F-4/A 1 ea0206874-06.htm REGISTRATION STATEMENT

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 29, 2024

Registration No. 333-280161

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_______________________

AMENDMENT NO. 3

TO

FORM F-4
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

_______________________

TN L Med iagene
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_______________________

Cayman Islands |  | 7310 |  | Not Applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

23-2 Maruyamacho Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0044 Japan +81-(0)3-5784-6742 |  | 4F., No. 88, Yanchang Rd. Xinyi District Taipei City 110 Taiwan +866-2-6638-5108

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

_______________________

Cogency Global Inc.
122 East 42 nd Street, 18 th Floor
New York, NY 10168
(800)-221-0102

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

_______________________

With copies to:

Thomas T. Chou Morrison & Foerster LLP 707 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90017 Tel: (213)-892-5200 |  | Jesse S. Gillespie Nozomi Oda Morrison & Foerster LLP Shin-Marunouchi Building, 29F 1-5-1 Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-6529 Japan Tel: +81-3-3214-652 2 |  | Joshua G. DuClos Kenny S. Terrero Jocelyne E. Kelly Zach Shub-Essig Sidley Austin LLP 787 Seventh Avenue New York, New York 10019 Tel: (212) 839-5300

_______________________

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale of the securities to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement and on completion of the merger and related transactions described in the enclosed proxy statement/prospectus.

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If applicable, place an X in the box to designate the appropriate rule provision relied upon in conducting this transaction:

Exchange Act Rule 13e-4(i) (Cross-Border Issuer Tender Offer) ☐

Exchange Act Rule 14d-1(d) (Cross-Border Third-Party Tender Offer) ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

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The information in this preliminary proxy statement/prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The registrant may not issue these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary proxy statement/prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state or other jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY, SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED October 29, 2024

PROXY STATEMENT FOR EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS OF

BLUE OCEAN ACQUISITION CORP

AND

PROSPECTUS FOR UP TO
26,787,641 ORDINARY SHARES,
16,382,329 WARRANTS AND
16,382,329 ORDINARY SHARES UNDERLYING WARRANTS OF

TNL MEDIAGENE

The board of directors of Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Blue Ocean”), has unanimously approved the Agreement and Plan of Merger (“Original Merger Agreement”), dated as of June 6, 2023, by and among Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene, a Cayman Islands exempted company (formerly “The News Lens Co., Ltd.”) and TNLMG (formerly “TNL Mediagene”), a Cayman Islands exempted company and a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene (“Merger Sub”) as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of May 29, 2024 (the “First Amendment”) and Amendment No. 2 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of October 23, 2024 (the “Second Amendment” and together with the First Amendment and the Original Merger Agreement as it may be amended from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean (such merger, the “Merger”), with Blue Ocean surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene (Blue Ocean as the surviving entity of the Merger, the “Surviving Entity”). As a result of the Merger, and upon consummation of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement (such transactions including the Merger, the “Transactions”), the shareholders of Blue Ocean will become shareholders of TNL Mediagene. The effective time of the Merger is herein referred to as the “Effective Time” and the closing of the Transactions is herein referred to as the “Closing.”

On the date on which the Closing occurs (the “Closing Date”), immediately prior to the Effective Time, (i) the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association of TNL Mediagene (the “TNL Mediagene A&R Articles”) will become effective; (ii) each ordinary share of TNL Mediagene that is issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be redesignated and become an ordinary share of TNL Mediagene with par value and other terms as described in the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles (such redesignated ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene, the “TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares” and such redesignation, the “Share Redesignation”) and each ordinary share of TNL Mediagene held in TNL Mediagene’s treasury immediately prior to the Share Redesignation will be automatically cancelled and extinguished without any redesignation, subdivision or payment therefor; (iii) each TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share that is issued and outstanding following the Share Redesignation and immediately prior to the Effective Time will be consolidated into such number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equal to the Split Factor (as defined below) (the “Reverse Share Split”); and (iv) any option issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Share Split to purchase ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene will be adjusted to give effect to the foregoing transactions, such that each TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share will have a deemed value of $10.00 per share on a fully diluted basis, after giving effect to such Reverse Share Split. The actions set forth in prongs (i) through (iv) above are collectively referred to as the “Recapitalization.”

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (i) immediately prior to the Effective Time, each Class B ordinary share of Blue Ocean, par value $0.0001 per share (“Blue Ocean Class B Shares”), outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically converted into one Class A ordinary share of Blue Ocean, par value $0.0001 per share (“Blue Ocean Class A Shares” and together with the Blue Ocean Class B Shares, the “Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares”) and, after giving effect to such automatic conversion, at the Effective Time and as a result of the Merger, each Blue Ocean Class A Share outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will automatically be converted into the right of the holder thereof to receive one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share and (ii) each issued and outstanding warrant to purchase Blue Ocean Class A Shares (“Blue Ocean Warrants”) will be assumed by TNL Mediagene and converted into a corresponding warrant to purchase TNL Ordinary Shares (“TNL Mediagene Warrants”). Immediately prior to the Effective Time, the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and the public Blue Ocean

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Warrants comprising each issued and outstanding unit of Blue Ocean, consisting of one Blue Ocean Class A Share and one-half of one public Blue Ocean Warrant (“Blue Ocean Units”), will be automatically separated and the holder thereof will be deemed to hold one Blue Ocean Class A Share and one-half of one public Blue Ocean Warrant. No fractional public Blue Ocean Warrants will be issued in connection with such separation such that if a holder of such Blue Ocean Units would be entitled to receive a fractional public Blue Ocean Warrant upon such separation, the number of public Blue Ocean Warrants to be issued to such holder upon such separation will be rounded down to the nearest whole number of public Blue Ocean Warrants and no cash will be paid in lieu of such fractional public Blue Ocean Warrants.

The Closing is subject to the satisfaction or waiver by the respective parties of a number of conditions under the Merger Agreement, including, among other things: (i) the approval of the Merger Agreement and the Transactions by the shareholders of Blue Ocean; (ii) the Merger Agreement and the Transactions having been approved by the shareholders of TNL Mediagene; (iii) this proxy statement/prospectus having become effective; (iv) TNL Mediagene’s listing applications and listing of applicable TNL Mediagene securities to be issued in connection with the Transactions having been approved by The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”), subject only to official notice of issuance thereof; (v) no law or governmental order by any governmental authority of competent jurisdiction, enjoining, prohibiting, or making illegal the consummation of the Merger; and (vi) completion of the Recapitalization. Other conditions to Blue Ocean’s obligations include, among other things, absence of any Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement). Other conditions to TNL Mediagene’s obligations include, among other things, the absence of any SPAC Impairment Effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement).

It is anticipated that, immediately following the Closing, (1) Blue Ocean’s public shareholders are expected to own approximately 6.19% (assuming the no redemptions scenario) and 0.00% (assuming the maximum redemption scenario) of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, (2) the TNL Mediagene shareholders are expected to collectively own approximately 82.75% (assuming the no redemptions scenario) or 89.58% (assuming the maximum redemption scenario) of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, and (3) Blue Ocean’s initial shareholders, including Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”), are expected to own approximately 9.95% (assuming the no redemptions scenario) or 9.23% (assuming the maximum redemption scenario) of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. These percentages assume, at the low end of the range, a “no redemptions” scenario, whereby no additional redemptions from the Trust Account occur prior to the Closing, and, at the high end of the range, a “maximum redemptions” scenario, whereby all the public shareholders of Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued and outstanding redeem their shares prior to the Closing. These percentages are based on the assumptions that (i) TNL Mediagene issues 24,617,697 shares of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to former shareholders of TNL Mediagene as of immediately prior to the Closing, (ii) the holders of the DaEX Conversion Rights and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes elect to redeem their conversion rights to receive 58,193 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and 172,808 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, respectively, (iii) the principal balance of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note is converted to 96,993 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and (iv) at minimum 2,534,891 Earn-Out Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,960,980 Earn-Out Shares) deferred under the Sponsor Lock-up and Support Agreement are issued without any further adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio. In addition, the anticipated share ownership information above excludes certain potential sources of dilution, among others, TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options under TNL Mediagene’s 2015 Global Share Plan (the “2015 Plan”) and TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants. If the actual facts are different from these assumptions, the percentage ownership retained by Blue Ocean’s existing public shareholders in the combined company will be different. See “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” for further information regarding these scenarios. For the details of shareholding among difference shareholders on a fully-diluted basis, including TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options under the 2015 Plan, Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, see also “Questions and Answers About the Merger and the Extraordinary General Meeting — What equity stake will current TNL Mediagene shareholders and current Blue Ocean shareholders hold in the combined company immediately after the completion of the Merger, and what effect will potential sources of dilution have on such equity stake after the Closing”.

For more information on the Transactions, see “Questions and Answers about the Merger and the Extraordinary General Meeting.”

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The Merger Agreement is attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3.

Proposals to approve the Merger Agreement and the other matters discussed in this proxy statement/prospectus will be presented at the extraordinary general meeting of Blue Ocean shareholders scheduled to be held on [ ], 2024 at [ ].

Blue Ocean’s securities, namely the Blue Ocean Units (trading symbol “BOCNU”), Blue Ocean Class A Shares (trading symbol “BOCN”) and redeemable warrants, each exercisable for one Blue Ocean Class A Share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (trading symbol “BOCNW”) (the “Public Warrants”), are currently listed on Nasdaq. The closing price on Nasdaq of Blue Ocean Units, Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants was $11.31, $11.48, and $0.0228, respectively, on October 22, 2024.

Although TNL Mediagene is not currently a public reporting company, following the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this proxy statement/prospectus is a part and the Closing, TNL Mediagene will become subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). TNL Mediagene intends to apply for listing of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and the TNL Mediagene Warrants on Nasdaq under the proposed symbols “TNMG” and “[TNMGW]”, respectively, to be effective at the consummation of the Merger. While trading on Nasdaq is expected to begin on the first business day following the date of completion of the Merger, there can be no assurance that TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants will be listed on Nasdaq or that a viable and active trading market will develop. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Ownership of TNL Mediagene’s Securities” for more information.

TNL Mediagene is an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and is therefore eligible to take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements otherwise applicable to other public companies.

TNL Mediagene is also a “foreign private issuer” as defined in the Exchange Act and will be exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that impose certain disclosure obligations and procedural requirements for proxy solicitations under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, TNL Mediagene’s officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Moreover, TNL Mediagene will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

The accompanying proxy statement/prospectus provides Blue Ocean shareholders with detailed information about the Merger and other matters to be considered at the extraordinary general meeting of Blue Ocean. We encourage you to read the entire accompanying proxy statement/prospectus, including the annexes and other documents referred to therein, carefully and in their entirety. You should also carefully consider the risk factors described in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 24 of the accompanying proxy statement/prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the securities to be issued in connection with the Merger, or determined if this proxy statement/prospectus is accurate or adequate. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

This proxy statement/prospectus is dated [ ], 2024, and is first being mailed to Blue Ocean shareholders on or about [ ], 2024.

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References to Additional Information

This proxy statement/prospectus incorporates important business and financial information about TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean that is not included in or delivered with this proxy statement/prospectus. This information is available to you without charge upon written or oral request. If you would like to receive any of the additional information, please contact:

Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp
2 Wisconsin Circle, 7th Floor,
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
Telephone: (240)-235-5049

To obtain timely delivery of the documents, you must request them no later than five business days before the date of the extraordinary general meeting, or no later than [ ], 2024.

For additional information, see “Where You Can Find More Information” on page 263.

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NOTICE OF EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS
OF BLUE OCEAN ACQUISITION CORP

To Be Held on [ ], 2024

TO THE SHAREHOLDERS OF BLUE OCEAN ACQUISITION CORP:

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders of Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp (“Blue Ocean”), a Cayman Islands exempted company, will be held at [ ], [ ] time, on [ ], 2024 at [ ], or at such other time, on such other date and at such other place to which the meeting may be postponed or adjourned (the “extraordinary general meeting”). You are cordially invited to attend and participate in the extraordinary general meeting which will be held for the following purposes:

Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — to consider and vote upon, as an ordinary resolution, a proposal to approve, ratify and authorize the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 6, 2023, by and among Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene (formerly “The News Lens Co., Ltd.”), a Cayman Islands exempted company (“TNL Mediagene”), and TNLMG (formerly “TNL Mediagene”), a Cayman Islands exempted company and a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene (“Merger Sub”) as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of May 29, 2024 (the “First Amendment”) and Amendment No. 2 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of October 23, 2024 (the “Second Amendment” and together with the First Amendment and the Original Merger Agreement as it may be amended from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”), a copy of each of which is attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3, respectively, and the transactions contemplated therein, including the business combination whereby Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean (the “Merger”), with Blue Ocean surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene (the “Business Combination Proposal”);

Proposal Two — The Merger Proposal — to consider and vote upon, as a special resolution, a proposal to approve and authorize the Merger and the Plan of Merger (as defined below) by and among Blue Ocean, Merger Sub and TNL Mediagene, substantially in the form attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex C (the “Merger Proposal”); and

Proposal Three — The Adjournment Proposal — to consider and vote upon, as an ordinary resolution, a proposal to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting to a later date or dates to be determined by the chairman of the extraordinary general meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation and vote of proxies if, based upon the tabulated vote at the time of the extraordinary general meeting, there are not sufficient votes to approve one or more proposals presented to shareholders for a vote, or where Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined it is otherwise necessary (the “Adjournment Proposal”).

We also will transact any other business as may properly come before the extraordinary general meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof.

The full text of the resolutions to be voted on at the extraordinary general meeting is as follows:

Resolution One — The Business Combination Proposal:

“RESOLVED, as an ordinary resolution, that Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp’s (“Blue Ocean”) entry into the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 6, 2023, by and among Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene (formerly “The News Lens Co., Ltd.”) (“TNL Mediagene”) and TNLMG (formerly “TNL Mediagene”) (“Merger Sub”) as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of May 29, 2024 (the “First Amendment”) and Amendment No. 2 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of October 23, 2024 (the “Second Amendment” and together with the First Amendment and the Original Merger Agreement as it may be amended from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”), a copy of each of which is attached to the accompanying proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3, respectively, pursuant to which, among other things, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean, with Blue Ocean surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene, in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions of the Merger Agreement, and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement each be and are hereby authorized, approved, ratified and confirmed in all respects.”

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Resolution Two — The Merger Proposal:

“RESOLVED, as a special resolution, that the Plan of Merger, by and among Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp (“Blue Ocean”), TNL Mediagene (formerly “The News Lens Co., Ltd.”) (“TNL Mediagene”) and TNLMG (formerly “TNL Mediagene”) (“Merger Sub”), substantially in the form attached to the accompanying proxy statement/prospectus as Annex C (including the annexures thereto, the “Plan of Merger”) be and is hereby authorized, approved and confirmed in all respects, that the merger of Merger Sub with and into Blue Ocean with Blue Ocean surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene be and is hereby authorized, approved and confirmed in all respects and all the undertaking, property and liability of the Merger Sub vest in Blue Ocean by virtue of such merger pursuant to the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, and that Blue Ocean be and is hereby authorized to enter into the Plan of Merger.”

Resolution Three — The Adjournment Proposal:

“RESOLVED, as an ordinary resolution, that the adjournment of the extraordinary general meeting to a later date or dates to be determined by the chairman of the extraordinary general meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation and vote of proxies in the event that there are insufficient votes for the approval of one or more proposals at the extraordinary general meeting or where Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined it is otherwise necessary, be and is hereby approved.”

The items of business listed above are more fully described elsewhere in the proxy statement/prospectus. Whether or not you intend to attend the extraordinary general meeting, we urge you to read the proxy statement/prospectus in its entirety, including the annexes and accompanying financial statements, before voting. IN PARTICULAR, WE URGE YOU TO CAREFULLY READ THE SECTION IN THE PROXY STATEMENT/PROSPECTUS ENTITLED “RISK FACTORS.”

Only holders of record of Blue Ocean Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 (“Blue Ocean Class A Shares”), and Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 (“Blue Ocean Class B Shares” and, together with the Blue Ocean Class A Shares, the “Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares”), at the close of business on [ ], 2024 (the “record date”) are entitled to notice of the extraordinary general meeting and to vote and have their votes counted at the extraordinary general meeting and any adjournments or postponements of the extraordinary general meeting.

After careful consideration, Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined that each of the proposals listed is fair to and in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders and unanimously recommends that you vote or give instruction to vote “FOR” each of the proposals set forth above. When you consider the recommendations of Blue Ocean’s board of directors, you should keep in mind that Blue Ocean’s directors and officers may have interests in the Merger that conflict with, or are different from, your interests as a shareholder of Blue Ocean. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger.”

The closing of the Merger is conditioned on approval of the Business Combination Proposal and the Merger Proposal. If either of these proposals is not approved and the applicable closing condition in the Merger Agreement is not waived, then Blue Ocean will not consummate the Merger. The Adjournment Proposal is not conditioned on the approval of any other proposal listed above.

All Blue Ocean shareholders at the close of business on the record date are cordially invited to attend the extraordinary general meeting. To ensure your representation at the extraordinary general meeting, however, you are urged to complete, sign, date and return the enclosed proxy card as soon as possible in the postage-paid return envelope provided and, in any event, so as to be received by Blue Ocean no later than at [ ], [ ] time, on [ ], 2024, being 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the extraordinary general meeting (or, in the case of an adjournment, no later than 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the adjourned meeting). In the case of joint shareholders, where more than one of the joint shareholder purports to appoint a proxy, only the appointment submitted by the most senior holder (being the first named holder in respect of the shares in Blue Ocean’s register of members) will be accepted. If you are a holder of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares at the close of business on the record date, you may also attend and cast your vote at the extraordinary general meeting in person. If you hold your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares in “street name,” which means your shares are held of record by a broker, bank or nominee, you must instruct your broker or bank on how to vote the shares you beneficially

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own or, if you wish to attend and vote at the extraordinary general meeting, you must obtain a legal proxy from the shareholder of record. Holders should contact their broker, bank or nominee for instructions regarding obtaining a legal proxy.

A complete list of Blue Ocean shareholders of record entitled to vote at the extraordinary general meeting will be available for ten days before the extraordinary general meeting at the principal executive offices of Blue Ocean for inspection by shareholders during business hours for any purpose germane to the extraordinary general meeting.

Voting on all resolutions at the extraordinary general meeting will be conducted by way of a poll rather than by a show of hands. In a poll, votes are counted according to the number of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares registered in each shareholder’s name which are voted, with each Blue Ocean Ordinary Share carrying one vote.

Your vote is important regardless of the number of shares you own. Whether you plan to attend the extraordinary general meeting online or in person, please complete, sign, date and return the enclosed proxy card as soon as possible in the envelope provided. Submitting a proxy now will NOT prevent you from being able to attend and vote in person at the extraordinary general meeting. If your shares are held in “street name” or are in a margin or similar account, you should contact your broker, bank or nominee to ensure that votes related to the shares you beneficially own are properly voted and counted.

If you have any questions or need assistance voting your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares, please contact the proxy solicitor, Morrow Sodali LLC, at:

Morrow Sodali LLC
333 Ludlow Street, 5th Floor, South Tower
Stamford, CT 06902
Individuals call toll-free (800) 662-5200
Banks and brokers call (203) 658-9400
Email: BOCN.info@investor.morrowsodali.com

This notice of extraordinary general meeting is and the proxy statement/prospectus relating to the Merger will be available at [ ].

Thank you for your participation. We look forward to your continued support.

|  | By Order of the Board of Directors
|  | Marcus Brauchli
|  | Chairman
|  | [ ], 2024

IF YOU RETURN YOUR SIGNED PROXY CARD WITHOUT AN INDICATION OF HOW YOU WISH TO VOTE, YOUR SHARES WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR OF EACH OF THE PROPOSALS.

ALL HOLDERS (“BLUE OCEAN PUBLIC SHAREHOLDERS”) OF BLUE OCEAN CLASS A SHARES ISSUED IN BLUE OCEAN’S INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING (THE “PUBLIC SHARES”), OTHER THAN THE SPONSOR, SHAREHOLDERS OF BLUE OCEAN PRIOR TO BLUE OCEAN’S INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING AND BLUE OCEAN’S OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS (TO THE EXTENT THAT THEY HOLD THE PUBLIC SHARES), HAVE THE RIGHT TO HAVE THEIR PUBLIC SHARES REDEEMED FOR CASH IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROPOSED BUSINESS COMBINATION. BLUE OCEAN PUBLIC SHAREHOLDERS ARE NOT REQUIRED TO AFFIRMATIVELY VOTE FOR OR AGAINST THE BUSINESS COMBINATION PROPOSAL, TO VOTE ON THE BUSINESS COMBINATION PROPOSAL AT ALL, OR TO BE HOLDERS OF RECORD ON THE RECORD DATE IN ORDER TO HAVE THEIR PUBLIC SHARES REDEEMED FOR CASH.

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THIS MEANS THAT ANY BLUE OCEAN PUBLIC SHAREHOLDER HOLDING PUBLIC SHARES MAY EXERCISE REDEMPTION RIGHTS REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THEY ARE EVEN ENTITLED TO VOTE ON THE BUSINESS COMBINATION PROPOSAL.

TO EXERCISE REDEMPTION RIGHTS, BLUE OCEAN PUBLIC SHAREHOLDERS MUST REQUEST THAT BLUE OCEAN REDEEM THEIR PUBLIC SHARES AND EITHER TENDER THEIR SHARE CERTIFICATES (IF ANY) TO CONTINENTAL STOCK TRANSFER & TRUST COMPANY, BLUE OCEAN’S TRANSFER AGENT, OR DELIVER THEIR PUBLIC SHARES TO THE TRANSFER AGENT ELECTRONICALLY USING THE DEPOSITORY TRUST COMPANY’S DEPOSIT/WITHDRAWAL AT CUSTODIAN (DWAC) SYSTEM, IN EACH CASE NO LATER THAN TWO BUSINESS DAYS PRIOR TO THE EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING. IF THE MERGER IS NOT COMPLETED, THEN THESE SHARES WILL NOT BE REDEEMED FOR CASH AND WILL BE RETURNED TO YOU OR YOUR ACCOUNT. IF YOU HOLD THE SHARES IN STREET NAME, YOU WILL NEED TO INSTRUCT THE ACCOUNT EXECUTIVE AT YOUR BANK OR BROKER TO WITHDRAW THE SHARES FROM YOUR ACCOUNT IN ORDER TO EXERCISE YOUR REDEMPTION RIGHTS. ANY HOLDER THAT HOLDS PUBLIC SHARES BENEFICIALLY THROUGH A NOMINEE MUST IDENTIFY ITSELF BY LEGAL NAME, PHONE NUMBER AND ADDRESS TO BLUE OCEAN IN CONNECTION WITH ANY REDEMPTION ELECTION IN ORDER TO VALIDLY REDEEM SUCH PUBLIC SHARES. SEE “EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING OF BLUE OCEAN SHAREHOLDERS — REDEMPTION RIGHTS” FOR MORE SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS.

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ABOUT THIS PROXY STATEMENT/PROSPECTUS

This proxy statement/prospectus, which forms a part of a registration statement on Form F-4 filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) by TNL Mediagene, constitutes a prospectus of TNL Mediagene under Section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), with respect to the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants to be issued to Blue Ocean securityholders in connection with the Merger. This document also constitutes a proxy statement of Blue Ocean under Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, and the rules thereunder, and a notice of meeting with respect to the extraordinary general meeting of Blue Ocean shareholders to consider and vote upon the proposals to adopt the Business Combination Proposal, to adopt the Merger Proposal and, if necessary, to adopt the Adjournment Proposal:

• Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — to consider and vote upon, as an ordinary resolution, a proposal to approve, ratify and authorize the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 6, 2023, by and among Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene (formerly “The News Lens Co., Ltd.”), a Cayman Islands exempted company (“TNL Mediagene”), and TNLMG (formerly “TNL Mediagene”), a Cayman Islands exempted company and a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene (“Merger Sub”) as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of May 29, 2024 (the “First Amendment”) and Amendment No. 2 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of October 23, 2024 (the “Second Amendment” and together with the First Amendment and the Original Merger Agreement as it may be amended from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”), a copy of each of which is attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3, respectively, and the transactions contemplated therein, including the business combination whereby Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean (the “Merger”), with Blue Ocean surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene (the “Business Combination Proposal”);

• Proposal Two — The Merger Proposal — to consider and vote upon, as a special resolution, a proposal to approve and authorize the Merger and the Plan of Merger by and among Blue Ocean, Merger Sub and TNL Mediagene, substantially in the form attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex C (the “Merger Proposal”); and

• Proposal Three — The Adjournment Proposal — to consider and vote upon, as an ordinary resolution, a proposal to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting to a later date or dates to be determined by the chairman of the extraordinary general meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation and vote of proxies if, based upon the tabulated vote at the time of the extraordinary general meeting, there are not sufficient votes to approve one or more proposals presented to shareholders for a vote or where Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined it is otherwise necessary (the “Adjournment Proposal”).

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this proxy statement/prospectus to “TNL Mediagene” refer to TNL Mediagene (formerly “The News Lens Co., Ltd.”) together with its subsidiaries. All references in this proxy statement/prospectus to “Blue Ocean” refer to Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp.

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MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA

This proxy statement/prospectus contains estimates, projections and other information concerning TNL Mediagene’s industry, including market size and growth of the markets in which it participates, that are based on industry publications and reports and forecasts prepared by its management. In some cases, TNL Mediagene does not expressly refer to the sources from which these estimates and information are derived. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to these estimates. Industry reports, publications, research, studies and forecasts generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources they believe to be reliable but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. TNL Mediagene has not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in these industry publications and reports. The industry in which TNL Mediagene operates is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in these publications and reports.

The sources of certain statistical data, estimates, and forecasts contained in this proxy statement/prospectus include internal surveys, independent industry surveys and publications, including reports by Google Analytics, Semrush Holdings Inc., Statista GmbH, the U.S. Census Bureau and Pew Research Center and other third-party research and publicly available information.

Certain estimates of market opportunity, including internal estimates of the addressable market for TNL Mediagene and forecasts of market growth, included in this proxy statement/prospectus may prove inaccurate. Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts, whether obtained from third-party sources or developed internally, are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. The estimates and forecasts in this proxy statement/prospectus relating to the size of TNL Mediagene’s target market, market demand and adoption, capacity to address this demand, and pricing may prove to be inaccurate. The addressable market TNL Mediagene estimates may not materialize for many years, if ever, and even if the markets in which it competes meet the size estimates in this proxy statement/prospectus, TNL Mediagene’s business could fail to successfully address or compete in such markets, if at all.

Certain monetary amounts, percentages and other figures included in this proxy statement/prospectus have been subject to rounding adjustments. Certain other amounts that appear in this proxy statement/prospectus may not sum due to rounding.

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TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND SERVICE MARKS

TNL Mediagene has proprietary rights to trademarks used in this proxy statement/prospectus that are important to its business, many of which are registered under applicable intellectual property laws. This proxy statement/prospectus also contains trademarks, trade names and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this proxy statement/prospectus may appear without the ®, ™ or SM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that TNL Mediagene will not assert, to the fullest extent permitted under applicable law, its rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, trade names and service marks. TNL Mediagene does not intend its use or display of other parties’ trademarks, trade names or service marks to imply, and such use or display should not be construed to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of TNL Mediagene by, any other parties.

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FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRESENTATION

Blue Ocean

The audited historical financial statements of Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp included in this proxy statement/prospectus have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and are reported in U.S. Dollars.

TNL Mediagene

The audited historical consolidated financial statements of TNL Mediagene as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 included in this proxy statement/prospectus have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”) and are reported in U.S. Dollars. The condensed consolidated interim financial statements for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024 have been prepared in accordance with IAS 34, Interim Financial Reporting, and are reported in U.S. Dollars.

Mediagene

The audited historical consolidated financial statements of Mediagene Inc. as of February 28, 2022 and 2023 and for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023 included in this proxy statement/prospectus have been prepared in accordance with IFRS and are reported in Japanese yen.

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SELECTED DEFINITIONS

“Aggregate Fully Diluted Company Shares” |  | means, without duplication, (i) the aggregate number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares that are issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Share Split (excluding any TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares held in TNL Mediagene’s treasury), and (ii) the aggregate number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares that are issuable upon the exercise, exchange or conversion of all stock options (calculated using the treasury stock method of accounting), equity awards, warrants, rights or other securities (including debt securities) convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, which such stock options, equity awards, warrants, rights or other securities are issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Share Split.
“Ancillary Documents” |  | means each agreement, document, instrument and/or certificate entered into in connection with the Merger Agreement or therewith and any and all exhibits and schedules thereto.
“Apollo” |  | means Apollo SPAC Fund I, L.P. and Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd., to whom Apollo SPAC Fund I, L.P. transferred its Blue Ocean Class B Shares.
“Blue Ocean Articles” |  | means the current amended and restated memorandum and articles of association of Blue Ocean
“Blue Ocean Class A Shares” |  | means Class A ordinary shares of Blue Ocean, par value $0.0001 per share.
“Blue Ocean Class B Shares” |  | means Class B ordinary shares of Blue Ocean, par value $0.0001 per share.
“Blue Ocean IPO” |  | means the initial public offering of Blue Ocean, which was consummated on December 7, 2021.
“Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares” |  | means the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and the Blue Ocean Class B Shares.
“Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants” |  | means an aggregate of 6,179,716 warrants of Blue Ocean, calculated by 9,225,000 warrants sold to Sponsor and Apollo in the private placements consummated concurrently with the Blue Ocean IPO, less 750,000 warrants which will be forfeited pro rata by Sponsor and Apollo at the Closing Date in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, less 3,707,168 warrants, representing 50% of private placement warrants expected to be held by the Sponsor immediately prior to the Closing, assuming no adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, which will be forfeited by Sponsor at the Closing Date in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement and plus an additional 1,411,884 warrants assuming the holders of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note elect to convert them into warrants on the Closing Date, each entitling its holder to purchase one Blue Ocean Class A Share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment.
“Blue Ocean Public Shareholders” |  | means all holders of the Public Shares.
“Blue Ocean Units” |  | means the units of Blue Ocean issued in the Blue Ocean IPO, each consisting of one Blue Ocean Class A Share and one-half of one Public Warrant.

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“Blue Ocean Warrants” |  | means the Public Warrants and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.
“Cayman Companies Law” |  | means the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands.
“Conversion” |  | means the issuance of an aggregate of 4,743,749 Blue Ocean Class A Shares by Blue Ocean upon the conversion of an equal number of Founder Shares on June 21, 2024. Of the 4,743,749 Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued in the Conversion, an aggregate of 4,353,749 Blue Ocean Class A Shares was issued to the Sponsor and an aggregate of 390,000 Blue Ocean Class A Shares was issued to Norman Pearlstine, Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, Priscilla Han, Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and certain other holders of Founder Shares. The Sponsor retained one Founder Share.
“Dissenting Blue Ocean Shareholders” |  | means holders of the Dissenting Blue Ocean Shares.
“Dissenting Blue Ocean Shares” |  | means Blue Ocean Class A Shares that are (i) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time and (ii) held by Blue Ocean shareholders who have validly exercised their Dissent Rights (and not waived, withdrawn, lost or failed to perfect such rights).
“Dissent Rights” |  | means the right of each holder of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares to dissent in respect of the Merger pursuant to Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law.
“Earn-Out Shares” |  | means an aggregate of at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,960,980 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares), assuming forfeiture at Closing of up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, forfeiture of up to 1,782,770 Founder Shares) by the Sponsor and subject to adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio, issuable as part of the agreed consideration of the Merger in exchange for the 4,743,750 Founder Shares owned by the Sponsor, Norman Pearlstine, Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, Priscilla Han, Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and certain other holders of Founder Shares or Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued in exchange for any such Founder Shares, pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.
“Effective Time” |  | means the effective time of the Merger.
“Exchange Act” |  | means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
“Forfeiture Ratio” |  | means a ratio resulting from the following formula: Forfeiture Ratio = 1 — A/B where A equals the amount of Minimum Balance Sheet Cash (as defined in the Merger Agreement), which, for purposes of this formula, shall not be less than $0 or exceed $20,000,000, regardless of if the actual amount of Minimum Balance Sheet Cash determined under the Merger Agreement is in excess of $20,000,000; and where B equals $20,000,000.

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“Founder Shares” |  | means an aggregate of 4,743,750 Blue Ocean Class B Shares currently outstanding and issued by Blue Ocean to the Sponsor prior to the Blue Ocean IPO and as result of the share capitalization on December 2, 2021, and the Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued or issuable upon the conversion of such Blue Ocean Class B Shares in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles. For the avoidance of doubt, the Founder Shares include the 4,743,749 Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued to the Sponsor, Norman Pearlstine, Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, Priscilla Han, Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and certain other shareholders of Blue Ocean in the Conversion.
“IFRS” |  | means the International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
“Merger Agreement” |  | means the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 6, 2023, by and among Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene, and Merger Sub as amended by the First Amendment to the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of May 29, 2024 and the Second Amendment to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 23, 2024, a copy of each of which is attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3, respectively.
“Needham” |  | means Needham & Company, LLC.
“PCAOB” |  | means the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.
“PIPE Investments” |  | means certain private investment in public equity (“PIPE”) transactions that TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean intend to enter into in connection with the Transactions prior to or substantially concurrently with the Closing. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, no definitive investment agreement has been entered.
“PIPE Investor” |  | means investors in the PIPE Investments.
“Plan of Merger” |  | means the plan of merger with respect to the Merger pursuant to which Merger Sub will be merged with and into Blue Ocean, following which the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub shall cease and Blue Ocean shall continue as the surviving entity, a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene, substantially in the form attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex C.
“Public Shares” |  | means all Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued in the Blue Ocean IPO.
“Public Warrants” |  | means the redeemable warrants of Blue Ocean issued in the Blue Ocean IPO, each entitling its holder to purchase one Blue Ocean Class A Share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment.
“Reverse Share Split” |  | means the reverse share split to cause the deemed value of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares immediately prior to the Effective Time to equal $10.00 on a fully diluted basis, based on TNL Mediagene’s implied valuation immediately before the consummation of the Merger. Unless otherwise indicated, the information disclosed in this proxy statement/prospectus does not reflect the Reverse Share Split.

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“Securities Act” |  | means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
“Split Factor” |  | means a number resulting from dividing (i) $275,000,000 by (ii) the product of (x) the Aggregate Fully Diluted Company Shares and (y) 10.
“Sponsor” |  | means Blue Ocean Sponsor, LLC.
“Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement” |  | means an amended and restated letter agreement dated June 6, 2023, by and among Sponsor, Apollo, certain members of Blue Ocean’s board of directors, management team and advisory board and certain other shareholders of Blue Ocean, a copy of which is included as Exhibit 10.2 hereto, amended by the Amendment No. 1 to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement dated October 23, 2024 by and among Sponsor, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene, a copy of which is included as Exhibit 10.3 hereto.
“TNL Mediagene” |  | means TNL Mediagene, a Cayman Islands exempted company, together as a group with its subsidiaries.
“TNL Mediagene A&R Articles” |  | means the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association of TNL Mediagene, substantially in the form attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex B, to be adopted immediately prior to the Effective Time.
“TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares” |  | means ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene with par value and other terms as described in the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles.
“TNL Mediagene Warrants” |  | means the warrants of TNL Mediagene into which the Blue Ocean Warrants will convert at the Effective Time, each whole warrant entitling its holder to purchase one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment.
“Transactions” |  | means the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Ancillary Documents, including the Merger.
“U.S. Dollars,” “$,” or “US$” |  | means United States dollars, the legal currency of the United States.
“U.S. GAAP” |  | means generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.
“Working Capital Loans” |  | means loans made to Blue Ocean by the Sponsor, an affiliate of the Sponsor, or any of Blue Ocean’s officers or directors, evidenced by a promissory note, for the purpose of financing costs incurred in connection with the Merger or another business combination.

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE MERGER AND
THE EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING

The questions and answers below highlight only selected information set forth elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus and only briefly address some commonly asked questions about the extraordinary general meeting and the proposals to be presented at the extraordinary general meeting, including with respect to the proposed Merger. The following questions and answers do not include all the information that may be important to Blue Ocean shareholders. Blue Ocean shareholders are urged to carefully read this entire proxy statement/prospectus, including the annexes and the other documents referred to herein, to fully understand the proposed Merger and the voting procedures for the extraordinary general meeting.

Q: Why am I receiving this proxy statement/prospectus?

A: You are receiving these materials because you are a shareholder of record or a beneficial holder of Blue Ocean on [ ], the record date for the extraordinary general meeting. Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene have agreed to a business combination under the terms of the Merger Agreement that is described in this proxy statement/prospectus. A copy of each of the Original Merger Agreement, the First Amendment and the Second Amendment is attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3, respectively, and Blue Ocean encourages its shareholders to read each in its entirety. Blue Ocean Public Shareholders are being asked to consider and vote upon a proposal to approve the Merger Agreement, which, among other things, provides for Merger Sub to be merged with and into Blue Ocean with Blue Ocean surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene and the other Transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal.”

Q: Are there any other matters being presented to shareholders at the meeting?

A: In addition to voting on the Business Combination Proposal, the shareholders of Blue Ocean will vote on the following proposals:

• To authorize the Merger and the Plan of Merger. See “Proposal Two — The Merger Proposal.”

• To consider and vote upon a proposal to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting to a later date or dates to be determined by the chairman of the extraordinary general meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation and vote of proxies if, based upon the tabulated vote at the time of the extraordinary general meeting, there are not sufficient votes to approve one or more proposals presented to shareholders for a vote or where Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined it is otherwise necessary. See “Proposal Three — The Adjournment Proposal.”

Blue Ocean will hold the extraordinary general meeting of its shareholders to consider and vote upon these proposals. This proxy statement/prospectus contains important information about the proposed Merger and the other matters to be acted upon at the extraordinary general meeting. Shareholders should read it carefully.

The vote of shareholders is important. Regardless of how many shares you own, you are encouraged to vote as soon as possible after carefully reviewing this proxy statement/prospectus.

Q: Why is Blue Ocean providing shareholders with the opportunity to vote on the Merger?

A: Pursuant to the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association of Blue Ocean (the “Blue Ocean Articles”), Blue Ocean is required to provide Blue Ocean Public Shareholders with an opportunity to have their Public Shares redeemed for cash upon consummation of its initial business combination, either in conjunction with a shareholder vote or tender offer. Due to the structure of the Transactions, Blue Ocean is providing this opportunity in conjunction with a shareholder vote.

Q: What will happen to Blue Ocean’s securities upon consummation of the Merger?

A: Blue Ocean’s securities, namely the Blue Ocean Units (trading symbol “BOCNU”), Blue Ocean Class A Shares (trading symbol “BOCN”) and redeemable warrants, each exercisable for one Blue Ocean Class A Share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (trading symbol “BOCNW”) (the “Public Warrants”), are currently listed on Nasdaq. The closing price on Nasdaq of Blue Ocean Units, Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants was $11.31, $11.48, and $0.0228, respectively, on October 22, 2024. The Blue Ocean

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Units, Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants will cease trading upon consummation of the Merger and will be delisted from Nasdaq and deregistered under the Exchange Act. TNL Mediagene intends to apply for listing of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq under the proposed symbol “TNMG” and TNL Mediagene Warrants under the proposed symbol “[TNMGW]”, each to be effective upon consummation of the Merger. It is a condition of the consummation of the Merger that the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants are approved for listing on Nasdaq (subject to official notice of issuance thereof). While trading on Nasdaq is expected to begin on the first business day following the consummation of the Merger, there can be no assurance that TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants will be listed on Nasdaq or that a viable and active trading market will develop. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Ownership of TNL Mediagene’s Securities” for more information.

Q: Why is Blue Ocean proposing the Merger?

A: Blue Ocean was organized to effect a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or other similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities.

In December 2021, Blue Ocean consummated the initial public offering of 18,975,000 Blue Ocean Units (inclusive of the exercise by the underwriters of the over-allotment in full) at an offering price of $10.00 per Unit, generating total gross proceeds of $189,750,000 (the “Blue Ocean IPO”). Following the closing of the Blue Ocean IPO, an amount equal to $193,545,000 from the net proceeds of the sale of the Blue Ocean Units in the Blue Ocean IPO and the sale of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants was placed into a trust account (the “Trust Account”). Since the Blue Ocean IPO, Blue Ocean’s activity has been limited to the evaluation of business combination candidates.

