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LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

NOTE 5 – LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The fundamental lending business of the Company is based on understanding, measuring, and controlling the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company's loan portfolio is subject to varying degrees of credit risk.

These risks entail both general risks, which are inherent in the lending process, and risks specific to individual borrowers. The Company's credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry, or collateral type.

The Company currently manages its credit products and the respective exposure to credit losses by specific portfolio segments and classes, which are levels at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses. The Company believes each portfolio segment has unique risk characteristics. The Company's loans held for investment is divided into three portfolio segments: loans secured by real estate, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans. Each of these segments is further divided into loan classes for the purpose of estimating the allowance for credit losses.

The following table is a summary of loans receivable by loan portfolio segment and class.


	September 30,			December 31,
	2025			2024
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		%	Amount		%
Loans Secured by Real Estate
Construction and land	$	4,480	2	$	8,882	4
Farmland		308	—		315	—
Single-family residential		103,440	48		98,993	49
Multi-family		4,909	2		5,022	2
Commercial		46,954	22		48,726	24
Total loans secured by real estate		160,091			161,938
Commercial and Industrial
Commercial and industrial		25,679	12		16,705	8
SBA guaranty		5,462	3		5,691	3
Total commercial and industrial loans		31,141			22,396
Consumer Loans
Consumer credit cards		31	—		—
Consumer		2,571	1		2,880	1
Automobile		21,486	10		18,005	9
Total consumer loans		24,088			20,885

Loans, net of deferred fees and costs		215,320	100		205,219	100
Less: Allowance for credit losses		(2,568)			(2,839)
Loans, net	$	212,752		$	202,380

Credit Risk and Allowance for Credit Losses. Credit risk is the risk of loss arising from the inability of a borrower to meet his or her obligations and entails both general risks, which are inherent in the process of lending, and risks specific to individual borrowers. Credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry, or collateral type. Residential mortgage and home equity loans and lines generally have the lowest credit loss experience. Loans secured by personal property, such as auto loans, generally experience medium credit losses. Unsecured loan products, such as personal revolving credit, have the highest credit loss experience and for that reason, the Bank has chosen not to engage in a significant amount of this type of lending. Credit risk in commercial lending can vary significantly, as losses as a percentage of outstanding loans can shift widely during economic cycles and are particularly sensitive to changing economic conditions. Generally, improving economic conditions result in improved operating results on the part of commercial customers, enhancing their ability to meet their particular debt service requirements. Improvements, if any, in operating cash flows can be offset by the impact of rising interest rates that may occur during improved economic times. Inconsistent economic conditions may have an adverse effect on the operating results of commercial customers, reducing their ability to meet debt service obligations.

The Company applies ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (“ASC 326”) for estimating credit losses. The CECL model requires the immediate recognition of expected credit losses over the contractual term for financial instruments that fall within the scope of CECL at the date of origination or purchase of the financial instrument. The CECL model, which is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures, affects the Company’s estimates of the allowance for credit losses for our loan portfolio and the reserve for our off-balance sheet credit exposures related to loan commitments. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for credit losses charged to expense. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. The allowance, based on all available information from internal and external sources, relevant to assessing the collectability of loans over their contractual terms, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate, is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb possible losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. The evaluations are performed for each class of loans and take into consideration factors such as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, review of specific problem loans, value of collateral securing the loans and current economic conditions and trends that may affect the borrowers’ ability to pay. For example, delinquencies in unsecured loans and indirect automobile installment loans may be reserved for at higher ratios than loans secured by real estate. Finally, the Company considers forecasts about future economic conditions or changes in collateral values that are reasonable and supportable. Based on that analysis, the Bank deems its allowance for credit losses in proportion to the total impaired loans and past due loans to be sufficient.

