Debt Securities, Warrants and Units,
as applicable, invalid as a whole or substantially interfere with realization of the principal benefits and/or security provided thereby.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
opinion is being furnished at the request of the Company and in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K
promulgated under the Act in connection with the offer and resale of the Securities and is not to be used, quoted or otherwise referred
to for any other purpose without our prior written consent. This opinion does not constitute such prior written consent.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are members of the Bar of the State of New York. We express no opinion as to the effect of any laws other than the laws of the State
of New York, the DGCL and the Federal laws of the United States of America, each as in effect on the date hereof.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
opinion speaks only at and as of its date and is based solely on the facts and circumstances known to us at and as of such date. We assume
no obligation to revise or supplement this opinion to reflect any facts or circumstances that may hereafter come to our attention or
any changes in fact or law that may hereafter occur.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the reference made to our firm under
the caption &ldquo;Legal Matters&rdquo; in the prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement. In giving such consent, we do
not thereby concede that our firm is within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or
the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt 0pt 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-top: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-indent: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-indent: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Sichenzia
    Ross Ference Carmel LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1185
Avenue of the Americas | 31<SUP>st</SUP> Floor | New York, NY | 10036</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">T
(212) 930 9700 | F (212) 930 9725 | WWW.SRFC.LAW</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>novabay_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
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<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
23.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>CONSENT
OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Prospectus constituting a part of this Registration Statement on Form S-3 of
our report dated April 2, 2025, relating to the consolidated financial statements of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which appears in
its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
also consent to the reference to our firm under the heading &ldquo;Experts&rdquo; in the Prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/
WithumSmith+Brown</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New
York, New York</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
3, 2025</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

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<p style="margin: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Calculation
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.05pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 14pt"><b>FORM
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">Fees
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">Total
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<div id="xdx_981_effd--OfferingNote_c20251003__20251003__ffd--OfferingAxis__1_ziMCf29hgKp8">

<div id="xdx_98F_effd--OfferingNote_c20251003__20251003__ffd--OfferingAxis__2_zs4HrCH5dBFj">

<div id="xdx_985_effd--OfferingNote_c20251003__20251003__ffd--OfferingAxis__3_z9LxVH73m2Ie">

<div id="xdx_98B_effd--OfferingNote_c20251003__20251003__ffd--OfferingAxis__4_zJtourw5enU">

<div id="xdx_980_effd--OfferingNote_c20251003__20251003__ffd--OfferingAxis__5_zEAQRF0YZ0Hk">

<div id="xdx_987_effd--OfferingNote_c20251003__20251003__ffd--OfferingAxis__6_zTHJh79r9aYj"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-10-032025-10-03_1" escape="true" id="Fact000057" name="ffd:OfferingNote"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-10-032025-10-03_2" escape="true" id="Fact000058" name="ffd:OfferingNote"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-10-032025-10-03_3" escape="true" id="Fact000059" name="ffd:OfferingNote"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-10-032025-10-03_4" escape="true" id="Fact000060" name="ffd:OfferingNote"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-10-032025-10-03_5" escape="true" id="Fact000061" name="ffd:OfferingNote"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-10-032025-10-03_6" escape="true" id="Fact000062" name="ffd:OfferingNote">

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Submission<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Oct. 03, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems', window );"><strong>Submission [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001389545<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FormTp', window );">Form Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-3<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissnTp', window );">Submission Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-3<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp', window );">Fee Exhibit Type</a></td>
<td class="text">EX-FILING FEES<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OffsetTableNa', window );">Offset Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa', window );">Combined Prospectus Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
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</tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeExhibitTp</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FormTp</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OffsetTableNa</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissionLineItems</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissnTp">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissnTp</td>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
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<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Offerings<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Oct. 03, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($) </div>
<div>shares</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=1', window );">Offering: 1</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg', window );">Fee Previously Paid</a></td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg', window );">Other Rule</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Equity<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeAmt', window );">Amount of Registration Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ (0)<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text">

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In accordance
with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security.
These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=2', window );">Offering: 2</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg', window );">Fee Previously Paid</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Equity<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Preferred Stock<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">1<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeAmt', window );">Amount of Registration Fee</a></td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text">

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In accordance
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These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=3', window );">Offering: 3</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg', window );">Fee Previously Paid</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg', window );">Other Rule</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Debt<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Debt Securities<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeAmt', window );">Amount of Registration Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ (0)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text">

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In accordance
with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security.
These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=4', window );">Offering: 4</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg', window );">Fee Previously Paid</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg', window );">Other Rule</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Other<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Warrants<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeAmt', window );">Amount of Registration Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ (0)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text">

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In accordance
with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security.
These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=5', window );">Offering: 5</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg', window );">Fee Previously Paid</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg', window );">Other Rule</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Other<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Units<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeAmt', window );">Amount of Registration Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ (0)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text">

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In accordance
with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security.
These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=6', window );">Offering: 6</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg', window );">Fee Previously Paid</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg', window );">Other Rule</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Other<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">All of the Above<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric', window );">Maximum Aggregate Offering Price</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 200,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeAmt', window );">Amount of Registration Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 30,620<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text">

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In accordance
with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security.
These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of securities being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_AmtSctiesRegd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total amount of registration fee (amount due after offsets).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Checkbox indicating whether filer is using a rule other than 457(a), 457(o), or 457(f) to calculate the registration fee due.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum aggregate offering price for the offering that is being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingNote">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingNote</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The title of the class of securities being registered (for each class being registered).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTitl</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Type of securities: "Asset-backed Securities", "ADRs/ADSs", "Debt", "Debt Convertible into Equity", "Equity", "Face Amount Certificates", "Limited Partnership Interests", "Mortgage Backed Securities", "Non-Convertible Debt", "Unallocated (Universal) Shelf", "Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities", "Other"</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingTable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingTable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_PrevslyPdFlg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=3">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=4">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=5">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=6">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>R3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fees Summary<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Oct. 03, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems', window );"><strong>Fees Summary [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOfferingAmt', window );">Total Offering</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 200,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt', window );">Previously Paid Amount</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt', window );">Total Fee Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">30,620<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOffsetAmt', window );">Total Offset Amount</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt', window );">Net Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 30,620<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_NetFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlOfferingAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlOfferingAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlOffsetAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlOffsetAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>11
<FILENAME>Show.js
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security.
These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

</ffd:OfferingNote>
    <ffd:OfferingNote contextRef="From2025-10-032025-10-03_4" id="Fact000060">

&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;In accordance
with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security.
These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

</ffd:OfferingNote>
    <ffd:OfferingNote contextRef="From2025-10-032025-10-03_5" id="Fact000061">

&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;In accordance
with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security.
These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

</ffd:OfferingNote>
    <ffd:OfferingNote contextRef="From2025-10-032025-10-03_6" id="Fact000062">

&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;In accordance
with Rule 457(o), the table omits the amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price per unit for each class of security.
These will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance of the securities registered hereunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Represents
the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of securities that may be sold under this registration statement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

</ffd:OfferingNote>
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