Based on Blue Ocean’s due diligence investigations of TNL Mediagene, its management team and the industry in which it operates, including the financial and other information provided by TNL Mediagene in the course of these due diligence investigations, Blue Ocean’s board of directors believes that the Merger with TNL Mediagene is in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders and presents an opportunity to increase shareholder value. However, there is no assurance of this. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors’ Reasons for the Merger” for additional information.

Although Blue Ocean’s board of directors believes that the Merger with TNL Mediagene presents an attractive business combination opportunity and is in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders, Blue Ocean’s board of directors did consider certain potentially material negative factors in arriving at that conclusion, including, among others: (i) the risks associated with TNL Mediagene’s long-term business plan and strategy, (ii) macroeconomic uncertainty and (iii) the risks associated with fact that the completion of the Merger is conditioned on the satisfaction of certain closing conditions that are not within Blue Ocean’s control. These factors are discussed in greater detail in “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors’ Reasons for the Merger.”

Q: Did Blue Ocean’s board of directors obtain a third-party valuation or fairness opinion in determining whether or not to proceed with the Merger?

A: Yes. Blue Ocean’s board of directors received a fairness opinion, dated June 4, 2023 (the “Opinion”), from Blue Ocean’s board of directors’ financial advisor, Newbridge Securities Corporation (“Newbridge”), which provided that, as of that date and based on and subject to the assumptions, qualifications and other matters set forth therein, (i) the merger consideration is fair, from a financial point of view, to Blue Ocean and Blue Ocean’s unaffiliated public shareholders and (ii) TNL Mediagene has an aggregate fair market value equal to at least 80% of the net assets held in the Trust Account (excluding deferred underwriting commissions and taxes payable on the income earned on the Trust Account). See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Opinion of Newbridge” of this proxy statement/prospectus for additional information.

Q: Do I have redemption rights?

A: If you are a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, other than the Sponsor, shareholders of Blue Ocean prior to the Blue Ocean IPO and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors (to the extent they hold Public Shares), you have the right to request that Blue Ocean redeem your Public Shares for a pro rata portion of the cash held in Blue Ocean’s Trust Account, calculated as of two business days prior to the consummation of the Merger in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles. In this proxy statement/prospectus, these rights to request redemption of the Public Shares are sometimes referred to as “redemption rights.”

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Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, together with any affiliate of such public shareholder or any other person with whom such public shareholder is acting in concert or as a “group” (as defined in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act), will be restricted from seeking redemption rights with respect to more than 15% of the Public Shares. Accordingly, all Public Shares in excess of 15% held by a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, together with any affiliate of such public shareholder or any other person with whom such public shareholder is acting in concert or as a “group,” will not be redeemed and converted into cash.

Q: Will how I vote on the Merger affect my ability to exercise my redemption rights?

A: No. A Blue Ocean Public Shareholder may exercise redemption rights regardless of whether he, she or it votes for or against the Business Combination Proposal or does not vote on such proposal at all, or if he, she or it is a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder on the record date. This means that any Blue Ocean Public Shareholder holding Public Shares may exercise redemption rights regardless of whether they are even entitled to vote on the Business Combination Proposal.

Q: How do I exercise my redemption rights?

A: If you are a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder and wish to exercise your redemption rights, you must:

• if you hold Public Shares through Blue Ocean Units, elect to separate your Blue Ocean Units into the underlying Public Shares and Public Warrants prior to exercising your redemption rights with respect to the Public Shares;

• submit a written request to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, Blue Ocean’s transfer agent, in which you (i) request that Blue Ocean redeem all or a portion of your Public Shares for cash, and (ii) identify yourself as the beneficial holder of the Public Shares and provide your legal name, phone number and address; and

• either tender your share certificates (if any) to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, Blue Ocean’s transfer agent, or deliver your Public Shares to the transfer agent electronically using The Depository Trust Company’s Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian (DWAC) System.

Holders must complete the procedures for electing to redeem their Public Shares in the manner described above prior to 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on , 2024, two business days prior to the extraordinary general meeting, in order for their Public Shares to be redeemed. If you hold the Public Shares in “street name,” you will have to coordinate with your broker, bank or nominee to have the Public Shares you beneficially own certificated and delivered electronically.

Any Blue Ocean Public Shareholder satisfying the requirements for exercising redemption rights will be entitled to a pro rata portion of the amount then in the Trust Account (which, for illustrative purposes, was $ , or $ per share, as of the record date) calculated as of two business days prior to the consummation of the Merger, including interest earned on the funds in the Trust Account and not previously released to Blue Ocean to pay income taxes. Such amount will be paid promptly upon consummation of the Merger. There are currently no owed but unpaid income taxes on the funds in the Trust Account.

There is a nominal cost associated with this tendering process and the act of certificating the shares or delivering them through the DWAC system. The transfer agent will typically charge the tendering broker $80.00, and it would be up to the broker whether or not to pass this cost on to the redeeming shareholder. In the event the Merger is not consummated this may result in an additional cost to shareholders for the return of their shares.

Any request for redemption, once made by a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, may be withdrawn at any time prior to the time the vote is taken with respect to the Business Combination Proposal at the extraordinary general meeting. If you tender your share certificates (if any) to Blue Ocean’s transfer agent and later decide prior to the extraordinary general meeting not to elect redemption, you may request that Blue Ocean’s transfer agent return your share certificates (physically or electronically). You may make such request by contacting Blue Ocean’s transfer agent at the address listed below.

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No request for redemption will be honored unless the holder’s Public Shares have been delivered (either physically or electronically) to the transfer agent in the manner described above no later than two business days prior to the extraordinary general meeting.

Blue Ocean’s transfer agent can be contacted at the following address:

Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company
One State Street, 30th Floor
New York, New York 10004
Attn: SPAC Redemption Team
Email: spacredemptions@continentalstock.com

Q: Can I exercise redemption rights and dissenter rights under the Cayman Companies Law?

A: No. Any Blue Ocean Public Shareholder who elects to exercise Dissent Rights (which dissenter rights are discussed in “Do I have appraisal rights if I object to the proposed Merger?”) will lose their right to have their Public Shares redeemed in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles. The certainty provided by the redemption process may be preferable for Blue Ocean Public Shareholders wishing to exchange their Public Shares for cash. This is because Dissent Rights may be lost or extinguished, including where Blue Ocean and the other parties to the Merger Agreement determine to delay the consummation of the Merger in order to invoke the limitation on dissenter rights under Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law, in which case any Blue Ocean Public Shareholder who has sought to exercise Dissent Rights would only be entitled to receive the merger consideration comprising one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share for each of their Public Shares.

Q: If I am a holder of Blue Ocean Units, can I exercise redemption rights with respect to my Blue Ocean Units?

A: No. Holders of outstanding Blue Ocean Units must first separate the Blue Ocean Units into the underlying Public Shares and Public Warrants prior to exercising redemption rights with respect to Public Shares.

If you hold Blue Ocean Units registered in your own name, you must deliver the certificate for such Blue Ocean Units (if any) to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, Blue Ocean’s transfer agent, with written instructions to separate such Blue Ocean Units into Public Shares and Public Warrants. This must be completed far enough in advance to permit the mailing of the share certificates back to you so that you may then exercise your redemption rights upon the separation of the Public Shares from the Blue Ocean Units.

If you hold the Blue Ocean Units in “street name,” you will need to instruct your broker, bank or nominee to separate the Blue Ocean Units you beneficially own. Your nominee must send written instructions to Blue Ocean’s transfer agent. Such written instructions must include the number of Blue Ocean Units to be split and the nominee holding such Blue Ocean Units. Your nominee must also initiate electronically, using The Depository Trust Company’s Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian (DWAC) System, a withdrawal of the relevant Blue Ocean Units and a deposit of the number of Public Shares and Public Warrants represented by such Blue Ocean Units. This must be completed far enough in advance to permit your nominee to exercise redemption rights upon the separation of the Public Shares from the Blue Ocean Units. While this is typically done electronically the same business day, you should allow at least one full business day to accomplish the separation. If you fail to cause your Public Shares to be separated in a timely manner, you shall likely not be able to exercise your redemption rights.

Q: If I am a holder of Blue Ocean Warrants, can I exercise redemption rights with respect to my warrants?

A: No. The holders of Blue Ocean Warrants have no redemption rights with respect to such securities.

Q: What are the U.S. federal income tax consequences to me if I exercise my redemption rights?

A: A U.S. Holder (as defined below in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) who exercises its redemption rights will receive cash in exchange for the tendered shares, and either will be considered for U.S. federal income tax purposes to have made a sale or exchange of the tendered shares, or will be considered for U.S. federal income tax purposes to have received a distribution with respect to such shares that may be treated as: (i) dividend income, (ii) a nontaxable recovery of basis in his investment in the tendered shares,

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or (iii) gain (but not loss) as if the shares with respect to which the distribution was made had been sold. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Federal Income Tax Considerations of the Merger to U.S. Holders — U.S. Holders Exercising Redemption Rights with Respect to Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares.”

Q: What are the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger to me?

A: As described in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Federal Income Tax Considerations of the Merger to U.S. Holders — Characterization of the Merger as a Tax-Free Reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code,” there are significant factual and legal uncertainties as to whether the Merger will qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Under Section 368(a) of the Code and Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, an acquiring corporation must continue, directly or indirectly through certain controlled corporations, a significant line of the acquired corporation’s historic business or use a significant portion of the acquired corporation’s historic business assets in a business. There is an absence of guidance as to how the foregoing requirement applies in the case of an acquisition of a blank check corporation with assets consisting almost entirely of investment-type assets, such as Blue Ocean. If any requirement for Section 368(a) of the Code is not met, then a U.S. Holder of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and/or Blue Ocean Warrants generally would recognize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the fair value of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or TNL Mediagene Warrants, as applicable, received in the Merger, over such U.S. Holder’s aggregate tax basis in the corresponding Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and/or Blue Ocean Warrants surrendered by such U.S. Holder in the Merger. Even if the Merger otherwise qualifies as a “reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code, U.S. Holders may be required to recognize gain (but not loss) on account of the application of the Passive Foreign Investment Company (“PFIC”) rules, as described in more detail below under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Federal Income Tax Considerations of the Merger to U.S. Holders — Application of the PFIC Rules to the Merger.”

You should consult your tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of the Merger.

Q: Do I have appraisal rights if I object to the proposed Merger?

A: Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares may have appraisal rights in connection with the Merger under the Cayman Companies Law. Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares wishing to exercise such statutory dissenter rights and make a demand for payment of the fair value for his, her or its Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares must give written objection to the Merger to Blue Ocean prior to the shareholder vote to approve the Merger and follow the procedures set out in Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law, noting that any such dissenter rights may subsequently be lost and extinguished pursuant to Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law, which states that no such dissenter rights shall be available in respect of shares of any class for which an open market exists on a recognized stock exchange or recognized interdealer quotation system at the expiry date of the period allowed for written notice of an election to dissent, provided that the merger consideration constitutes inter alia shares of any company, which at the effective date of the merger, are listed on a national securities exchange. Blue Ocean believes that such fair value would equal the amount that Blue Ocean shareholders would obtain if they exercised their redemption rights as described herein. A Blue Ocean shareholder which elects to exercise appraisal rights must do so in respect of all of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares that person holds and will lose their right to exercise their redemption rights as described herein. See “Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean Shareholders — Appraisal Rights under the Cayman Companies Law.”

Blue Ocean shareholders are recommended to seek their own advice as soon as possible on the application and procedure to be followed in respect of the appraisal rights under the Cayman Companies Law.

Q: What happens to the funds deposited in the Trust Account after consummation of the Merger?

A: The net proceeds of the Blue Ocean IPO, together with a portion of the proceeds from the sale of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants in private placements to the Sponsor and Apollo, equal to in the aggregate $193,545,000, were placed in the Trust Account immediately following the Blue Ocean IPO. On August 29, 2023, Blue Ocean shareholders held an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders (the “Extension Meeting”) in lieu of the 2023 annual general meeting of Blue Ocean shareholders. Holders of 12,817,785 Blue Ocean Class A Shares exercised their right to redemption at a per share redemption price of approximately

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$10.67. On September 5, 2023, a total of $136,786,445 in redemption payments were made in connection with this redemption. On May 29, 2024, Blue Ocean shareholders held an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders (the “Second Extension Meeting”) in lieu of the 2024 annual general meeting of Blue Ocean shareholders. In connection therewith, the shareholders of record were provided the opportunity to exercise their redemption rights (the “Second Blue Ocean Extension”). Holders of 4,315,265 Blue Ocean Class A Shares exercised their right to redemption at a per share redemption price of approximately $11.20. On June 3, 2024, a total of $48,321,746.73 in redemption payments was made in connection with this redemption. As of June 30, 2024, funds in the Trust Account total approximately $20.8 million. After consummation of the Merger, (x) if all Blue Ocean Public Shareholders exercise their redemption rights in connection with the Merger, then all funds in the Trust Account will be used to pay, on a pro rata basis, the Blue Ocean Public Shareholders who exercise redemption rights, (y) if 50% of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders exercise their redemption rights in connection with the Merger, then approximately $10.4 million in the Trust Account will be used to pay, on a pro rata basis, such Blue Ocean Public Shareholders who exercise redemption rights, and (z) if no Blue Ocean Public Shareholders exercise their redemption rights in connection with the Merger, then no funds in the Trust Account will be used to pay Blue Ocean Public Shareholders. Any remaining funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024, approximately (x) $0 assuming the “maximum redemptions” scenario, (y) $10.4 million assuming the “50% redemptions” scenario, and (z) $20.8 million, assuming the “no redemptions” scenario, will be used to pay transaction fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Merger. Any remaining cash following any redemptions and payment of such fees and expenses will be used for TNL Mediagene’s working capital and general corporate purposes. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the anticipated transaction fees and expenses of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean incurred and outstanding as a result of the Proposed Transactions (as defined below) are estimated at approximately $19.7 million, including (i) $6,641,250 payable to Needham & Company, LLC (“Needham”) as a deferred underwriting commission in connection with acting as the underwriter in the Blue Ocean IPO, pursuant and subject to the terms of Needham’s engagement, (ii) the remaining $70,000 of compensation payable to Newbridge for its services in connection with the rendering of its Opinion to Blue Ocean’s board of directors, and (iii) other banking, legal, and accounting fees incurred in connection with the Merger.

Q: What happens if a substantial number of public shareholders vote in favor of the Business Combination Proposal and exercise their redemption rights?

A: Blue Ocean Public Shareholders may vote in favor of the Merger and still exercise their redemption rights, although they are not required to vote in any way to exercise such redemption rights. Accordingly, the Merger may be consummated even though the funds available from the Trust Account and the number of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders are substantially reduced as a result of redemptions by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders.

If a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder exercises his, her or its redemption rights, such exercise will not result in the loss of any warrants that such Blue Ocean Public Shareholder may hold. Even if Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 1,841,950 Public Shares exercise their redemption rights, which is the maximum number of Public Shares that could be redeemed by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders, 9,487,500 Public Warrants (representing the right to purchase 9,487,500 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares upon their exercise) will remain outstanding. Accordingly, if a substantial number, but not all, of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders exercise their redemption rights, any non-redeeming Blue Ocean Public Shareholders would experience dilution to the extent such Public Warrants are exercised and additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are issued.

To the extent that there are fewer Public Shares and Blue Ocean Public Shareholders, the trading market for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares may be less liquid than the market was for Blue Ocean Class A Shares prior to the Transactions, and TNL Mediagene may not be able to meet the listing standards of a national securities exchange. In addition, to the extent of any redemptions, fewer funds from the Trust Account would be available to TNL Mediagene to be used in its business following the consummation of the Merger.

Q: What happens if the Merger is not consummated?

A: If Blue Ocean does not complete the Merger with TNL Mediagene for whatever reason, Blue Ocean would search for another target business with which to complete a business combination. If Blue Ocean does not complete the Merger with TNL Mediagene or another business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), Blue Ocean must redeem 100% of the

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outstanding Public Shares, at a per-share price, payable in cash, equal to an amount then held in the Trust Account (net of taxes payable and less up to $100,000 of interest to pay dissolution expenses) divided by the number of outstanding Public Shares and, following such redemption, Blue Ocean will liquidate and dissolve. The Sponsor, Apollo and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors have waived their redemption rights with respect to their Founder Shares in the event a business combination is not effected in the required time period, and, accordingly, their Founder Shares will be worthless.

Q: How do the Sponsor and the officers and directors of Blue Ocean intend to vote on the proposals?

A: The Sponsor, Apollo, and the Blue Ocean officers and directors, beneficially own and are entitled to vote an aggregate of approximately 72.0% of the outstanding Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus. These holders have agreed to vote their shares in favor of the Business Combination Proposal. These holders have also indicated that they intend to vote their shares in favor of all other proposals being presented at the extraordinary general meeting. No additional Blue Ocean Class A Shares would need to be voted in favor of the Business Combination Proposal or the Merger Proposal in order for them to be approved (assuming all outstanding shares as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus are voted on each proposal), on account of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares held by the Sponsor, Apollo and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors. The Sponsor, Apollo and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors agreed, prior to the Blue Ocean IPO, to waive their redemption rights with respect to the Founder Shares and, with the exception of Apollo, the Public Shares.

Q: Can the Sponsor and officers and directors of Blue Ocean redeem their Founder Shares in connection with consummation of the Merger?

A: No. The Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors do not have redemption rights with respect to their Founder Shares in connection with the consummation of the Merger.

Q: What Merger consideration is subject to the Sponsor earnout?

A: As set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, at the Closing, (i) by virtue of and as part of the agreed consideration for the exchange of 4,743,750 Founder Shares owned by the Sponsor, Apollo, certain members of Blue Ocean’s board of directors, management team and advisory board (“Insiders”) and certain other shareholders of Blue Ocean (“Other Investors”), pursuant to the Merger, (A) the Sponsor shall forfeit up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares it owns (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, up to 1,782,770 Founder Shares), subject to further adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, (B) each Founder Share held by the Sponsor (after the forfeiture and adjustments mentioned above), Apollo, each Insider and each Other Investor shall be converted automatically into the right to receive one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share to be issued at the times and subject to the conditions set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement (all such TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, collectively, the “Earn-Out Shares”), (C) each such Founder Share shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be canceled by virtue of the Merger and each former holder of Founder Shares shall thereafter cease to have any rights with respect to such securities, except as expressly provided in the Sponsor Lock-up and Support Agreement, and (ii) by virtue of and as part of the agreed consideration for the exchange of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants pursuant to the Merger, (A) the Sponsor and Apollo shall forfeit at Closing 750,000 of their Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (in a pro rata amount based on the relative number of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by each) and (B) the Sponsor shall additionally and separately forfeit 50% of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants it holds immediately prior to the Closing, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.

The Earn-Out Shares shall be issued as follows:

• 50% of the Earn-Out Shares shall be issued upon the first to occur of any of the following after the Closing Date: (i) the date that is the 12-month anniversary of the Closing Date (such 12-month period from the Closing Date to the 12-month anniversary thereof, the “First Earn-Out Period”); or (ii) a change of control of TNL Mediagene (or a definitive agreement providing for a change of control has been entered into prior to the expiration of the First Earn-Out Period and such change of control is ultimately consummated, even if such consummation occurs after the expiration of the First Earn-Out Period); and

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• 50% of the Earn-Out Shares shall be issued upon the first to occur of any of the following after the Closing Date: (i) the date that is the two-year anniversary of the Closing Date (such two-year period from the Closing Date to the two-year anniversary thereof, the “Second Earn-Out Period”); (ii) a change of control of TNL Mediagene (or a definitive agreement providing for a change of control has been entered into prior to the expiration of the Second Earn-Out Period and such change of control is ultimately consummated, even if such consummation occurs after the expiration of the Second Earn-Out Period); or (iii) if revenues reported by TNL Mediagene during any trailing 12-month period equal or exceed $77,500,000 in aggregate (inclusive of any and all acquisitions consummated by TNL Mediagene after the Closing Date).

Q: What is the aggregate value of the consideration to be paid in connection with the Merger?

A: TNL Mediagene shareholders are receiving liquidity for their TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in connection with the Merger valued at approximately $275 million based on an equity value per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share on a fully diluted basis of $10.00 per share. Please see “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal” for more details on pre-merger valuation of TNL Mediagene. The aggregate value of the consideration to be received by the Blue Ocean Public Shareholders with respect to the Blue Ocean Public Shares, assuming none of 1,841,950 Public Shares is redeemed prior to consummation of the Merger, will be approximately $21.1 million estimated based on the market price of Public Shares of $11.46 per share on October 10, 2024. In addition, Blue Ocean’s initial shareholders, including the Sponsor, are eligible to receive the fair value of share-based payments of the Founder Shares to receive at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,960,980 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares), assuming no further adjustment by the Forfeiture Ratio, which was estimated based on the market price of Public Shares of $11.46 per share on October 10, 2024 to have an implied additional value of approximately $29.0 million (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, $33.9 million). In connection with the foregoing, the excess of fair value of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issued over the fair value of Blue Ocean’s identifiable net assets acquired and the estimated share-based contingent payments of the Earn-Out Shares is expected to range from approximately $43.9 million to $50.5 million based on the level of redemption of Public Shares. For more details, see “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.” Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (i) immediately prior to the Effective Time, each Blue Ocean Class B Share (excluding any Blue Ocean Class B Share forfeited in exchange for the right to receive the Earn-Out Shares in accordance with and subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement) shall be automatically converted into one Blue Ocean Class A Share in accordance with the terms of the Blue Ocean Articles and each Blue Ocean Class B Share shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be canceled; (ii) immediately prior to the Effective Time, the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and the Public Warrants comprising each issued and outstanding Blue Ocean Unit immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be automatically separated (the “Unit Separation”) and the holder thereof shall thereafter hold one Blue Ocean Class A Share and one-half of one Public Warrant; provided that no fractional Public Warrants will be issued in connection with the Unit Separation such that if a holder of Blue Ocean Units would be entitled to receive a fractional Public Warrant upon the Unit Separation, the number of Public Warrants to be issued to such holder upon the Unit Separation shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number of Public Warrants; (iii) each Blue Ocean Class A Share (which, for the avoidance of doubt, excludes the Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued in connection with the Conversion) that is issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than any Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares held in treasury and redeeming Public Shares) (a) shall be converted automatically into the right to receive one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share (for the avoidance of doubt, after giving effect to the Recapitalization), and (b) shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be canceled by virtue of the Merger; (iv) each Blue Ocean Class A Share issued in connection with the Conversion that is issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (a) shall be converted automatically into the right to receive one Earn-out Share subject to the conditions set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, and (b) shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be canceled by virtue of the Merger; and (v) each Blue Ocean Warrant (which, for the avoidance of doubt, includes the Public Warrants held as a result of the Unit Separation) that is issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall cease to be a warrant with respect to Blue Ocean Class A Shares and shall be converted automatically into the right to receive a corresponding TNL Mediagene Warrant exercisable for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. Each TNL Mediagene Warrant shall continue to have and be subject to substantially the same terms and conditions as were applicable to such Blue Ocean Warrant immediately prior to the Effective Time in accordance with the provisions of the Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement.

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In the event that the parties proceed with the PIPE Investments, it is anticipated that additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares would be issued in connection therewith.

Q: What interests do the Sponsor and the current officers and directors of Blue Ocean have in the Merger?

A: In considering the recommendation of Blue Ocean’s board of directors to vote in favor of the Merger, shareholders should be aware that, aside from their interests as shareholders, the Sponsor and certain of Blue Ocean’s directors and officers have interests in the Merger that are different from, or in addition to, those of other shareholders generally. Blue Ocean’s directors were aware of and considered these interests, among other matters, in evaluating the Merger, in recommending to shareholders that they approve the Merger and in agreeing to vote their shares in favor of the Merger. Shareholders should take these interests into account in deciding whether to approve the Merger. These interests include, among other things, the fact that:

• If the Merger with TNL Mediagene or another business combination is not consummated by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), Blue Ocean will cease all operations except for the purpose of winding up, redeeming 100% of the outstanding Public Shares for cash and, subject to the approval of its remaining shareholders and Blue Ocean’s board of directors, dissolving and liquidating. In such event, the Founder Shares held by the Sponsor and its affiliates, which were acquired for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 prior to the Blue Ocean IPO, are expected to be worthless because the holders are not entitled to participate in any redemption or distribution of proceeds in the Trust Account with respect to such shares. On the other hand, if the Merger is consummated, each outstanding Blue Ocean Ordinary Share will be converted into one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share subject to adjustment described herein.

• If Blue Ocean is unable to complete a business combination within the required time period, the Sponsor will be liable under certain circumstances described herein to ensure that the proceeds in the Trust Account are not reduced by the claims of target businesses or claims of vendors or other entities that are owed money by Blue Ocean for services rendered to, or contracted for or products sold to Blue Ocean. If Blue Ocean consummates a business combination, on the other hand, TNL Mediagene will be liable for all such claims.

• The Sponsor acquired an aggregate of 4,743,750 Founder Shares, which will be converted into at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,960,980 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares), assuming no further adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio, in connection with the Merger, for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 prior to the Blue Ocean IPO. Based on the average of the high (US$11.46) and low (US$11.46) prices for Blue Ocean Class A Shares on Nasdaq on October 10, 2024, the value of the Founder Shares outstanding upon the Closing would be $29,049,851 (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, $33,932,831). In connection with the closing of the Merger, an aggregate of 4,743,750 Founder Shares will be converted for the rights to receive at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be issued in exchange for the Founder Shares at the times and subject to adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms and conditions in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement as further described herein. See “Agreements Entered Into In Connection With the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement” for more information.

• The Sponsor and Apollo initially acquired the 9,225,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, which will be converted into TNL Mediagene Warrants in connection with the Merger, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $9.2 million in the Blue Ocean IPO. The Sponsor and Apollo have agreed to forfeit 750,000 warrants pro rata at the Closing in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement. In addition, the Sponsor has agreed to forfeit 3,707,168 warrants (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,992,055 warrants), representing 50% of warrants expected to be held by the Sponsor immediately prior to the Closing, assuming no further adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, In addition, Blue Ocean issued an unsecured convertible promissory note to the Sponsor (the “2023 Sponsor Convertible Note”) pursuant to which the Sponsor may elect to convert the principal amount of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note into warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant. As of June 30, 2024, a principal amount of $1,411,884 was outstanding under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, Based on the US$0.0165 price of the Public Warrants on Nasdaq on October 10, 2024, the value of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants outstanding upon the Closing, assuming the holders of the 2023 Sponsor

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Convertible Note elect to convert them into warrants on the Closing Date, would be $101,965 (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, $113,765). See “Agreements Entered Into In Connection With the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement” for more information.

• As a result of the prices at which the Sponsor and Apollo acquired their Blue Ocean Class B Shares and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, and their current value, the Sponsor and Apollo could make a substantial profit after the completion of the Merger even if Blue Ocean Public Shareholders lose money on their investments as a result of a decrease in the post-combination value of their Public Shares.

• The Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors and their affiliates are entitled to reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses incurred by them in connection with certain activities on Blue Ocean’s behalf, such as identifying, investigating, negotiating and completing an initial business combination. However, if Blue Ocean fails to consummate a business combination within the required period, they will not have any claim against the Trust Account for reimbursement. Accordingly, Blue Ocean may not be able to reimburse these expenses if the Merger or another business combination is not completed by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders). As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors and their affiliates had incurred no unpaid reimbursable expenses.

• If Blue Ocean is unable to complete a business combination within the required time period, the aggregate dollar amount of non-reimbursable funds the Sponsor and its affiliates have at risk that depends on the completion of a business combination is $9,250,000 comprised of (a) $25,000 representing the aggregate purchase price paid for the Founder Shares and (b) $9,225,000 representing the aggregate purchase price paid for the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

• Blue Ocean has provisions in the Blue Ocean Articles waiving the corporate opportunities doctrine on an ongoing basis, which means that Blue Ocean’s officers and directors have not been obligated and continue to not be obligated to bring all corporate opportunities to Blue Ocean.

• The Merger Agreement provides for the continued indemnification of Blue Ocean’s current directors and officers and the continuation of directors and officers liability insurance covering Blue Ocean’s current directors and officers.

• Blue Ocean’s Sponsor, officers and directors or their affiliates may make loans from time to time to Blue Ocean to fund certain capital requirements. On June 20, 2023, Blue Ocean issued an unsecured convertible promissory note to the Sponsor, which was amended on May 30, 2024 to extend its maturity date from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024, that provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $1,500,000 (as amended, the “2023 Sponsor Convertible Note”) to be drawn by Blue Ocean to finance costs incurred in connection with the Merger and for working capital purposes and/or to finance the monthly deposits in the Trust Account. On April 5, 2024, Blue Ocean issued an additional promissory note to the Sponsor which provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $750,000 (the “2024 Sponsor Promissory Note”), with a flat repayment rate of 10%, to be drawn down by Blue Ocean to finance costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Merger. Additional loans may be made after the date of this proxy statement/prospectus. If the Merger is not consummated, any outstanding loans will not be repaid and will be forgiven except to the extent there are funds available to Blue Ocean outside of the Trust Account. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, approximately $1.5 million was outstanding under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note and $750,000 was outstanding (and $825,000 owed giving effect to the 10% repayment rate) under the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note.

• TNL Mediagene initially agreed to loan Blue Ocean up to an aggregate principal amount of $400,000 in the form of a working capital note on August 3, 2023, which was later amended and restated on July 15, 2024 to increase the aggregate principal amount available for drawdowns to up to $650,000 (as amended and restated, the “TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note”). The TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note is a non-interest bearing, unsecured promissory note that will not be repaid in the event the Merger Agreement is terminated prior to the consummation of the Merger. The TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note is to be paid on the date Blue Ocean consummates the Merger. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, $554,900 was outstanding under the TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note.

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• Blue Ocean entered into an agreement, commencing December 2, 2021, to pay the Sponsor a monthly fee of $10,000 for office space, utilities, administrative and support services and has been accruing that obligation. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, approximately $330,000 was accrued with respect to such fee.

• Certain transaction fees and expenses will be payable upon consummation of the Merger, including: (i) $6,641,250 payable to Needham & Company, LLC (“Needham”) as a deferred underwriting commission in connection with acting as the underwriter in the Blue Ocean IPO, pursuant and subject to the terms of Needham’s engagement, (ii) the remaining $70,000 of compensation payable to Newbridge for its services in connection with the rendering of its Opinion to Blue Ocean’s board of directors and (iii) other banking, legal, and accounting fees incurred in connection with the Merger. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the anticipated transaction fees and expenses of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean incurred and outstanding as a result of the Transactions are estimated at approximately $19.7 million.

Q: Is the Closing subject to any capital raising or other closing conditions?

A: The Closing is subject to the satisfaction or waiver by the respective parties of a number of conditions under the Merger Agreement, including, among other things: (i) the approval of the Merger Agreement and the Transactions by the shareholders of Blue Ocean; (ii) the Merger Agreement and the Transactions having been approved by the shareholders of TNL Mediagene; (iii) this proxy statement/prospectus having become effective; (iv) TNL Mediagene’s listing applications and listing of applicable TNL Mediagene securities to be issued in connection with the Transactions having been approved by The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”), subject only to official notice of issuance thereof; (v) no law or governmental order by any governmental authority of competent jurisdiction, enjoining, prohibiting, or making illegal the consummation of the Merger; and (vi) completion of the Recapitalization. Other conditions to Blue Ocean’s obligations include, among other things, absence of any Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement). Other conditions to TNL Mediagene’s obligations include, among other things, the absence of any SPAC Impairment Effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement).

Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene have undertaken an offering process related to the PIPE Investments, which they expect to finalize, if successful, prior to the later of December 2024 or the Closing. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene have not entered into any definitive agreements with respect to the PIPE Investments or other equity financing arrangements with any potential investor. While Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene intend to pursue the PIPE Investments, there can be no assurance that Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene will complete the PIPE Investments or that any other financing arrangement will be effectuated.

Q: What equity stake will current TNL Mediagene shareholders and current Blue Ocean shareholders hold in the combined company immediately after the completion of the Merger, and what effect will potential sources of dilution have on such equity stake after the Closing?

A: The following table presents the anticipated share ownership of various holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares after the completion of the Merger, based on the number of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus and the assumption that no additional equity securities of TNL Mediagene will be issued at or prior to Closing, except for those issued in the cases that (i) holders of the DaEX Conversion Rights and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes elect to redeem their conversion rights to receive TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and (ii) the principal balance under the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note is converted into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares upon the consummation of the Closing, and that there are no Dissenting Blue Ocean Shareholders, under the following redemption scenarios:

• Assuming No Redemptions: This scenario assumes that no Blue Ocean Public Shareholder exercises redemption rights with respect to their Public Shares.

• Assuming 25% of Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 460,488 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $5.2 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024.

• Assuming 50% of Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 920,975 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $10.4 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024.

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• Assuming 75% of Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 1,381,463 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $15.6 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024.

• Assuming Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 1,841,950 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $20.8 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024, which is the maximum number of Public Shares that could be redeemed by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders.

|  | Assuming No Redemptions |  | Assuming 25% Redemptions |  | Assuming 50% Redemptions |  | Assuming 75% Redemptions |  | Assuming Maximum Redemptions
|  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | %
TNL Mediagene shareholders(1) |  | 24,617,697 |  | 82.75 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 85.29 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 86.68 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 88.10 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 89.58
DaEX Conversion Right Holders |  | 58,193 |  | 0.20 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.20 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.20 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.21 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.21
2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes holders |  | 172,808 |  | 0.58 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.60 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.61 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.62 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.63
2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note holder |  | 96,993 |  | 0.33 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.34 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.34 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.35 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.35
Blue Ocean Public Shareholders |  | 1,841,950 |  | 6.19 |  | 1,381,463 |  | 4.79 |  | 920,975 |  | 3.24 |  | 460,488 |  | 1.65 |  | — |  | —
Total shares outstanding at Closing |  | 26,787,641 |  | 90.05 |  | 26,327,154 |  | 91.23 |  | 25,866,666 |  | 91.07 |  | 25,406,179 |  | 90.94 |  | 24,945,691 |  | 90.77
Blue Ocean initial shareholders(2) |  | 2,960,980 |  | 9.95 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 8.78 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 8.93 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 9.07 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 9.23
Total shares outstanding at Closing and deferred shares |  | 29,748,621 |  | 100.00 |  | 28,862,045 |  | 100.00 |  | 28,401,557 |  | 100.00 |  | 27,941,070 |  | 100.00 |  | 27,480,582 |  | 100.00

____________

(1) Assumes that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, 218,816,761 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically converted into 24,617,697 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

(2) The holders of 4,743,750 Founder Shares agreed in the Sponsor Lock-up and Support Agreement to forfeit up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares and to defer receiving at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, issuable as part of the agreed merger consideration under the Merger Agreement until certain specified dates after the Closing Date. Consequently, no TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued to such shareholders in exchange for the 4,743,750 Founder Shares on the Closing Date. Under the “Assuming No Redemptions”, it is assumed that the holders of the Founder Shares will forfeit 1,782,770 Founder Shares and defer receiving 2,960,980 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071. See “Agreements Entered Into in Connection with the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.”

However, if the actual facts are different from the assumptions laid out above, the anticipated share ownership of various holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares after the completion of the Merger will be different. TNL Mediagene shareholders would experience dilution to the extent TNL Mediagene issues additional shares after Closing, including to any PIPE Investors. In addition, the table above excludes certain potential sources of dilution, among others, TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options under TNL Mediagene’s 2015 Global Share Plan (the “2015 Plan”) and TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

In an effort to illustrate the extent of such dilution, the following table includes the issuance of (i) TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s stock options and restricted shares granted; (ii) TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants; and (iii) TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (assuming that the principal balance of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note is settled by warrants) under the following redemption scenarios:

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Potential sources of additional dilution:

|  | Assuming No Redemptions |  | Assuming 25% of Maximum Redemptions |  | Assuming 50% of Maximum Redemptions |  | Assuming 75% of Maximum Redemptions |  | Assuming Maximum Redemptions
|  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | %
TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options(1) |  | 729,933 |  | 1.56 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.61 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.63 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.64 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.67
TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying restricted shares granted to employees(2) |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01
TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants |  | 9,487,500 |  | 20.24 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 20.96 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 21.17 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 21.39 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 21.62
TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Blue Ocean Pri vate Place ment Warrants(3) |  | 6,894,829 |  | 14.71 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 13.65 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 13.79 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 13.94 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 14.08
Total dilution |  | 17,116,950 |  | 36.52 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 36.23 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 36.60 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 36.98 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 37.38
Total fully diluted TNL Media gene Ordi nary Shares outstanding(4) |  | 46,865,571 |  | 100.00 |  | 45,263,882 |  | 100.00 |  | 44,803,394 |  | 100.00 |  | 44,342,907 |  | 100.00 |  | 43,882,419 |  | 100.00

____________

(1) Assumes that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, 6,523,082 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options will be automatically converted into 729,933 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

(2) Assumes that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, 41,667 restricted shares of TNL Mediagene granted to employees as of June 30, 2024 will be automatically converted into 4,688 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

(3) The Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants consist of 9,225,000 warrants sold to Sponsor and Apollo concurrently with the Blue Ocean IPO, less 750,000 warrants which will be forfeited pro rata by Sponsor and Apollo at the Closing Date in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, less up to 3,707,168 warrants, representing 50% of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants that Sponsor holds immediately prior to the Closing, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, which will be forfeited by Sponsor at the Closing Date in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement and plus an additional 1,411,884 warrants assuming the holders of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note elect to convert them into warrants on the Closing Date. Under the “Assuming No Redemptions”, it is assumed that 50% of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by Sponsor immediately prior to the Closing to be forfeited will be 2,992,055 warrants based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071.

(4) These totals do not include the effect of the issuance of additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as consideration for the acquisition of Green Quest Holding Inc. (the “Green Quest Consideration”). On August 23, 2024 TNL Mediagene entered a share purchase agreement to acquire 100% of the outstanding shares of Green Quest Holding Inc. for the maximum consideration of up to NTD 200,000,000 to be paid entirely in ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene. The acquisition is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2024. The Green Quest Consideration is partially contingent upon the performance of Green Quest Holding, Inc. for the year ending December 31, 2024 and will not be due until after the Effective Time at the earliest. Assuming the effect of the Recapitalization using the Split Factor of 0.112503707, we estimate that TNL Mediagene may issue up to approximately 559,000 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as the Green Quest Consideration.

This information should be read together with the pro forma combined financial information in “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

Q: What is the effective underwriting fee that will be received by the underwriter for the Blue Ocean IPO?

A: Needham acted as the underwriter in the Blue Ocean IPO consummated on December 7, 2021. Needham has received an initial underwriting commission of $3,795,000 and has performed all of its obligations to receive a deferred underwriting commission of $6,641,250 from Blue Ocean for the Blue Ocean IPO if the Merger is consummated, pursuant and subject to the terms of Needham’s engagement.

Q: When do you expect the Merger to be completed?

A: It is currently anticipated that the Merger will be consummated promptly following the Blue Ocean extraordinary general meeting, which is set for , 2024; however, such meeting could be adjourned or postponed to a later date, as described above. The Closing is also subject to other customary closing conditions. For a description of the conditions for the completion of the Merger, see “The Merger Agreement and Ancillary Documents — Conditions to Closing.”

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Q: What do I need to do now?

A: Blue Ocean urges you to carefully read and consider the information contained in this proxy statement/prospectus, including the annexes, and to consider how the Merger will affect you as a shareholder of Blue Ocean. Shareholders should then vote as soon as possible in accordance with the instructions provided in this proxy statement/prospectus and on the enclosed proxy card.

Q: When and where will the extraordinary general meeting take place?

A: The extraordinary general meeting will be held on , 2024, at , time, at , or such other date, time and place to which such meeting may be postponed or adjourned.

Q: How do I attend the extraordinary general meeting?

A: The extraordinary general meeting will be held on , 2024, at , time, at , where you may vote and submit your questions during the extraordinary general meeting. You may submit your proxy vote via the Internet by following the instructions provided on the proxy card mailed to you or by completing, signing, dating and returning the enclosed proxy card in the accompanying pre-addressed postage-paid envelope.