Transactions in the allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows:


	Loans Secured By Real Estate										Commercial and Industrial Loans				Consumer Loans
September 30, 2025	Construction				Single-family						Commercial					Consumer
(dollars in thousands)	and Land		Farmland		Residential		Multi-family		Commercial		and Industrial		SBA Guaranty		& Credit Cards		Automobile		Total

Balance, beginning of year	$	40	$	16	$	1,529	$	224	$	507	$	272	$	38	$	45	$	168	$	2,839
Charge-offs		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(23)		(249)		(272)
Recoveries		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		129		129
(Release) provision for credit losses		(17)		(5)		(121)		(163)		(180)		198		(8)		14		154		(128)

Balance, end of quarter	$	23	$	11	$	1,408	$	61	$	327	$	470	$	30	$	36	$	202	$	2,568

Individually evaluated for impairment:
Balance in allowance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Related loan balance		—		—		979		—		841		—		454		—		203		2,477

Collectively evaluated for impairment:
Balance in allowance	$	23	$	11	$	1,408	$	61	$	327	$	470	$	30	$	36	$	202	$	2,568
Related loan balance		4,480		308		102,461		4,909		46,113		25,679		5,008		2,602		21,283		212,843


	Loans Secured By Real Estate										Commercial and Industrial Loans				Consumer Loans
December 31, 2024	Construction				Single-family						Commercial
(dollars in thousands)	and Land		Farmland		Residential		Multi-family		Commercial		and Industrial		SBA Guaranty		Consumer		Automobile		Total

Balance, beginning of year	$	31	$	18	$	1,290	$	96	$	190	$	304	$	21	$	30	$	177	$	2,157
Charge-offs		—		—		—		—		—		—		(299)		(18)		(67)		(384)
Recoveries		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		133		89		222
Provision (release) for credit losses		9		(2)		239		128		317		(32)		316		(100)		(31)		844

Balance, end of the year	$	40	$	16	$	1,529	$	224	$	507	$	272	$	38	$	45	$	168	$	2,839

Individually evaluated for impairment:
Balance in allowance	$	—	$	—	$	18	$	—	$	—	$	121	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	139
Related loan balance		—		—		26		—		—		773		—		—		—		799

Collectively evaluated for impairment:
Balance in allowance	$	40	$	16	$	1,511	$	224	$	507	$	151	$	38	$	45	$	168	$	2,700
Related loan balance		8,882		315		98,967		5,022		48,726		15,932		5,691		2,880		18,005		204,420


	September 30,			September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2025			2024
Average loans	$	210,361		$	188,627
Net charge offs to average loans (annualized)		0.05	%		0.13	%

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, loans to 15 borrowers and related entities totaling approximately $272,000 were determined to be uncollectible and were charged off.

The following table provides current period gross charge-offs by the year of origination for each period shown:


	Gross Charge-offs
September 30, 2025		Term Loans by Origination Year
(dollars in thousands)														Revolving
	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Loans		Total
Consumer Loans
Consumer	$	—	$	23	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	23
Automobile		—		135		—		24		22		68		—		249
Total Consumer		—		158		—		24		22		68		—		272

Total gross charge-offs this period	$	—	$	158	$	—	$	24	$	22	$	68	$	—	$	272


	Gross Charge-offs
December 31, 2024		Term Loans by Origination Year
(dollars in thousands)														Revolving
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Loans		Total
Commercial and Industrial Loans
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	299	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	299

Consumer Loans
Consumer	$	—	$	—	$	13	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	—	$	18
Automobile		—		—		—		—		51		16		—		67
Total Consumer		—		—		13		—		51		21		—		85

Total gross charge-offs this period	$	—	$	—	$	13	$	299	$	51	$	21	$	—	$	384

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments. Loan commitments and unused lines of credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. The Bank generally requires collateral to support financial instruments with credit risk on the same basis as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

The collateral requirement is based on management's credit evaluation of the counter-party. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer's creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers.