If you hold your shares in “street name,” which means your shares are held of record by a broker, bank or nominee, you should contact your broker, bank or nominee to ensure that votes related to the shares you beneficially own are properly counted. In this regard, you must provide the broker, bank or nominee with instructions on how to vote your shares or, if you wish to attend the extraordinary general meeting and vote in person, obtain a valid proxy from your broker, bank or nominee. If you hold your shares in “street name,” which means your shares are held of record by a broker, bank or nominee, and you wish to attend the extraordinary general meeting in person, you must obtain a legal proxy from the shareholder of record. Holders should contact their broker, bank or nominee for instructions regarding obtaining a proxy.

Q: How do I vote?

A: If you are a holder of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares at the close of business on the record date, you may vote online or in person at the extraordinary general meeting or by submitting a proxy for the extraordinary general meeting. Whether or not you plan to attend the extraordinary general meeting, we urge you to vote by proxy to ensure your vote is counted.

You may submit your proxy by completing, signing, dating and returning the enclosed proxy card in the accompanying pre-addressed postage paid envelope so that it is received no later than 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the extraordinary general meeting (or, in the case of an adjournment, no later than 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the adjourned meeting). By signing the proxy card and returning it, you are authorizing the individuals named on the proxy card to vote your shares at the extraordinary general meeting in the manner you indicate. You may still attend the extraordinary general meeting and vote online if you have already voted by proxy.

If you hold your shares in “street name,” you should contact your broker, bank or nominee to ensure that votes related to the shares you beneficially own are properly voted and counted. In this regard, you must provide the broker, bank or nominee with instructions on how to vote your shares or, if you wish to attend and vote at the extraordinary general meeting in person, obtain a legal proxy from the shareholder of record. Holders should contact their broker, bank or nominee for instructions regarding obtaining a proxy.

Q: If my shares are held in “street name,” will my broker, bank or nominee automatically vote my shares for me?

A: Your broker, bank or nominee can vote your shares without receiving your instructions on “routine” proposals only. Your broker, bank or nominee cannot vote your shares with respect to “non-routine” proposals unless you provide instructions on how to vote in accordance with the information and procedures provided to you by your broker, bank or nominee.

The Business Combination Proposal, the Merger Proposal and the Adjournment Proposal are non-routine proposals. Accordingly, your broker, bank or nominee may not vote your shares with respect to these proposals unless you provide voting instructions.

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Q: May I change my vote after I have mailed my signed proxy card?

A: Yes. Shareholders of record may send a later-dated, signed proxy card to Blue Ocean so that it is received no later than 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the extraordinary general meeting (or, in the case of an adjournment, no later than 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the adjourned meeting). Shareholders of record also may revoke their proxy by sending a notice of revocation to Blue Ocean’s board of directors, which must be received prior to the vote at the extraordinary general meeting. If you hold your shares in “street name,” you should contact your broker, bank or nominee to change your instructions on how to vote. If you hold your shares in “street name” and wish to attend the extraordinary general meeting and vote in person, you must obtain a legal proxy from the shareholder of record. Holders should contact their broker, bank or nominee for instructions regarding obtaining a proxy.

Q: What constitutes a quorum for the extraordinary general meeting?

A: A quorum is the minimum number of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares that must be present to hold a valid meeting. Holders of one-third of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares on the record date issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at the Blue Ocean extraordinary general meeting, present in person or represented by proxy, constitute a quorum. Your shares will be counted towards the quorum only if you submit a valid proxy (or one is submitted on your behalf by your broker, bank or nominee) or if you vote online. Abstentions will count as present for the purposes of establishing a quorum. In the absence of a quorum, the chairman of the meeting has the power to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting. As of the record date, [•] Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares would be required to achieve a quorum.

Q: What shareholder vote thresholds are required for the approval of each proposal brought before the extraordinary general meeting?

• Business Combination Proposal — The approval of the Business Combination Proposal will require an ordinary resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, being the affirmative vote of shareholders holding a majority of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which are entitled to vote and which are voted on such resolution in person or by proxy at the extraordinary general meeting at which a quorum is present.

• Merger Proposal — The approval of the Merger Proposal will require a special resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, being the affirmative vote of shareholders holding at least two-thirds of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which are entitled to vote and which are voted on such resolution in person or by proxy at the extraordinary general meeting at which quorum is present.

• Adjournment Proposal — The approval of the Adjournment Proposal will require an ordinary resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, being the affirmative vote of shareholders holding a majority of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which are entitled to vote and which are voted on such resolution in person or by proxy at the extraordinary general meeting at which a quorum is present.

The Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Blue Ocean Class B Shares are entitled to vote together as a single class on all matters to be considered at the extraordinary general meeting. Voting on all resolutions at the extraordinary general meeting will be conducted by way of a poll vote. Shareholders will have one vote for each Blue Ocean Ordinary Share owned at the close of business on the record date.

Brokers are not entitled to vote on the Business Combination Proposal, the Merger Proposal or the Adjournment Proposal absent voting instructions from the beneficial holder. Abstentions and broker non-votes, while considered present for the purposes of establishing a quorum, will not count as votes cast at the extraordinary general meeting, and otherwise will have no effect on a particular proposal.

Q: What happens if I fail to take any action with respect to the extraordinary general meeting?

A: If you fail to take any action with respect to the extraordinary general meeting and fail to redeem your Public Shares following the procedure described in this proxy statement/prospectus and the Merger is approved by the Blue Ocean shareholders and consummated, you will become a shareholder of TNL Mediagene.

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If you fail to take any action with respect to the extraordinary general meeting and the Merger is not approved, you will continue to be a shareholder of Blue Ocean and Blue Ocean will continue to search for another target business with which to complete an initial business combination. If Blue Ocean does not complete an initial business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), Blue Ocean must cease all operations except for the purpose of winding up, redeem 100% of the outstanding Public Shares, at a per-share price, payable in cash, equal to an amount then held in the Trust Account (net of taxes payable and less up to $100,000 of interest to pay dissolution expenses), and as promptly as reasonably possible following such redemption, subject to the approval of Blue Ocean’s remaining shareholders and its board of directors, dissolve and liquidate.

Q: What should I do with my share certificates?

A: Shareholders who do not elect to have their Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares redeemed for a pro rata share of the Trust Account should wait for instructions from Blue Ocean’s transfer agent regarding what to do with their certificates.

Blue Ocean Public Shareholders who elect to exercise their redemption rights must either tender their share certificates (if any) to Blue Ocean’s transfer agent or deliver their Public Shares to the transfer agent electronically using The Depository Trust Company’s DWAC System, in each case no later than two business days prior to the extraordinary general meeting as described above.

Q: What should I do if I receive more than one set of voting materials?

A: Shareholders may receive more than one set of voting materials, including multiple copies of this proxy statement/prospectus and multiple proxy cards or voting instruction cards. For example, if you hold your shares in more than one brokerage account, you will receive a separate voting instruction card for each brokerage account in which you hold shares. If you are a holder of record and your shares are registered in more than one name, you will receive more than one proxy card. Please complete, sign, date and return each proxy card and voting instruction card that you receive in order to cast a vote with respect to all of your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares.

Q: Who can help answer my questions?

A: If you have questions about the Merger or if you need additional copies of this proxy statement/prospectus or the enclosed proxy card, you should contact Blue Ocean’s proxy solicitor at:

Morrow Sodali LLC
333 Ludlow Street, 5th Floor, South Tower
Stamford, CT 06902
Individuals call toll-free: (800) 662-5200
Banks and brokers call: (203) 658-9400
Email: BOCN.info@investor.morrowsodali.com

You may also obtain additional information about Blue Ocean from documents filed with the SEC by following the instructions in “Where You Can Find More Information.” If you are a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder and you intend to seek redemption of your shares, you will need to either tender your share certificates (if any) to Blue Ocean’s transfer agent at the address below or deliver your Public Shares to the transfer agent electronically using The Depository Trust Company’s DWAC System, in each case at least two business days prior to the extraordinary general meeting. If you have questions regarding the certification of your position or delivery of your share certificates and redemption request, please contact:

Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company
One State Street, 30th Floor
New York, New York 10004
Attn: SPAC Redemption Team
Email: spacredemptions@continentalstock.com

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SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information from this proxy statement/prospectus. It may not contain all of the information that is important to you. You should carefully read the entire proxy statement/prospectus and the other documents referred to in this proxy statement/prospectus, including the annexes, to fully understand the Merger Agreement, the Merger and the other matters being considered at the extraordinary general meeting of Blue Ocean shareholders. For additional information, see “Where You Can Find More Information” on page 263. Each item in this summary refers to the page of this proxy statement/prospectus on which that subject is discussed in more detail.

The Parties to the Merger

TNL Mediagene

TNL Mediagene is Asia’s next-generation media company built around a portfolio of diverse and trusted digital media brands and a suite of AI-powered advertising and data analytics solutions. With data at its core, TNL Mediagene operates media, technology and digital studio businesses primarily in Japan and Taiwan, with a vision to expand into other key East and Southeast Asian markets outside of mainland China. Through its trusted digital media brands, AI-powered advertising and data analytics technology and digital studio solutions, TNL Mediagene aims to provide multinational clients with unmatched opportunities to contextually reach and engage with Millennial and Gen Z audiences across the East and Southeast Asian region, one of the largest and most attractive audience segments in the world.

TNL Mediagene was formed in May 2023 by the merger of TNL (formerly “The News Lens Co., Ltd.”) and Mediagene Inc. (“Mediagene”). Mediagene publishes well-known and trusted digital media brands, such as ROOMIE and MASHING UP, as well as Japanese editions of global digital media brands, including Gizmodo Japan, Lifehacker Japan and Business Insider Japan, and also provides integrated digital studio, agency and marketing solutions. TNL owns several popular digital media brands in Taiwan, including The News Lens, iCook, and Sports Vision, and also operates AI-powered data analytics and advertising technology and market research assets. As a combined company, TNL Mediagene has built upon the respective strengths of its predecessors and has created synergies between the unique capabilities of both companies — TNL’s data analytics, advertising technologies and direct-to-client advertising sales platform and Mediagene’s portfolio of iconic digital media brands in the larger Japanese market, innovative content marketing, integrated marketing, live events, and retail media capabilities — while maintaining the shared core values and focus on high-quality independent digital media publishing.

TNL Mediagene provides its advertising clients and partners with a distinctive value proposition, anchored on a portfolio of diverse and trusted digital media brands and a suite of AI-powered advertising and data analytics solutions. With its strong foundation in digital media, TNL Mediagene has prioritized collecting more and better data, developing more data-focused services and products, delivering performance advertising that gives its clients higher return on advertising spending, and achieving audience growth by strengthening its audience share in its existing content categories, expanding into new content categories and growing into new geographic markets.

Media and Branded Content. As an independent digital media publisher, TNL Mediagene delivers independent and inspiring digital content to its Millennial and Gen Z audiences in Japan, Taiwan and throughout the East and, ultimately, Southeast Asia region. For the six month period ended June 30, 2024, TNL Mediagene’s 22 digital media brands across five content categories — news and business, B2B media, technology, lifestyle and food, and sports and entertainment — have reached over 40 million average monthly unique users, or MUU, in three languages, Japanese, Chinese and English, with over 175 million average monthly digital footprints across websites, social-media platforms and mobile apps.

Technology. TNL Mediagene’s data analytics and AI-powered technology provides deep insight into the content consumption and engagement behaviors of its users and enables it to optimize audience monetization by creating and delivering captivating and high-quality content and deep two-way connections with its audience, particularly among members of the Millennial and Gen Z generations. TNL Mediagene’s 22 trusted digital media brands cover diverse categories, offering high engagement with the growing and affluent digital-native generations primarily in Japan and Taiwan, and deliver high-quality advertisement performance in the digital advertising and growing retail media spaces. TNL Mediagene has represented over 850 regional and global advertising clients across diverse industries, including multinational companies and government agencies, and provides a one-stop access point

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for their digital advertising and marketing needs, delivering with greater return on advertising spend, measurable monetization opportunities and competitive advantages through personalized advertising, content marketing, retail media and integrated marketing and live event solutions.

Digital Studio. TNL Mediagene’s integrated digital studios, agencies and market research teams provide a comprehensive suite of strategic, creative design, research and communication services that help its clients reach and engage their target audiences and build communities for their brands. Ranging from campaign planning, communication strategy, marketing content creation, and event planning to digital agency services with social media strategy, influencer recruiting, and UX/UI design, TNL Mediagene’s integrated digital studio, agency and market research solutions help formulate and deliver key messages to its clients’ target audiences both online and offline and enables its to build long-term relationships with B2C and B2B clients through multi-year projects.

Building on these three synergizing business segments, TNL Mediagene’s total revenue increased from $20.0 million in 2022 to $35.8 million in 2023, representing 79.1% year-on-year growth, including revenue earned by former Mediagene which merged with TNL in May 2023. Revenue increased from $9.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $20.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily reflecting the fact that the pre-merger Mediagene’s revenue is fully recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2024. On a pro forma basis, accounting for a full year of former Mediagene’s results, TNL Mediagene would have earned $45.2 million in revenue in 2023. TNL Mediagene’s cost of revenue also increased significantly to $23.2 million in 2023, from $12.2 million in 2022. For more detail, see “TNL Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

To date, TNL Mediagene has incurred recurring losses from operations, negative working capital, and net operating cash outflow, including net losses of $12.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, $1.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, and $5.9 million in the six-month period ended June 30, 2024. TNL Mediagene’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 and audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 include disclosure regarding substantial doubt about its ability to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business and to continue as a going concern. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Operations and History — TNL Mediagene’s ability to continue as a going concern depends in part on improving its operating and financing conditions”.

TNL Mediagene’s registered address is at the offices of Walkers Corporate Limited, 190 Elgin Avenue, George Town, Grand Cayman KY1-9008, Cayman Islands. The mailing address of TNL Mediagene’s principal executive office in Japan is 23-2 Maruyamacho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0044, Japan (telephone number: +81-(0)3-5784-6742). The mailing address of TNL Mediagene’s principal executive office in Taiwan is 4F., No. 88, Yanchang Rd., Xinyi District, Taipei City 110, Taiwan (telephone number: +866-2-6638-5108).

Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp

Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp is a blank check company incorporated on March 26, 2021 as a Cayman Islands exempted company for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities. Prior to executing the Merger Agreement, Blue Ocean’s efforts were limited to organizational activities, completion of its initial public offering and the evaluation of possible business combinations.

On December 7, 2021, Blue Ocean consummated the Blue Ocean IPO of 16,500,000 Blue Ocean Units, each Blue Ocean Unit consisting of one Blue Ocean Class A Share, and one-half of one redeemable Public Warrant, each whole Public Warrant entitling the holder thereof to purchase one Blue Ocean Class A Share for $11.50 per share (subject to adjustment). The Blue Ocean Units were sold at a price of $10.00 per Blue Ocean Unit, and the Blue Ocean IPO generated gross proceeds of $165,000,000. Substantially concurrent with the closing of the Blue Ocean IPO, Blue Ocean consummated a private placement (the “Private Placement”) with its Sponsor and Apollo, of an aggregate of 8,235,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants at a price of $1.00 per Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant, generating gross proceeds to the Company of $8,235,000. On December 7, 2021, a total of $168,300,000 of the net proceeds from the Blue Ocean IPO and the Private Placement were deposited in the Trust Account.

On December 7, 2021, the Underwriter exercised in full the option granted to them by Blue Ocean to purchase up to 2,475,000 additional Units (the “Over-Allotment Option Units”) solely to cover over-allotments, which option was granted to them under the underwriting agreement for the Blue Ocean IPO. The sale of these 2,475,000

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Over-Allotment Option Units closed on December 9, 2021, generating gross proceeds of $24,750,000. Substantially concurrent with the closing of the over-allotment option, Blue Ocean consummated a private placement (the “Additional Private Placement” and, together with the Private Placement, the “Private Placements”) with its Sponsor of an additional 990,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants at a price of $1.00 per Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant, generating gross proceeds of $990,000. On December 9, 2021, a total of $25,245,000 of the proceeds from the closing of the Over-Allotment Option Units and the Additional Private Placement were deposited into the Trust Account, resulting in a total deposit of $193,545,000 in the Trust Account as of December 9, 2021.

Transaction costs associated with the Blue Ocean IPO amounted to $12,517,335, consisting of $3,795,000 in cash of underwriting fees, $6,641,250 of deferred underwriting fees (which will be payable upon consummation of the Merger), $1,248,100 of offering costs related to the fair value of the Founder Shares sold to Apollo, and $832,985 of other offering costs.

On January 21, 2022, Blue Ocean announced that, commencing January 24, 2022, holders of the 18,975,000 Blue Ocean Units sold in the Blue Ocean IPO may elect to separately trade Blue Ocean Class A Shares and the Blue Ocean Warrants included in the Units. Those Blue Ocean Units not separated continued to trade on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “BOCNU” and Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Blue Ocean Warrants that were separated trade under the symbols “BOCN” and “BOCNW,” respectively.

Blue Ocean initially had until June 7, 2023 to consummate an initial business combination (or until September 7, 2023 if the period of time to consummate a business combination was extended). On August 29, 2023, shareholders of Blue Ocean held the Extension Meeting in lieu of the 2023 annual general meeting of the shareholders of Blue Ocean. At the Extension Meeting, Blue Ocean Public Shareholders approved the proposal to amend the Blue Ocean Articles to give Blue Ocean the right to extend the date by which it has to consummate a business combination from September 7, 2023 to June 7, 2024, by depositing into the Trust Account $60,000 for each of the nine subsequent one-month extensions. In connection therewith the shareholders of record were provided the opportunity to exercise their redemption rights (the “Blue Ocean Extension”). Holders of 12,817,785 Blue Ocean Class A Shares exercised their right to redeem at a per share redemption price of approximately $10.67. On September 5, 2023, a total of $136,786,445 in redemption payments were made in connection with this redemption. Following the redemption, Blue Ocean had a total of 6,157,215 Blue Ocean Class A Shares outstanding. On May 29, 2024, shareholders of Blue Ocean held the Second Extension Meeting in lieu of the 2024 annual general meeting of the shareholders of Blue Ocean. At the Second Extension Meeting, Blue Ocean Public Shareholders approved the proposal to amend the Blue Ocean Articles to give Blue Ocean the right to extend the date by which it has to consummate a business combination from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024, by depositing into the Trust Account $30,000 for each of the six subsequent one-month extensions. Holders of 4,315,265 Blue Ocean Class A Shares exercised their right to redeem at a per share redemption price of approximately $11.20. On June 3, 2024, a total of $48,321,746.73 in redemption payments was made in connection with this redemption. Following the redemption, Blue Ocean had a total of 1,841,950 Blue Ocean Class A Shares outstanding.

On June 21, 2024, Blue Ocean issued an aggregate of 4,353,749 Blue Ocean Class A Shares to the Sponsor upon the conversion of an equal number of Founder Shares and an aggregate of 390,000 Blue Ocean Class A Shares to Norman Pearlstine, Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, Priscilla Han, Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and other holders of the Blue Ocean Class B Shares upon the conversion of an equal number of Founder Shares (together, the “Conversion”). The Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued in connection with the Conversion are subject to the same restrictions applicable to the Blue Ocean Class B Shares prior to the Conversion, including, among other things, certain transfer restrictions, waiver of redemption rights and the obligation to vote in favor of an initial business combination as described elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. Following the Conversion, Blue Ocean had a total of 6,585,699 Blue Ocean Class A Shares outstanding, of which 1,841,950 were Public Shares, and one Blue Ocean Class B Share outstanding.

Blue Ocean’s principal executive office is located at 2 Wisconsin Circle, 7th Floor, Chevy Chase, MD 20815.

Merger Sub

Merger Sub is a newly formed Cayman Islands exempted company and a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene. Merger Sub was formed solely for the purpose of effecting the Transactions and has not carried on any activities other than those in connection with the Transactions. The address and telephone number for Merger Sub’s principal executive offices are the same as those for TNL Mediagene.

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The Merger Agreement (page 115)

The terms and conditions of the merger of Merger Sub with and into Blue Ocean (the “Merger”), with Blue Ocean continuing as the surviving entity after the Merger and a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene (such company, as the surviving entity of the Merger, the “Surviving Entity”), and the other transactions resulting in TNL Mediagene continuing as the parent/public company (the “Transactions”) are contained in the Merger Agreement, which is attached as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3 to this proxy statement/prospectus. We encourage you to read the Merger Agreement carefully, as it is the legal document that governs the Merger.

Structure of TNL Mediagene prior to the Merger and the Transactions

The graphic below shows the ownership structure of TNL Mediagene prior to the Merger and the Transactions.

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Note:

(1) The acquisition of Green Quest Holding Inc. is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Closing of the Merger and the Transactions

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Note:

(1) The acquisition of Green Quest Holding Inc. is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2024.

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On the Closing Date and immediately prior to the Effective Time, (i) the memorandum and articles of association of TNL Mediagene in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time will be replaced with the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles, (ii) each issued and outstanding ordinary share of TNL Mediagene, par value $0.0001 per share (each such share, a “TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Share”), will be redesignated as an Ordinary Share (as defined in the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles), par value $0.0001 per share, and each TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Share held in TNL Mediagene’s treasury immediately prior to such redesignation will be automatically cancelled and extinguished without any redesignation, subdivision or payment therefor, (iii) immediately following such redesignation but prior to the Effective Time, TNL Mediagene will effect a reverse share split to cause the deemed value of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Shares immediately prior to the Effective Time to equal $10.00 on a fully diluted basis, based on TNL Mediagene’s implied valuation immediately before the consummation of the Merger (the “Reverse Share Split”), and (iv) any option of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Share Split will be adjusted to give effect to the foregoing transactions pursuant to the methodology set forth in the Merger Agreement (the “Option Adjustment,” and, together with the transactions described in (i) through (iv), the “Recapitalization”).

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (i) immediately prior to the Effective Time, each Blue Ocean Class B Share (excluding any Blue Ocean Class B Share forfeited in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement) shall be automatically converted into one Blue Ocean Class A Share in accordance with the terms of the Blue Ocean Articles and each Blue Ocean Class B Share shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be canceled, and each former holder of Blue Ocean Class B Shares shall thereafter cease to have any rights with respect to such Blue Ocean Class B Shares (the “Blue Ocean Class B Conversion”); (ii) immediately prior to the Effective Time, the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and the Public Warrants comprising each issued and outstanding Blue Ocean Unit immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be automatically separated (the “Unit Separation”) and the holder thereof shall thereafter hold one Blue Ocean Class A Share and one-half of one Public Warrant; provided that no fractional Public Warrants will be issued in connection with the Unit Separation such that if a holder of Blue Ocean Units would be entitled to receive a fractional Public Warrant upon the Unit Separation, the number of Public Warrants to be issued to such holder upon the Unit Separation shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number of Public Warrants; (iii) each Blue Ocean Class A Share (which, for the avoidance of doubt, includes the Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued in connection with the Blue Ocean Class B Conversion and the Blue Ocean Class A Shares held as a result of the Unit Separation) that is issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than any Blue Ocean shares held in treasury and redeeming Blue Ocean shares) (a) shall be converted automatically into the right to receive one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share (for the avoidance of doubt, after giving effect to the Recapitalization), and (b) shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be canceled by virtue of the Merger, and each former holder of Blue Ocean Class A Shares shall thereafter cease to have any rights with respect to such securities, except as expressly provided herein; (iv) each Blue Ocean Warrant (which, for the avoidance of doubt, includes the Public Warrants held as a result of the Unit Separation) that is issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall cease to be a warrant with respect to Blue Ocean Class A Shares and shall be converted automatically into the right to receive a corresponding TNL Mediagene Warrant exercisable for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. Each TNL Mediagene Warrant shall continue to have and be subject to substantially the same terms and conditions as were applicable to such Blue Ocean Warrant immediately prior to the Effective Time in accordance with the provisions of the Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement; (v) each ordinary share of Merger Sub that is issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will automatically be converted into one ordinary share, par value $1.00 per share, of the Surviving Entity; (vi) each Blue Ocean Class A Share and Blue Ocean Class B Share held in Blue Ocean’s treasury or owned by TNL Mediagene or Merger Sub or any other wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene or Blue Ocean immediately prior to the Effective Time will automatically be cancelled and extinguished without any conversion thereof or payment therefor; and (vii) each redeeming Blue Ocean Class A Share issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will automatically be cancelled and cease to exist and will thereafter represent only the right of the holder thereof to be paid a pro rata share of the amount payable to Blue Ocean Public Shareholders due to their exercise of redemption rights (the “Blue Ocean Shareholder Redemption Amount”) in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles.

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Structure of TNL Mediagene Following the Merger and the Transactions

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Note:

(2) The acquisition of Green Quest Holding Inc. is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Following the Merger and Transactions, the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will become publicly traded, and TNL Mediagene will continue operations with Blue Ocean as its wholly owned subsidiary. The structure of the group following the Merger and Transactions is shown in the graphic above.

Agreements Entered Into in Connection with the Merger (page 126)

Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement

On June 6, 2024, in connection and concurrently with the execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement, Blue Ocean, Sponsor, Apollo SPAC Fund I, L.P., Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. (Apollo SPAC Fund I, L.P. and Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund, Ltd., collectively “Apollo”), and certain members of Blue Ocean’s board of directors, management team and advisory board (“Insiders”) and certain other shareholders of Blue Ocean (“Other Investors”) entered into an amended and restated letter agreement (the “Original Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement”) pursuant to which Sponsor, Apollo and such Insiders and Other Investors agreed, among other things, to vote their Blue Ocean shares in favor of the Blue Ocean Extension Proposal and the adoption of the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger. On October 23, 2024, the Sponsor, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene entered into the Amendment No. 1 to Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement (“Sponsor Agreement Amendment” and together with the Original Sponsor Lock-Up and Sponsor Agreement, the “Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement”). Pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, Sponsor, Apollo and such Insiders and Other Investors agreed, among other things, (i) that TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issuable as part of the agreed merger consideration in exchange for the Founder Shares (which includes 4,743,749 Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued in the Conversion) owned by them (such TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, the “Earn-Out Shares”) will be issued at the times and subject to the conditions in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement; (ii) that the Earn-Out Shares, to the extent issued, will be subject to certain transfer restrictions; (iii) that Sponsor and Apollo will forfeit an aggregate of 750,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by them at the Closing; and (iv) that no Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants will be transferred by them until 30 days after the Closing, in the case of each of clause (i) and (ii), subject to the terms and conditions contemplated by the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement. Pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement Amendment, Sponsor and Blue Ocean further agreed, among other things, (i) that Sponsor will forfeit an aggregate of up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, up to 1,782,770 Founder Shares) owned by Sponsor, subject to further adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement; and (ii) that Sponsor will additionally and separately forfeit 50% of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants it holds immediately prior to the Closing (3,707,168 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (or in the case of no redemptions scenario,

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2,992,055 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants) as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus), subject to further adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement. See “Agre ements Entered Into in Connection with the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.”

TNL Mediagene Shareholder Lock-Up and Support Agreement

In connection and concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, TNL Mediagene, Blue Ocean and certain shareholders of TNL Mediagene (the “TNL Mediagene Holders”) entered into a lock-up and support agreement (the “TNL Mediagene Shareholder Lock-Up and Support Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, the TNL Mediagene Holders agreed not to transfer, other than to affiliates or other TNL Mediagene Holders, any of such TNL Mediagene Holders’ ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene held prior to the consummation of the Merger or termination of the Merger Agreement in accordance with its terms. See “Agreements Entered Into in Connection with the Merger — TNL Mediagene Shareholder Lock-Up and Support Agreement.”

Registration Rights Agreement

Upon consummation of the Merger, Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene, Sponsor, and certain existing shareholders of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene will enter into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) containing customary registration rights for Sponsor and other shareholders of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene. Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, holders of registrable securities of TNL Mediagene will be entitled to make up to three demands that TNL Mediagene register such securities and an additional two demands that TNL Mediagene register the Earn-Out Shares. In addition, holders will have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the consummation of the Merger. See “Agreements Entered Into in Connection with the Merger — Registration Rights Agreement.”

Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement

Immediately prior to the Closing, Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene and Continental will enter into an assignment, assumption and amended and restated warrant agreement (the “Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement”), pursuant to which Blue Ocean will assign to TNL Mediagene all of its rights, interests, and obligations in and under the Warrant Agreement, dated December 2, 2021, by and between Blue Ocean and Continental, and the terms and conditions of such Warrant Agreement will be amended and restated to, among other things, reflect the assumption of Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants by TNL Mediagene.

The Business Combination Proposal (page 89)

The Business Combination Proposal is a proposal to consider and vote upon, as an ordinary resolution, a proposal to approve, ratify and authorize the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3, and the transactions contemplated therein, including the Merger, with Blue Ocean surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene.

The Merger Proposal (page 113)

The Merger Proposal is a proposal to consider and vote upon, as a special resolution, a proposal to approve and authorize the Merger and the Plan of Merger by and among Blue Ocean, Merger Sub and TNL Mediagene, substantially in the form attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex C.

The Adjournment Proposal (page 114)

The Adjournment Proposal is a proposal to consider and vote upon, as an ordinary resolution, a proposal to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting to a later date or dates to be determined by the chairman of the extraordinary general meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation and vote of proxies if, based upon the tabulated vote at the time of the extraordinary general meeting, there are not sufficient votes to approve one or more proposals presented to shareholders for a vote or where Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined it is otherwise necessary.

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Date, Time and Place of Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean Shareholders

The extraordinary general meeting will be held on , 2024, at , time, at , or at such other time, on such other date and at such other place to which the meeting may be adjourned.

Voting Power; Record Date

Blue Ocean shareholders will be entitled to vote or direct votes to be cast at the extraordinary general meeting if they owned Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares at the close of business on [ ], 2024, which is the record date for the extraordinary general meeting. Blue Ocean shareholders will have one vote for each Blue Ocean Ordinary Share owned at the close of business on the record date. If your shares are held in “street name” or are in a margin or similar account, you should contact your broker to ensure that votes related to the shares you beneficially own are properly counted. On the record date, there were [ ] Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued and outstanding and [one] Blue Ocean Class B Share issued and outstanding.

Redemption Rights

If you are a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, other than the Sponsor, shareholders of Blue Ocean prior to the Blue Ocean IPO and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors (to the extent they hold Public Shares), you have the right to request that Blue Ocean redeem your Public Shares for a pro rata portion of the cash held in Blue Ocean’s Trust Account, calculated as of two business days prior to the consummation of the Merger in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, together with any affiliate of such public shareholder or any other person with whom such public shareholder is acting in concert or as a “group” (as defined in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act), will be restricted from seeking redemption rights with respect to more than 15% of the Public Shares. Accordingly, all Public Shares in excess of 15% held by a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, together with any affiliate of such public shareholder or any other person with whom such public shareholder is acting in concert or as a “group,” will not be redeemed and converted into cash.

If you are a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder and wish to exercise your redemption rights, you must:

• if you hold Public Shares through Blue Ocean Units, elect to separate your Blue Ocean Units into the underlying Public Shares and Public Warrants prior to exercising your redemption rights with respect to the Public Shares;

• submit a written request to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, Blue Ocean’s transfer agent, in which you (i) request that Blue Ocean redeem all or a portion of your Public Shares for cash, and (ii) identify yourself as the beneficial holder of the Public Shares and provide your legal name, phone number and address; and

• either tender your share certificates (if any) to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, Blue Ocean’s transfer agent, or deliver your Public Shares to the transfer agent electronically using The Depository Trust Company’s Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian (DWAC) System.

Holders must complete the procedures for electing to redeem their Public Shares in the manner described above prior to 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on , 2024, two business days prior to the extraordinary general meeting, in order for their Public Shares to be redeemed. If you hold the Public Shares in “street name,” you will have to coordinate with your broker, bank or nominee to have the Public Shares you beneficially own certificated and delivered electronically.

Any Blue Ocean Public Shareholder satisfying the requirements for exercising redemption rights will be entitled to a pro rata portion of the amount then in the Trust Account (which, for illustrative purposes, was $ , or $ per share, as of the record date) calculated as of two business days prior to the consummation of the Merger, including interest earned on the funds in the Trust Account and not previously released to Blue Ocean to pay income taxes. Such amount will be paid promptly upon consummation of the Merger. There are currently no owed but unpaid income taxes on the funds in the Trust Account.

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Any request for redemption, once made by a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, may be withdrawn at any time prior to the time the vote is taken with respect to the Business Combination Proposal at the extraordinary general meeting. If you tender your share certificates (if any) to Blue Ocean’s transfer agent and later decide prior to the extraordinary general meeting not to elect redemption, you may request that Blue Ocean’s transfer agent return your share certificates (physically or electronically). You may make such request by contacting Blue Ocean’s transfer agent at the address listed below.

Any Blue Ocean Public Shareholder who elects to exercise Dissent Rights (which dissenter rights are discussed in “Do I have appraisal rights if I object to the proposed Merger?”) will lose their right to have their Public Shares redeemed in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles. The certainty provided by the redemption process may be preferable for Blue Ocean Public Shareholders wishing to exchange their Public Shares for cash. This is because Dissent Rights may be lost or extinguished, including where Blue Ocean and the other parties to the Merger Agreement determine to delay the consummation of the Merger in order to invoke the limitation on dissenter rights under Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law, in which case any Blue Ocean Public Shareholder who has sought to exercise Dissent Rights would only be entitled to receive the merger consideration comprising one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share for each of their Public Shares.

If a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder exercises his, her or its redemption rights, then he, she or it will be exchanging his, her or its Blue Ocean Class A Shares for cash and will not become a shareholder of TNL Mediagene. See “Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean Shareholders — Redemption Rights” for a detailed description of the procedures to be followed if you wish to convert your shares into cash.

The closing price of Blue Ocean Class A Shares on , 2024, the extraordinary general meeting record date, was $ . The cash held in the Trust Account on such date was approximately $ ($ per Public Share). Prior to exercising redemption rights, shareholders should verify the market price of Blue Ocean Class A Shares as they may receive higher proceeds from the sale of their Blue Ocean Class A Shares in the public market than from exercising their redemption rights if the market price per share is higher than the redemption price. Blue Ocean cannot assure its shareholders that they will be able to sell their Blue Ocean Class A Shares in the open market, even if the market price per share is higher than the redemption price stated above, as there may not be sufficient liquidity in its securities when its shareholders wish to sell their shares.

The following table presents the anticipated share ownership of various holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares after the completion of the Merger, based on the number of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus and the assumption that no additional equity securities of TNL Mediagene will be issued at or prior to Closing, except for those issued in the cases that (i) holders of the DaEX Conversion Rights and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes elect to redeem their conversion rights to receive TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and (ii) the principal balance under the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note is converted into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares upon the consummation of the Closing, and that there are no Dissenting Blue Ocean Shareholders, under the following redemption scenarios:

• Assuming No Redemptions: This scenario assumes that no Blue Ocean Public Shareholder exercises redemption rights with respect to their Public Shares.

• Assuming 25% of Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 460,488 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $5.2 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024.

• Assuming 50% of Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 920,975 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $10.4 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024.

• Assuming 75% of Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 1,381,463 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $15.6 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024.

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• Assuming Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 1,841,950 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $20.8 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024, which is the maximum number of Public Shares that could be redeemed by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders.

|  | Assuming No Redemptions |  | Assuming 25% Redemptions |  | Assuming 50% Redemptions |  | Assuming 75% Redemptions |  | Assuming Maximum Redemptions
|  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | %
TNL Mediagene shareholders(1) |  | 24,617,697 |  | 82.75 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 85.29 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 86.68 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 88.10 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 89.58
DaEX Conversion Right Holders |  | 58,193 |  | 0.20 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.20 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.20 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.21 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.21
2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes holders |  | 172,808 |  | 0.58 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.60 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.61 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.62 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.63
2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note holder |  | 96,993 |  | 0.33 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.34 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.34 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.35 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.35
Blue Ocean Public Shareholders |  | 1,841,950 |  | 6.19 |  | 1,381,463 |  | 4.79 |  | 920,975 |  | 3.24 |  | 460,488 |  | 1.65 |  | — |  | —
Total shares outstanding at Closing |  | 26,787,641 |  | 90.05 |  | 26,327,154 |  | 91.23 |  | 25,866,666 |  | 91.07 |  | 25,406,179 |  | 90.94 |  | 24,945,691 |  | 90.77
Blue Ocean initial shareholders(2) |  | 2,960,980 |  | 9.95 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 8.78 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 8.93 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 9.07 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 9.23
Total shares outstanding at Closing and deferred shares |  | 29,748,621 |  | 100.00 |  | 28,862,045 |  | 100.00 |  | 28,401,557 |  | 100.00 |  | 27,941,070 |  | 100.00 |  | 27,480,582 |  | 100.00

____________

(1) Assumes that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, 218,816,761 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically converted into 24,617,697 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

(2) The holders of 4,743,750 Founder Shares agreed in the Sponsor Lock-up and Support to forfeit up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares and to defer receiving at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, issuable as part of the agreed merger consideration under the Merger Agreement until certain specified dates after the Closing Date. Consequently, no TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued to such shareholders in exchange for the 4,743,750 Founder Shares on the Closing Date. Under the “Assuming No Redemptions”, it is assumed that the holders of the Founder Shares will forfeit 1,782,770 Founder Shares and defer receiving 2,960,980 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071. See “Agreements Entered Into in Connection with the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.”

However, if the actual facts are different from the assumptions laid out above, the anticipated share ownership of various holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares after the completion of the Merger will be different. TNL Mediagene shareholders would experience dilution to the extent TNL Mediagene issues additional shares after Closing, including to any PIPE Investors. In addition, the table above excludes certain potential sources of dilution, among others, TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options under the 2015 Plan and TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

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In an effort to illustrate the extent of such dilution, the following table includes the issuance of (i) TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s stock options and restricted shares granted; (ii) TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants; and (iii) TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (assuming that the principal balance of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note is settled by warrants) under the following redemption scenarios:

Potential sources of additional dilution:

|  | Assuming No Redemptions |  | Assuming 25% of Maximum Redemptions |  | Assuming 50% of Maximum Redemptions |  | Assuming 75% of Maximum Redemptions |  | Assuming Maximum Redemptions
|  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | %
TNL Mediagene Ord inary Shar es underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options(1) |  | 729,933 |  | 1.56 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.61 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.63 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.64 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.67
TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying restricted shares granted to employees(2) |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01
TNL Mediagene Ordin ary Sha res underlying the Public Warrants |  | 9,487,500 |  | 20.24 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 20.96 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 21.17 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 21.39 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 21.62
TNL Mediagene Ord inary Sha res underlying the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants(3) |  | 6,894,829 |  | 14.71 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 13.65 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 13.79 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 13.94 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 14.08
Total dilution |  | 17,116,950 |  | 36.52 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 36.23 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 36.60 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 36.98 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 37.38
Total fully diluted TNL Mediagene Ordina ry Sh ares outstanding(4) |  | 46,865,571 |  | 100.00 |  | 45,263,882 |  | 100.00 |  | 44,803,394 |  | 100.00 |  | 44,342,907 |  | 100.00 |  | 43,882,419 |  | 100.00

____________

(1) Assumes that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, 6,523,082 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options will be automatically converted into 729,933 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

(2) Assumes that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, 41,667restricted shares of TNL Mediagene granted to employees as of June 30, 2024 will be automatically converted into 4,688 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

(3) The Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants consist of 9,225,000 sold to Sponsor and Apollo concurrently with the Blue Ocean IPO, less 750,000 warrants which will be forfeited pro rata by Sponsor and Apollo at the Closing Date in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, less up to 3,707,168 warrants, representing 50% of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants that Sponsor holds immediately prior to the Closing, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, which will be forfeited by Sponsor at the Closing Date in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement and plus an additional 1,411,884 warrants assuming the holders of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note elect to convert them into warrants on the Closing Date. Under the “Assuming No Redemptions”, it is assumed that 50% of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by Sponsor immediately prior to the Closing to be forfeited will be 2,992,055 warrants based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071.

(4) These totals do not include the effect of the issuance of additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as consideration for the acquisition of Green Quest Holding Inc. (the “Green Quest Consideration”). On August 23, 2024 TNL Mediagene entered a share purchase agreement to acquire 100% of the outstanding shares of Green Quest Holding Inc. for the maximum consideration of up to NTD 200,000,000 to be paid entirely in ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene. The acquisition is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2024. The Green Quest Consideration is partially contingent upon the performance of Green Quest Holding, Inc. for the year ending December 31, 2024 and will not be due until after the Effective Time at the earliest. Assuming the effect of the Recapitalization using the Split Factor of 0.112503707, we estimate that TNL Mediagene may issue up to approximately 559,000 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as the Green Quest Consideration.

This information should be read together with the pro forma combined financial information in “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

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Appraisal Rights under the Cayman Companies Law

Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares may have appraisal rights in connection with the Merger under the Cayman Companies Law. Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares wishing to exercise such statutory dissenter rights and make a demand for payment of the fair value for his, her or its Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares must give written objection to the Merger to Blue Ocean prior to the shareholder vote to approve the Merger and follow the procedures set out in Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law. These statutory appraisal rights are separate to and mutually exclusive of the right of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders to demand that their Public Shares are redeemed for cash for a pro rata share of the funds on deposit in the Trust Account in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles. Blue Ocean believes that the fair value of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares determined under Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law would equal the amount that Blue Ocean shareholders would obtain if they exercise their redemption rights as described herein. Blue Ocean shareholders need not vote against any of the proposals at the extraordinary general meeting in order to exercise appraisal rights under the Cayman Companies Law. A Blue Ocean shareholder which elects to exercise appraisal rights must do so in respect of all of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares that person holds and will lose his, her, or its right to exercise his, her or its redemption rights as described herein. See “Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean Shareholders — Appraisal Rights under the Cayman Companies Law.”

Blue Ocean shareholders are recommended to seek their own advice as soon as possible on the application and procedure to be followed in respect of the appraisal rights under the Cayman Companies Law.

Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors’ Reasons for the Merger (page 98)

Blue Ocean’s board of directors, in evaluating the Merger, consulted with Blue Ocean’s management and financial and legal advisors, and unanimously decided (i) that the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby are advisable and in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders and (ii) to recommend that the shareholders adopt the Merger Agreement and approve the Merger and the Transactions. Blue Ocean’s board of directors considered a range of factors pertaining to the Merger as generally supporting their decision to enter into the Merger Agreement (including the Merger) and the other Transactions, including, but not limited to, the factors discussed in the section referenced below.

Blue Ocean’s board of directors concluded that the potential benefits that it expected Blue Ocean and Blue Ocean’s shareholders to achieve as a result of the Merger outweighed the potentially negative factors and other risks associated with the Merger. Accordingly, Blue Ocean’s board of directors unanimously determined that the Merger Agreement, the ancillary agreements referenced therein, and the transactions contemplated thereby were advisable to and in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders. For a more complete description of Blue Ocean’s board of directors’ reasons for approving the Merger, including other factors and risks considered by Blue Ocean’s board of directors, see “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors’ Reasons for the Merger” in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger (page 107)

In considering the recommendation of Blue Ocean’s board of directors to vote in favor of approval of the Business Combination Proposal and the Merger Proposal, shareholders should keep in mind that the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers have interests in such proposals that are different from, or in addition to, those of Blue Ocean shareholders generally. If Blue Ocean does not complete the Merger with TNL Mediagene or another business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), Blue Ocean must redeem 100% of the outstanding Public Shares and liquidate and dissolve. As a result, and given the Sponsor’s interests in the Merger, the Sponsor may be incentivized to complete a business combination with a less favorable combination partner or on terms less favorable to Blue Ocean Public Shareholders rather than fail to complete a business combination and be forced to liquidate and dissolve Blue Ocean. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger” in this proxy statement/prospectus for a description of these interests.

Certain of TNL Mediagene’s directors and executive officers beneficially own TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or hold options to purchase TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. See “Beneficial Ownership of Securities” and “Management Following the Merger — Share-based Compensation” in this proxy statement/prospectus for more details.

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Recommendation to Blue Ocean Shareholders

Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined that each of the proposals outlined herein is fair to and in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders and recommended that Blue Ocean shareholders vote “FOR” the Business Combination proposal, “FOR” the Merger Proposal and “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal, if presented.

Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations (page 222)

For a description of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger, the exercise of redemption rights in respect of the Public Shares and the ownership and disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, please see “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

Anticipated Accounting Treatment

TNL Mediagene prepares its financial statements in accordance with IFRS. The Merger will be accounted for as a capital reorganization. Under this method of accounting, Blue Ocean will be treated as the accounting acquiree for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, the Merger will be treated as the equivalent of TNL Mediagene issuing shares at the Closing of the Merger for the net assets of Blue Ocean as of the Closing Date, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Blue Ocean will be stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

TNL Mediagene has been determined to be the accounting acquirer based on the evaluation of the following facts and circumstances under both the no and maximum redemption scenarios:

• TNL Mediagene’s current shareholders will hold a majority of the voting power of the combined company after the Merger;

• TNL Mediagene’s operations will substantially comprise the ongoing operations of the combined company;

• Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, TNL Mediagene’s current shareholders will have the ability to nominate the majority of the members of the governing body of the combined company; and

• TNL Mediagene’s current senior management team will comprise a majority of the management of the combined company.

Furthermore, Blue Ocean does not meet the definition of a “business” pursuant to IFRS 3, and thus, for accounting purposes, the Merger will be accounted for as a capital reorganization, within the scope of IFRS 2. The net assets of Blue Ocean will be stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Any excess of the fair value of the deemed equity interest issued by TNL Mediagene over the fair value of Blue Ocean’s identifiable net assets acquired will be considered compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for its shares and be expensed as incurred.

Comparison of Rights of Shareholders of Blue Ocean and Shareholders of TNL Mediagene (page 247)

If the Merger is successfully completed, holders of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares will become holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and their rights as shareholders will be governed by TNL Mediagene’s organizational documents. Please see “Comparison of Rights of TNL Mediagene Shareholders and Blue Ocean Shareholders.”

Emerging Growth Company

Each of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene is, and consequently, following the Merger, the combined company will be, an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). As such, the combined company will be eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in their periodic reports and proxy statements, and the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory

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vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. If some investors find the combined company’s securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for the combined company’s securities and the prices of the combined company’s securities may be more volatile.

The combined company will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date, (b) in which TNL Mediagene has total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which the combined company is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of the combined company’s common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter; and (ii) the date on which the combined company has issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

Foreign Private Issuer

TNL Mediagene is a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act and, as such, TNL Mediagene is permitted to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country, the Cayman Islands, in lieu of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq applicable to U.S. domestic companies that are listed on the Nasdaq. For example, TNL Mediagene is not required to have a majority of the board consisting of independent directors nor have a compensation committee or regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year. TNL Mediagene intends to follow its home country’s corporate governance practices as long as it remains a foreign private issuer. As a result, TNL Mediagene’s shareholders may not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of U.S. domestic companies that are subject to Nasdaq corporate governance requirements. As a foreign private issuer, TNL Mediagene is also subject to reduced disclosure requirements and is exempt from certain provisions of the U.S. securities rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers such as the rules regulating solicitation of proxies and certain insider reporting and short-swing profit rules. Please see “TNL Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Foreign Private Issuer Status.”

Regulatory Matters

The Merger is not subject to any U.S. federal or state regulatory requirement or approval or any foreign regulatory requirements or approvals, except for the filings with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies necessary to effectuate the Merger.

Summary Risk Factors

You should consider all the information contained in this proxy statement/prospectus in deciding how to vote for the proposals presented in this proxy statement/prospectus. In particular, you should consider the risk factors described under “Risk Factors” beginning on page 24. Such risks include, but are not limited to:

Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Operations and Industry

• Adverse economic conditions in Japan, Taiwan and globally, including the potential onset of recession, could have a negative effect on TNL Mediagene’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

• TNL Mediagene drives a significant portion of its revenue from its relationships with the businesses to whom it provides digital media content and related advertising technology and data analytics services, including advertising and consumer data-related services, marketing services and other services.

• TNL Mediagene’s user numbers and engagement with its digital media brands and content are critical to its success.

• The market for digital advertising for brands is continuously and rapidly evolving. If this market develops more slowly or differently than TNL Mediagene expects, or TNL Mediagene fails to respond successfully to changes in the market, its business, growth prospects and financial condition could be adversely affected.

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• If TNL Mediagene is unable to compete effectively with its competitors for users and advertising spend, its business and operating results could be harmed.

• TNL and Mediagene merged in May 2023 to form TNL Mediagene. TNL Mediagene may not be able to successfully integrate the two businesses and may continue to incur significant costs to integrate with and support Mediagene. TNL Mediagene also may not realize the anticipated benefits of the merger because of difficulties related to the integration, the achievement of such synergies, and other challenges faced by TNL Mediagene.

• TNL Mediagene’s financial results from period to period have fluctuated in the past and will fluctuate in the future.

• The loss of key personnel, or TNL Mediagene’s failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm its business.

Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Technology, Security and Privacy

• TNL Mediagene’s ability to attract and retain advertising clients depends on its ability to collect and use data and develop tools to enable it to effectively deliver and accurately measure advertisements on its platform.

• The use of AI tools in TNL Mediagene’s business may cause us brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability.

• TNL Mediagene derives a significant portion of its users from third-party platforms and online search engines. Changes to the standard terms, conditions and policies of these providers that link to, have distributed or may distribute its content, such as Google Search and Google Discover, could adversely affect its business.

• TNL Mediagene’s business relies on certain trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights that are licensed from third-party licensors. TNL Mediagene does not control these rights and any loss of its rights to them could materially adversely affect its business.

• TNL Mediagene depends on Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) for the vast majority of its compute, storage, data transfer and other services. Any disruption of, degradation in or interference with TNL Mediagene’s use of AWS could negatively affect its operations and harm our business, revenue and financial results.

Risks Related to TNL Mediagene Doing Business in Japan and Taiwan

• TNL Mediagene faces economic and political risks associated with doing business in Taiwan, particularly due to the geopolitical tension between Taiwan and mainland China that could negatively affect its business and hence the value of your investment.

Risks Related to Ownership of TNL Mediagene’s Securities

• A market for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares may not develop or be sustained, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of TNL Mediagene’s securities.

• As TNL Mediagene is a “foreign private issuer” and intends to follow certain home country corporate governance practices, its shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

• TNL Mediagene has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. If TNL Mediagene’s remediation of these material weaknesses is not effective, or if TNL Mediagene

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experiences additional material weaknesses or otherwise fails to maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, TNL Mediagene may not be able to report its financial results accurately or file its periodic reports as a public company in a timely manner.

Risks Related to the Merger and Blue Ocean

• The Sponsor and Apollo have agreed to vote in favor of the Merger, regardless of how Blue Ocean’s public shareholders vote.

• Blue Ocean may not be able to complete the Merger or any other business combination within the prescribed timeframe, in which case Blue Ocean would cease all operations, except for the purpose of winding up, and Blue Ocean would redeem the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and liquidate.

• Since the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers have interests that are different, or in addition to (and which may conflict with), the interests of our shareholders, a conflict of interest may have existed in determining whether the Merger with Blue Ocean is appropriate as our initial business combination. Such interests include that the Sponsor will lose its entire investment in us if our initial business combination is not completed.

• TNL Mediagene’s actual financial position and results of operations may differ materially from the unaudited pro forma financial information included in this proxy statement/prospectus.

• Blue Ocean has no specified maximum redemption threshold. The absence of such a redemption threshold may make it possible for Blue Ocean to complete a business combination with which a substantial majority of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders do not agree.

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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF TNL MEDIAGENE

The following tables present the summary consolidated financial data of TNL Mediagene. TNL Mediagene prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS. The summary consolidated comprehensive income data for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and the summary consolidated financial position data as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 have been derived from TNL Mediagene’s audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. TNL Mediagene’s summary consolidated comprehensive income data for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and consolidated financial position data as of June 30, 2024 are derived from TNL Mediagene’s unaudited financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

The financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified by reference to, “TNL Mediage ne’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Summary Consolidated Comprehensive Income Data

|  | Fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 |  | Six months ended June 30, 2024
Revenue |  | $ | 20,009,994 |  |  | $ | 35,838,780 |  |  | $ | 20,605,425 |
Cost of revenue |  |  | (12,268,798 | ) |  |  | (23,187,396 | ) |  |  | (12,418,454 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 7,741,196 |  |  |  | 12,651,384 |  |  |  | 8,186,971 |
Operating Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales, general and administrative expenses |  |  | (8,648,811 | ) |  |  | (16,421,386 | ) |  |  | (12,257,199 | )
Research and development expenses |  |  | (2,509,069 | ) |  |  | (3,327,185 | ) |  |  | (1,503,392 | )
Total operating expenses |  |  | (11,157,880 | ) |  |  | (19,748,571 | ) |  |  | (13,760,591 | )
Operating loss |  |  | (3,416,684 | ) |  |  | (7,097,187 | ) |  |  | (5,573,620 | )
Non-operating income and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 10,994 |  |  |  | 19,340 |  |  |  | 9,530 |
Other income |  |  | 75,576 |  |  |  | 409,555 |  |  |  | 12,956 |
Other gains and losses |  |  | (8,174,802 | ) |  |  | 5,160,379 |  |  |  | (142,598 | )
Finance costs |  |  | (137,029 | ) |  |  | (298,958 | ) |  |  | (181,531 | )
Total Non-operating income and expenses |  |  | (8,225,261 | ) |  |  | 5,290,316 |  |  |  | (301,643 | )
Profit (Loss) before income tax |  |  | (11,641,945 | ) |  |  | (1,806,871 | ) |  |  | (5,875,263 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | 247,177 |  |  |  | 591,082 |  |  |  | (58,864 | )
Loss for the year |  | $ | (11,394,768 | ) |  | $ | (1,215,789 | ) |  | $ | (5,934,127 | )
Components of other comprehensive income (loss) that will be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations |  | $ | (717,130 | ) |  | $ | (41,644 | ) |  | $ | (204,478 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of income tax |  | $ | (717,130 | ) |  | $ | (41,644 | ) |  | $ | (204,478 | )
Total comprehensive loss for the year |  | $ | (12,111,898 | ) |  | $ | (1,257,433 | ) |  | $ | (6,138,605 | )
Profit (Loss) per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit (Loss) per share – basic |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (0.03 | )
Profit (Loss) per share – diluted |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (0.03 | )

Summary Consolidated Financial Position Data

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Total assets |  | $ | 26,534,165 |  |  | $ | 119,616,267 |  | $ | 111,029,781
Total liabilities |  |  | 50,670,749 |  |  |  | 47,248,519 |  |  | 44,595,466
Total equity |  |  | (24,136,584 | ) |  |  | 72,367,748 |  |  | 66,434,315
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 26,534,165 |  |  | $ | 119,616,267 |  | $ | 111,029,781

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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF MEDIAGENE

The following tables present the summary consolidated financial data of Mediagene. Mediagene prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS. The summary historical consolidated statements of profit or loss and comprehensive income for the years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023 and the summary consolidated statements of financial position as of February 28, 2022 and 2023 have been derived from Mediagene’s audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

The financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified by reference to “Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Summary Historical Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss and Comprehensive Income

|  |  |  | (Japanese yen in thousands, except per share amounts)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023
|  | (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Revenue |  | 3,320,600 |  |  | 3,268,495 |
Cost of sales |  | (2,280,137 | ) |  | (2,443,696 | )
Gross profit |  | 1,040,463 |  |  | 824,799 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | (977,914 | ) |  | (1,016,473 | )
Other income |  | 2,074 |  |  | 1,800 |
Other expenses |  | (603 | ) |  | (393 | )
Operating profit (loss) |  | 64,019 |  |  | (190,267 | )
Finance income |  | 9,503 |  |  | 10,176 |
Finance costs |  | (11,107 | ) |  | (11,402 | )
Profit (loss) before tax |  | 62,415 |  |  | (191,493 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | 7,022 |  |  | (8,369 | )
Profit (loss) |  | 69,437 |  |  | (199,863 | )
Profit attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of parent |  | 69,437 |  |  | (199,863 | )
Profit (loss) |  | 69,437 |  |  | (199,863 | )
Earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic (Yen) |  | 39.48 |  |  | (113.63 | )
Diluted (Yen) |  | 39.48 |  |  | (113.63 | )

Summary Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

|  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Total assets |  | 2,404,805 |  | 2,200,978
Total liabilities |  | 2,144,668 |  | 2,135,767
Total equity |  | 260,137 |  | 65,211
Total liabilities and equity |  | 2,404,805 |  | 2,200,978

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SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF BLUE OCEAN

Blue Ocean is providing the following selected historical financial information to assist you in your analysis of the financial aspects of the Merger. Blue Ocean’s balance sheet data as of December 31, 2023 and statement of operations data for the year ended December 31, 2023 are derived from Blue Ocean’s audited financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. Blue Ocean’s balance sheet data as of December 31, 2022 and statement of operations data for the year ended December 31, 2022 are derived from Blue Ocean’s audited financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. Blue Ocean’s balance sheet data as of June 30, 2024 and statement of operations data for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 are derived from Blue Ocean’s unaudited financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. Blue Ocean’s financial statements have been prepared in U.S. Dollars in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The information in this section is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with Blue Ocean’s financial statements and related notes and “Blue Ocean’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained elsewhere herein. The historical results included below and elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus are not indicative of the future performance of Blue Ocean.

Summary Income Statement Data

(in $) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023 |  | Six months ended June 30, 2024
|  | (audited) |  | (audited) |  | (unaudited)
Loss from Operations |  | (1,243,831 | ) |  | (4,125,912 | ) |  | (2,697,805 | )
Other Income (Expenses): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Earned on Cash and Marketable Securities Held in Trust Account |  | 854,167 |  |  | 6,864,803 |  |  | 1,588,006 |
Unrealized Gain on Marketable Securities Held In Trust Account |  | 1,822,183 |  |  | 670,104 |  |  | — |
Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities |  | 11,226,187 |  |  | 1,029,188 |  |  | 84,206 |
Interest Expense |  | — |  |  | (15,833 | ) |  | (33,958 | )
Net Income (loss) |  | 12,658,706 |  |  | 4,422,350 |  |  | (1,059,551 | )
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding of Blue Ocean Class A Shares, subject to possible redemption |  | 18,975,000 |  |  | 14,866,285 |  |  | 5,564,459 |
Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) per Share, Blue Ocean Class A Shares, subject to possible redemption |  | 0.53 |  |  | 0.23 |  |  | (0.10 | )
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding of Blue Ocean Class B Shares, non-redeemable |  | 4,743,750 |  |  | 4,743,750 |  |  | 4,743,750 |
Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) per Share, Blue Ocean Class B Shares |  | 0.53 |  |  | 0.23 |  |  | (0.10 | )

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Balance Sheet Data

(in $) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | As of December 31, 2022 |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of June 30, 2024
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  | 627,628 |  |  | 61,977 |  |  | 60,159 |
Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets |  | 236,042 |  |  | 66,214 |  |  | 89,169 |
Total Current Assets |  | 863,670 |  |  | 128,191 |  |  | 149,328 |
Marketable Securities/Cash Held in Trust Account |  | 196,226,283 |  |  | 67,214,745 |  |  | 20,811,005 |
Total Assets |  | 197,089,953 |  |  | 67,342,936 |  |  | 20,960,333 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses |  | 576,727 |  |  | 2,857,214 |  |  | 4,989,007 |
Accounts Payable – Related Party |  | 110,000 |  |  | 230,000 |  |  | 290,000 |
Promissory Note, Convertible – Related Party |  | — |  |  | 1,095,833 |  |  | 1,461,675 |
Promissory Note – Related Party |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 425,306 |
Promissory Note – TNL |  | — |  |  | 149,946 |  |  | 249,906 |
Total Current Liabilities |  | 686,727 |  |  | 4,332,993 |  |  | 7,415,894 |
Accrued Offering Cost – non-current |  | 806,823 |  |  | 806,823 |  |  | 806,823 |
Warrant Liability |  | 1,403,438 |  |  | 374,250 |  |  | 290,044 |
Deferred Underwriting Fee Payable |  | 6,641,250 |  |  | 6,641,250 |  |  | 6,641,250 |
Total Liabilities: |  | 9,538,238 |  |  | 12,155,316 |  |  | 15,154,011 |
Commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Blue Ocean Class A Shares subject to possible redemption |  | 196,226,283 |  |  | 67,214,745 |  |  | 20,811,005 |
Shareholders’ Deficit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred shares, $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Blue Ocean Class A Shares, $0.0001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 4,743,749, zero and zero shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 respectively (excluding 1,841,950 and 6,157,215 shares subject to possible redemption, respectively) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 474 |
Blue Ocean Class B Shares, $0.0001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; one, 4,743,750 and 4,743,750 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively |  | 474 |  |  | 474 |  |  | — |
Additional Paid in Capital |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Accumulated Deficit |  | (8,675,042 | ) |  | (12,027,599 | ) |  | (15,005,157 | )
Total Shareholders’ Deficit |  | (8,674,568 | ) |  | (12,027,125 | ) |  | (15,004,683 | )
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Deficit |  | 197,089,953 |  |  | 67,342,936 |  |  | 20,960,333 |

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SUMMARY UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND COMPARATIVE PER SHARE DATA

The following tables set forth the per share data of each of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean on a combined basis and the unaudited pro forma combined per share data for the six months ended June 30, 2024 after giving effect to the Merger assuming that the merger of TNL and Mediagene occurred on January 1, 2023, assuming the following in the four pro forma scenarios presented:

• Scenario 1 — No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash Scenario: This scenario assumes that no remaining Blue Ocean Public Shareholders elect to exercise their redemption rights with respect to their Public Shares for a pro rata share of the funds in the Trust Account, after giving effect to the repayment in cash of $1,411,884 of principal amount and $49,791 of accrued interest of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note.

• Scenario 2 — Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash Scenario: This scenario assumes that 1,841,950 Public Shares subject to redemption are redeemed at the assumed redemption price of $11.30 per share for an aggregate payment of $20,811,005, after giving effect to the repayment in cash of $1,411,884 of principal amount and $49,791 of accrued interest of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note.

• Scenario 3 — No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants Scenario: This scenario assumes that no Blue Ocean Public Shareholders elect to exercise their redemption rights with respect to their Public Shares for a pro rata share of the funds in the Trust Account, and the Sponsor elects to convert $1,411,884 of principal amount of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note into TNL Mediagene Warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant, with the same terms as Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

• Scenario 4 — Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants Scenario: This scenario assumes that 1,841,950 Blue Ocean Public Shares subject to redemption are redeemed at the assumed redemption price of $11.30 per share for an aggregate payment of $20,811,005, and the Sponsor elects to convert $1,411,884 of principal amount of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note into TNL Mediagene Warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant, with the same terms as Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

In each case, the per share data assume that (i) the Recapitalization is effective on January 1, 2023; (ii) the conversion in full of DaEX Conversion Rights to TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is effective after giving effect to the Recapitalization; (iii) the conversion in full of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Note to TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is effective after giving effect to the Recapitalization; (iv) the conversion in full of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note to TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is effective after giving effect to the Recapitalization.

You should read the information in the following table in conjunction with the selected historical financial information summary included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus, and the historical financial statements of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean and related notes that are included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. The unaudited TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean pro forma combined per share information is derived from, and should be read in conjunction with, the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. See “Unaudited Pro forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

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The unaudited pro forma combined earnings per share information below does not purport to represent the earnings per share which would have occurred had the companies been combined during the periods presented, nor earnings per share for any future date or period.

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 (in U.S. Dollar)
|  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Pro forma weighted average number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares outstanding – Basic and Diluted(1) |  | 29,748,621 |  |  | 27,480,582 |  |  | 29,748,621 |  |  | 27,480,582 |
Pro Forma loss per share – Basic and Diluted(1) |  | (0.29 | ) |  | (0.31 | ) |  | (0.29 | ) |  | (0.31 | )

____________

(1) Refer to “Unaudited Pro forma Condensed Combined Financial Information — Note 6. Pro Forma Shares and Earning Per Share Information” for more details on TNL Mediagene’s determination of basic and diluted EPS.

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PRICE RANGE OF SECURITIES AND DIVIDENDS

Blue Ocean

Price range of Blue Ocean’s Securities

The Blue Ocean Units, each of which consists of one Blue Ocean Class A Share and one-half of one Public Warrant, began trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “BOCNU” on December 3, 2021. On January 21, 2022, Blue Ocean announced that holders of Blue Ocean Units could elect to separately trade the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants commencing January 24, 2022. On January 24, 2022, the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants began trading separately on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbols “BOCN” and “BOCNW,” respectively.

On June 6, 2023, the trading date before the public announcement of the Merger, the Blue Ocean Units, Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants closed at $10.53, $10.55 and $0.09, respectively.

Holders

As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, there were holder(s) of record of the Blue Ocean Units, holder(s) of record of Blue Ocean Class A Shares, and holder(s) of record of Public Warrants. These numbers are not representative of the number of beneficial holders of our securities, nor is it representative of where such beneficial holders reside, since all of these shares held of record in the United States were held through CEDE & Co., the nominee company of the Depository Trust Company, on behalf of hundreds of firms of brokers and banks in the United States, who in turn held such shares on behalf of several thousand clients and customers.

Dividends

Blue Ocean has not paid any cash dividends to its shareholders to date and does not intend to pay any cash dividends prior to the completion of its initial business combination.

TNL Mediagene

Price range of TNL Mediagene’s Securities

Historical market price information regarding TNL Mediagene is not provided because there is no public market for its securities. TNL Mediagene is applying to list its TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants on Nasdaq upon the Effective Time under the ticker symbols “TNMG” and “[TNMGW],” respectively.

Holders

As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, TNL Mediagene had [ ] holder(s) of record.

Dividends

TNL Mediagene has not paid any dividends to its shareholders. Following the completion of the Merger, TNL Mediagene’s board of directors will consider whether or not to institute a dividend policy. It is presently intended that TNL Mediagene will retain its earnings for use in business operations and, accordingly, it is not anticipated that TNL Mediagene’s board of directors will declare dividends in the foreseeable future.

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RISK FACTORS

If the Merger is completed, the combined company will operate in a market environment that is difficult to predict and that involves significant risks, many of which will be beyond its control. You should carefully consider the risks described below together with the financial and other information contained in this proxy statement/prospectus, including the sections titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, “TNL Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, “Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Blue Ocean’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” before voting your shares. Additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean or that they do not currently believe are important to an investor, if they materialize, also may adversely affect the Merger. If any of the events, contingencies, circumstances or conditions described in the following risks actually occur, the combined company’s business, financial condition or results of operations could be seriously harmed. If that happens, the trading price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or, if the Merger is not consummated, Blue Ocean Class A Shares could decline, and you may lose part or all of the value of any TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or, if the Merger is not consummated, all or any part of the value of any Blue Ocean Class A Shares that you hold.

Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Operations and Industry

Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout this subsection, references to “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to TNL Mediagene as a combined company and together as a group with its subsidiaries.

Adverse economic conditions in Japan, Taiwan and globally, including the potential onset of recession, could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Our primary business operations as well as our primary audience and client base are located in Japan and Taiwan. As such, our business performance, financial condition and results of operations depend largely on the performance of these economies, the outlook for which remains uncertain and involves factors beyond our control. A number of macroeconomic factors may adversely affect the Japanese and Taiwanese economies, such as:

• the possibility of a regional or global economic recession affecting Japan and Taiwan;

• the effects of tightening fiscal and monetary policy in most developed economies, including Taiwan, which could negatively affect consumer spending, credit markets and business sentiment and lead to an economic downturn;

• uncertainty regarding the extent and full effects of the monetary tightening policy that the Japanese government and the Bank of Japan recently announced;

• unfavorable developments in the exchange rate of the Japanese yen and New Taiwan Dollar and against the currencies of Japan and Taiwan’s major trading partners, including volatility triggered by cross-strait political tensions between Taiwan and China, and the Japanese yen’s continued weakness against the U.S. Dollar and other major currencies;

• rising rates of inflation in the global economy;

• instability in the global financial system following the failure of major financial institutions, including bank failures in the United States and other developed economies;

• the deterioration of political relations between Japan or Taiwan and some of its neighboring countries or any of its major trading partners, such as growing tensions with Russia and China, economic and political tensions between China and the United States including the escalation of issues related to Taiwan, the possibility of renewed conflict between North Korea and South Korea and its allies, and any act of violence, terrorism, war, armed conflict, or provocation;

• demographic headwinds in Japan and Taiwan, including population aging, labor shortages and a consequential decline in economic activity; and

• the effects of ongoing stagnation and decline in the global demand for semiconductors, on which Taiwan’s economy is heavily dependent.

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These and other factors could lead to deterioration of the Japanese or Taiwanese economy, and in turn adversely affect demand for advertising on our digital media brands or demand for our advertising technology and data analytics related services, weakening our advertising sales and related advertising technology and data analytics revenue streams. Such negative factors could also decrease demand for our e-commerce and crowdfunding products and services as well as our integrated marketing products and services. For example, global inflation leads to a decline in the spending power of consumers, which results in a reduction in the business volume of advertising clients and a corresponding reduction in demand for our advertising and related advertising technology and data analytics services. As a result, global inflation has adversely affected our revenue and may continue to do so.

Furthermore, any adverse conditions in the Japanese or Taiwanese economies could adversely affect our access to financing, making it more difficult for us to secure potentially necessary financing in the future, to fund additional acquisitions, or to carry out our expansion plans, or to make debt service payments to cover interest and principal on our debts and other obligations. The continued disruption to global economic activities including in Japan and Taiwan due to heightened geopolitical instability caused by regional conflicts including the Russian invasion of Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East, growing inflationary pressures and tightening of monetary policy by central banks worldwide in response, recent bank failures in the United States and developed economies and the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in unstable and sluggish credit and capital markets and are expected to have a significant negative influence on overall economic conditions in Japan and Taiwan. The duration and extent of the economic influence of these factors is necessarily uncertain and may lead to further difficulties in securing necessary funds through financing in the future. These same adverse conditions may also affect our liquidity, business, financial condition, and results of operations by increasing our overall cost structure, particularly if we are unable to increase the prices we charge our clients commensurately. For example, inflation in the Japan, Taiwan and broader global economy has resulted in, and may continue to result in, higher interest rates and capital costs, increased costs of labor and other similar effects. As a result of inflation, we have experienced and may continue to experience cost increases, which, if continued, could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Furthermore, uncertain prospects of the overall global economy may lead our advertising and other clients to be conservative in their decision-making and discourage them from spending their resources on advertising and related advertising technology and data analytics services we offer. Adverse economic conditions globally have from time to time caused or exacerbated significant slowdowns in our industry and in the markets in which we operate. Sustained uncertainty about, or worsening of, current global economic conditions, including stagnation in advanced countries, supply chain issues and rising rates of inflation in the global economy, the continued impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East, as well as further escalation of geopolitical and trade tensions between the U.S., Japan, Taiwan and China could result in a global economic slowdown and long-term changes to global trade. Any or all of these factors could adversely affect our advertising sales, related advertising technology and data analytics revenues, e-commerce and other revenues, and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Any of these or other factors arising out of adverse conditions in the Japanese or Taiwanese economy or globally, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our clients, and in turn, on our business, financial condition or results of operations and result in decreases in our revenues.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from our relationships with the businesses to whom we provide digital media content and related advertising technology and data analytics services, including advertising and consumer data-related services, marketing services and other services.

A significant portion of our revenue is currently generated from deployment of advertising on our digital media brands. As is common in the industry, our advertisers do not have long-term advertising commitments with us. Many of our advertisers spend only a relatively small portion of their overall advertising budget with us. In addition, many of our advertisers purchase our advertising services through one of several large advertising agency holding companies. Advertisers will not continue to do business with us, or they will reduce the prices they are willing to pay to advertise with us, if we do not deliver ads in an effective manner, or if they do not believe that their investment in advertising with us will generate a competitive return relative to alternatives.

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Further, we need to maintain good relationships with advertisers to provide us with a sufficient inventory of advertisements and offers. Online advertising is an intensely competitive industry. In order for our advertising business to continue to succeed, we need to continue to demonstrate the reach of our audience and the benefit to our advertising partners. Our advertising revenue could be adversely affected by a number of other factors, including:

• decreases in users and engagement with our various digital media brands;

• inability to demonstrate the value of our content to advertisers and advertising agencies or inability to measure the value of our content in a manner which advertisers and advertising agencies find useful;

• inability to increase advertiser demand and/or inventory;

• inability to help advertisers effectively target ads;

• inability to improve our analytics and measurement solutions that demonstrate the value of our content;

• the impact of new technologies that could block or obscure the display of or targeting of our content;

• decreases in the cost per ad engagement;

• loss of advertising market share to our competitors;

• need to enter into revenue sharing arrangements or other partnerships with third parties;

• adverse legal developments relating to advertising or measurement tools related to the effectiveness of advertising, including legislative and regulatory developments impacting branded content, labeling of advertising, privacy and consent requirements related to sharing of personal information and/or litigation related to any of the foregoing;

• adverse media reports or other negative publicity involving us or the digital media industry as a whole;

• changes in the way our ad products are priced;

• bad debts related to trade credit extended to certain advertisers;

• the possibility of contractual disputes between advertisers and us;

• cancellation of certain pre-paid branded advertising orders; and

• the impact of macroeconomic conditions and conditions in the advertising industry in general.

If our relationship with any advertising partners terminates for any reason, or if the commercial terms of our relationships are changed or do not continue to be renewed on favorable terms, we would need to qualify new advertising partners, which could negatively impact our revenues, at least in the short term.

Our user numbers and engagement with our digital media brands and content are critical to our success.

If we fail to increase our user numbers, or if user engagement or ad engagement declines, our revenue, business and operating results may be harmed. Our financial performance has been and will continue to be significantly determined by our success in increasing user numbers and the overall level of engagement with our content as well as increasing the number and quality of ad engagements. We anticipate that our user growth rate will eventually slow over time as the number of our users increases within an audience or geographical segment or content vertical. To the extent our growth rate slows, our success will become increasingly dependent on our ability to expand our content verticals and audience base as well as to increase levels of ad engagement and monetization on our media brands. If people do not perceive our content to be useful, reliable and entertaining, we may not be able to attract users or increase the frequency of engagement on our digital media brands and the ads that we display. There is no guarantee that we will not experience a similar erosion of our engagement levels as our user growth rate slows.

Further, maintaining and enhancing our digital media brands is an important aspect of our efforts to attract and expand our audience. Maintaining and enhancing our digital media brands will depend largely on our ability to continue to provide high-quality, entertaining, useful, reliable, relevant and innovative content, which we may not do successfully. We may introduce new content, products or terms of service or policies that our users or advertisers

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do not like, which may negatively affect our brand. We will also continue to experience media, legislative, and regulatory scrutiny of our content, which may adversely affect our reputation and brands. Maintaining and enhancing our digital media brands may require us to make substantial investments and these investments may not be successful. A number of additional factors could potentially negatively affect our user growth and engagement, including if:

• users engage with other platforms or content as an alternative to ours;

• we are unable to convince potential new users of the value, usefulness and relevance of our content;

• there is a decrease in the perceived quality of our content;

• our competitors incorporate features into their products or services that are substantially similar to ours or improve upon such features;

• we fail to introduce new and improved content or services or if we introduce new or improved content or services that are not favorably received or that negatively affect numbers of users and engagement;

• our users believe that their experience is diminished as a result of the decisions we make with respect to the frequency, relevance and prominence of ads that we display;

• changes in the third-party platforms and search engines on which we rely to deliver a majority of our users;

• technical or other problems prevent us from delivering our content or services in a rapid and reliable manner or otherwise affect the experience of our users;

• we experience service outages, data protection and security issues;

• our trademarks are exploited by others without permission;

• our users are unable to locate content that is interesting, relevant, reliable, high quality, or trustworthy to them, or otherwise find our content offensive, inappropriate or otherwise objectionable;

• there are adverse changes in our content or services that are mandated by, or that we elect to make to address, legislation, regulatory constraints or litigation, including settlements or consent decrees;

• we fail to keep pace with evolving digital media market and industry trends; or

• we do not maintain our brand image, or our reputation is damaged.

Additionally, we are exposed to media coverage in Japan, Taiwan and the East and Southeast Asia region. Negative publicity about our company, including about our content quality and reliability, changes to our content and services, privacy and security practices, labor relations, litigation, regulatory activity, and user experience with our content and services, even if inaccurate, could adversely affect our reputation and the confidence in and the use of our content and services. Such negative publicity could also have an adverse effect on the number, engagement and loyalty of our users and result in decreased revenue, which would adversely affect our business and operating results. If we are unable to increase our users or engagement, or if they decline, this could result in our content or services being less attractive to potential new users, as well as advertisers, which would have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results. Additionally, if we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brands or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business and financial results may be adversely affected.

The market for digital advertising for brands is continuously and rapidly evolving. If this market develops more slowly or differently than we expect, or we fail to respond successfully to changes in the market, our business, growth prospects and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our growth strategy is based on key assumptions regarding industry trends. For example, among others, our strategy is based on our expectations that:

• digital advertising spend by advertising clients will continue to rise in the East and Southeast Asia region;

• currently fragmented digital media and advertising ecosystems in the East and Southeast Asia region are ripe for consolidation;

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• advertising clients are moving away from brand advertising based on exposures and are seeking performance advertising that deliver actual purchases, primarily based on return on advertising spend;

• digital advertising is shifting from display advertising to content marketing;

• retail media will continue to rise to prominence in the digital media and advertising industry; and

• developments in data analytics and advertising technology, including the recent advancements in AI technologies, will take on more importance in the digital media and advertising industry.

In addition, changes in user and consumer behavior pose a number of challenges that could adversely affect our revenues and competitive position. For example, among others:

• we may be unable to develop new digital content and services that consumers find engaging and that achieve a high level of market acceptance;

• we may introduce new content or services, or make changes to existing content and services, which are not favorably received by our users;

• there may be changes in sentiment of our users about the quality, usefulness or relevance of our existing content or concerns related to privacy, security or other factors;

• failure to successfully manage changes implemented by social media platforms, search engines, or news aggregators, including those affecting how our content is prioritized, displayed and monetized, could affect our business; and

• our audience may increasingly use technology (such as incognito browsing) that decreases our ability to obtain a complete view of the behavior of users that engage with our content.

Our industry and business are subject to rapid and continuous changes in industry trends and technology, evolving client needs and the frequent introduction by our competitors of new and enhanced offerings. Our future success will depend on our ability to continuously enhance and improve our offerings to meet client needs, build our brand, scale our technology capabilities, add functionality to and improve the performance of our advertising and marketing solutions, while addressing technological and industry advancements. If we are unable to enhance our solutions to meet market demand in a timely manner, we may not be able to maintain our existing clients or attract new clients, and our solutions may become less competitive or obsolete. Our investments in data analytics and technologies are inherently risky and may not be successful. These investments may adversely impact our operating results in the near term and there can be no assurance as to our ability to use new and existing technologies to distinguish our content and services from those of our competitors and develop in a timely manner compelling new content and services that respond to changing industry trends and evolving client needs. Addressing recent industry trends, in particular the rise of retail media and performance advertising, presents new challenges for us, and we are investing substantial resources to evolve and adapt our businesses, pricing and organization to capture opportunities presented by such new trends in our industry. Addressing such challenges will also necessitate investing in new partnerships and advertising channels where we do not have a long or established track record of competing successfully. If we are not successful in developing and expanding our products and solutions that respond to industry trends and meet our client needs, our business, financial condition and prospects may be adversely affected.

If we are unable to compete effectively with our competitors for users and advertising spend, our business and operating results could be harmed.

Competition for users and engagement with our content, products and services is intense. We compete against many companies to attract and engage users, including companies that have greater financial resources and potentially larger user bases, and companies that offer a variety of competing Internet and mobile device-based content, products and services. Our competitors may acquire and engage users at the expense of the growth or engagement of our users, which would negatively affect our business. We believe that our ability to compete effectively for users depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including:

• the popularity, usefulness and reliability of our content compared to that of our competitors;

• the timing and market acceptance of our content;

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• the continued expansion and adoption of our content;

• our ability, and the ability of our competitors, to develop new content and enhancements to existing content;

• our ability, and the ability of our competitors, to attract, develop and retain influencers and creative talent;

• the frequency, relative prominence and appeal of the advertising displayed by us or our competitors;

• changes mandated by, or that we elect to make to address, legislation, regulatory constraints or litigation, including settlements and consent decrees, some of which may have a disproportionate impact on us;

• our ability to attract, retain and motivate talented employees;

• the costs of developing and procuring new content, relative to those of our competitors;

• acquisitions or consolidation within our industry, which may result in more formidable competitors; and

• our reputation and brand strength relative to our competitors.