As of September 30, 2025, the Bank had outstanding commitments totaling $37.5 million, or $5.9 million more than the $31.6 million outstanding one year ago. The reserve for unfunded commitments represents the expected lifetime credit losses on off-balance sheet obligations such as commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. However, a liability is not recognized for commitments that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is determined by estimating future draws, including the effects of risk mitigation actions, and applying the expected loss rates on those draws. Loss rates are estimated by utilizing the same loss rates calculated for the allowance for credit losses related to the respective loan portfolio class. The decrease for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024, primarily reflects changes in the data, assumptions and processes between periods.

The following table shows the Bank’s reserve for unfunded commitments arising from these transactions:


	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2025		2024
Beginning balance	$	584	$	473
Reduction of unfunded reserve		(369)		(157)
Provisions charged to operations		—		281

Ending balance	$	215	$	597

Contractual Obligations and Commitments. No material changes, outside the normal course of business, have been made during the first nine months of 2025.

Asset Quality. The following tables set forth the amount of the Bank’s current, past due, and non-accrual loans by categories of loans and restructured loans, at the dates indicated.


At September 30, 2025					90 Days or
(dollars in thousands)			30-89 Days		More and
	Current		Past Due		Still Accruing		Nonaccrual		Total
Loans Secured by Real Estate
Construction and land	$	4,480	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,480
Farmland		308		—		—		—		308
Single-family residential		102,499		51		—		890		103,440
Multi-family		4,909		—		—		—		4,909
Commercial		46,812		31		—		111		46,954
Total loans secured by real estate		159,008		82		—		1,001		160,091
Commercial and Industrial
Commercial and industrial		25,679		—		—		—		25,679
SBA guaranty		5,462		—		—		—		5,462
Total commercial and industrial loans		31,141		—		—		—		31,141
Consumer Loans
Consumer		2,532		39		—		—		2,571
Automobile		20,777		509		—		200		21,486
Total consumer loans		23,340		548		—		200		24,088

	$	213,489	$	630	$	—	$	1,201	$	215,320


At December 31, 2024					90 Days or
(dollars in thousands)			30-89 Days		More and
	Current		Past Due		Still Accruing		Nonaccrual		Total
Loans Secured by Real Estate
Construction and land	$	8,882	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8,882
Farmland		315		—		—		—		315
Single-family residential		97,742		1,102		—		149		98,993
Multi-family		5,022		—		—		—		5,022
Commercial		48,602		—		—		124		48,726
Total loans secured by real estate		160,563		1,102		—		273		161,938
Commercial and Industrial
Commercial and industrial		16,233		472		—		—		16,705
SBA guaranty		5,691		—		—		—		5,691
Total commercial and industrial loans		21,924		472		—		—		22,396
Consumer Loans
Consumer		2,879		1		—		—		2,880
Automobile		17,613		305		—		87		18,005
Total consumer loans		20,492		306		—		87		20,885

	$	202,979	$	1,880	$	—	$	360	$	205,219

The balances in the above tables have not been reduced by the allowance for credit losses. For the period ended September 30, 2025, the allowance for credit loss is $2.6 million. For the period ended December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit loss was $2.8 million.

There were no non-accrual loans with specific reserves at September 30, 2025.

Below is a summary of the recorded investment amount and related allowance for losses of the Bank’s impaired loans at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.


September 30, 2025			Unpaid		Interest				Average
(dollars in thousands)	Recorded		Principal		Income		Specific		Recorded
	Investment		Balance		Recognized		Reserve		Investment
Impaired loans with specific reserves:
Loans Secured by Real Estate
Construction and land	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Farmland		—		—		—		—		—
Single-family residential		—		—		—		—		—
Multi-family		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans secured by real estate		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and Industrial
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—		—
SBA guaranty		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial and industrial loans		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer Loans
Consumer		—		—		—		—		—
Automobile		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer loans		—		—		—		—		—
Total impaired loans with specific reserves	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Impaired loans with no specific reserve:
Loans Secured by Real Estate
Construction and land	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	n/a	$	—
Farmland		—		—		—		n/a		—
Single-family residential		979		979		8		n/a		1,139
Multi-family		—		—		—		n/a		—
Commercial		841		841		43		n/a		881
Total loans secured by real estate		1,820		1,820		51		—		2,020
Commercial and Industrial
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		n/a		—
SBA guaranty		454		454		33		n/a		462
Total commercial and industrial loans		454		454		33		—		462
Consumer Loans
Consumer and credit card		—		—		—		n/a		—
Automobile		203		203		14		n/a		340
Total consumer loans		203		203		14		n/a		340
Total impaired loans with no specific reserve	$	2,477	$	2,477	$	98	$	—	$	2,822