We also face significant competition for advertiser spend. We compete against online and mobile businesses and traditional media outlets, such as television, radio and print, for advertising budgets. In determining whether to buy advertising, our advertisers will consider the demand for our content, demographics of our users, advertising rates, results observed by advertisers, and alternative advertising options. The increasing number of digital media options available, through social networking tools and news aggregation websites, has expanded consumer choice significantly, resulting in user/audience fragmentation and increased competition for advertising. In addition, some of our larger digital media competitors have substantially broader content, product or service offerings and leverage their relationships based on other products or services to gain additional share of advertising budgets. We will need to continue to innovate and improve the monetization capabilities of our media and branded content, technology and digital studio business in order to remain competitive. We believe that our ability to compete effectively for advertiser spend depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including:

• the size and composition of our user/audience base relative to those of our competitors;

• our ad targeting capabilities, and those of our competitors;

• our ability, and the ability of our competitors, to adapt our model to the increasing power and significance of influencers to the advertising community;

• the timing and market acceptance of our advertising content and advertising products, and those of our competitors;

• our marketing and selling efforts, and those of our competitors;

• the pricing for our advertising products and services relative to those of our competitors;

• the return our advertisers receive from our advertising products and services, and those of our competitors; and

• our reputation and the strength of our brand relative to our competitors.

If we are unable to compete effectively for users or advertiser spend for any reason, including those listed above, our business, financial condition, and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

Changes to our existing content and services could fail to attract users and advertisers or fail to generate revenue.

We may introduce significant changes to our existing content. The success of our new content depends substantially on consumer tastes and preferences that change in often unpredictable ways. If this new content fails to engage users and advertisers, we may fail to generate sufficient revenue or operating profit to justify our investments, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected. In addition, we have launched and expect to continue to launch strategic initiatives, which do not directly generate revenue but which we believe will

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enhance our attractiveness to users and advertisers. In the future, we may invest in new content, products, services and initiatives to generate revenue, but there is no guarantee these approaches will be successful or that the costs associated with these efforts will not exceed the revenue generated. If our strategic initiatives do not enhance our ability to monetize our existing content or enable us to develop new approaches to monetization, we may not be able to maintain or grow our revenue or recover any associated development costs and our operating results could be adversely affected.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and operating results could be harmed.

The growth and expansion of our business creates significant challenges for our management, and for our operational and financial resources. We intend to continue to make substantial investments to expand our operations, engineering, content development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative organizations. We face significant competition for employees from other companies and we may not be able to hire new employees quickly enough to meet our needs. Providing our content, services and features to our users and advertisers is costly and we expect our expenses to continue to increase in the future as we broaden our geographic and audience reach and as we develop and implement new features and services that require more infrastructure. Historically, our costs increased in proportion to our revenue as we grew our business. However, as we continue to expand the business, we will need to invest in our operating expenses, such as our research and development expenses and sales and marketing expenses in order to keep pace with the growth of our business. We expect to continue to invest in our infrastructure in order to enable us to provide our digital media content and related advertising technology and data analytics services rapidly and reliably to our clients in Japan and Taiwan as well as in new markets in the East and Southeast Asia region, including in countries where we do not expect significant near-term monetization. Continued growth could also strain our ability to develop and improve our operational, financial, legal and management controls, and enhance our reporting systems and procedures. In addition, some members of our management team have limited experience managing a large cross-border business operation and may not be able to manage growth effectively. Our expenses may grow faster than our revenue, and our expenses may be greater than we anticipate. As our organization continues to grow, and we may be required to implement more complex organizational management structures, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain certain benefits of our corporate culture, including our ability to quickly develop and launch new and innovative content, services and features. This could negatively affect our business performance.

TNL and Mediagene merged in May 2023 to form TNL Mediagene. We may not be able to successfully integrate the two businesses and may continue to incur significant costs to integrate with and support Mediagene. We also may not realize the anticipated benefits of the merger because of difficulties related to the integration, the achievement of such synergies, and other challenges faced by TNL Mediagene.

TNL merged with the Japanese digital media and e-commerce company Mediagene in May 2023 to form TNL Mediagene. Since the merger, we have been integrating TNL and Mediagene’s operations into a combined TNL Mediagene group. Integration of TNL and Mediagene has and will continue to incur significant costs relating to organization restructuring, facility consolidation activities and other costs, which we believe are necessary to realize the anticipated cost synergies of the merger. Among other risks, we may incur significant or unanticipated expenses or debt with integration of the legacy business, operations and activities of Mediagene prior to the merger and TNL. No assurances of the timing or amount of synergies able to be captured, or the timing or amount of costs necessary to achieve those synergies, can be provided. The amount and timing of any such costs could materially adversely affect the TNL Mediagene business, financial condition and results of operations.

Prior to the merger, Mediagene and TNL operated independently and primarily created and published content and other various creative assets in Japanese and Chinese, respectively, and after the merger, much of daily operations continue to take place in Japanese for former Mediagene digital media brands and other assets and Chinese for former TNL digital media brands and other assets. There can be no assurances that the combined businesses will allow for the maintenance and/or achievement of any portion of the anticipated financial or other benefits. Integrating the operations of the two firms has involved and is expected to continue to involve translation of these assets and inter-office communications into Japanese or Chinese, as the case may be, which may incur significant and ongoing costs. Furthermore, the needs and expectations of advertising clients typically differ between Japan and Taiwan, and we may not be able to address these needs satisfactorily as a combined entity.

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See “— Acquisitions and investments could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operating results” for discussion on additional risks. If we are unable to successfully integrate the TNL and Mediagene businesses, the anticipated benefits of the merger may not be realized fully, if at all, or may take longer than expected to realize. Our integration effort could result in a loss of key TNL or Mediagene employees, loss of customers, disruption of either or both of TNL’s or Mediagene’s ongoing businesses or unexpected issues, higher than expected costs and an overall post-completion process that takes longer than originally anticipated. Specifically, the following issues, among others, must be addressed in integrating the TNL and Mediagene businesses in order to realize the anticipated benefits of the merger:

• Integrating the TNL and Mediagene businesses in the time frame currently anticipated;

• Maintaining existing agreements with customers, distributors, providers, talent and vendors and avoiding delays in entering into new agreements with prospective customers, distributors, providers, talent and vendors;

• Integrating the businesses’ administrative, accounting and information technology infrastructure;

• Integrating employees and attracting and retaining key personnel, including talent;

• Managing the expanded operations of a significantly larger and more complex company;

• Resolving potential unknown liabilities, adverse consequences and unforeseen increased expenses associated with the merger

Even if the TNL and Mediagene businesses are integrated successfully, the full benefits of the merger may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame or at all. Further, following the merger, our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to manage this expanded business, which could pose substantial challenges for management, including challenges related to the management and monitoring of new complex operations and associated increased costs. All of these factors could materially adversely affect the price of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Acquisitions and investments could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operating results.

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to expand and grow our business in response to changing technologies, user and advertiser demands, and competitive pressures. Our growth strategy depends in part on the acquisition of complementary digital media brands and technology businesses. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming and costly, and we may not be able to successfully complete identified acquisitions. Additionally, the integration of acquisitions requires significant time and resources, and we may not manage these processes successfully. We cannot assure you that these investments will be successful. If we fail to successfully integrate the companies we acquire, we may not realize the benefits expected from the transaction and our business may be harmed.

The risks we face in connection with acquisitions include:

• diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to addressing acquisition integration challenges;

• coordination of functions;

• retention of key employees from the acquired company;

• cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;

• integration of the acquired company’s accounting, management information, human resources and other administrative systems and processes;

• the need to implement or improve controls, procedures and policies at a business that may have lacked effective controls, procedures and policies prior to the acquisition;

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• liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities;

• unanticipated write-offs or charges; and

• litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, former stockholders or other third parties.

Further, in connection with such acquisitions and strategic initiatives, we may incur significant or unanticipated expenses, fail to realize anticipated benefits and synergies, have difficulty incorporating an acquired or new line of business, disrupt relationships with current and new employees, clients and vendors, incur significant debt, or be compelled to delay or not proceed with announced transactions or initiatives. Additionally, local governmental regulatory agencies or international regulators may impose restrictions on the operation of our businesses as a result of our seeking regulatory approvals for any significant acquisitions and strategic initiatives or may dissuade us from pursuing certain transactions. The occurrence of any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Future acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses, incremental operating expenses or the impairment of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition or operating results.

Our international operations are subject to increased challenges and risks.

We provide media content and services in various jurisdictions around the Asia-Pacific and Oceania regions, including Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand and Australia, as well as the United States. Our content is available in multiple languages, including Japanese, Chinese and English. Our business and the conduct of our operations internationally requires considerable management attention and resources and is subject to the particular challenges of supporting a growing business in an environment of multiple languages, cultures, customs, legal and regulatory systems, alternative dispute systems and commercial markets. Operating internationally subjects us to new risks and may increase risks that we currently face, including risks associated with:

• recruiting, integrating and retaining talented and capable employees in multiple jurisdictions and maintaining our company culture across all of our offices;

• providing our content and operating across a significant distance, in different languages and among different cultures, including the potential need to modify our products, content and services to ensure that they are culturally relevant in different countries;

• increased competition from local media companies and mobile apps which have expanded and may continue to expand their geographic footprint;

• differing and potentially lower levels of user growth, user engagement and ad engagement in new and emerging geographic territories;

• compliance with applicable local laws and regulations, including laws and regulations with respect to privacy, consumer protection and media freedom;

• operating in jurisdictions that do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States;

• compliance with anti-bribery laws;

• currency exchange rate fluctuations;

• foreign exchange controls that might require significant lead time in setting up operations in certain geographic territories and might prevent us from repatriating cash;

• potential double taxation of our international earnings and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate; and

• higher costs of doing business internationally, including increased accounting, travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs.

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If we are unable to manage the complexity of our international operations successfully, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

Our financial results from period to period have fluctuated in the past and will fluctuate in the future.

We have a limited operating history as a combined TNL Mediagene group since the merger of TNL and Mediagene in May 2023, which makes it difficult to forecast our future results. As a result, we cannot rely upon our past financial results as indicators of future performance. We are subject to the same risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in rapidly evolving markets. Our financial results in any given quarter can be influenced by numerous factors, many of which we are unable to predict or are outside of our control, including:

• our ability to maintain and grow users and engagement;

• changes made to the social media and other platforms that are important channels of distribution for our content, or changes in the patterns of use of those channels by users;

• our ability to attract and retain advertising clients in a particular period;

• seasonal fluctuations, as our revenue is typically highest in the fourth quarter of the year due to strong advertising spending and e-commerce spending during this quarter;

• the number of ads shown to our users;

• the pricing of our advertising, technology and agency products;

• the diversification and growth of revenue sources beyond and among our media and branded content, technology and digital studio business units;

• the development and introduction of new content, products or services by us or our competitors;

• increases in marketing, sales, and other operating expenses that we may incur to grow and expand our operations and to remain competitive;

• our ability to maintain gross margins and operating margins; and

• system failures or breaches of security or privacy.

TNL Mediagene’s ability to continue as a going concern depends in part on improving its operating and financing conditions.

TNL Mediagene has incurred recurring losses from operations, negative working capital, and net operating cash outflow to date. TNL Mediagene’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024 and audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 include disclosure regarding substantial doubt about its ability to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business, and to continue as a going concern. TNL Mediagene’s financial statements were prepared assuming that it will continue as a going concern. The going concern basis of the presentation assumes that TNL Mediagene will continue in operation for the foreseeable future and that a material uncertainty exists that TNL Mediagene may be able to realize its assets and satisfy its liabilities in the normal course of business. Future reports on TNL Mediagene’s financial statements may include an explanatory paragraph with respect to its ability to continue as a going concern.

TNL Mediagene’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent, in part, on its ability to improve its operating conditions and raise additional capital through equity offerings or debt financings. TNL Mediagene’s business plans consider, among others, the cost management, the issuance of promissory notes and renewal of its loan facilities with the financial institutions. In April 2024, a subsidiary of TNL Mediagene successfully secured the service contracts of over $7 million. During the first half of 2024, TNL Mediagene increased its loan facilities from financial institutions by approximately $3.6 million and also raised additional capital of approximately $1.5 million through issuance of convertible promissory notes. Although TNL Mediagene’s management intends to continue to pursue these plans, there can be no assurance that TNL Mediagene will be successful in securing additional revenue, managing its costs or obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to it to fund continuing operations. If TNL

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Mediagene cannot continue as a going concern, it may have to liquidate its assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on its financial statements, and it is likely that TNL Mediagene’s shareholders may lose some or all of their investment in TNL Mediagene.

The loss of key personnel, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm our business.

We currently depend upon the continued services and performance of our key personnel, most importantly Joey (Tzu-Wei) Chung, Motoko Imada, Mario (Shih-Fan) Yang and Hiroto Kobayashi. Although we expect to enter into employment and non-competition agreements with our key personnel after the Merger, their employment with us is at-will, and we expect their employment will remain at-will following the Merger. In addition, a significant portion of our media and branded content is custom-made for our business by our personnel. The loss of key personnel, including members of management as well as key engineering, video, editorial, and sales personnel, could disrupt our operations and have an adverse effect on our business. As we continue to grow, we cannot guarantee we will continue to attract the personnel we need to maintain our competitive position. For example, as a public company, we will need to attract and retain personnel to perform additional functions characteristic of a public company. As we mature, the incentives to attract, retain, and motivate employees provided by our equity awards or by future arrangements, may not be as effective as in the past. If we do not succeed in effectively attracting, hiring and integrating new talented personnel, or retaining and motivating existing personnel, our employee morale, productivity and retention could suffer, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected. In addition, from time to time, there may be changes in our senior management team that may be disruptive to our business. If our senior management team, including any new hires that we may make, fails to work together effectively and to execute our plans and strategies on a timely basis, our business could be harmed.

We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

We transact business globally in multiple currencies and have foreign currency risks related to our revenue, costs of revenue and operating expenses, all of which are currently denominated primarily in the Japanese yen and the New Taiwan Dollar. In addition, a portion of our costs and expenses have been, and we anticipate will continue to be, denominated in foreign currencies, including the Japanese yen and the New Taiwan Dollar. Moreover, while we undertake limited hedging activities intended to offset the impact of currency translation exposure, it is impossible to predict or eliminate such impact. As a result, our operating results may be harmed.

Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Technology, Security and Privacy

Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout this subsection, references to “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to TNL Mediagene as a combined company and together as a group with its subsidiaries.

Our ability to attract and retain advertising clients depends on our ability to collect and use data and develop tools to enable us to effectively deliver and accurately measure advertisements on our platform.

Most advertisers rely on tools that measure the effectiveness of their ad campaigns in order to allocate their advertising spend among various formats and platforms. If we are unable to measure the effectiveness of advertising using our integrated marketing and ad deployment services or we are unable to convince advertisers that our services should be part of a larger advertising budget, our ability to increase the demand and pricing of our advertising products and maintain or scale our revenue may be limited. Our tools may be less developed than those of other platforms with which we compete for advertising spend. Therefore, our ability to develop and offer tools that accurately measure the effectiveness of a campaign using our services is critical to our ability to attract new advertising clients and retain, and increase spend from, our existing advertising clients.

We are continually developing and improving these tools and such efforts have and are likely to continue to require significant time and resources and additional investment, and in some cases, we have relied on and may in the future rely on third parties to provide data and technology needed to provide certain measurement data to our advertising clients. If we cannot continue to develop and improve our advertising tools in a timely fashion, those tools are not reliable, or the measurement results are inconsistent with advertiser goals, our advertising revenue could be adversely affected. Many existing advertiser tools that measure the effectiveness of advertising do not account for the role of marketing early in a user’s decision-making process, which is the part of the decision-making

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process targeted by our content marketing and retail media services. Instead, these tools measure the last ad or content that was exposed to the user that receives credit for influencing a user’s purchase or action. As a result, we may not be able to demonstrate and measure for our advertising clients the value of engaging with a user during the early intent phase.

In addition, web and mobile browser developers, such as Apple, Microsoft or Google, have implemented and may continue to implement changes, including requiring additional user permissions, in their browser or device operating system that impair our ability to measure and improve the effectiveness of advertising using our services. Such changes include limiting the use of first-party and third-party cookies and related tracking technologies, such as mobile advertising identifiers, and other changes that limit our ability to collect information that allows us to attribute user actions on advertisers’ websites to the effectiveness of promotional campaigns run on our platform. For example, Apple launched its Intelligent Tracking Prevention (“ITP”) feature in its Safari browser. ITP blocks some or all third-party cookies by default on mobile and desktop and ITP has become increasingly restrictive over time. Apple’s related Privacy-Preserving Ad Click attribution (PPAC), intended to preserve some of the functionality lost with ITP, would limit cross-site and cross-device attribution, prevent measurement outside a narrowly defined attribution window, and prevent ad retargeting and optimization. Similarly, Google announced that it plans to stop supporting third-party cookies in its Google Chrome browser. Further, Apple implemented certain changes, including introducing an AppTracking Transparency framework that limits the ability of mobile applications to request an iOS device’s advertising identifier and affects our ability to track user actions off of our digital media brands and connect their interactions with advertising and content marketing on our digital media brands.

All these restrictions described above make it more difficult for us to provide the most relevant ads to our users, measure the effectiveness of, and to retarget and optimize, marketing on our digital media brands. This may result in advertisers spending less or not at all, on our advertising services and favoring larger platforms like Facebook and Google that have more capabilities to help advertisers measure their conversions. Developers may release additional technology that further inhibits our ability to collect data that allows us to measure the effectiveness of marketing on our digital media brands. Any other restriction, whether by law, regulation, policy (including third-party policies) or otherwise, on our ability to collect and share data which our advertising clients find useful, our ability to use or benefit from tracking and measurement technologies, including cookies and tracking pixels, or that further reduce our ability to measure the effectiveness of advertising on our digital media brands would impede our ability to attract, grow and retain advertising clients. Advertisers, retailers, and other parties who provide data that helps us deliver personalized, relevant advertising may restrict or stop sharing this data. If they stop sharing this data with us, it may not be possible for us to collect this data within our digital media brands or from another source. We rely heavily on our ability to collect and share data and metrics for our advertising clients to help new and existing advertising clients understand the performance of advertising campaigns. If advertisers do not perceive our metrics to be accurate representations of our user base and user engagement, or if we discover inaccuracies in our metrics, they may be less willing to allocate their budgets or resources to our services, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation and operating results.

If our security measures are breached, or users and advertisers, clients and other partners believe our security measures have been breached, our sites may be perceived as not being secure, users and advertisers may stop viewing our content or using our services, and our business and operating results could be harmed.

Our efforts to protect our internal data or the information that users and advertisers, clients and other partners have shared with us may be unsuccessful due to the actions of third parties, software bugs or other technical malfunctions, cyberattacks, employee error or malfeasance, hacking, ransomware, viruses or other factors. In addition, third parties may attempt to induce our employees, users, advertisers, clients or vendors to disclose information to gain access to our data, advertisers’ data or the data of the users of our digital media brands and e-commerce platforms. Further, because the login credentials or passwords employed by users to access our digital media brands and e-commerce platforms, where applicable, may be similar to or the same as the ones that they use in connection with other platforms or websites, a breach in the security of those platforms or websites can allow third parties to gain unauthorized access to users’ accounts on our digital media brands. If any of the events described above occur, our information or users’, advertisers’, clients’ or other partners’ information could be accessed or disclosed improperly. If a third party gains unauthorized access to our systems, they may, among other things, post malicious spam and other content on our digital media brands using a user’s, advertisers’, client’s, or partner’s account, that could negatively affect our products and our business.

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Some third parties, including advertisers, clients and vendors, may store information that we share with them on their networks. If these third parties fail to implement adequate data-security practices or fail to comply with our terms and policies, users’ data may be improperly accessed, used or disclosed. Even if these third parties take all the necessary precautions, their networks may still suffer a breach, which could compromise the data we share with them.

Any incidents where users’, advertisers’, clients’, partners’ or our information is accessed without authorization or is improperly used, or incidents that violate our privacy policy, terms of service or other policies, or the perception that an incident has occurred, could damage our brand and reputation, adversely impact our competitive position and result in significant costs. We may need to notify government authorities or affected users regarding security incidents, and government authorities or affected users, creators, publishers or advertisers could initiate legal or regulatory action against us over those incidents, which could cause us to incur significant expense and liability or result in orders or consent decrees forcing us to modify our business practices. Maintaining the trust of users, advertisers, clients and partners is important to sustain user growth, retention and engagement, and we may incur significant costs in an effort to detect and prevent any security incidents. Concerns over our information security or data privacy practices, whether actual or unfounded, could subject us to negative publicity and damage our brand and reputation and deter users, advertisers, clients and partners from viewing our digital media brands’ sites or doing business with us. Any of these occurrences could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation, and operating results.

Failure to comply with laws and regulations with respect to privacy, data protection and consumer marketing practices, could adversely affect our business.

Our business involves collecting and processing certain types of our users’ personal data, including those provided by third-party platforms, including, but not limited to, full name, birth date, address, phone number, email address, age and GPS location as well as technical identifying data including, but not limited to, IP address, device, browser and operating system IDs, activity logs, usage and preference information, and user-generated content. As such, our business is subject to various laws and regulations of local jurisdictions in which we operate, including Japan and Taiwan, which govern the collection and processing (including the use, retention and sharing) and security of the data we receive from and about individuals. Failure to protect confidential data, provide individuals with adequate notice of our privacy policies or obtain required valid consent, for example, could subject us to liabilities imposed by these jurisdictions. Existing privacy-related laws and regulations are evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations, and various legislative and regulatory bodies, may expand current or enact new laws regarding privacy and data protection.

According to the Japanese Act on the Protection of Personal Information, our Japanese subsidiaries are required to, among other restrictions and requirements, notify data subjects of the specified purpose of use for which their personal information is being processed and shall not use such data beyond the specified purpose of use or disclose it to any third party without the data subject’s consent, subject to various exceptions or additional restrictions in accordance with circumstances. In addition, our Japanese subsidiaries are required to give data subjects the opportunity to correct their personal information if the legal elements for such correction requests are satisfied, among various other legal rights granted to data subjects. In the event of a violation of the restrictions or requirements of the Japanese Act on the Protection of Personal Information, our Japanese subsidiaries may be subject to an order or administrative guidance issued by the Japanese regulatory authority, the Personal Information Protection Commission, and in the event of violation of such an order or administrative guidance, may be subject to a fine of up to JPY 100,000,000. Separately, in the event of a violation of the restrictions or requirements of the Japanese Act on the Protection of Personal Information, our Japanese subsidiaries may become liable for damages caused to customers or suffer a loss of reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

According to the Taiwan Personal Data Protection Act, our Taiwan subsidiaries are required to conduct due notification procedures for the collection of customers’ personal data. Data subjects’ consents are required for the collection, processing, and use of their personal information, subject to various exceptions or additional restrictions in accordance with circumstances. Our Taiwan subsidiaries shall not use such personal data beyond the specific purposes notified to the data subjects, unless otherwise agreed by the data subjects or permitted under the laws and regulations. In addition, our Taiwan subsidiaries are required to give data subjects the right to access their personal data, request a copy of their personal data, supplement or correct their personal data, demand the cessation of the

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collection, processing or use of their personal data, and/or request a deletion of their personal data. Additionally, our Taiwan subsidiaries shall implement proper security measures to prevent the personal data from being stolen, altered, damaged, destroyed or disclosed. In the event of violation of restrictions or requirements under the Taiwan Personal Data Protection Act, our Taiwan subsidiaries may be subject to criminal liabilities and an administrative fine up to NTD 15,000,000 per violation depending on the violating scenario and be liable for the damages caused to our users. Our Taiwan subsidiaries may also be liable for the damages and losses arising from any injury caused by any unlawful collection, processing or use of personal data, or other infringement on the rights of data subjects resulting from the violation of the Taiwan Personal Data Protection Act, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Existing and newly adopted laws and regulations with respect to privacy and the collection and use of personal data and information, as well as consumer marketing practices (or new interpretations of such existing laws and regulations) have imposed and may continue to impose obligations that may affect our business, require us to incur increased compliance costs and cause us to further adjust our advertising or marketing practices. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us or the third parties upon which we rely to comply with the laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection, or consumer marketing practices that govern our business operations, as well as any failure, or perceived failure, by us or the third parties upon which we rely to comply with our own posted policies relating to such matters, could result in claims against us by governmental entities or others, negative publicity and a loss of confidence in us by our users and advertisers. Each of these potential consequences could adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our business may be adversely affected by the development, use, and potential misuse of generative AI in the digital media ecosystem.

The emergence of generative AI tools presents new challenges for our business. Just as the Internet and smartphone technologies transformed the media and advertising industries, generative AI tools have the potential to significantly change the digital media ecosystem in ways that are difficult to predict. Our success as an end-to-end digital media solutions provider depends on our ability to maintain the high quality of our digital media content that we create or acquire and monetize our original and acquired content. We presently maintain this high-quality standard by employing human writers and editors rather than generative AI tools. Though we believe that generative AI tools are not presently capable of producing output that meets our users’ standards or our clients’ demands, generative AI tools may in the future increase in capability and their output may reach similar quality as human produced content, competing directly with our human-produced content at scale with a potentially lower cost. Even in the event that the content generated by generative AI tools does not reach a level of quality that is comparable with human work, the preferences of our clients and users may shift to place greater value on the price and convenience of content than they do on its source, quality, or reliability. If our clients and users begin to consume content created by generative AI tools rather than our human produced content, our user numbers and traffic may decrease in size and our perceived value as a provider of digital media solutions may decrease, with a corresponding negative effect on our business and our ability to effectively compete in the digital media solutions market.

The potential misuse of generative AI tools may also lead to undermining the value of our content, both in the context of unauthorized use of our content in training of new AI models as well as copycat output produced by generative AI tools. AI tools trained without authorization on our content could, for example, be used by third parties to produce copycat AI content that resembles, and competes for attention with, the content of our digital media brands. Such copycat output might also contain inaccurate or even libelous statements that are falsely attributed to us, causing damage to our reputation. Because AI is an emerging technology, there is not a mature body of law regarding the appropriateness of AI models’ uses of third-party data and content, which may impair the value of our original and acquired content. The realization of any of these risks could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The use of AI tools in our business may cause us brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability.

We currently provide AI-powered data analytics services and advertising technology solutions to our advertising clients and employ AI translation to create multilingual versions of some of our user-facing media content. As with many innovations, AI presents risks that could affect our ability to successfully incorporate AI in our business. For example, our AI algorithms used in data analytics and advertising technology products and services may be flawed and not achieve sufficient levels of accuracy or contain biased information, which may

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cause reputational harm. Thus, as AI evolves, we may need to focus resources on the development (including, the creation of proprietary data sets and machine learning models), testing and maintenance of our products and services to help ensure the accuracy of any AI outputs with respect thereto. Such efforts with respect to the development and maintenance of AI may also increase the cost profile of our offerings due to the nature of the computing costs involved in such systems. In addition, our competitors or other third parties may incorporate AI solutions into their products and services more quickly or more successfully than us, and their AI solutions may achieve higher market acceptance than ours, which may result in us losing market share and failing to recoup our investments in AI-powered applications. Our ability to employ AI, or the ability of our competitors to do so better, may impair our ability to compete effectively, result in reputational harm and have a material adverse impact on our operating results.

The use and development of AI tools is also an area of developing laws, rules, and regulations, which may pose compliance, liability, ethical or other risks to our business, and may require us to develop additional AI-specific governance programs. We may not be able to generate intellectual property revenue in connection with the use of our content by third parties to develop AI technologies. In addition, several jurisdictions around the globe have proposed or enacted laws restricting the use of AI on privacy and other grounds. For example, European regulators have proposed a stringent AI regulation, and we expect other jurisdictions will adopt similar laws. In particular, privacy laws in certain countries extend rights to consumers (such as the right to delete certain personal data) and regulate automated decision making, which might be incompatible with our use of AI tools. Such obligations, if in the future they are applied in the territories where we operate, may make it harder for us to conduct our business using AI, lead to regulatory fines or penalties, require us to change our business practices, retrain our AI tools, or prevent or limit our use of AI. The realization of any of these risks could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Reliance on Third Parties

Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout this subsection, references to “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to TNL Mediagene as a combined company and together as a group with its subsidiaries.

We derive a significant portion of our users from third-party platforms and online search engines. Changes to the standard terms, conditions and policies of these providers that link to, have distributed or may distribute our content, such as Google Search and Google Discover, could adversely affect our business.

We depend on third-party platform providers to provide access to our content. A significant portion of our users engage with our content through third-party platform providers rather than directly on our websites, most prominently, Google Search and Google Discover, which collectively accounted for an average of 56.7% of our total traffic in the six months ended June 30, 2024, as well as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and X. These platforms serve as significant channels of online distribution and are critical to accessing our content. If these platform providers deny access to our content, modify their current discovery mechanisms or algorithms, develop their own competitive offerings, or impose fees for access to and use of their platforms, our business could be negatively affected. We are also subject to the standard terms, conditions and practices of these platform providers, which govern the promotion, distribution, operation and use of our content. Platform providers have broad discretion to change their standard terms and conditions and have the right to prohibit us from distributing content on their platforms if we are perceived to violate those standard terms and conditions. In addition, platform providers can change their policies or interpretations of their standard terms and conditions. Our business could suffer materially if platform providers change their standard terms and conditions, interpretations or other policies and practices in a way that is detrimental to us or if platform providers determine that we are in violation of their standard terms and conditions and prohibit us from distributing our content on their platforms. Moreover, if we are unable to maintain a good relationship with these platform providers, our business and operating results could be adversely affected. Our business could also be harmed if these platforms change their terms and conditions relating to how their users share information on or through their platforms or across other platforms, which could impact our number of users and engagement.

We also depend on internet search engines, such as Google and Yahoo! JAPAN, to direct a significant amount of traffic to our platform. Our ability to maintain and increase the number of users directed to our platform from search engines is not within our control. Search engines, such as Google and Yahoo! Japan, have and may continue to modify their search algorithms (including what content they index and the format in which content is

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indexed) and policies or enforce those policies in ways that are detrimental to us, that we are not able to predict or without prior notice. When that occurs, we have in the past and expect to experience in the future, declines or de-indexing in the organic search ranking of certain search results or negatively impacted by the format in which our search results appear, leading to a decrease in traffic to our digital media brands and existing user retention and engagement. We have experienced declines in traffic and user growth as a result of these changes in the past, and anticipate fluctuations as a result of such actions in the future. For example, our health-oriented digital media brand, MYLOHAS, which operated its website from 2006 and was rebranded as ROOMIE KITCHEN in June 2022, experienced a dramatic decrease in website traffic due to a Google search algorithm update in October 2019. Prior to this change, MYLOHAS was recording approximately 22 million monthly pageviews. However, following the algorithm adjustment, website traffic declined to approximately 3 million monthly pageviews. Our ability to appeal these actions is limited, and we may not be able to revise our search engine optimization (“SEO”) strategies to recover the loss in traffic or users resulting from such actions. In addition, changes in policies or their enforcement may not apply in the same manner to our competitors, or our competitors’ SEO strategies to retain and attract users may be more successful than ours. Further, some of these search engines are owned by companies that compete with various aspects of our business. The realization of any of these risks could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business relies on certain trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights that are licensed from third-party licensors. We do not control these rights and any loss of our rights to them could materially adversely affect our business.

Our digital media brands, especially those in Japan, rely on licenses to be able to use certain media trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights to a number of our websites, including Gizmodo Japan, Business Insider Japan, Lifehacker Japan and Digiday Japan (such licenses, “Third-party Licenses”). We do not own the intellectual property that underlies the Third-party Licenses. Our rights to use the intellectual property underlying the Third-party Licenses are subject to the continuation of and compliance with the terms of the Third-party Licenses, and we do not always control the prosecution, maintenance or filing of the intellectual property underlying the Third-party Licenses. Enforcement of our rights under the Third-party Licenses is often subject to the control or cooperation of our licensors and/or interpretation of the license agreements underlying the Third-party Licenses. We cannot be certain that we will have control of the enforcement of these intellectual property rights against third parties. Legal action could be initiated against the owners of the intellectual property of the Third-party Licenses. Even if we are not a party to these legal actions, an adverse outcome could harm our business because it might prevent our licensors from continuing to license the Third-party Licenses that we may need to operate our business.

In addition, the Third-party Licenses contain provisions that allow the licensors to terminate the Third-party Licenses upon specific conditions, including breach or insolvency. Our rights under the Third-party Licenses are subject to our continued compliance with the terms of the Third-party Licenses, including the payment of license fees. There have been cases in the past in which the media businesses of our licensors, including those trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights under the Third-party Licenses, have been transferred to other companies, and there is a possibility that our licensors are acquired by other companies in the future. If these new licensors decide not to renew the Third-party Licenses, demand an unsustainable license fee as a condition of renewal, or are purchased by another entity with the intention of operating the digital media brands and associated trademarks, copyrights and intellectual property rights under the Third-party Licenses on its own, we will no longer be able to use the Third-party Licenses, and will accordingly lose the ability to operate some or all of the digital media brands and associated trademarks, copyrights and intellectual property rights. If this occurs, our business, revenue, operating results, or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Use of third-party content creators, social media influencers and user-generated content may materially and adversely affect our reputation.

We engage third-party journalists, writers and content creators (the “Third-Party Creatives”) to assist in producing content for some of our digital media and branded content and advertising projects, including articles, advertorials, photos and videos. Content created by Third-Party Creatives typically represents between 50 and 80 percent of the content on our digital media brands. Our editorial team conducts reviews and collects feedback from our advertising clients and partners to assess the quality of work performed by these third-party content creators. In addition, certain of our digital media brands, including iCook, rely extensively on content generated by users. On these user-content websites, the proportion of content created by third-party content creators is as high as

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95 percent. Because we do not generally have exclusive or long-term contractual relationships with the Third-Party Creatives or our users, however, in most cases we cannot guarantee that any particular Third Party Creative or user will continue to produce content for us in the future, nor can we typically prevent Third Party Creatives or users from republishing their content elsewhere, competing with our digital media brands, or from creating and distributing negative commentary regarding us or our products and services in a way that reflects poorly on our brand and may be attributed to us or otherwise adversely affect us. Occurrence of any such events could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial conditions, and results of operations.

In addition, we maintain relationships with and monetize content created by many third-party social media influencers. Negative commentary regarding us, our products and services or influencers, and other third parties who are affiliated with us may also be posted on social media platforms and may be adverse to our values, reputation or business. Influencers with whom we maintain relationships could engage in behavior or use their platforms to communicate directly with our users in a manner that reflects poorly on our brand and may be attributed to us or otherwise adversely affect us. It is not possible to prevent such behavior, and the precautions we take to detect and distance ourselves from this activity may not be effective in all cases. Our target audience often values readily available information and could act on such information without further investigation and without regard to its accuracy. Whether the information is accurate or not, the harm may be immediate, without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. Further, such behavior by an influencer may result in our being unable or unwilling to continue current advertising project or other activities, and use and monetize our library of paid or sponsored, branded, editorial or original content featuring such influencer, which could have a negative impact on our revenues.

Our business and operating results may be harmed by a disruption in our products and services.

Service delays, outages or disruptions, or the loss or compromise of data, could result from a variety of causes, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, hardware failure, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of people accessing our products and services simultaneously, computer viruses, denial of service, fraud or security attacks. In addition, our operations are susceptible to outages and interruptions due to fire, flood, earthquake, tsunami, other natural disasters, power loss, equipment or telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks, terrorist attacks, political or social unrest, and other events over which we have little or no control. We do not have multiple site capacity for all of our services and some of our systems are not fully redundant in the event of delays or disruptions to service, so some data or systems may not be fully recoverable after such events, although we have implemented a limited disaster recovery program which does not allow us to serve network traffic from back-up data center services. An unexpected disruption of services provided by the data centers that serve our products and services could hamper our ability to handle existing or increased traffic, result in the loss of data or cause our digital media brands and services to become unavailable, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) for the vast majority of our compute, storage, data transfer and other services. Any disruption of, degradation in or interference with our use of AWS could negatively affect our operations and harm our business, revenue and financial results.

AWS provides the cloud computing infrastructure we use to host the websites of our digital media brands and many of the internal tools we use to operate our business. We have a long-term commitment with AWS. Under the agreement with AWS, in return for negotiated concessions, we currently are required to maintain a substantial majority of our monthly usage of certain compute, storage, data transfer and other services on AWS. This agreement is terminable only under certain conditions, including by either party following the other party’s material breach, which may be the result of circumstances that are beyond our control. A material breach of this agreement by us, or early termination of the agreement, could carry substantial penalties, including liquidated damages. If AWS increases pricing terms, terminates or seeks to terminate our contractual relationship, establishes more favorable relationships with our competitors, or changes or interprets its terms of service or policies in a manner that is unfavorable, those actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any significant disruption of, limitation of our access to or other interference with our use of AWS would negatively impact our operations and our business could be harmed. In addition, any transition of the cloud services currently provided by AWS to another cloud services provider would be difficult to implement and would cause us to

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incur significant time and expense and could disrupt or degrade our ability to deliver our products and services. The level of service provided by AWS could affect the availability or speed of our services. If users, advertisers, clients or other partners are not able to access our service or platform or encounter difficulties in doing so, we may lose users, advertisers, clients or other partners and could suffer a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our advertising technology and data analytics services relies on open source and third-party AI software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary advertising technology and data analytics products and services in a manner that could have a negative effect on our business.

We extensively use open source and third-party software, including programming languages such as PHP, JavaScript, Python, Go and Ruby; frameworks like Laravel, Vue, React, Ruby on Rails, Next.js, Bootstrap and Tailwind CSS; operating systems including Rocky Linux, Ubuntu and Debian, databases such as MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Redis, MongoDB and Elasticsearch, and platforms like WordPress and Grafana in our various advertising technology and data analytics products and services. In particular, we license the “jooi” AI product by 91App, which we use within our Ad2 ad network to enhance advertisement delivery and provide audience insights, and may use other third-party or open-source AI software in the future. The software licenses attached to these software products may subject us to certain unfavorable conditions. For example, open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, open source licenses may include requirements that we offer our products that incorporate the open source software for no cost, that we make publicly available the source code for any modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open source software, or that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open source license. If an author or other third-party that distributes software that we use or license were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of the applicable license, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from offering our products that contained the software, required to release proprietary source code, required to obtain licenses from third parties or otherwise required to comply with the unfavorable conditions unless and until we can re-engineer the product so that it complies with the license or does not incorporate the licensed software. Any of the foregoing could disrupt our ability to offer our products and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our user growth, engagement, and monetization depend upon effective operation within and compatibility with operating systems, networks, devices, web browsers and standards, including mobile operating systems, streaming tools, networks and standards that we do not control.

We make our content available across a variety of operating systems and through websites. We are dependent on the compatibility of our content with popular devices, streaming tools, desktop and mobile operating systems and web browsers that we do not control, such as iOS, Android, Mac OS, Windows, Chrome, Edge and Firefox. Any changes in such systems, devices or web browsers that degrade the functionality of our content, limit our ability to measure the effect of our advertisements and branded content, or give preferential treatment to competitive content could adversely affect usage of our content. In recent years, web browser makers have rolled out and could in future again roll out updates that limit the effectiveness of cross-site tracking techniques we rely on to collect advertising data about readers of our content. For example, Apple, Google, and other major companies have introduced technology to their products that limit the use of third-party cookies, which many advertisers relied on to track the behavior of their users. Future updates could affect the technologies we use for user data collection as well, requiring us to invest resources to work around such restrictions to continue to collect user data, or prevent us entirely from collecting some or all of the data we currently collect.

A significant majority of our users access our content and services through mobile devices and, as a result, our ability to grow advertising revenue is increasingly dependent on our ability to generate revenue from content viewed and engaged with on mobile devices. A key element of our strategy is focusing on mobile devices, and we expect to continue to devote significant resources to the creation and support of developing new and innovative mobile products and services. We are dependent on the interoperability of our content with popular mobile operating systems, streaming tools, networks and standards that we do not control, such as the iOS and Android operating systems. We may not be successful in maintaining or developing relationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing content that operate effectively with these technologies, systems, tools, networks, or standards. Any changes in such systems, or changes in our relationships with mobile operating system partners,

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handset manufacturers, or mobile carriers, or in their terms of service or policies that reduce or eliminate our ability to distribute our content, impair access to our content by blocking access through mobile devices, make it hard to readily discover, install, update or access our content on mobile devices, give preferential treatment to competitive, or their own, content, limit our ability to measure the effectiveness of advertisements and branded content, or charge fees related to the distribution of our content could adversely affect the consumption and monetization of our content on mobile devices. Additionally, if the number of platforms for which we develop our product expands, it will result in an increase in our operating expenses. In the event that it is more difficult to access our content or use our services, particularly on mobile devices, or if our users choose not to access our content on their mobile devices or choose to use mobile products that do not offer access to our content, or if the preferences of our users require us to increase the number of platforms on which our product is made available to our users, our user growth, engagement, ad targeting and monetization could be harmed and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Technologies have been developed that can block the display of our ads.

Technologies have been developed, and will likely continue to be developed, that can block the display of our ads. We generate a substantial portion of our revenue from advertising, and ad blocking technologies may prevent the display of certain of our ads, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. Existing ad blocking technologies that have not been effective on our digital media brands may become effective as we make certain product changes, and new ad blocking technologies may be developed. More users may choose to use products that block or obscure the display of our ads if we are unable to successfully balance the amount of non-promotional content and paid advertisements, or if users’ attitudes toward advertisements become more negative. Further, regardless of their effectiveness, ad blockers may generate concern regarding the health of the digital advertising industry, which could reduce the value of digital advertising and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our business depends on continued and unimpeded access to our content and services on the Internet. If we or those who engage with our brands or content experience disruptions in Internet service or if Internet service providers are able to block, degrade or charge for access to our content and services, we could incur additional expenses and the loss of users and advertisers.

We depend on the ability of our users and advertisers to access the Internet. Currently, this access is provided by companies that have significant market power in the broadband and Internet access marketplace, including incumbent telephone companies, cable companies, mobile communications companies, government-owned service providers, device manufacturers and operating system providers, any of whom could take actions that degrade, disrupt or increase the cost of access by our users to our content, products or services, which would, in turn, negatively impact our business. The adoption of any laws or regulations that adversely affect the growth, popularity or use of the Internet, including laws or practices limiting Internet neutrality, could decrease the demand for, or the usage of, our content, products and services, increase our cost of doing business and adversely affect our operating results. We also rely on other companies to maintain reliable network systems that provide adequate speed, data capacity and security to us and our users. As the Internet continues to experience growth in the level of traffic, frequency of engagement, and amount of data transmitted, the Internet infrastructure that we and our users rely on may be unable to support the demands placed upon it. Failures of the Internet infrastructure that we or our users rely on, even for a short period of time, could undermine our operations and harm our operating results.

Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Legal and Regulatory Environments

Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout this subsection, references to “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to TNL Mediagene as a combined company and together as a group with its subsidiaries.

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Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we operate, primarily Japan and Taiwan. These laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, temporary or permanent restraining orders and injunctions, increased cost of operations or declines in user growth and engagement with our brands and content, or otherwise harm our business.

We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, primarily Japan and Taiwan, that involve matters central to our business, including privacy, rights of publicity, data protection, content regulation, intellectual property (copyright, trade secret, trademark and patent), libel and defamation, labor and employment, competition, protection of minors, consumer protection and taxation. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to constant legislative or administrative review and modification. Additionally, many of these laws and regulations are still being tested in courts and could be interpreted or applied in ways that could harm our business, particularly in the rapidly evolving industry in which we operate. The introduction of new products or services may subject us to additional laws and regulations. In addition, foreign data protection, privacy, libel and defamation, consumer protection, content regulation and other laws and regulations are often more restrictive than those in the United States. A number of proposals are pending before such foreign legislative and regulatory bodies that could significantly affect our business.

Our Japanese subsidiaries are, as companies involved in the advertising business, subject to the Japanese Act Against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations, which prohibits certain misleading advertisements and customer giveaway campaigns; the Act on Securing Quality, Efficacy, and Safety of Products Including Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, which regulates marketing and advertisements of pharmaceuticals and medical devices; due to their use of outsourced content, the Act Against Delay in Payment of Subcontract Proceeds, Etc. to Subcontractors; and as platform and crowdfunding businesses, subject to applicable provisions of the Act on Specified Commercial Transactions, which, among other things, regulates and prohibits certain commercial and consumer transactions and sales practices. Our Japanese subsidiaries additionally have elected to abide by the self-regulatory Code of Ethics for Internet Advertising and Posting Standards Guidelines promulgated by the Japan Interactive Advertising Association. If our Japanese subsidiaries are perceived to or are found to violate these regulations and guidelines, our reputation may be harmed, we may be subject to legal or regulatory actions, and our business, operating and financial results could be adversely affected.

Our Taiwan subsidiaries are, as companies involved in the online media business, subject to the Civil Code of Taiwan and court precedents, which require media operators to establish a reasonable investigation mechanism for the news, articles, and information they publish; the Copyright Act of Taiwan, which requires them to respect the copyrights of authors; as companies involved in the marketing and advertising businesses, subject to the Fair Trade Act of Taiwan and the Consumer Protection Act of Taiwan, which prohibit false, untrue, and misleading advertisements; as companies involved in the e-commerce business, subject to the Consumer Protection Act of Taiwan and the regulations promulgated thereunder, which require them to comply with certain mandatory and prohibited clauses in their terms and conditions and provide a performance guarantee for the amount received from consumers; the Third-Party Payment Enterprise Anti-Money Laundering Regulations of Taiwan, which require third-party payment service providers to implement anti-money laundering procedures and conduct know-your-client procedures on certain clients; relevant administrative guidance published by relevant authorities from time to time, which require e-commerce operators to assist vendors selling products on their platforms to comply with such guidance. Additionally, our Taiwan subsidiaries must handle consumers’ personal data in accordance with the Personal Data Protection Act of Taiwan, which regulates the collection, processing, and use of personal data. If our Taiwanese subsidiaries are perceived to or are found to violate these laws, regulations and/or guidelines, our reputation may be harmed, we may be subject to legal or regulatory actions, and our business, operating, and financial results could be adversely affected.

Further, new laws and regulations, changes in existing laws and regulations or the interpretation of them, our introduction of new content, features and services, or an extension of our business into new areas, could increase our future compliance costs, make our content, features and services less attractive to our users or advertisers, or cause us to change or limit our business practices. We may incur substantial expenses to comply with laws and regulations or defend against a claim that we have not complied with them. Further, any failure on our part to comply with any relevant laws or regulations may subject us to significant civil or criminal liabilities, penalties and negative publicity.

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Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and any inability to protect them could reduce the value of our content, services and brand.

Our trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights are important assets for us. We rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, trademark, trade dress, domain name, copyright, trade secret and patent laws, as well as a combination of work for hire, assignment, license and confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships to protect our brand and other intellectual property rights. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that has or may have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary information and, even if entered into, these agreements may be breached or may otherwise fail to prevent disclosure, third-party infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary information, may be limited as to their term and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure or use of proprietary information, thus resulting in the impairment or destruction of the value of our intellectual property. Moreover, various other events outside of our control pose a threat to our intellectual property rights. For example, we may fail to obtain effective intellectual property protection, or effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which our content and brands are utilized in commerce. Also, the efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient or effective, and any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged, which could result in them being narrowed in scope or declared invalid or unenforceable. There can be no assurance our intellectual property rights, or efforts to protect the same, will be sufficient to protect against others offering products or content that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business.

We have registered, and are pursuing registration of, trademarks and domain names in Japan and Taiwan and in certain jurisdictions in which we operate. Effective protection of trademarks and domain names is expensive and difficult to maintain, both in terms of application and registration costs as well as the costs of defending and enforcing those rights. We may be required to protect our rights in an increasing number of countries, a process that is expensive and may not be successful. Furthermore, regulations governing domain names may not protect our trademarks and other proprietary rights that may be displayed on or in conjunction with our websites and other marketing media. We may also be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring or retaining domain names that are similar to, infringe upon, or diminish the value of our respective trademarks and other proprietary rights.

We may be unable to obtain patent or trademark protection for our technologies and brands, and our existing trademarks, and any patents or trademarks that may be issued in the future, may not provide us with competitive advantages or distinguish our products and content from those of our competitors. In addition, any patents and trademarks may be contested, circumvented, or found unenforceable or invalid, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, diluting or otherwise violating them.

Significant impairments of our intellectual property rights, and limitations on our ability to assert our intellectual property rights against others, could harm our business and our ability to compete.

We may become party to intellectual property rights claims that are expensive and time consuming to defend, and, if resolved adversely, could have a significant impact on our business, financial condition or operating results.

From time to time we receive claims from third parties that allege that we have infringed, diluted, misappropriated or otherwise violated their intellectual property rights. Further, from time to time we may introduce new products and services, including in areas where we currently do not operate, which could increase our exposure to patent and other intellectual property claims from competitors and non-practicing entities. In addition, some of our agreements with advertisers, platform partners, data partners, and licensees require us to indemnify them for certain intellectual property claims against them, which could require us to incur considerable costs in defending such claims, and may require us to pay significant damages in the event of an adverse ruling. Advertisers and platform partners may also discontinue use of our products and services as a result of injunctions or otherwise, which could result in loss of revenue and adversely impact our business.

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From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings, regulatory disputes, and governmental investigations that could cause us to incur significant expenses, divert our management’s attention, and materially harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

From time to time, we may be subject to claims, lawsuits (including class actions), government investigations, arbitrations and other proceedings involving competition and antitrust, intellectual property (including copyright, trademark, trade secret and patent), privacy, defamation, libel and slander, consumer protection, securities, tax, labor and employment, commercial disputes, and other matters that could adversely affect our business operations and financial condition. We have faced and will continue to face claims relating to our content that is published or made available through our websites or through third-party platforms or services. In particular, the nature of our business exposes us to claims related to defamation, intellectual property rights (including copyright, trademark, trade secret and patent), rights of publicity and privacy and regulations of relevant authorities, including the Agency for Cultural Affairs of Japan, the Japan Patent Office and the Personal Information Protection Commission of Japan as well as the Consumer Protection Committee of Taiwan, the Fair Trade Commission of Taiwan, the Intellectual Property Office of Taiwan, the Ministry of Justice of Taiwan, and the Personal Data Protection Commission to be established by August 11, 2025. The outcome of any legal proceeding, regardless of its merits, is inherently uncertain. Pending or future legal proceedings could result in a diversion of management’s attention and resources and reputational harm, and we may be required to incur significant expenses defending against these claims or pursuing claims against third parties to protect our rights. If we do not prevail in litigation, we could incur substantial liabilities. We may also determine in certain instances that a settlement may be a more cost-effective and efficient resolution for a dispute.

Where risk of loss is probable and we can make a reasonable estimate of the liability relating to pending litigation, we record a related liability. As additional information becomes available, we assess the potential liability and revise estimates as appropriate. However, because of uncertainties relating to litigation, the amount of our estimates could be wrong as determining reserves for pending legal proceedings is a complex, fact-intensive process that is subject to judgment calls. The results of legal and regulatory proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. There can be no assurance that our expectations will prove correct, and even if these matters are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business. If we incur costs or liability as a result of these events occurring, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected. Liability may also impact our insurance premiums as well as our ability to obtain or maintain insurance coverage. Further, any adverse determination related to legal proceedings or a settlement agreement could require us to change our technology or our business practices in costly ways, prevent us from offering certain products or services, require us to pay monetary damages, fines, or penalties, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing arrangements, and could adversely affect our operating results and cash flows, harm our reputation, or otherwise negatively impact our business.

Failure to comply with laws relating to employment could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to various employment-related laws in the jurisdictions in which our employees are based. We face risks if we fail to comply with applicable domestic wage laws, or wage laws applicable to our employees internationally. Any violation of applicable wage laws or other labor- or employment-related laws could result in complaints by current or former employees, adverse media coverage, investigations and damages or penalties which could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation, business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, responding to any such proceeding may result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources, significant defense costs and other professional fees.

Our management has limited experience in operating a public company. We will incur significantly increased costs and devote substantial management time as a result of operating as a public company.

Our management has limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies. Our management and other personnel are not experienced in managing a public company and will be required to devote a substantial amount of time to compliance with these requirements. Compliance with these requirements will increase legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming and costly. We may need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting

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knowledge. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs it may incur in the future as a result of being a public company or the timing of such costs. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time consuming. We will continue to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities.

As a result of disclosure of information as a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If the claims are successful, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of management and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified colleagues, executive officers, and members of our board of directors.

Because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and our executive offices are located in Japan and Taiwan, you may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. Federal courts may be limited.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and its executive offices are located in Japan and Taiwan. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States on us, our executive officers and directors, or enforce judgments obtained in the United States courts against us, or our executive officers and directors.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Cayman Companies Law and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not clearly established as they would be under from statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a different body of securities laws as compared to the United States. In addition, shareholders of Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholders derivative action in a Federal court of the United States.

We have been advised by Walkers (Hong Kong) (“Walkers”) and Blue Ocean has been advised by Maples and Calder (Cayman) LLP (“Maples”), Blue Ocean’s Cayman Islands legal counsel, that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce against it judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state; and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against it predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. In those circumstances, although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, or be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

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As a result of all of the above, shareholders of the post-Merger entity may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a United States company.

We currently report our financial results, including the financial results of Mediagene prior to our merger, under IFRS, which differs in certain significant respect from U.S. GAAP.

We report our financial statements under IFRS. There are and there may in the future be certain significant differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP. As a result, our financial information and reported earnings for historical or future periods could be significantly different if they were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, we do not intend to provide a reconciliation between IFRS and U.S. GAAP unless it is required under applicable law. As a result, you may not be able to meaningfully compare our financial statements under IFRS with those companies that prepare financial statements under U.S. GAAP.

Risks Related to TNL Mediagene Doing Business in Japan and Taiwan

Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout this subsection, references to “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to TNL Mediagene as a combined company and together as a group with its subsidiaries.

Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses, permits or filings or failure to comply with any requirements of Japanese and Taiwanese laws, regulations and policies may materially and adversely affect our daily operations.

In accordance with relevant Japanese and Taiwanese laws and regulations, our subsidiaries are required to maintain various approvals, licenses, permits and filings to operate our business, including but not limited to business registration, tax registration and those with respect to environmental protection and fire safety inspection. The obtaining of these approvals, licenses, permits and filings are subject to satisfactory compliance with, among other things, the applicable laws and regulations of relevant jurisdictions. If our subsidiaries are unable to obtain any of such licenses and permits or extend or renew any of their subsidiaries’ current licenses or permits upon their expirations, or if our subsidiaries are required to incur significant additional costs to obtain or renew these licenses, permits and approvals, our daily operations in Japan and Taiwan could be materially and adversely affected.

We face economic and political risks associated with doing business in Taiwan, particularly due to the geopolitical tension between Taiwan and mainland China that could negatively affect our business and hence the value of your investment.

Currently, a significant portion of our operations and market is located in Taiwan. Accordingly, our business, financial condition and results of operations and the market price of our securities may be affected by changes in governmental policies, taxation, growth rate, inflation rate or interest rates and by social instability and diplomatic and social developments in or affecting Taiwan. In particular, there is sustained tension between mainland China and Taiwan relating to the unique legal and geopolitical status of Taiwan and its internal political affairs. In the past incidents and political developments related to the interactions between mainland China and Taiwan have on occasion negatively affected the business operations of Taiwanese companies and the overall Taiwanese economic environment. In addition, we own and operate several digital media brands which have reported and provided commentary on topics related to Taiwanese politics and other matters implicating cross-strait relations between mainland China and Taiwan. Future further escalation of the tensions between mainland China and Taiwan could lead to the imposition of sanctions, bans or tariffs on exports or even military conflict. Any conflict which threatens the military, political or economic stability in Taiwan could have a material adverse effect on our current or future business and financial conditions and results of operations.

Our Japanese and Taiwanese subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

As an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands structured as a holding company, we may need dividends and other distributions on equity from our Japanese and Taiwanese subsidiaries to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

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The ability of our Japanese subsidiaries to make any payments to us depends on their earnings, the terms of their indebtedness, including the terms of any credit facilities and statutory cap on the amount of dividends. Japanese corporate law caps the amount of dividends that our Japanese subsidiaries may distribute at a set “distributable amount”, calculated on the basis of their “other capital surplus” and “other retained earnings” and certain adjustments.

Current Taiwanese regulations permit our Taiwanese subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, which shall first make up previous losses and set aside at least 10% of their accumulated profits each year. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends unless specific criteria are satisfied. Furthermore, if our Taiwanese subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our Taiwanese subsidiaries to distribute dividends or to make payments to us may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements. In addition, dividend payments by our Taiwanese subsidiaries to us are subject to a Taiwan withholding tax of 21% since January 1, 2018.

As a result of the above restrictions, we may not be able to receive dividends or distributions on equity from our Japanese or Taiwanese subsidiaries when required to meet our obligations. Consequently, any failure to receive dividends or distributions from our Japanese or Taiwanese subsidiaries when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our Taiwanese subsidiaries are subject to foreign exchange controls imposed by Taiwanese authorities, which may affect the payment of dividends, repatriation of interest or making other payments to us.

Currently, Taiwan regulates foreign exchange transactions that involve the conversion of the New Taiwan Dollar into foreign currencies. Pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Taiwan Foreign Exchange Control Act, foreign exchange transactions of a value of NTD 500,000 or more must be declared to the Central Bank of Taiwan. Further, companies must submit relevant testimonials to the Central Bank of Taiwan in the following instances, and such remittances shall be subject to the approval of the Central Bank of Taiwan: (i) a single remittance of an amount over USD 1 million; or (ii) when the annual accumulated settlement amount of foreign exchange purchased or sold has exceeded USD 50 million. The government of Taiwan may impose further foreign exchange restrictions in certain emergency situations, where the government experiences extreme difficulty in stabilizing the balance of payments or where there are substantial disturbances in the financial and capital markets in Taiwan. If dividend payments or other payments by our Taiwan subsidiaries and branches to us involve currency conversions from the New Taiwan Dollar to the U.S. Dollar, such conversions would be subject to the foregoing foreign exchange controls imposed by Taiwanese authorities.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, power outages, floods, outbreaks of infectious diseases and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as terrorism.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, flood or significant power outage could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster or other unanticipated problems in our cloud infrastructure could result in lengthy interruptions in our services. In addition, acts of terrorism and other geo-political unrest could cause disruptions in our business. Japan and Taiwan, where much of our operations are located, are particularly susceptible to natural disasters, including earthquakes, typhoons, flooding and landslides from heavy rain, and volcanic activity. Further, the outbreak or threatened outbreak of any severe communicable disease such as COVID-19, avian influenza or other infectious diseases could disrupt our operations directly, or indirectly, through its effect on the overall business sentiment and environment, particularly if such outbreak is inadequately controlled, all of the aforementioned risks may be further increased if our disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate. We have implemented a disaster recovery program for a subset of our properties, which allows us to serve static content or switch content delivery networks in the event of a catastrophe. Although the program is functional, our properties will have degraded experiences including a period of time that our products or services, or certain of our products or services, will remain inaccessible or people may experience severe issues accessing our products and services. We do not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to our business that may result from interruptions in our ability to provide our products and services. Any such natural disaster or man-made problem could adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results.

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Risks Related to Ownership of TNL Mediagene’s Securities

Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout this subsection, references to “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to TNL Mediagene as a combined company and together as a group with its subsidiaries.

The price of our securities may be volatile, and the value of our securities may decline.

We cannot predict the prices at which our securities will trade. The price of our securities may not bear any relationship to the market price at which our securities will trade after the Transactions or to any other established criteria of the value of our business and prospects, and the market price of our securities following the Merger may fluctuate substantially and may be lower than the price agreed by Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene in connection with the Transactions. In addition, the trading price of our securities following the Merger could be subject to fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our securities as you might be unable to sell these securities at or above the price you paid in the Transactions. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our securities include the following:

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition or results of operations;

• variance in our financial performance from expectations of securities analysts;

• changes in our projected operating and financial results;

• changes in laws or regulations applicable to our business;

• announcements by us or our competitors of significant business developments, acquisitions or new offerings;

• sales of our securities by us, our shareholders or our warrant holders, as well as the anticipation of lockup releases;

• significant breaches of, disruptions to or other incidents involving our information technology systems or those of our business partners;

• our involvement in litigation;

• conditions or developments affecting the media industry in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including Japan and Taiwan;

• changes in senior management or key personnel;

• the trading volume of our securities;

• changes in the anticipated future size and growth rate of our markets;

• publication of research reports or news stories about us, our competitors or our industry, or positive or negative recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts;

• general economic and market conditions; and

• other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, global pandemics or responses to these events.

The process of taking a company public by means of a business combination with a special purpose acquisition company is different from taking a company public through an initial public offering (an “IPO”) and may create risks for our unaffiliated investors.

An IPO involves a company engaging underwriters to purchase its shares and resell them to the public. An underwritten offering imposes statutory liability on the underwriters for material misstatements or omissions contained in the registration statement unless they are able to sustain the burden of proving that they did not know and could not reasonably have discovered such material misstatements or omissions. This is referred to as a “due diligence” defense and results in the underwriters undertaking a detailed review of an IPO company’s business,

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financial condition and results of operations. Going public via a business combination with a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”), such as Blue Ocean, does not involve any underwriters and may therefore result in less careful vetting of information that is presented to the public.

In addition, going public via a business combination with a SPAC does not involve a bookbuilding process as is the case in an IPO. In any IPO, the initial value of a company is set by investors who indicate the price at which they are prepared to purchase shares from the underwriters. In the case of a business combination involving a SPAC, the value of the target company is established by means of negotiations between the target company and the SPAC. The process of establishing the value of a target company in a SPAC business combination may be less effective than an IPO bookbuilding process and also does not reflect events that may have occurred between the date of the business combination agreement and the closing of the transaction. In addition, while IPOs are frequently oversubscribed, resulting in additional potential demand for shares in the aftermarket following an IPO, there is no comparable process of generating investor demand in connection with a business combination between a target company and a SPAC, which may result in lower demand for TNL Mediagene’s securities after closing, which could in turn decrease liquidity and trading prices as well as increase trading volatility.

Outstanding Blue Ocean Warrants will be assumed by TNL Mediagene and converted into corresponding warrants to purchase TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, which will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our shareholders.

Outstanding Blue Ocean Warrants will be assumed by TNL Mediagene and converted into corresponding warrants to purchase an aggregate of at minimum 15,667,216 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 16,382,329 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares), subject to further adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement. Such warrants will become exercisable 30 days after the Closing. Each warrant will entitle the holder thereof to purchase one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share at a price of $11.50 per whole share, subject to adjustment. Warrants may be exercised only for a whole number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued, which will result in dilution to the then-existing holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

We may redeem your unexpired public TNL Mediagene Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your TNL Mediagene Warrants worthless.

After the Closing, we will have the ability to redeem outstanding public TNL Mediagene Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we give proper notice of such redemption and there is an effective registration statement covering the issuance of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the TNL Mediagene Warrants. In addition, after the Closing, we will have the ability to redeem outstanding public TNL Mediagene Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.10 per warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $10.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we give proper notice of such redemption, and, if such last reported price is less than $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like), the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by the Sponsor and Apollo must also be concurrently called for redemption on the same terms as the outstanding public TNL Mediagene Warrants, as described above. Redemption of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Warrants could force you (i) to exercise your TNL Mediagene Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (ii) to sell your TNL Mediagene Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your TNL Mediagene Warrants, or (iii) to accept the nominal redemption price, which, at the time the outstanding TNL Mediagene Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of your TNL Mediagene Warrants.

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A market for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares may not develop or be sustained, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our securities.

Following the Merger, the price of our securities may fluctuate significantly due to the market’s reaction to the Merger and general market and economic conditions. A substantial amount of our shares will be subject to transfer restrictions following the Merger. An active trading market for our securities following the Merger may never develop or, if developed, may not be sustained. In addition, the price of our securities after the Merger may vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition and the release of our financial reports. Additionally, if the combined company’s securities are not listed on Nasdaq and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board (an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange), the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if we were quoted or listed on the Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

If we do not meet the expectations of equity research analysts, if they do not publish research reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our securities, the price of our securities could decline.

The trading market for our securities will rely in part on the research reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. The analysts’ estimates are based upon their own opinions and are often different from our estimates or expectations. If our results of operations are below the estimates or expectations of equity research analysts and investors, the price of our securities could decline. Moreover, the price of our securities could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our securities or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

Projections are inherently uncertain and subject to change. A decline in projected revenue or the failure of actual financial results of TNL Mediagene to meet the projected revenue results disclosed elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus may adversely affect the future financial conditions, results of operations and prospects of TNL Mediagene.

Projections are inherently uncertain and subject to change. Although the TNL Projections (as defined herein) were used by Newbridge in connection with the Opinion, such projections were based on assumptions made by the management of TNL Mediagene in preparing their financial forecasts, and are subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies that are difficult to predict and are beyond the control of TNL Mediagene. In rendering the Opinion, which the Blue Ocean board of directors considered in its evaluation of the Proposed Transactions, Newbridge relied on the TNL Projections, which included projected revenues for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 that were substantially higher than actual revenues for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Future revenue projections will be subject to the same risks and uncertainties and may similarly fail to meet the forecasted results, which may adversely affect the future financial conditions, results of operations and prospects of TNL Mediagene.

Our issuance of additional share capital in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our equity incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other shareholders.

We expect to issue additional share capital in the future that will result in dilution to all other shareholders. We expect to grant equity awards to key employees under our equity incentive plans. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in companies, solutions or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional share capital may cause shareholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future, and as a result, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

We do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, you may need to rely on sales of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on your investment.

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We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our securities less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. However, the extended transition period under the JOBS Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards is not applicable to us since we report under IFRS.

The combined company will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date, (b) in which TNL Mediagene has total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which the combined company is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of the combined company’s common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter; and (ii) the date on which the combined company has issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

We cannot predict if investors will find our securities less attractive if we choose to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities, and the price of our securities may be more volatile.

Blue Ocean has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. If the combined company after Closing is unable to remediate these material weaknesses, or if the combined company identifies additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fails to maintain an effective system of internal controls, the combined company may not be able to accurately or timely report its financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect its business and stock price.

In connection with the audit of Blue Ocean’s financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, Blue Ocean identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of Blue Ocean’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Blue Ocean’s management has concluded that this material weakness in its internal controls over financial reporting is due to the fact that they did not have the necessary business processes and related internal controls formally designed and implemented and has taken steps to establish and implement such internal controls.

Blue Ocean cannot assure you that the measures it has taken to date, and are continuing to implement, will be sufficient to remediate the material weakness Blue Ocean has identified or avoid potential future material weaknesses. If the steps Blue Ocean takes do not correct the material weakness in a timely manner, Blue Ocean will be unable to conclude that it maintains effective internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the combined company’s financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Any failure to remediate existing material weaknesses, or to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm the combined company’s results of operations or cause it to fail to meet its reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of its financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of the combined company’s internal control over financial reporting that it will eventually be required to include in its periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in the combined company’s reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. In addition, if the combined company is unable to continue to meet these requirements, it may not be able to remain listed on Nasdaq.

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The combined company will not be required to comply with the SEC rules that implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and will therefore not be required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of control over financial reporting for that purpose. The combined company will be required to provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting commencing with its second annual report on Form 20-F. The combined company’s independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to formally attest to the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting until after it is no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on the combined company’s business, results of operations or financial condition and could cause a decline in the price of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

We will be a foreign private issuer, and as a result, we will not be subject to U.S. proxy rules and will be subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. domestic public company.

Upon the closing of the Transactions, we will report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including, among others, (1) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (2) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time, and (3) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year, and U.S. domestic issuers that are large accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 60 days after the end of each fiscal year. As a result of all of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a company that is not a foreign private issuer.

As we are a “foreign private issuer” and intend to follow certain home country corporate governance practices, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

As a foreign private issuer, we have the option to follow certain home country corporate governance practices rather than those of Nasdaq, provided that we disclose the requirements we are not following and describe the home country practices we are following. Among other things, we are not required to have: (i) a majority of the board of directors consisting of independent directors and (ii) regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year. We intend to rely on the exemptions listed above. We may in the future elect to follow home country practices with regard to other matters. As a result, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all Nasdaq corporate governance requirements. See “Management Following the Merger.”

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2025. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if (1) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and (2) a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, a majority of our assets are located in the U.S., or our business is administered principally in the U.S. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the

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Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of Nasdaq. If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant expenses that could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Concentration of ownership among TNL Mediagene’s existing executive officers, directors and their affiliates as well as Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.

Upon consummation of the Merger, TNL Mediagene’s directors, executive officers and their affiliates as well as Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers, as a group will beneficially own between approximately 46.7% and 49.6% of the aggregate of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares immediately after the Closing giving effect to the issuance of the Earn-Out Shares issuable upon the occurrence of certain milestone events during the period from the closing of the Merger until the thirty-six (36) month anniversary of the closing of the Merger and the exercise of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants. See “Beneficial Ownership of Securities” and “Agreements Entered Into In Connection With the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement” for more information. As a result, these shareholders will be able to exercise a significant level of control over all matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors, any amendment of the articles of association and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these shareholders.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of these material weaknesses is not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or file our periodic reports as a public company in a timely manner.

Prior to the Closing of the Merger, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel to adequately execute its accounting and financial reporting processes and limited supervisory resources with which to address its internal control over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting.

In connection with the audit of TNL Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, and preparation of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024 we have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which we plan to further address. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified relate to: (i) lack of sufficient accounting personnel with appropriate understanding of IFRS and SEC financial reporting requirements to address complex accounting issues and related disclosures; (ii) lack of formalized financial reporting controls and procedures to address complex/unusual transactions and related accounting issues and to facilitate preparation of consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS; and (iii) lack of effective maintenance and controls over certain information technology environments including (a) information technology-related general controls process, (b) segregation of duties in the information technology department and effective control on defining and assigning individual’s rights to access systems, programs or transaction raw data and (c) track records or log on system activities for access to system program and data.

We plan to adopt measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting, including, among others: (i) hiring additional accounting and financial reporting personnel with appropriate knowledge and experience in IFRS and SEC reporting requirements in order to establish period end financial closing policies and procedures for preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS; (ii) organizing regular training for our accounting staff, especially training related to IFRS and SEC reporting requirements; (iii) supplementing existing IFRS accounting treatment policies by engaging external accounting experts to implement procedures for dealing with complex or usual transactions or accounting issues; (iv) hiring information technology controls specialists to develop and implement a policy plan for establishing globally necessary and sufficient IT controls, and implement improvements and investments according to the plan; (v) implementing a monitoring and review process for system activities

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related to access to system programs and data, as well as the assigned rights to individuals; and (vi) developing and delivering training programs to regularly educate employees about the new information technology controls, policies, and procedures. Although we plan to complete this remediation process as quickly as possible, we cannot at this time estimate how long this process will take. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date and may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weakness in internal control over financial reporting or that we will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. If the steps we take do not correct the material weakness in a timely manner, we will be unable to conclude that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

In addition, our management’s initial certification under Section 404 the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is expected to be required with our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ending December 31, 2025. In support of such certifications, we will be required to document and make significant changes and enhancements, including hiring personnel in necessary functions with relevant experience.

We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and actions we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to these material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. We cannot assure you that all of our existing material weaknesses have been identified, or that we will not in the future identify additional material weaknesses. Furthermore, it is possible that, had our independent registered public accounting firm conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, such firm might have identified additional material weaknesses and deficiencies. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until the date we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. In addition, at such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not able to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating. Our remediation efforts may not enable us to avoid material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation. As a result, we anticipate investing significant resources to enhance and maintain our financial controls, reporting system and procedures over the coming years.

If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we may not be able to prepare and disclose, in a timely manner, our financial statements and other required disclosures, or comply with existing or new reporting requirements. Any failure to report our financial results on an accurate and timely basis could result in material misstatements in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our businesses, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our issued equity instruments, including our securities, may be materially and adversely affected.

We do not intend to make any determinations on whether we or our subsidiaries are CFCs for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not intend to make any determinations on whether we or any of our subsidiaries are treated as “controlled foreign corporations” within the meaning of Section 957(a) of the Code (“CFCs”), or whether any U.S. Holder of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is treated as a “United States shareholder” within the meaning of Section 951(b) of the Code with respect to any such CFC. We do not expect to furnish to any U.S. Holder of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares information that may be necessary to comply with applicable reporting and tax paying obligations with respect to CFCs. The Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) has provided limited guidance regarding the circumstances in which investors may rely on publicly available information to comply with their reporting and taxpaying obligations with respect to CFCs. U.S. Holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to their particular circumstances.

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If we or any of our subsidiaries are characterized as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. Holders may suffer adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

A non-U.S. corporation generally will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Based on the fiscal year 2023 composition of the income, assets and operations of us and our subsidiaries, we do not believe we will be treated as a PFIC for the taxable year that includes the Merger, however there can be no assurances in this regard or any assurances that we will not be treated as a PFIC in any future taxable year. Moreover, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and we cannot assure you that the IRS will not take a contrary position or that a court will not sustain such a challenge by the IRS.

Whether we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC for any taxable year is a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of our income and assets, our market value and the market value of our subsidiaries’ shares and assets. Changes in the composition of our income or the composition of any of our subsidiaries’ assets may cause us to be or become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. Whether we are treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes is a factual determination that must be made annually at the close of each taxable year and, thus, is subject to significant uncertainty.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder of our ordinary shares may be subject to adverse tax consequences and may incur certain information reporting obligations. For a further discussion, see “Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations of Ownership and Disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants to U.S. Holders — Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.” U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares are strongly encouraged to consult their own advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to us and the ownership of our ordinary shares.

Risks Related to the Merger and Blue Ocean

Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout this subsection, references to “we,” “us,” “our” and “the Company” refer to Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp.

Blue Ocean has no operating history and its results of operations may differ significantly from the unaudited pro forma financial data included in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Blue Ocean is a blank check company, and it has no operating history or results.

This proxy statement/prospectus includes unaudited pro forma combined financial statements for Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of June 30, 2024 combines the historical condensed consolidated balance sheet of Blue Ocean as of June 30, 2024, the historical condensed statements of financial position of TNL Mediagene as of June 30, 2024, on a pro forma basis as if the Merger and other related events (in each case, as described further in “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus), had been consummated on June 30, 2024. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the six months ended June 30, 2024 combines the historical statement of operations of Blue Ocean, the historical statement of operations of TNL Mediagene and the historical statements of Mediagene on a pro forma basis as if the Merger and the acquisition of Mediagene (in each case as described further in “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus) had been consummated on January 1, 2023, the beginning of the earliest period presented.

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information is based upon, and should be read together with the accompanying notes to the unaudited pro forma combined financial statements, the audited financial statements of Blue Ocean and related notes, the TNL audited consolidated financial statements and related notes and the Mediagene audited consolidated financial statements and related notes, the sections of this proxy statement/prospectus entitled “Blue Ocean’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, “TNL Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, and other financial information included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. The unaudited pro forma combined financial information has been presented for informational purposes only and is not

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necessarily indicative of what the combined company’s financial position or results of operations would have been had the Merger and related transactions been completed as of the dates indicated. In addition, the unaudited pro forma combined financial information does not purport to project the future financial position or operating results of the combined company following the consummation of the Merger. For more information, see “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

The Sponsor and Apollo have agreed to vote in favor of the Merger, regardless of how Blue Ocean’s public shareholders vote.

Unlike some other blank check companies in which the initial shareholders agree to vote their Founder Shares in accordance with the majority of the votes cast by the public shareholders in connection with an initial business combination, the Sponsor and Apollo have agreed to, among other things under the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, vote in favor of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the Sponsor and Apollo own approximately 66.1% and 2.7%, respectively, of the issued and outstanding Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, it is more likely that the necessary shareholder approval will be received than would be the case if the Sponsor and Apollo agreed to vote their shares in accordance with the majority of the votes cast by Blue Ocean’s unaffiliated public shareholders.

Blue Ocean may not be able to complete the Merger or any other business combination within the prescribed timeframe, in which case Blue Ocean would cease all operations, except for the purpose of winding up, and Blue Ocean would redeem the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and liquidate.

Blue Ocean initially had until June 7, 2023, to consummate an initial business combination. Automatically upon the execution of the Merger Agreement, the date by which Blue Ocean was required to consummate a business combination in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles was extended from June 7, 2023 to September 7, 2023. On August 29, 2023, Blue Ocean held an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders (the “Extension Meeting”). At the Extension Meeting, the shareholders approved amendments to the Blue Ocean Articles to, among other things, extend the date by which Blue Ocean must (i) consummate a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination involving Blue Ocean and one or more businesses or entities (an “initial business combination”); (ii) cease its operations, except for the purpose of winding up, if it fails to complete such initial business combination; and (iii) redeem 100% of the Public Shares, by electing to extend the date to consummate an initial business combination on a monthly basis for up to nine times by an additional one month each time, unless the closing of Blue Ocean’s initial business combination has occurred, provided that (1) the Sponsor (or its affiliates or permitted designees) deposit into the Trust Account for each such one-month extension the lesser of (x) an aggregate of $60,000 or (y) $0.035 per Public Share that remains outstanding and is not redeemed prior to any such one-month extension, unless the closing of Blue Ocean’s initial business combination has occurred, in exchange for a non-interest bearing promissory note payable upon consummation of an initial business combination and (2) the procedures relating to any such extension, as set forth in the Investment Management Trust Agreement, dated as of December 2, 2021 (the “Trust Agreement”), by and between Blue Ocean and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, has been complied with. In connection with the Extension Meeting, shareholders holding 12,817,785 Blue Ocean Class A Shares exercised their right to redeem such shares for a pro rata portion of the funds in the Trust Account. As a result, approximately $136.8 million (approximately $10.67 per share) was removed from the Trust Account to pay such holders. On May 29, 2024, Blue Ocean held the Second Extension Meeting at which the shareholders approved amendments to the Blue Ocean Articles to, among other things, extend the date by which Blue Ocean must (i) consummate its initial business combination; (ii) cease its operations, except for the purpose of winding up, if it fails to complete such initial business combination; and (iii) redeem 100% of the Public Shares, by electing to extend the date to consummate an initial business combination on a monthly basis for up to six times by an additional one month each time, unless the closing of Blue Ocean’s initial business combination has occurred (such applicable later date, the “Extended Date”), provided that (1) the Sponsor (or its affiliates or permitted designees) deposit into the Trust Account for each such one-month extension the lesser of (x) an aggregate of $30,000 or (y) $0.035 per Public Share that remains outstanding and is not redeemed prior to any such one-month extension, unless the closing of Blue Ocean’s initial business combination has occurred, in exchange for a non-interest bearing promissory note payable upon consummation of an initial business combination and (2) the procedures relating to any such extension, as set forth in the Trust Agreement has been complied with. In connection

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with the Second Extension Meeting, shareholders holding 4,315,265 Blue Ocean Class A Shares exercised their right to redeem such shares for a pro rata portion of the funds in the Trust Account. As a result, approximately $48.3 million (approximately $11.20 per share) was removed from the Trust Account to pay such holders.

If Blue Ocean has not completed any initial business combination by the Extended Date, it will: (i) cease all operations except for the purpose of winding up; (ii) as promptly as reasonably possible but not more than ten business days thereafter subject to lawfully available funds therefor, redeem 100% of the Public Shares in consideration of a per-share price, payable in cash, equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (A) the aggregate amount then on deposit in the Trust Account, including interest earned on the funds held in the Trust Account and not previously released to TNL Mediagene less (net of taxes payable, less up to $100,000 of such net interest to pay dissolution expenses), by (B) the total number of then outstanding Public Shares, which redemption will completely extinguish rights of public shareholders (including the right to receive further liquidating distributions, if any); and (iii) as promptly as reasonably possible following such redemption, subject to the approval of the remaining shareholders and the board of directors in accordance with applicable law, liquidate and dissolve, subject in each case to Blue Ocean’s obligations under Cayman Islands law, to provide for claims of creditors and other requirements of applicable law.

Since the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers have interests that are different, or in addition to (and which may conflict with), the interests of our shareholders, a conflict of interest may have existed in determining whether the Merger with Blue Ocean is appropriate as our initial business combination. Such interests include that the Sponsor will lose its entire investment in us if our initial business combination is not completed.