December 31, 2024			Unpaid		Interest				Average
(dollars in thousands)	Recorded		Principal		Income		Specific		Recorded
	Investment		Balance		Recognized		Reserve		Investment
Impaired loans with specific reserves:
Loans Secured by Real Estate
Construction and land	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Farmland		—		—		—		—		—
Single-family residential		8		26		4		18		48
Multi-family		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial		652		773		—		121		2,270
Total loans secured by real estate		660		799		4		139		2,318
Commercial and Industrial
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—		—
SBA guaranty		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial and industrial loans		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer Loans
Consumer		—		—		—		—		—
Automobile		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer loans		—		—		—		—		—
Total impaired loans with specific reserves	$	660	$	799	$	4	$	139	$	2,318

Impaired loans with no specific reserve:
Loans Secured by Real Estate
Construction and land	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	n/a	$	—
Farmland		—		—		—		n/a		—
Single-family residential		123		123		12		n/a		91
Multi-family		—		—		—		n/a		—
Commercial		125		125		8		n/a		138
Total loans secured by real estate		248		248		20		—		229
Commercial and Industrial
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		n/a		—
SBA guaranty		—		—		—		n/a		—
Total commercial and industrial loans		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer Loans
Consumer		—		—		—		n/a		—
Automobile		86		86		6		n/a		102
Total consumer loans		86		86		6		—		102
Total impaired loans with no specific reserve	$	334	$	334	$	26	$	—	$	331


	September 30,			December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2025			2024

Restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty	$	114		$	26
Non-accrual and 90+ days past due and still accruing loans to average loans		0.56	%		0.19	%
Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual & 90+ days past due and still accruing loans		213.9	%		789.1	%

At September 30, 2025, there were two restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty consisting of one single-family residential loan in the amount of $23,000 that is in nonaccrual status and one commercial real estate loan in the amount of $91,000 that is still performing in accordance with revised terms.

The following table shows the activity for non-accrual loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.


					Commercial and
	Loans Secured By Real Estate				Industrial Loans					Consumer Loans
	Single-family				Commercial
(dollars in thousands)	Residential		Commercial		and Industrial		SBA Guaranty		Consumer		Automobile		Total

December 31, 2023	$	145	$	—	$	299	$	—	$	—	$	83	$	527
Transfers into nonaccrual		—		141		—		—		—		50		191
Loans paid down/payoffs		(44)		(12)		—		—		—		(30)		(86)
Loans returned to accrual status		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loans charged off		—		—		(299)		—		—		(40)		(339)

September 30, 2024	$	101	$	129	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	63	$	293


December 31, 2024	$	149	$	124	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	87	$	360
Transfers into nonaccrual		770		—		—		—		—		255		1,025
Loans paid down/payoffs		(8)		(13)		—		—		—		(26)		(47)
Loans returned to accrual status		(21)		—		—		—		—		(1)		(22)
Loans charged off		—		—		—		—		—		(115)		(115)

September 30, 2025	$	890	$	111	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	200	$	1,201

Other Real Estate Owned. The Company had no real estate acquired in partial or total satisfaction of debt as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. All such properties are initially recorded at a lower of cost or fair value (net realizable value) at the date acquired and carried on the balance sheet as other real estate owned. Losses arising at the date of acquisition are charged against the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent write-downs that may be required and the expense of operation are included in noninterest expense. Gains and losses realized from the sale of other real estate owned were included in noninterest income.