When you consider the recommendations of Blue Ocean’s board of directors, you should keep in mind that Blue Ocean’s directors and officers may have interests in the Merger that conflict with, or are different from, Blue Ocean Public Shareholders’ interests of Blue Ocean. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger.” In consideration of the interests set forth below, Blue Ocean’s directors and officers also engaged an independent investment banking firm that rendered an opinion with respect to the fairness of the merger consideration to Blue Ocean and its unaffiliated public shareholders from a financial point of view, which the members of Blue Ocean’s board of directors factored into their decision to approve the Merger Agreement. For more information regarding the Opinion, see “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Opinion of Newbridge.” Additionally, the members of Blue Ocean’s board of directors determined that these interests could be adequately disclosed to shareholders in this proxy statement/prospectus and that Blue Ocean shareholders could take them into consideration when deciding whether to vote in favor of the proposals set forth herein. These interests include, among other things, the interests listed below:

On April 7, 2021, prior to the Blue Ocean IPO, the Sponsor purchased 4,312,500 Blue Ocean Class B Shares (the “Founder Shares”) for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000, or approximately $0.006 per share, and Sponsor later (i) forfeited 618,750 Founder Shares; (ii) transferred 30,000 Founder Shares to each of Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, and Priscilla Han, and 25,000 Founder Shares to each of Norman Pearlstine and Dale Mathias (Ms. Mathias left the board in 2022), Blue Ocean’s independent directors, and (iii) transferred 100,000 Founder Shares to six Blue Ocean advisors, resulting in an aggregate 3,693,750 Founder Shares issued and outstanding, of which 3,478,750 were held by the Sponsor and 115,000 were held by Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers. Dale Mathias transferred her Founder Shares back to the Sponsor upon her leaving Blue Ocean’s board of directors. On December 2, 2021, Blue Ocean effected an ordinary share dividend of an additional 431,250 Blue Ocean Founder Shares, resulting in an aggregate of 4,743,750 Founder Shares outstanding. On June 21, 2024, the Sponsor, Norman Pearlstine, Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, Priscilla Han, Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and other holders of the Founder Shares converted 4,743,749 Founder Shares into a corresponding number of Blue Ocean Class A Shares in the Conversion. The Sponsor retained one Founder Share. If Blue Ocean does not consummate a business combination by the Extended Date, it would cease all operations except for the purpose of winding up, redeeming all of the issued and outstanding Public Shares for cash and, subject to the approval of its remaining shareholders and Blue Ocean’s board of directors, liquidating and dissolving, subject in each case to its obligations under the Cayman Companies Law to provide for claims of creditors and the requirements of other applicable law. In such event, the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares owned by the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers would be worthless because following the redemption of the Public Shares, Blue Ocean would likely have few, if any, net assets and because the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s directors and officers have agreed to waive their respective rights to liquidating distributions from the Trust Account in respect of any Blue Ocean Class A Shares

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held by it or them, as applicable, if Blue Ocean fails to complete a business combination within the required period. Additionally, in such event, the 9,225,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants purchased by the Sponsor and Apollo simultaneously with the consummation of Blue Ocean’s initial public offering for an aggregate purchase price of $9,225,000 will also expire worthless.

If Blue Ocean is unable to complete a business combination within the required time period, the Sponsor will be liable under certain circumstances described herein to ensure that the proceeds in the Trust Account are not reduced by the claims of target businesses or claims of vendors or other entities that are owed money by Blue Ocean for services rendered to, or contracted for or products sold to Blue Ocean. If Blue Ocean consummates a business combination, on the other hand, TNL Mediagene will be liable for all such claims.

As a result of the prices at which the Sponsor acquired the Founder Shares and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants and their current value, the Sponsor could make a substantial profit after the completion of the Merger even if Blue Ocean Public Shareholders lose money on their investments as a result of a decrease in the post-combination value of their Public Shares.

The Merger Agreement provides for the continued indemnification of Blue Ocean’s current directors and officers and the continuation of directors and officers liability insurance covering Blue Ocean’s current directors and officers. Additionally, certain of Blue Ocean’s executive officers are expected to become executive officers of the combined company and will enter into indemnification agreements with the combined company.

If Blue Ocean does not consummate the Merger and fails to complete an initial business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), it will be required to dissolve and liquidate the Trust Account by returning the then remaining funds in such account to the Blue Ocean Public Shareholders.

In addition, the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors and their affiliates are entitled to reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses incurred by them in connection with certain activities on Blue Ocean’s behalf, such as identifying, investigating, negotiating and completing an initial business combination. However, if Blue Ocean fails to consummate a business combination within the required period, they will not have any claim against the Trust Account for reimbursement. Accordingly, Blue Ocean may not be able to reimburse these expenses if the Merger or another business combination is not completed by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders). As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors and their affiliates had incurred no unpaid reimbursable expenses. If Blue Ocean is unable to complete a business combination within the required time period, the aggregate dollar amount of non-reimbursable funds the Sponsor and its affiliates have at risk that depends on the completion of a business combination is $9,250,000 comprised of (a) $25,000 representing the aggregate purchase price paid for the Founder Shares and (b) $9,225,000 representing the aggregate purchase price paid for the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

The exercise of Blue Ocean’s directors’ and executive officers’ discretion in agreeing to changes or waivers in the terms of the Merger may result in a conflict of interest when determining whether such changes to the terms of the Merger or waivers of conditions are appropriate and in Blue Ocean Public Shareholders’ best interest.

In the period leading up to the Closing, events may occur that, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, would require Blue Ocean to agree to amend the Merger Agreement or to waive rights to which Blue Ocean is entitled to under the Merger Agreement. In any of such circumstances, it would be at Blue Ocean’s discretion to grant its consent or waive those rights. The existence of financial and personal interests of one or more of the directors described in the preceding risk factors (and described elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus) may result in a conflict of interest on the part of such director(s) between what he, she or they may believe is best for Blue Ocean and its shareholders and what he, she or they may believe is best for himself, herself or themselves in determining whether or not to take the requested action. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, Blue Ocean does not believe there will be any changes or waivers that Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers would be likely to make after shareholder approval of the Business Combination Proposal has been obtained. While certain changes could be made without further shareholder approval, Blue Ocean will circulate a new or amended proxy statement/prospectus and resolicit Blue Ocean Public Shareholders if changes to the terms of the transaction that would have a material impact on its shareholders are required prior to the vote on the Business Combination Proposal.

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Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene will incur significant transaction and transition costs in connection with the Merger.

Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene have both incurred and expect to incur significant, non-recurring costs in connection with consummating the Merger and operating as a public company following the consummation of the Merger. Certain transaction expenses incurred in connection with the Merger Agreement (including the Merger), including all legal, accounting, consulting, investment banking and other fees, expenses and costs, will be paid by TNL Mediagene following the closing of the Merger. We estimate transaction expenses (including deferred underwriting fees) incurred and outstanding by Blue Ocean will be $16.1 million (without taking into account any shareholder redemption by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders) and transaction expenses incurred and outstanding by TNL Mediagene will be $3.5 million.

Legal proceedings in connection with the Merger or otherwise, the outcomes of which are uncertain, could delay or prevent the completion of the Merger.

In connection with business combination transactions similar to the proposed Merger, it is not uncommon for lawsuits to be filed against the parties and/or their respective directors and officers alleging, among other things, that the proxy statement/prospectus provided to shareholders contains false and misleading statements and/or omits material information concerning the transaction. Although no such lawsuits have yet been filed in connection with the Merger, it is possible that such actions may arise and, if such actions do arise, they generally seek, among other things, injunctive relief and an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses. Defending such lawsuits could require Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene to incur significant costs and draw the attention of Blue Ocean’s and TNL Mediagene’s management teams away from the consummation of the Merger. Further, the defense or settlement of any lawsuit or claim that remains unresolved at the time the Merger is consummated may adversely affect the combined company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Such legal proceedings could delay or prevent the Merger from being consummated within the expected timeframe.

The A&R Warrant Agreement designates the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by holders of TNL Mediagene Warrants, which could limit the ability of warrantholders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with TNL Mediagene.

The A&R Warrant Agreement provides that, subject to applicable law, (i) any action, proceeding or claim against TNL Mediagene arising out of or relating in any way to the A&R Warrant Agreement will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and (ii) that TNL Mediagene irrevocably submits to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. TNL Mediagene will waive any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenient forum. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any TNL Mediagene Warrants shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions in the A&R Warrant Agreement. If any action, the subject matter of which is within the scope of the forum provisions of the A&R Warrant Agreement, is filed in a court other than a court of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (a “foreign action”) in the name of any holder of TNL Mediagene Warrants, such holder shall be deemed to have consented to: (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the State of New York in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the forum provisions (an “enforcement action”), and (y) having service of process made upon such warrant holder in any such enforcement action by service upon such warrant holder’s counsel in the foreign action as agent for such warrant holder.

There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision. Investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for state and federal courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

This choice-of-forum provision may limit a warrant holder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with TNL Mediagene, which may discourage such lawsuits. Additionally, warrant holders who do bring a claim in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York could face additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claim,

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particularly if they do not reside in or near New York. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of the A&R Warrant Agreement inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, TNL Mediagene may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect TNL Mediagene’s business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of TNL Mediagene management and board of directors.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, these provisions of the A&R Warrant Agreement do not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

The announcement of the Merger could disrupt TNL Mediagene’s relationships with its suppliers, business partners and others, as well as its operating results and business generally.

Whether or not the Merger and related transactions are ultimately consummated, as a result of uncertainty related to the Proposed Transactions, risks relating to the impact of the announcement of the Merger on TNL Mediagene’s businesses include the following:

• its employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles, which might adversely affect TNL Mediagene’s ability to retain and hire key personnel and other employees;

• suppliers, business partners and other parties with which TNL Mediagene maintain business relationships may experience uncertainty about their future and seek alternative relationships with third parties, seek to alter their business relationships with TNL Mediagene or fail to extend an existing relationship with TNL Mediagene; and

• TNL Mediagene has expended and will continue to expend significant costs, fees and expenses for professional services and transaction costs in connection with the proposed Merger.

If any of the aforementioned risks were to materialize, they could lead to significant costs which may impact the combined company’s results of operations and cash available to fund its business.

Subsequent to consummation of the Merger, TNL Mediagene may be exposed to unknown or contingent liabilities and may be required to subsequently take write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on TNL Mediagene’s financial condition, results of operations and TNL Mediagene’s share price, which could cause you to lose some or all of your investment.

We cannot assure you that the due diligence conducted in relation to TNL Mediagene has identified all material issues or risks associated with TNL Mediagene or the industry in which they compete.

Furthermore, Blue Ocean cannot assure you that factors outside of TNL Mediagene’s and Blue Ocean’s control will not later arise. As a result of these factors, TNL Mediagene may be exposed to liabilities and incur additional costs and expenses and TNL Mediagene may be forced to later write-down or write-off assets, restructure its operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in TNL Mediagene’s reporting losses. Even if Blue Ocean’s due diligence has identified certain risks, unexpected risks may arise and previously known risks may materialize in a manner not consistent with Blue Ocean’s preliminary risk analysis. If any of these risks materialize, this could have a material adverse effect on the combined company’s financial condition and results of operations and could contribute to negative market perceptions about our securities or the combined company. Additionally, Blue Ocean has no indemnification rights under the Merger Agreement.

Accordingly, any shareholders or warrant holders of Blue Ocean who choose to remain TNL Mediagene shareholders or warrant holders following the Merger could suffer a reduction in the value of their shares, warrants and units. Such shareholders or warrant holders are unlikely to have a remedy for such reduction in value unless they are able to successfully claim that the reduction was due to the breach by Blue Ocean’s directors or officers of a duty of care or other fiduciary duty owed to them, or if they are able to successfully bring a private claim under securities laws that the registration statement or proxy statement/prospectus relating to the Merger contained an actionable material misstatement or material omission.

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Investors may not have the same benefits as an investor in an underwritten public offering.

Blue Ocean is already a publicly traded company. Therefore, the Merger and the transactions described in this proxy statement/prospectus are not an underwritten initial public offering of Blue Ocean’s securities and differ from an underwritten initial public offering in several significant ways, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

Like other business combinations and spin-offs, in connection with the Merger, investors will not receive the benefits of the due diligence performed by the underwriters in an underwritten public offering. Investors in an underwritten public offering may benefit from the role of the underwriters in such an offering. In an underwritten public offering, an issuer initially sells its securities to the public market via one or more underwriters, who distribute or resell such securities to the public. Underwriters have liability under the U.S. securities laws for material misstatements or omissions in a registration statement pursuant to which an issuer sells securities. Because the underwriters have a “due diligence” defense to any such liability by, among other things, conducting a reasonable investigation, the underwriters and their counsel conduct a due diligence investigation of the issuer. Due diligence entails engaging legal, financial and/or other experts to perform an investigation as to the accuracy of an issuer’s disclosure regarding, among other things, its business and financial results. In making their investment decision, investors have the benefit of such diligence in underwritten public offerings. Blue Ocean’s investors must rely on the information in this proxy statement/prospectus and will not have the benefit of an independent review and investigation of the type normally performed by an independent underwriter in a public securities offering. While sponsors, private investors and management in a business combination undertake a certain level of due diligence, it is not necessarily the same level of due diligence undertaken by an underwriter in a public securities offering and, therefore, there could be a heightened risk of an incorrect valuation of Blue Ocean’s business or material misstatements or omissions in this proxy statement/prospectus.

In addition, because there are no underwriters engaged in connection with the Merger, prior to the opening of trading on Nasdaq on the trading day immediately following the Closing, there will be no traditional “roadshow” or book building process, and no price at which underwriters initially sold shares to the public to help inform efficient and sufficient price discovery with respect to the initial post-closing trades on Nasdaq. Therefore, buy and sell orders submitted prior to and at the opening of initial post-closing trading of our securities will not have the benefit of being informed by a published price range or a price at which the underwriters initially sold shares to the public, as would be the case in an underwritten initial public offering. There will be no underwriters assuming risk in connection with an initial resale of our securities or helping to stabilize, maintain or affect the public price of our securities following the Closing. Moreover, we will not engage in, and have not and will not, directly or indirectly, request financial advisors to engage in, any special selling efforts or stabilization or price support activities in connection with our securities that will be outstanding immediately following the Closing. In addition, since we will become public through a merger, securities analysts of major brokerage firms may not provide coverage of us since there is no incentive to brokerage firms to recommend the purchase of our ordinary shares. No assurance can be given that brokerage firms will, in the future, want to conduct any offerings on our behalf. All of these differences from an underwritten public offering of our securities could result in a more volatile price for our securities.

Further, since there will be no traditional “roadshow,” there can be no guarantee that any information made available in this proxy statement/prospectus and/or otherwise disclosed or filed with the SEC will have the same impact on investor education as a traditional “roadshow” conducted in connection with an underwritten initial public offering. As a result, there may not be efficient or sufficient price discovery with respect to the securities or sufficient demand among potential investors immediately after the Closing, which could result in a more volatile price for the securities.

In addition, the Sponsor, certain members of Blue Ocean’s board of directors and its officers, as well as their respective affiliates and permitted transferees, have interests in the Merger that are different from or are in addition to those of holders of our securities following completion of the Merger, and that would not be present in an underwritten public offering of our securities. Such interests may have influenced Blue Ocean’s board of directors in making their recommendation that Blue Ocean shareholders vote in favor of the approval of the Merger and the other proposals described in this proxy statement/prospectus. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger.”

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Such differences from an underwritten public offering may present material risks to unaffiliated investors that would not exist if we became a publicly listed company through an underwritten initial public offering instead of upon completion of the Merger.

The SEC has recently issued final rules to regulate special purpose acquisition companies. Certain of the procedures that we, a potential business combination target, or others may determine to undertake in connection with such proposals may increase our costs and the time needed to complete our initial business combination and may constrain the circumstances under which we could complete a business combination.

On January 24, 2024, the SEC issued final rules (the “SPAC Rules”) relating to, among other things, (i) disclosures in business combination transactions between SPACs such as us and private operating companies, (ii) the condensed financial statement requirements applicable to transactions involving shell companies, and (iii) the use of projections by SPACs in SEC filings in connection with proposed business combination transactions. The SPAC Rules became effective on July 1, 2024. In connection with the issuance of the SPAC Rules, the SEC also issued guidance (the “SPAC Guidance”) regarding the potential liability of certain participants in proposed business combination transactions and the extent to which SPACs could become subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”) based on certain facts and circumstances such as duration, asset composition, sources of income, business purpose and activities of the SPAC and its management team in furtherance of such goals.

Certain of the procedures that we, a potential business combination target, or others may determine to undertake in connection with the SPAC Rules, or pursuant to the SEC’s views expressed in the SPAC Guidance, may increase the costs and time required to consummate a business combination and may constrain the circumstances under which we could complete a business combination.

If we were deemed to be an investment company for purposes of the Investment Company Act, we may be forced to abandon our efforts to complete an initial business combination and instead be required to liquidate and dissolve the Company.

As described above, the SPAC Guidance relates to, among other things, the circumstances in which SPACs such as us could potentially be subject to the Investment Company Act and the regulations thereunder. Whether a SPAC is an investment company will be a question of facts and circumstances under the subjective test of Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the Investment Company Act. A specific duration period of a SPAC is not the sole determinant, but one of the long-standing factors to consider in determination of a SPAC’s status under the Investment Company Act. A SPAC could be deemed as an investment company at any stage of its operation. The determination of a SPAC’s status as an investment company includes analysis of a SPAC’s activities, depending upon the facts and circumstances, including but not limited to, the nature of SPAC assets and income, the activities of a SPAC’s officers, directors and employees, the duration of a SPAC, the manner a SPAC holding itself out to investors, and the merging with an investment company.

It is possible that a claim could be made that we have been operating as an unregistered investment company, including under the subjective test of Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the Investment Company Act, based on the current views of the SEC. If we were deemed to be an investment company for purposes of the Investment Company Act, we might be forced to abandon our efforts to complete an initial business combination and instead be required to liquidate the Company. If we are required to liquidate the Company, our investors would not be able to realize the benefits of owning shares in a successor operating business, including the potential appreciation in the value of our shares and warrants following such a transaction, and our warrants would expire worthless.

In an effort to mitigate the risk that we may be deemed to have been operating as an unregistered investment company under the Investment Company Act, we instructed Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the trustee with respect to the Trust Account, to liquidate the U.S. government securities held in the Trust Account in November 2023 and to thereafter hold all funds in the Trust Account in an interest bearing demand deposit account until the earlier of the consummation of our Merger or our liquidation. There can be no assurance that this action will foreclose a judicial or regulatory finding, or an allegation, that Blue Ocean is an investment company.

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TNL Mediagene’s actual financial position and results of operations may differ materially from the unaudited pro forma financial information included in this proxy statement/prospectus.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information included in this proxy statement/prospectus is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of what TNL Mediagene’s actual financial position or results of operations would have been had the Merger been completed on the dates indicated or those the combined company will achieve in the future. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information in this proxy statement/prospectus has been prepared based on a number of assumptions including, but not limited to, Blue Ocean being treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes in the Merger and the number of Blue Ocean Class A Shares that are redeemed in connection with the Merger. Accordingly, such pro forma financial information may not be indicative of the combined company’s future operating or financial performance and TNL Mediagene’s actual financial condition and results of operations may vary materially from TNL Mediagene’s pro forma results of operations and financial position contained elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus, including as a result of such assumptions not being accurate. See “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

Blue Ocean Public Shareholders will not be entitled to appraisal rights in connection with the transactions.

Appraisal rights are statutory rights that, if applicable under law, enable shareholders to dissent from an extraordinary transaction, such as a merger, and to demand that the corporation pay the fair value for their shares as determined by a court in a judicial proceeding instead of receiving the consideration offered to shareholders in connection with the extraordinary transaction. Blue Ocean Public Shareholders may be entitled to give notice to Blue Ocean prior to the meeting that they wish to dissent to the Merger and to receive payment of fair market value for his or her Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares if they follow the procedures set out in the Cayman Companies Law, noting that any such dissention rights may be limited pursuant to Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law which states that no such dissention rights shall be available in respect of shares of any class for which an open market exists on a recognized stock exchange at the expiry date of the period allowed for written notice of an election to dissent provided that the merger consideration constitutes inter alia shares of any company which at the effective date of the Merger are listed on a national securities exchange. It is Blue Ocean’s view that such fair market value would equal the amount which Blue Ocean shareholders would obtain if they exercise their redemption rights as described herein.

The TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be received by Blue Ocean’s shareholders as a result of the Merger will have different rights from Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares.

Following completion of the Merger, Blue Ocean’s shareholders will no longer be shareholders of Blue Ocean but will instead be shareholders of TNL Mediagene. There will be important differences between your current rights as a Blue Ocean shareholder and your rights as a TNL Mediagene shareholder. See “Comparison of Rights of TNL Mediagene Shareholders and Blue Ocean Shareholders” for a discussion of the different rights associated with TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

The Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions, which may not be satisfied or waived on a timely basis, if at all.

The consummation of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions for transactions involving special purpose acquisition companies, any one or more of which may be waived (subject to compliance with applicable law), including, among others:

• there shall not be in force and effect any (i) Law or (ii) Government Order by any Governmental Authority of competent jurisdiction, in either case, enjoining, prohibiting, or making illegal the consummation of the Merger;

• Blue Ocean’s shareholder approval and TNL Mediagene shareholder approval shall have been obtained and shall remain in full force and effect;

• the registrable securities to be issued in connection with the Merger shall have been approved for the listing on the Nasdaq, subject only to official notice of issuance thereof;

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• the Registration Statement shall have become effective under the Securities Act and no stop order with respect thereto shall be in effect; and

• the Recapitalization shall have been completed in accordance with the terms of TNL Mediagene’s organizational documents.

See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal” for additional information.

Blue Ocean has no specified maximum redemption threshold. The absence of such a redemption threshold may make it possible for Blue Ocean to complete a business combination with which a substantial majority of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders do not agree.

Blue Ocean may be able to complete the Merger even though a substantial majority of Blue Ocean’s public shareholders do not agree with the transaction and have redeemed their shares. However, each redemption of Blue Ocean’s Public Shares by Blue Ocean’s public shareholders will reduce the amount in Blue Ocean’s Trust Account.

The Sponsor, directors, executive officers, advisors and their affiliates may elect to purchase shares or warrants from public shareholders prior to the consummation of the Merger, which may influence the vote on the Merger and reduce the public “float” of our securities.

The Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s directors, officers, advisors or their respective affiliates may purchase shares or warrants in privately negotiated transactions or in the open market either prior to or following the completion of the Merger. However, they have no current commitments, plans or intentions to engage in any such transactions and have not formulated any terms or conditions for any such transactions. None of the funds in the Trust Account will be used to purchase shares or warrants in such transactions. If any such persons engage in such transactions, they will not make any such purchases when they are in possession of any material non-public information not disclosed to the seller or if such purchases are prohibited by Regulation M under the Exchange Act or other federal securities laws. Such a purchase may include a contractual acknowledgement that such shareholder, although still the record holder of Blue Ocean’s shares, is no longer the beneficial owner thereof and therefore agrees not to exercise its redemption rights.

In the event that the Sponsor or Blue Ocean’s directors, officers, advisors or their affiliates purchase shares in privately negotiated transactions from public shareholders who have already elected to exercise their redemption rights, such selling shareholders would be required to revoke their prior elections to redeem their shares.

The purpose of such purchases would be to cause such shares not to be redeemed. The purpose of any such purchases of warrants could be to reduce the number of warrants outstanding or to vote such warrants on any matters submitted to the warrant holders for approval in connection with the Merger. Any such purchases of our securities may result in the completion of the Merger that may not otherwise have been possible.

In addition, if such purchases are made, the public “float” of Blue Ocean Class A Shares may be reduced and the number of beneficial holders of our securities may be reduced, which may make it difficult to maintain or obtain the quotation, listing or trading of our securities on a national securities exchange.

The Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers, directors and/or their affiliates anticipate that they may identify the shareholders with whom the Sponsor or Blue Ocean’s officers, directors or their affiliates may pursue privately negotiated purchases by either the shareholders contacting us directly or by our receipt of redemption requests submitted by shareholders (in the case of Blue Ocean Class A Shares) following our mailing of proxy materials in connection with the Merger. To the extent that the Sponsor or Blue Ocean’s officers, directors, advisors or their affiliates enter into a private purchase, they would identify and contact only potential selling shareholders who have expressed their election to redeem their shares for a pro rata share of the Trust Account or vote against the Merger but only if such shares have not already been voted at the extraordinary general meeting. The Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers, directors, advisors or their affiliates will only purchase shares if such purchases comply with Regulation M under the Exchange Act and the other federal securities laws.

To the extent that the Sponsor or Blue Ocean’s officers, directors, advisors or their affiliates enter into any such private purchase, prior to the Extraordinary General Meeting, Blue Ocean will file a current report on Form 8-K to disclose (1) the amount of securities purchased in any such purchases, along with the purchase price; (2) the purpose of any such purchases; (3) the impact, if any, of any such purchases on the likelihood that the Merger

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will be approved; (4) the identities or the nature of the security holders (e.g., 5% security holders) who sold their securities in any such purchases; and (5) the number of securities for which Blue Ocean has received redemption requests pursuant to its shareholders’ redemption rights in connection with the Merger.

Any purchases by the Sponsor or Blue Ocean’s officers, directors and/or their affiliates who are affiliated purchasers under Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act will only be made to the extent such purchases are able to be made in compliance with Rule 10b-18, which is a safe harbor from liability for manipulation under Section 9(a)(2) and Rule 10b-5 of the Exchange Act. Rule 10b-18 has certain technical requirements that must be complied with in order for the safe harbor to be available to the purchaser. The Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers, directors and/or their affiliates will not make purchases of Blue Ocean Class A Shares if the purchases would violate Section 9(a)(2) or Rule 10b-5 of the Exchange Act.

If third parties bring claims against Blue Ocean, the proceeds held in the Trust Account could be reduced and the per-share redemption amount received by shareholders may be less than $10.00 per share (which was the amount per unit initially held in the Trust Account following the Blue Ocean IPO).

Blue Ocean’s placing of funds in the Trust Account may not protect those funds from third-party claims against Blue Ocean. Although Blue Ocean has sought and will seek to have all vendors, service providers (other than our independent auditors), prospective target businesses and other entities with which we do business execute agreements with Blue Ocean waiving any right, title, interest or claim of any kind in or to any monies held in the Trust Account, there is no guarantee that they will execute such agreements or even if they execute such agreements that they would be prevented from bringing claims against the Trust Account, including, but not limited to, fraudulent inducement, breach of fiduciary duty or other similar claims, as well as claims challenging the enforceability of the waiver, in each case in order to gain advantage with respect to a claim against Blue Ocean’s assets, including the funds held in the Trust Account. If any third party refuses to execute an agreement waiving such claims to the monies held in the Trust Account, Blue Ocean’s management will perform an analysis of the alternatives available to it and will enter into an agreement with a third party that has not executed a waiver only if management believes that such third party’s engagement would be significantly more beneficial to Blue Ocean than any alternative.

Examples of possible instances where we may engage a third party that refuses to execute a waiver include the engagement of a third party consultant whose particular expertise or skills are believed by management to be significantly superior to those of other consultants that would agree to execute a waiver or in cases where management is unable to find a service provider willing to execute a waiver. In addition, there is no guarantee that such entities will agree to waive any claims they may have in the future as a result of, or arising out of, any negotiations, contracts or agreements with us and will not seek recourse against the Trust Account for any reason. Upon redemption of Blue Ocean’s Public Shares, if Blue Ocean have not completed our business combination within the required time period, or upon the exercise of a redemption right in connection with Blue Ocean’s business combination, Blue Ocean will be required to provide for payment of claims of creditors that were not waived that may be brought against Blue Ocean within the 10 years following redemption. Accordingly, the per-share redemption amount received by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders could be less than the $10.00 per Public Share initially held in the Trust Account, due to claims of such creditors.

The Sponsor has agreed that it will be liable to Blue Ocean if and to the extent any claims by a third party (other than our independent auditors) for services rendered or products sold to us, or a prospective target business with which Blue Ocean has discussed entering into a transaction agreement, reduce the amount of funds in the Trust Account to below (1) $10.00 per Public Share or (2) such lesser amount per Public Share held in the Trust Account as of the date of the liquidation of the Trust Account due to reductions in the value of the trust assets, in each case net of the interest which may be withdrawn to pay taxes, except as to any claims by a third party who executed a waiver of any and all rights to seek access to the Trust Account and except as to any claims under our indemnity of the underwriters of this offering against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. Moreover, in the event that an executed waiver is deemed to be unenforceable against a third party, the Sponsor will not be responsible to the extent of any liability for such third-party claims. Blue Ocean has not independently verified whether the Sponsor has sufficient funds to satisfy its indemnity obligations and believe that the Sponsor’s only assets are securities of Blue Ocean. The Sponsor may not have sufficient funds available to satisfy those obligations. Blue Ocean has not asked the Sponsor to reserve for such obligations, and therefore, no funds are currently set aside to cover any such obligations. As a result, if any such claims were successfully made against the Trust Account, the funds available for Blue Ocean’s business combination and redemptions could be reduced to less than $10.00 per

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Public Share. In such event, Blue Ocean may not be able to complete Blue Ocean’s business combination, and you would receive such lesser amount per share in connection with any redemption of your Public Shares. None of Blue Ocean’s directors or officers will indemnify Blue Ocean for claims by third parties including, without limitation, claims by vendors and prospective target businesses.

If, after Blue Ocean distributes the proceeds in the Trust Account to its public shareholders, Blue Ocean files an insolvency or bankruptcy petition or an involuntary insolvency or bankruptcy petition is filed against Blue Ocean that is not dismissed, a bankruptcy court may seek to recover such proceeds, and Blue Ocean and Blue Ocean’s board of directors may be exposed to claims of punitive damages.

If, after Blue Ocean distributes the proceeds in the Trust Account to Blue Ocean Public Shareholders, Blue Ocean files an insolvency or bankruptcy petition or an involuntary insolvency or bankruptcy petition is filed against Blue Ocean that is not dismissed, any distributions received by shareholders could be viewed under applicable debtor/creditor and/or insolvency laws as a voidable preference. As a result, a liquidator could seek to recover some or all amounts received by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders. In addition, Blue Ocean’s board of directors may be viewed as having breached its fiduciary duty to our creditors and/or having acted in bad faith, thereby exposing it and Blue Ocean to claims of punitive damages, by paying public shareholders from the Trust Account prior to addressing the claims of creditors. Blue Ocean cannot assure you that claims will not be brought against Blue Ocean for these reasons.

If, before distributing the proceeds in the Trust Account to our public shareholders, Blue Ocean files an insolvency or bankruptcy petition or an involuntary insolvency or bankruptcy petition is filed against Blue Ocean that is not dismissed, the claims of creditors in such proceeding may have priority over the claims of our shareholders and the per share amount that would otherwise be received by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders in connection with our liquidation may be reduced.

If, before distributing the proceeds in the Trust Account to Blue Ocean Public Shareholders, Blue Ocean files a winding-up or bankruptcy petition or an involuntary winding-up or bankruptcy petition is filed against Blue Ocean that is not dismissed, the proceeds held in the Trust Account could be subject to applicable insolvency law, and may be included in Blue Ocean’s liquidation estate and subject to the claims of third parties with priority over the claims of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders. To the extent any liquidation claims deplete the Trust Account, the per share amount that would otherwise be received by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders in connection with Blue Ocean’s liquidation may be reduced.

Blue Ocean Public Shareholders may be held liable for claims by third parties against Blue Ocean to the extent of distributions received by them upon redemption of their Public Shares.

If Blue Ocean is forced to enter into an insolvent liquidation, any distributions received by shareholders could be viewed as an unlawful payment if it was proved that immediately following the date on which the distribution was made, Blue Ocean was unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. As a result, a liquidator could seek to recover all amounts received by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders. Furthermore, Blue Ocean’s directors may be viewed as having breached their fiduciary duties to Blue Ocean or Blue Ocean’s creditors or may have acted in bad faith, and thereby exposing themselves and our company to claims, by paying public shareholders from the Trust Account prior to addressing the claims of creditors. Blue Ocean cannot assure you that claims will not be brought against Blue Ocean for these reasons.

Blue Ocean’s public shareholders will experience immediate dilution as a consequence of the issuance of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as consideration in the Merger and due to future issuances pursuant to our equity incentive plans. Having a minority share position may reduce the influence that Blue Ocean’s current shareholders have on the management of the combined company.

It is anticipated that, immediately following the Closing, (1) Blue Ocean’s public shareholders are expected to own approximately 6.19% (assuming the no redemptions scenario) and 0.00% (assuming the maximum redemption scenario) of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, (2) the TNL Mediagene shareholders are expected to collectively own approximately 82.75% (assuming the no redemptions scenario) or 89.58% (assuming the maximum redemption scenario) of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, and (3) Blue Ocean’s initial shareholders, including Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”), are expected to own approximately 9.95% (assuming the no redemptions scenario) or 9.23% (assuming the maximum redemption scenario) of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. These percentages assume, at the low end of the range, a “no redemptions” scenario, whereby no additional redemptions from

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the Trust Account occur prior to the Closing, and, at the high end of the range, a “maximum redemptions” scenario, whereby all the public shareholders of Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued and outstanding redeem their shares prior to the Closing. These percentages are based on the assumptions that (i) TNL Mediagene issues 24,617,697 shares of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to former shareholders of TNL Mediagene as of immediately prior to the Closing, (ii) the holders of the DaEX Conversion Rights and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes elect to redeem their conversion rights to receive 58,193 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and 172,808 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, respectively, (iii) the principal balance of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note is converted to 96,993 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and (iv) at minimum 2,534,891 Earn-Out Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,960,980 Earn-Out Shares) deferred under the Sponsor Lock-up and Support Agreement are issued without any further adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio. In addition, the anticipated share ownership information above excludes certain potential sources of dilution, among others, TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options under TNL Mediagene’s 2015 Global Share Plan (the “2015 Plan”) and TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants. If the actual facts are different from these assumptions, the percentage ownership retained by Blue Ocean’s existing public shareholders in the combined company will be different. See “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” for further information regarding these scenarios. For the details of shareholding among difference shareholders on a fully-diluted basis, including TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options under the 2015 Plan, Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, see also “Questions and Answers About the Merger and the Extraordinary General Meeting — What equity stake will current TNL Mediagene shareholders and current Blue Ocean shareholders hold in the combined company immediately after the completion of the Merger, and what effect will potential sources of dilution have on such equity stake after the Closing”.

In addition, TNL Mediagene employees and consultants hold, and after the Merger, are expected to be granted, equity awards under our equity incentive plans. You will experience additional dilution when those equity awards become vested and settled or exercisable, as applicable, for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

The issuance of additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will significantly dilute the equity interests of existing holders of Blue Ocean securities and may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our Public Shares or Public Warrants.

Upon completion of the Merger, and assuming full issuance of the Earn-Out Shares deferred under the Sponsor Lock-up and Support Agreement, the Sponsor will beneficially own a significant equity interest in TNL Mediagene and may take actions that conflict with the interests of Blue Ocean’s public shareholders. The interests of the Sponsor may not align with the interests of Blue Ocean’s public shareholders in the future. The Sponsor and its affiliates are in the business of making investments in companies and may acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with TNL Mediagene. The Sponsor and its affiliates may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to TNL Mediagene’s business and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to the combined company. In addition, the Sponsor may have an interest in TNL Mediagene pursuing acquisitions, divestitures and other transactions that, in their judgment, could enhance their investment, even though such transactions might involve risks to the combined company and its shareholders.

Outstanding Blue Ocean Warrants will be assumed by TNL Mediagene and converted into corresponding TNL Mediagene Warrants exercisable for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, which would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to TNL Mediagene’s shareholders.

Outstanding Public Warrants will be assumed by TNL Mediagene and converted into corresponding warrants to purchase TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares pursuant to the terms of the Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement. These warrants will become exercisable at any time commencing on the date that is 30 days after the completion of the Merger. The exercise price of these warrants will be $11.50 per share, subject to certain adjustments. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. However, there is no guarantee that the Public Warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, the warrants may expire worthless. See “— Even if the Merger is consummated, the Public Warrants may never be in the money, and they may expire worthless and the terms of the warrants may be amended in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment.”

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The exercise price of the Blue Ocean Warrants is subject to potential adjustment in the event Blue Ocean issues additional ordinary shares or equity-linked securities for capital raising purposes in connection with the closing of a business combination at a price of less than $9.20 per share.

The Warrant Agreement governing the Blue Ocean Warrants provides that if (x) Blue Ocean issues additional ordinary shares or equity-linked securities for capital raising purposes in connection with its business combination at an issue price or effective issue price of less than $9.20 per share (with such issue price or effective issue price to be determined in good faith by Blue Ocean’s board of directors and, in the case of any such issuance to the Sponsor or its affiliates, without taking into account any founder shares held by the Sponsor or such affiliates, as applicable, prior to such issuance) (the “Newly Issued Price”), (y) the aggregate gross proceeds from such issuances represent more than 60% of the total equity proceeds, and interest thereon, available for the funding of the Merger on the date of the consummation of the Merger (net of redemptions), and (z) the volume weighted average trading price of Blue Ocean’s ordinary shares during the 20 trading day period starting on the trading day prior to the day on which we consummate the Merger (such price, the “Market Value”) is below $9.20 per share, then the exercise price of the warrants will be adjusted (to the nearest cent) to be equal to 115% of the higher of the Market Value and the Newly Issued Price, and the $18.00 per share redemption trigger price in the Blue Ocean Warrants will be adjusted (to the nearest cent) to be equal to 180% of the higher of the Market Value and the Newly Issued Price. Whether or not this provision would result in anti-dilution adjustments to the Blue Ocean Warrants cannot be determined until after the consummation of the Merger. However, in the event that this provision was expected to be triggered, it could: (i) lead to an increase in the number of redemptions of Blue Ocean Class A Shares and (ii) make it more difficult to consummate the Merger.

If Blue Ocean Public Shareholders fail to properly demand redemption rights, they will not be entitled to redeem their Blue Ocean Class A Shares for a pro rata portion of the Trust Account.

Blue Ocean Public Shareholders may demand that Blue Ocean redeem their Blue Ocean Class A Shares for a pro rata portion of the Trust Account in connection with the completion of the Merger. In order to exercise their redemption rights, Blue Ocean Public Shareholders must deliver their Blue Ocean Class A Shares (either physically or electronically) to Blue Ocean’s transfer agent at least two (2) business days prior to the vote on the Merger at the extraordinary general meeting. Any Blue Ocean public shareholder who fails to properly demand redemption rights will not be entitled to redeem his, her, or its shares for a pro rata portion of the Trust Account. See “Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean — Redemption Rights” for the procedures to be followed if you wish to redeem your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares for cash.

Blue Ocean Public Shareholders will not have any rights or interests in funds from the Trust Account, except under certain limited circumstances. Blue Ocean Public Shareholders may therefore be forced to redeem or sell their Blue Ocean Class A Shares or Public Warrants in order to liquidate their investment, potentially at a loss.

Blue Ocean’s shareholders will be entitled to receive funds from the Trust Account only: (i) in the event of the redemption of our Public Shares if we do not consummate an initial business combination within the completion window, (ii) in connection with a shareholder vote to amend the Blue Ocean Articles that would affect the substance or timing of our obligation to provide holders of our Blue Ocean Class A Shares the right to have their shares redeemed in connection with our initial business combination or to redeem 100% of our Public Shares if we do not complete our initial business combination within the completion window or any amendment is made with respect to any other provision of the Blue Ocean Articles relating to the rights of holders of our Public Shares, and (iii) if they redeem their respective shares for cash upon the completion of the initial business combination. In addition, if Blue Ocean plans to redeem the Blue Ocean Class A Shares because Blue Ocean is unable to complete a business combination by the Extended Date, for any reason, compliance with Cayman Islands law may require that Blue Ocean submit a plan of dissolution to Blue Ocean’s then-existing shareholders for approval prior to the distribution of the proceeds held in the Trust Account. In that case, Blue Ocean’s shareholders may be forced to wait beyond the Extended Date, before they receive funds from the Trust Account. Accordingly, in order for Blue Ocean’s shareholders to liquidate their investment, they may be forced to sell their Blue Ocean Class A Shares or Public Warrants, potentially at a loss. See “Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean — Redemption Rights.”

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Even if the Merger is consummated, the Public Warrants may never be in the money, and they may expire worthless and the terms of the warrants may be amended in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment.

The Public Warrants were issued in registered form under a Warrant Agreement, dated December 2, 2021, by and between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and Blue Ocean. The Warrant Agreement provides (and the terms of the Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement will provide) that the terms of the Public Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, but requires the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding Public Warrants to make any other change that affects the interests of the registered holders of Public Warrants. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the Public Warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment.

Blue Ocean may redeem the unexpired Public Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your Public Warrants worthless.