Credit Quality Information

In addition to monitoring the performance status of the loan portfolio, the Company utilizes a risk rating scale (1-8) to evaluate loan asset quality for all loans. Loans that are rated 1-4 are classified as pass credits. For the pass-rated loans, management believes there is a low risk of loss related to these loans and, as necessary, credit may be strengthened through improved borrower performance and/or additional collateral.

The Bank’s internal risk ratings are as follows:

1 – 4 (Pass) - Pass credits are loans in grades “superior” through “acceptable”. These are at least considered to be credits with acceptable risks and would be granted in the normal course of lending operations.

5 (Special Mention) - Special mention credits have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the credits or in the Bank’s credit position at some future date. If weaknesses cannot be identified, classification as special mention is not appropriate. Special mention credits are not adversely classified and do not expose the Bank to sufficient risk to warrant an adverse classification. No apparent loss of principal or interest is expected.

6 (Substandard) - Substandard credits are inadequately protected by the current worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged. Financial statements normally reveal some or all of the following: poor trends, lack of earnings and cash flow, excessive debt, lack of liquidity, and the absence of creditor protection. Credits so classified must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

7 (Doubtful) - A doubtful credit has all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard asset with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions,

and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors that may work to the advantage and strengthening of the asset, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans. Doubtful classification for an entire credit should be avoided when collection of a specific portion appears highly probable with the adequately secured portion graded Substandard.

The following tables provides information with respect to the Company's credit quality indicators by loan portfolio segment on September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024:


	Loans Secured By Real Estate										Commercial and Industrial Loans				Consumer Loans
September 30, 2025	Construction				Single-family						Commercial					Consumer
(dollars in thousands)	and Land		Farmland		Residential		Multi-family		Commercial		and Industrial		SBA Guaranty		& credit card		Automobile		Total

Pass	$	4,480	$	308	$	102,461	$	4,909	$	46,113	$	25,679	$	5,008	$	2,602	$	21,283	$	212,843
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		979		—		841		—		454		—		203		2,477
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

	$	4,480	$	308	$	103,440	$	4,909	$	46,954	$	25,679	$	5,462	$	2,602	$	21,486	$	215,320

Nonaccrual	$	—	$	—	$	890	$	—	$	111	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	200	$	1,201
Restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty	$	—	$	—	$	23	$	—	$	91	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	114
Number restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty		—		—		1		—		1		—		—		—		—		2
Non-performing restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty	$	—	$	—	$	23	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	23
Number of non-performing restructured loan accounts		—		—		1		—		—		—		—		—		—		1


	Loans Secured By Real Estate										Commercial and Industrial Loans				Consumer Loans
December 31, 2024	Construction				Single-family						Commercial
(dollars in thousands)	and Land		Farmland		Residential		Multi-family		Commercial		and Industrial		SBA Guaranty		Consumer		Automobile		Total

Pass	$	8,882	$	315	$	98,844	$	5,022	$	47,829	$	16,705	$	5,219	$	2,880	$	17,918	$	203,614
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		472		—		—		472
Substandard		—		—		149		—		897		—		—		—		87		1,133
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

	$	8,882	$	315	$	98,993	$	5,022	$	48,726	$	16,705	$	5,691	$	2,880	$	18,005	$	205,219

Nonaccrual	$	—	$	—	$	149	$	—	$	124	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	87	$	360
Restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty	$	—	$	—	$	26	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	26
Number restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty		—		—		1		—		—		—		—		—		—		1
Non-performing restructured loans to borrowers with financial difficulty	$	—	$	—	$	26	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	26
Number of non-performing restructured loan accounts		—		—		1		—		—		—		—		—		—		1