Blue Ocean has the ability to redeem the outstanding Public Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant if, among other things, the last reported sale price of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which Blue Ocean sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders (the “Reference Value”) equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, rights issuances, subdivisions, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like). If and when the Public Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. As a result, we may redeem the Public Warrants as set forth above even if the holders are otherwise unable to exercise the Public Warrants. Redemption of the outstanding Public Warrants as described above could force you to: (i) exercise your Public Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so; (ii) sell your Public Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your Public Warrants; or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding Public Warrants are called for redemption, Blue Ocean expects would be substantially less than the market value of your Public Warrants. Blue Ocean’s Class A Shares have never traded above $18.00 per share.

In addition, we have the ability to redeem the outstanding Public Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant if, among other things, the Reference Value equals or exceeds $10.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, rights issuances, subdivisions, reorganization, recapitalizations and the like). In such case, the holders will be able to exercise their Public Warrants prior to the redemption for a number of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares determined based on the redemption date and the fair market value of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares.

Blue Ocean has no obligation to notify holders of the Public Warrants that they have become eligible for redemption. However, pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, in the event Blue Ocean decides to redeem the Public Warrants, Blue Ocean is required to mail notice of such redemption to the registered warrant holders not less than 30 days prior to the redemption date. The Public Warrants may be exercised any time after notice of redemption is given and prior to the redemption date. None of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by Blue Ocean so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees; provided the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants may be redeemed in accordance with the Warrant Agreement (and must be redeemed if the Public Warrants are being redeemed) if the Reference Value equals or exceeds $10.00 per share and does not equal or exceed $18.00 per share.

If Blue Ocean’s due diligence investigation of TNL Mediagene was inadequate, then Blue Ocean Public Shareholders (as shareholders of TNL Mediagene following the Merger) could lose some or all of their investment.

Even though Blue Ocean conducted a due diligence investigation of TNL Mediagene, Blue Ocean cannot be sure that this diligence uncovered all material issues that may be present with respect to its business (whether as related to TNL or Mediagene separately before their combination or as a combined company thereafter), or that it would be possible to uncover all material issues through a customary amount of due diligence, or that factors outside of their respective control will not later arise that could adversely affect their respective businesses, financial condition or results of operations.

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A shareholder-approved amendment to the Blue Ocean Articles removed the limitation that Blue Ocean may not redeem Public Shares in an amount that would cause Blue Ocean’s net tangible assets to be less than $5,000,001 contained therein. The parties to the Merger Agreement have waived the closing condition that requires TNL Mediagene to have at least $5,000,001 of net tangible assets immediately after the Effective Time upon the Closing. Accordingly, the Merger may be consummated even if the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares would be a “penny stock” upon the Closing.

On August 29, 2023, Blue Ocean held the Extension Meeting. At the Extension Meeting, among other things, Blue Ocean Public Shareholders approved an amendment to the Blue Ocean Articles to remove the limitation that Blue Ocean may not redeem Public Shares in an amount that would cause Blue Ocean’s net tangible assets to be less than $5,000,001 (the “Redemption Limitation”). The purpose of the Redemption Limitation was to ensure that Blue Ocean would not be subject to the “penny stock” rules of the SEC as long as it adhered to the Redemption Limitation, and therefore not be deemed a “blank check company” as defined under Rule 419 of the Securities Act because it complied with Rule 3a51-1(g)(1) (the “NTA Rule”). However, because the NTA Rule is one of several exclusions from the “penny stock” rules of the SEC, Blue Ocean recommended that shareholders remove the Redemption Limitation from the Blue Ocean Articles, because Blue Ocean could rely on another exclusion which relates to Blue Ocean being listed on Nasdaq (Rule 3a51-1(a)(2)) (the “Exchange Rule”). For so long as the Public Shares remain listed on Nasdaq, the Public Shares would not be deemed to be a “penny stock” under the Exchange Rule. Another exclusion from the “penny stock” rule that TNL Mediagene could potentially rely on after the Closing is the requirement that the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares have a price of $5.00 or more (the “$5.00 Price Rule”). However, we cannot assure you that the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be listed on Nasdaq at the Closing or that the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares would comply with the $5.00 Price Rule.

If TNL Mediagene has less than $5,000,001 of net tangible assets immediately after the Effective Time, such that it does not meet the NTA Rule, if the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are not listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange, either due to the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares not being approved for listing or due to a subsequent delisting of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, such that it does not satisfy the Exchange Rule, if the trading price of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is less than $5.00, such that it does not meet the $5.00 Price Rule, and if no other exclusion from the “penny stock” rules apply, then we expect that the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares would be a “penny stock” upon Closing. The parties have waived the closing condition in the Merger Agreement relating to TNL Mediagene’s net tangible assets. If the parties subsequently consummate the Merger at a time when the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are a “penny stock”, such event will require brokers trading in TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to adhere to more stringent rules. For example, brokers trading in TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares would be required to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document, which specifies information about penny stocks and the nature and significance of risks of the penny stock market. The broker dealer also must provide the customer with bid and offer quotations for the penny stock, the compensation of the broker dealer and any salesperson in the transaction, and monthly account statements indicating the market value of each penny stock held in the customer’s account. In addition, the penny stock rules require that, prior to effecting a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, the broker dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written agreement to the transaction. If the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is a “penny stock”, these disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. The penny stock rules are burdensome and may reduce purchases of any offerings and reduce the trading activity for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. If the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are subject to the penny stock rules, the holders of such TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares may find it more difficult to sell their shares.

Because the market price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will fluctuate, TNL Mediagene shareholders cannot be sure of the value of the merger consideration they will receive.

The market value of TNL Mediagene securities at the effective time of the Merger may vary significantly from their respective values on the date the Merger Agreement was executed or at other dates. Because the exchange ratio with respect to the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be issued in the Merger is fixed and will not be adjusted to reflect any changes in the market value of shares of Blue Ocean Class A Shares, the market value of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issued in connection with the Merger may be higher or lower than the values of those shares on earlier dates, and may be higher or lower than the value used to determine the exchange ratio. Stock price

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changes may result from a variety of factors, including changes in the business, operations or prospects of Blue Ocean, regulatory considerations, and general business, market, industry or economic conditions. Many of these factors are outside of the control of Blue Ocean.

The market price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares after the Merger may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting the price of shares of Blue Ocean.

Upon completion of the Merger, Blue Ocean shareholders will become holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. Prior to the Merger, Blue Ocean has had limited operations. Upon completion of the Merger, TNL Mediagene’s results of operations will depend upon the performance of TNL Mediagene, which is affected by factors that are different from those currently affecting the results of operations of Blue Ocean.

If the Merger’s benefits do not meet the expectations of financial analysts, the market price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares may decline.

The market price of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares may decline as a result of the Merger if the combined company does not achieve the perceived benefits of the Merger as rapidly, or to the extent anticipated by, financial analysts or the effect of the Merger on the combined company’s financial results is not consistent with the expectations of financial analysts. Accordingly, holders of Blue Ocean securities may experience a loss as a result of a decline in the market price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. In addition, a decline in the market price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares could adversely affect TNL Mediagene’s ability to issue additional securities and to obtain additional financing in the future.

Regulatory approvals may not be received, may take longer than expected or may impose conditions that are not presently anticipated or cannot be met.

Termination of the Merger Agreement could negatively impact Blue Ocean.

If the Merger is not completed for any reason, including as a result of Blue Ocean shareholders declining to approve the proposals required to effect the Merger, the ongoing businesses of Blue Ocean may be adversely impacted and, without realizing any of the anticipated benefits of completing the Merger, Blue Ocean would be subject to a number of risks, including the following:

• Blue Ocean may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on its share price (including to the extent that the current market price reflects a market assumption that the Merger will be completed);

• Blue Ocean will have incurred substantial expenses and will be required to pay certain costs relating to the Merger, whether or not the Merger is completed; and

• since the Merger Agreement restricts the conduct of Blue Ocean’s businesses prior to completion of the Merger, Blue Ocean may not have been able to take certain actions during the pendency of the Merger that would have benefitted it as an independent company, and the opportunity to take such actions may no longer be available (see “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger” of this proxy statement/prospectus for a description of the restrictive covenants applicable to Blue Ocean).

If the Merger Agreement is terminated and Blue Ocean’s board of directors seeks another business combination target, Blue Ocean shareholders cannot be certain that Blue Ocean will be able to find another acquisition target that would constitute a business combination or that such other business combination will be completed. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger.”

TNL Mediagene will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions while the Merger is pending.

Uncertainty about the effect of the Merger on employees and other business participants may have an adverse effect on TNL Mediagene and consequently on Blue Ocean. These uncertainties may impair TNL Mediagene’s ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel until the Merger is completed, and could cause others that deal with TNL Mediagene to seek to change existing business relationships with TNL Mediagene. Retention of certain employees may be challenging during the pendency of the Merger, as certain employees may experience uncertainty

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about their future roles. If key employees depart because of issues relating to the uncertainty or a desire not to remain with the business, the combined company’s business following the Merger could be negatively impacted. In addition, the Merger Agreement restricts TNL Mediagene from making certain expenditures and taking other specified actions without the consent of Blue Ocean until the Merger occurs. These restrictions may prevent TNL Mediagene from pursuing attractive business opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of the Merger. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal.”

The Merger will result in changes to Blue Ocean’s board of directors that may affect the strategy of Blue Ocean.

If the parties complete the Merger, the composition of the TNL Mediagene’s board of directors will change from Blue Ocean’s current board of directors. The TNL Mediagene’s board of directors will consist of seven members. This new composition of the TNL Mediagene Board may affect the business strategy and operating decisions of the combined company upon the completion of the Merger.

Neither Blue Ocean nor its shareholders will have the protection of any indemnification, escrow, purchase price adjustment or other provisions that allow for a post-closing adjustment to be made to the merger consideration in the event that any of the representations and warranties made by TNL Mediagene in the Merger Agreement ultimately proves to be inaccurate or incorrect.

The representations and warranties contained in the Merger Agreement will not survive the completion of the Merger, and only the covenants and agreements that by their terms survive such time will do so. As a result, Blue Ocean and its shareholders will not have the protection of any indemnification, escrow, purchase price adjustment or other provisions that allow for a post-closing adjustment to be made to the merger consideration if any representation or warranty made by TNL Mediagene in the Merger Agreement proves to be inaccurate or incorrect. Accordingly, to the extent such representations or warranties are incorrect, our financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected.

The Merger may not qualify as a reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code, in which case U.S. Holders of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and Public Warrants would generally recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

The parties intend for U.S. federal income tax purposes the Merger also qualifies as a tax-deferred reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code (a “Reorganization”) to the extent the applicable requirements are satisfied. There are significant factual and legal uncertainties as to whether the Merger will qualify as a Reorganization, including that the assets of Blue Ocean are only investment-type assets and that it cannot be determined until following the closing of the Merger whether TNL Mediagene will continue a significant line of Blue Ocean’s historic business or use a significant portion of Blue Ocean’s historic business assets. Under Section 368(a) of the Code, a transaction must satisfy certain requirements, including, among others, that the acquiring corporation (or, in the case of certain reorganizations structured similarly to the Merger, its corporate parent) continue, either directly or indirectly through certain controlled corporations, either a significant line of the acquired corporation’s historic business or use a significant portion of the acquired corporation’s historic business assets in a business. However, due to the absence of guidance bearing directly on how the above rules apply in the case of an acquisition of a corporation with no active business and only investment-type assets, such as Blue Ocean, we cannot provide guidance on whether the Merger qualifies as a reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code. In addition, the treatment of the Merger as a reorganization would depend on whether sufficient shareholders of Blue Ocean exchange their Public Shares for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares rather than redeem them for cash. If a significant number of shareholders of Blue Ocean decide to redeem their Public Shares, the “continuity of business enterprise” requirement that is necessary to qualify as a reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code may not be satisfied. Qualification of the Merger as a Reorganization is not free from doubt and the IRS or a court could take a different position. Moreover, qualification of the Merger as a Reorganization is based on facts which will not be known until the closing of the Merger. As a result, legal counsel to Blue Ocean on U.S. federal income tax matters is not able to render an opinion as to the qualification of the Reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code. The closing of the Merger is not conditioned upon the receipt of an opinion of counsel that the Merger so qualifies for such tax-deferred treatment, and neither Blue Ocean nor TNL Mediagene intends to request a ruling from the IRS regarding the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the Merger. The IRS may disagree with the description of U.S. federal income tax consequences contained herein, and its determination may be upheld by a court. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the Merger will qualify for tax-deferred treatment under Section 368(a) of the Code.

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If any requirement of Section 368(a) of the Code is not met, then a U.S. Holder will generally recognize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the fair market value of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants received in the Merger, over such U.S. Holder’s aggregate adjusted tax basis in the corresponding Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and Blue Ocean Warrants surrendered by such U.S. Holder in the Merger.

Additionally, even if the Merger qualifies as a Reorganization, proposed Treasury Regulations promulgated under Section 1291(f) of the Code and certain other PFIC rules (which have retroactive effective dates) generally require that a U.S. person who disposes of stock of a PFIC (including for this purpose, under a proposed Treasury Regulation that generally treats an “option” to acquire the stock of a PFIC as stock of the PFIC, exchanging Blue Ocean Warrants for newly issued TNL Mediagene Warrants in the Merger) must recognize gain equal to the excess of the fair market value of such PFIC stock over its adjusted tax basis, notwithstanding any other provision of the Code. Blue Ocean believes that it is likely classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, these proposed Treasury Regulations, if finalized in their current form, would generally require a U.S. holder of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares to recognize gain under the PFIC rules on the exchange of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares pursuant to the Merger unless such U.S. Holder has made certain tax elections with respect to such U.S. Holders’ Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares. These proposed Treasury Regulations, if finalized in their current form, would also apply to a U.S. Holder who exchanges Blue Ocean Warrants for newly issued TNL Mediagene Warrants; under current law, however, the elections mentioned above do not apply to Blue Ocean Warrants. Any gain recognized from the application of the PFIC rules described above would be taxable income with no corresponding receipt of cash. The tax on any such gain would be imposed at the rate applicable to ordinary income and an interest charge would apply based on complex rules designed to offset the tax deferral to such U.S. Holder on the undistributed earnings, if any, of Blue Ocean. It is not possible to determine at this time whether, in what form, and with what effective date, final Treasury Regulations under Section 1291(f) of the Code may be adopted or how any such Treasury Regulations would apply. For a more complete discussion of the potential application of the PFIC rules to U.S. holders as a result of the Merger, see “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations of the Merger to U.S. Holders — Application of the PFIC Rules to the Merger.”

U.S. Holders of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and Blue Ocean Warrants should consult their tax advisors to determine the tax consequences if the Merger does not qualify as a reorganization withing the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code and the application of the PFIC rule to their specific situations in connection with the Merger. For a more detailed description of the U.S. federal income tax consequences associated with the Merger, see “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

Risks Related to the Redemption Rights

The ability of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders to exercise redemption rights with respect to a large number of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares could increase the probability that the Merger would be unsuccessful and that you would have to wait for liquidation in order to redeem Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares.

If the Merger is not consummated, Blue Ocean Public Shareholders will not be entitled to receive a pro rata portion of the Trust Account until the earliest of (i) the completion of an alternative business combination, and then only in connection with those Public Shares that such shareholders properly elected to redeem, subject to the limitations described herein, (ii) the redemption of Public Shares properly tendered in connection with a vote by Blue Ocean to make certain amendments to the Blue Ocean Articles, and (iii) the redemption of Public Shares upon liquidation of the Trust Account if Blue Ocean has not consummated a business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders). If you are in need of immediate liquidity, you could attempt to sell your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares in the open market; however, at such time Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares may trade at a discount to the pro rata amount per share in the Trust Account. In either situation, you may suffer a material loss on your investment or lose the benefit of funds expected in connection with Blue Ocean’s redemption until Blue Ocean liquidates or you are able to sell your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares in the open market.

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Blue Ocean Public Shareholders, together with any affiliates of theirs or any other person with whom they are acting in concert or as a “group,” will be restricted from seeking redemption rights with respect to more than 15% of the Public Shares.

A Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, together with any affiliate or any other person with whom such shareholder is acting in concert or as a “group,” will be restricted from seeking redemption rights with respect to more than 15% of the Public Shares. Accordingly, if you hold more than 15% of the Public Shares and the Business Combination Proposal is approved, you will not be able to seek redemption rights with respect to the full amount of your shares and may be forced to hold the shares in excess of 15% or sell them in the open market. Blue Ocean cannot assure you that the value of such excess shares will appreciate over time following the Merger or that the market price of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares will exceed the per-share redemption price.

We cannot be certain as to the number of Public Shares that will be redeemed and the potential impact to Blue Ocean Public Shareholders who do not elect to redeem their Public Shares. There is no guarantee that a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder’s decision to redeem his, her or its Public Shares for a pro rata portion of the Trust Account will put the shareholder in a better future economic position.

There is no assurance as to the price at which a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder may be able to sell his, her or its TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in the future following the completion of the Merger or his, her or its Public Shares with respect to any alternative business combination. Certain events following the consummation of any initial business combination, including the Transactions and redemption of Public Shares, may cause an increase or decrease in the share price and may result in a lower value realized now than a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder might realize in the future had the shareholder not redeemed his, her or its shares. Similarly, if a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder does not redeem his, her or its Public Shares, the shareholder will bear the risk of ownership of the Public Shares after the consummation of any initial business combination, and there can be no assurance that a shareholder can sell his, her or its shares in the future for a greater amount than the redemption price set forth in this proxy statement/prospectus. A shareholder should consult the shareholder’s tax and/or financial advisor for assistance on how this may affect his, her or its individual situation.

On October 22, 2024, the most recent practicable date prior to the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the closing price per Public Share on Nasdaq was $11.48. Blue Ocean Public Shareholders should be aware that, while we are unable to predict the price per share of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share (as converted from Blue Ocean Class A Shares in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement) following the consummation of the Merger (and accordingly, the potential impact of redemptions on the per share value of Public Shares owned by non-redeeming Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), we expect that more Blue Ocean Public Shareholders may elect to redeem their Public Shares if the price of the Public Share is below the projected redemption price of $10.20 per share, and that more Blue Ocean Public Shareholders may elect not to redeem their Public Shares if the price of the Public Share is above the projected redemption price of $10.20 per share. Each Public Share that is redeemed will represent both (i) a reduction, equal to the amount of the redemption price, of the cash that will be available to TNL Mediagene from the Trust Account and (ii) a corresponding increase in each Blue Ocean Public Shareholder’s pro rata ownership interest in TNL Mediagene following the Closing. Based on an estimated per share redemption price of approximately $11.30 per share, which was calculated based on $20,811,005 in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024, a hypothetical 1% increase or decrease in the number of Public Shares redeemed would result in a decrease or increase, respectively, of $208,110 of cash available in the Trust Account. In addition, if a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder does not redeem his, her or its Public Shares, but other Blue Ocean Public Shareholders do elect to redeem, the non-redeeming Blue Ocean Public Shareholders would own shares with different book value per share and different net loss per share depending on the level of redemption. See “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” for the per share pro forma book value and net loss of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at Closing.

Finally, if a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder exercises his, her or its redemption rights, such exercise will not result in the loss of any warrants that such Blue Ocean Public Shareholder may hold. Even if Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 1,841,950 Public Shares exercise their redemption rights, which is the maximum number of Public Shares that could be redeemed by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders, 9,487,500 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants will remain outstanding. Accordingly, if a substantial number of, but not all, Blue Ocean Public Shareholders exercise their redemption rights, any non-redeeming Blue Ocean Public Shareholders would experience dilution to the extent such Public Warrants are exercised and additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are issued.

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This proxy statement/prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this proxy statement/prospectus, including statements regarding TNL Mediagene’s, Blue Ocean’s or the combined company’s future financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “targets,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, TNL Mediagene’s or Blue Ocean’s expectations concerning the outlook for their or the combined company’s business, productivity, plans and goals for future operational improvements and capital investments, operational performance, future market conditions or economic performance and developments in the capital and credit markets and expected future financial performance, as well as any information concerning possible or assumed future results of operations of the combined company as set forth in the sections of this proxy statement/prospectus titled “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors’ Reasons for the Merger.” Forward-looking statements also include statements regarding the expected benefits of the proposed Merger between TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean.

Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and actual results or events may differ materially from those projected or implied in those statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

• TNL Mediagene derives a significant portion of its revenue from its relationships with the businesses to whom it provides digital media content and related advertising technology and data analytics services, including advertising and consumer data-related services, marketing services and other services;

• the market for digital advertising for brands is continuously and rapidly evolving. If this market develops more slowly or differently than TNL Mediagene expects, or it fails to respond successfully to changes in the market, TNL Mediagene’s business, growth prospects and financial condition could be adversely affected;

• changes to TNL Mediagene’s existing content and services could fail to attract users and advertisers or fail to generate revenue;

• TNL Mediagene may not be able to successfully integrate the TNL and the Mediagene businesses and may continue to incur significant costs to integrate with and support Mediagene. TNL Mediagene also may not realize the anticipated benefits of the merger because of difficulties related to the integration, the achievement of such synergies, and other challenges faced by TNL Mediagene;

• the loss of key personnel, or TNL Mediagene’s failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm its business;

• failure to comply with laws and regulations with respect to privacy, data protection and consumer marketing practices could adversely affect TNL Mediagene’s business;

• the use of AI tools in TNL Mediagene’s business may cause brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability;

• TNL Mediagene’s business relies on certain trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights that are licensed from third-party licensors. TNL Mediagene does not control these rights and any loss of its rights to the third-party licensors could materially adversely affect TNL Mediagene’s business;

• use of third-party content creators and social media influencers may materially and adversely affect TNL Mediagene’s reputation;

• TNL Mediagene depends on AWS for the vast majority of its compute, storage, data transfer and other services. Any disruption of, degradation in or interference with TNL Mediagene’s use of AWS could negatively affect its operations and harm its business, revenue and financial results;

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• TNL Mediagene’s business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which it operates, primarily Japan and Taiwan. These laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to TNL Mediagene’s business practices, monetary penalties, temporary or permanent restraining orders and injunctions, increased cost of operations or declines in user growth and engagement with TNL Mediagene’s brands and content, or otherwise harm its business;

• Blue Ocean may not be able to complete the Merger or any other business combination within the prescribed timeframe, in which case Blue Ocean would cease all operations, except for the purpose of winding up, and Blue Ocean would redeem the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and liquidate;

• Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene will incur significant transaction and transition costs in connection with the Merger;

• the announcement of the proposed Merger could disrupt TNL Mediagene’s relationships with its suppliers, business partners and others, as well as its operating results and business generally;

• the Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions, which may not be satisfied or waived on a timely basis, if at all; and

• the other matters described in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 24 may adversely affect TNL Mediagene’s operations or otherwise harm its business.

In addition, the Merger is subject to the satisfaction of the closing conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement and the absence of events that could give rise to the termination of the Merger Agreement, including, but not limited to, the possibility that the Merger does not close, and risks that the proposed Merger disrupts current plans and operations and business relationships, or poses difficulties in attracting or retaining employees for TNL Mediagene.

TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean caution you against placing undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect current beliefs and are based on information currently available as of the date a forward-looking statement is made. Forward-looking statements set forth herein speak only as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus. Neither TNL Mediagene nor Blue Ocean undertakes any obligation to revise forward-looking statements to reflect future events, changes in circumstances, or changes in beliefs. In the event that any forward-looking statement is updated, no inference should be made that TNL Mediagene or Blue Ocean will make additional updates with respect to that statement, related matters, or any other forward-looking statements. Any corrections or revisions and other important assumptions and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements, including discussions of significant risk factors, may appear, up to the consummation of the Merger, in Blue Ocean’s public filings with the SEC or, upon and following the consummation of the Merger, in TNL Mediagene’s public filings with the SEC, which are or will be (as appropriate) accessible at www.sec.gov, and which you are advised to consult. For additional information, please see “Where You Can Find More Information” on page 263.

Market, ranking and industry data used throughout this proxy statement/prospectus, including statements regarding market size, are based on the good faith estimates of TNL Mediagene’s management, which in turn are based upon TNL Mediagene’s management’s review of internal surveys, independent industry surveys and publications, including reports by Google Analytics, Semrush Holdings Inc., Statista GmbH, the U.S. Census Bureau and Pew Research Center and other third-party research and publicly available information. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. While TNL Mediagene is not aware of any misstatements regarding the industry data presented herein, its estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the headings “Risk Factors” and “TNL Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this proxy statement/prospectus.

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EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING OF BLUE OCEAN SHAREHOLDERS

General

Blue Ocean is furnishing this proxy statement/prospectus to its shareholders as part of the solicitation of proxies by its board of directors for use at the extraordinary general meeting of Blue Ocean shareholders and at any adjournment or postponement thereof. This proxy statement/prospectus provides you with information you need to know to be able to vote or instruct your vote to be cast at the extraordinary general meeting.

Date, Time and Place of Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders

The extraordinary general meeting will be held on , 2024, at , time, at .

Purpose of the Blue Ocean Extraordinary General Meeting

At the extraordinary general meeting, Blue Ocean is asking its shareholders:

• Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — to consider and vote upon, as an ordinary resolution, a proposal to approve, ratify and authorize the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3, and the transactions contemplated therein, including the Merger;

• Proposal Two — The Merger Proposal — to consider and vote upon, as a special resolution, a proposal to approve and authorize the Merger and the Plan of Merger, substantially in the form attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex C; and

• Proposal Three — The Adjournment Proposal — to consider and vote upon, as an ordinary resolution, a proposal to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting to a later date or dates to be determined by the chairman of the extraordinary general meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation and vote of proxies if, based upon the tabulated vote at the time of the extraordinary general meeting, there are not sufficient votes to approve one or more proposals presented to shareholders for a vote.

Recommendation of Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors

Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined that each of the proposals outlined above is fair to and in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders and recommended that Blue Ocean shareholders vote “FOR” the Business Combination Proposal, “FOR” the Merger Proposal and “FOR” the Adjournment Proposal, if presented.

Record Date; Persons Entitled to Vote

Blue Ocean shareholders will be entitled to vote or direct votes to be cast at the extraordinary general meeting if they owned Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares at the close of business on, which is the record date for the extraordinary general meeting. Shareholders will have one vote for each Blue Ocean Ordinary Share owned at the close of business on the record date. If your shares are held in “street name” or are in a margin or similar account, you should contact your broker, bank or nominee to ensure that votes related to the shares you beneficially own are properly counted. On the record date, there were Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares outstanding, of which were Public Shares.

Quorum

A quorum is the minimum number of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares that must be present to hold a valid meeting. Holders of one-third of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares on the record date issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at the Blue Ocean extraordinary general meeting, present in person or represented by proxy, constitute a quorum. Your shares will be counted towards the quorum only if you submit a valid proxy (or one is submitted on your behalf by your broker, bank or nominee) or if you vote online. Abstentions will count as present for the purposes of establishing a quorum. In the absence of a quorum, the chairman of the meeting has power to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting. As of the record date, [•] Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares would be required to achieve a quorum.

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Vote Required

Voting on all resolutions at the extraordinary general meeting will be conducted by way of a poll vote. The Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Blue Ocean Class B Shares are entitled to vote together as a single class on all matters to be considered at the extraordinary general meeting. The proposals to be presented at the extraordinary general meeting will require the following votes:

• Business Combination Proposal — The approval of the Business Combination Proposal will require an ordinary resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, being the affirmative vote of shareholders holding a majority of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which are entitled to vote and which are voted on such resolution in person or by proxy at the extraordinary general meeting at which a quorum is present.

• Merger Proposal — The approval of the Merger Proposal will require a special resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, being the affirmative vote of shareholders holding at least two-thirds of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which are entitled to vote and which are voted on such resolution in person or by proxy at the extraordinary general meeting at which a quorum is present.

• Adjournment Proposal — The approval of the Adjournment Proposal will require an ordinary resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, being the affirmative vote of shareholders holding a majority of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which are entitled to vote and which are voted on such resolution in person or by proxy at the extraordinary general meeting at which a quorum is present.

Brokers are not entitled to vote on the Business Combination Proposal, the Merger Proposal or the Adjournment Proposal absent voting instructions from the beneficial holder. Abstentions and broker nonvotes, while considered present for the purposes of establishing a quorum, will not count as votes cast at the extraordinary general meeting, and otherwise will have no effect on a particular proposal.

Voting Your Shares — Shareholders of Record

If you are a holder of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares, there are two ways to vote your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares at the extraordinary general meeting:

By Mail. You may vote by proxy by completing the enclosed proxy card and returning it in the postage-paid return envelope so that it is received by Blue Ocean no later than 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the extraordinary general meeting (or, in the case of an adjournment, no later than 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the adjourned meeting). If you vote by proxy card, your “proxy,” whose name is listed on the proxy card, will vote your shares as you instruct on the proxy card. If you sign and return the proxy card but do not give instructions on how to vote your shares, your shares will be voted “FOR” all of the proposals in accordance with the recommendation of Blue Ocean’s board of directors. Proxy cards received after the time specified above will not be counted.

In Person. You may attend the extraordinary general meeting and vote in person. See “Questions and Answers about the Merger and the Extraordinary General Meeting — When and where will the extraordinary general meeting take place?” for more information.

Voting Your Shares — Beneficial Owners

If you hold your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares in “street name,” which means your shares are held of record by a broker, bank or nominee, you should contact your broker, bank or nominee to ensure that votes related to the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares you beneficially own are properly counted. If you hold your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares in “street name” and you wish to attend the extraordinary general meeting and vote in person, you must obtain a legal proxy from the shareholder of record. Holders should contact their broker, bank or nominee for instructions regarding obtaining a proxy.

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Revoking Your Proxy

If you are a holder of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and you give a proxy, you may revoke it at any time before it is exercised by doing any one of the following:

• you may send another signed proxy card to Blue Ocean so that it is received no later than 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the extraordinary general meeting (or, in the case of an adjournment, no later than 48 hours before the time appointed for the holding of the adjourned meeting);

• you may notify Blue Ocean’s board of directors in writing, prior to the vote at the extraordinary general meeting, that you have revoked your proxy; or

• you may attend the extraordinary general meeting and vote in person, although your attendance alone will not revoke any proxy that you have previously given.

If you hold your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares in “street name,” you may submit new instructions on how to vote your shares by contacting your broker, bank or nominee.

Who Can Answer Your Questions About Voting Your Shares

If you are a Blue Ocean shareholder and have any questions about how to vote or direct a vote in respect of your Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares, you may contact Morrow Sodali LLC, Blue Ocean’s proxy solicitor, at:

Morrow Sodali LLC
333 Ludlow Street, 5th Floor, South Tower
Stamford, CT 06902
Individuals call toll-free (800) 662-5200
Banks and brokers call (203) 658-9400
Email: BOCN.info@investor.morrowsodali.com

Redemption Rights

Blue Ocean Public Shareholders may redeem their Public Shares for cash, regardless of whether they vote for or against, or whether they abstain from voting on, the Business Combination Proposal. Any Blue Ocean Public Shareholder may request that Blue Ocean redeem such Public Shares for a pro rata portion of the funds deposited in the Trust Account (which, for illustrative purposes, was $[ ] per share as of [ ], 2024, the extraordinary general meeting record date), calculated as of two business days prior to the consummation of the Merger in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles. If a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder properly seeks redemption as described in this section and the Merger is consummated, Blue Ocean will redeem their Public Shares for a pro rata portion of funds deposited in the Trust Account and the holder will no longer own these shares following the Merger.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, together with any affiliate of his or any other person with whom he is acting in concert or as a “group” (as defined in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act), will be restricted from seeking redemption rights with respect to more than 15% of the Public Shares. Accordingly, all Public Shares in excess of 15% held by a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder, together with any affiliate of such holder or any other person with whom such holder is acting in concert or as a “group,” will not be redeemed for cash.

Holders of Founder Shares will not have redemption rights with respect to such shares.

If you are a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder and wish to exercise your redemption rights, you must:

• if you hold Public Shares through Blue Ocean Units, elect to separate your Blue Ocean Units into the underlying Public Shares and Public Warrants prior to exercising your redemption rights with respect to the Public Shares;

• submit a written request to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, Blue Ocean’s transfer agent, in which you (i) request that Blue Ocean redeem all or a portion of your Public Shares for cash, and (ii) identify yourself as the beneficial holder of the Public Shares and provide your legal name, phone number and address; and

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• either tender your share certificates (if any) to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, Blue Ocean’s transfer agent, or deliver your Public Shares to the transfer agent electronically using The Depository Trust Company’s Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian (DWAC) System.

Holders must complete the procedures for electing to redeem their Public Shares in the manner described above on or prior to 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on , 2024, two business days prior to the extraordinary general meeting, in order for their Public Shares to be redeemed. If you hold the shares in “street name,” you will have to coordinate with your broker, bank or nominee to have the Public Shares you beneficially own certificated and delivered electronically.

Holders of Blue Ocean Units must elect to separate the Blue Ocean Units into the underlying Public Shares and Public Warrants prior to exercising redemption rights with respect to the Public Shares.

There is a nominal cost associated with this tendering process and the act of certificating the shares or delivering them through the DWAC system. The transfer agent will typically charge the tendering broker $80.00, and it would be up to the broker whether or not to pass this cost on to the redeeming shareholder. In the event the Merger is not consummated this may result in an additional cost to shareholders for the return of their shares.

Blue Ocean’s transfer agent can be contacted at the following address:

Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company
One State Street, 30th Floor
New York, New York 10004
Attn: SPAC Redemption Team
Email: spacredemptions@continentalstock.com

Any request to redeem such shares, once made, may be withdrawn at any time up to the vote on the Business Combination Proposal at the extraordinary general meeting. Furthermore, if a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder delivered his, her or its share certificate to the transfer agent and subsequently decides prior to the applicable date not to elect to exercise redemption rights, he, she or it may simply request that the transfer agent return his, her or its share certificates (physically or electronically). Such a request must be made by contacting Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, Blue Ocean’s transfer agent, at the phone number or address set out above.

If the Merger is not completed for any reason, then Blue Ocean Public Shareholders who elected to exercise their redemption rights will not be entitled to redeem their shares for a pro rata portion of the funds deposited in the Trust Account. In such case, Blue Ocean rest will promptly return any share certificates or Public Shares tendered for redemption by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders.

The closing price of Blue Ocean Class A Shares on , the extraordinary general meeting record date, was $ . The cash held in the Trust Account on such date was approximately $ ($ per Public Share). Prior to exercising redemption rights, shareholders should verify the market price of Blue Ocean Class A Shares as they may receive higher proceeds from the sale of their Blue Ocean Class A Shares in the public market than from exercising their redemption rights if the market price per share is higher than the redemption price. Blue Ocean cannot assure its shareholders that they will be able to sell their Blue Ocean Class A Shares in the open market, even if the market price per share is higher than the redemption price stated above, as there may not be sufficient liquidity in its securities when its shareholders wish to sell their shares.

If a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder exercises his, her or its redemption rights, then he, she or it will be exchanging his, her or its Blue Ocean Class A Shares for cash and will no longer own those shares. You will be entitled to receive cash for these shares only if, prior to the deadline for submitting redemption requests, you properly request redemption by following the procedure described above, and the Merger is consummated.

If a Blue Ocean Public Shareholder exercises his, her or its redemption rights, it will not result in the loss of any Public Warrants that he, she or it may hold and, upon consummation of the Merger, each Blue Ocean Warrant will become exercisable to purchase one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share in lieu of one Blue Ocean Class A Share for a purchase price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment.

Any Blue Ocean Public Shareholder who elects to exercise Dissent Rights (see “Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean Shareholders — Appraisal Rights under the Cayman Companies Law.”) will lose their right to have their Public Shares redeemed in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles.

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For a detailed discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations for shareholders with respect to the exercise of these redemption rights, see “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.” The consequences of a redemption to any particular shareholder will depend on that shareholder’s particular facts and circumstances. Accordingly, you should consult your tax advisor to determine your tax consequences from the exercise of your redemption rights, including the applicability and effect of U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. income and other tax laws in light of your particular circumstances.

If Blue Ocean Public Shareholders fail to take any action with respect to the extraordinary general meeting and fail to redeem their Public Shares following the procedure described in this proxy statement/prospectus and the Merger is approved by the Blue Ocean shareholders and consummated, such Blue Ocean Public Shareholders will become shareholders of TNL Mediagene.

The following table presents the anticipated share ownership of various holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares after the completion of the Merger, based on the number of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus and the assumption that no additional equity securities of TNL Mediagene will be issued at or prior to Closing, except for those issued in the cases that (i) holders of the DaEX Conversion Rights and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes elect to redeem their conversion rights to receive TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and (ii) the principal balance under the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note is converted into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares upon the consummation of the Closing, and that there are no Dissenting Blue Ocean Shareholders, under the following redemption scenarios:

• Assuming No Redemptions: This scenario assumes that no Blue Ocean Public Shareholder exercises redemption rights with respect to their Public Shares.

• Assuming 25% of Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 460,488 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $5.2 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024.

• Assuming 50% of Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 920,975 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $10.4 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024.

• Assuming 75% of Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 1,381,463 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $15.6 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024.

• Assuming Maximum Redemptions: This scenario assumes that Blue Ocean Public Shareholders holding 1,841,950 Public Shares will exercise their redemption rights for approximately $20.8 million of the $20.8 million of funds in the Trust Account as of June 30, 2024, which is the maximum number of Public Shares that could be redeemed by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders.

|  | Assuming No Redemptions |  | Assuming 25% Redemptions |  | Assuming 50% Redemptions |  | Assuming 75% Redemptions |  | Assuming Maximum Redemptions
|  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | %
TNL Mediagene shareholders(1) |  | 24,617,697 |  | 82.75 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 85.29 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 86.68 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 88.10 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 89.58
DaEX Conversion Right Holders |  | 58,193 |  | 0.20 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.20 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.20 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.21 |  | 58,193 |  | 0.21
2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes holders |  | 172,808 |  | 0.58 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.60 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.61 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.62 |  | 172,808 |  | 0.63
2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note holder |  | 96,993 |  | 0.33 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.34 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.34 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.35 |  | 96,993 |  | 0.35
Blue Ocean Public Shareholders |  | 1,841,950 |  | 6.19 |  | 1,381,463 |  | 4.79 |  | 920,975 |  | 3.24 |  | 460,488 |  | 1.65 |  | — |  | —
Total shares outstanding at Closing |  | 26,787,641 |  | 90.05 |  | 26,327,154 |  | 91.23 |  | 25,866,666 |  | 91.07 |  | 25,406,179 |  | 90.94 |  | 24,945,691 |  | 90.77
Blue Ocean initial shareholders(2) |  | 2,960,980 |  | 9.95 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 8.78 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 8.93 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 9.07 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 9.23
Total shares outstanding at Closing and deferred shares |  | 29,748,621 |  | 100.00 |  | 28,862,045 |  | 100.00 |  | 28,401,557 |  | 100.00 |  | 27,941,070 |  | 100.00 |  | 27,480,582 |  | 100.00

____________

(1) Assumes that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, 218,816,761 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically converted into 24,617,697 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

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(2) The holders of 4,743,750 Founder Shares agreed in the Sponsor Lock-up and Support Agreement to forfeit up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares and to defer receiving at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, issuable as part of the agreed merger consideration under the Merger Agreement until certain specified dates after the Closing Date. Consequently, no TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued to such shareholders in exchange for the 4,743,750 Founder Shares on the Closing Date. Under the “Assuming No Redemptions”, it is assumed that the holders of the Founder Shares will forfeit 1,782,770 Founder Shares and defer receiving 2,960,980 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071. See “Agreements Entered Into in Connection with the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.”

However, if the actual facts are different from the assumptions laid out above, the anticipated share ownership of various holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares after the completion of the Merger will be different. TNL Mediagene shareholders would experience dilution to the extent TNL Mediagene issues additional shares after Closing, including to any PIPE Investors. In addition, the table above excludes certain potential sources of dilution, among others, TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options under the 2015 Plan and TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

In an effort to illustrate the extent of such dilution, the following table includes the issuance of (i) TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s stock options and restricted shares granted; (ii) TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants; and (iii) TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (assuming that the principal balance of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note is settled by warrants) under the following redemption scenarios:

Potential sources of additional dilution:

|  | Assuming No Redemptions |  | Assuming 25% of Maximum Redemptions |  | Assuming 50% of Maximum Redemptions |  | Assuming 75% of Maximum Redemptions |  | Assuming Maximum Redemptions
|  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | % |  | Shares |  | %
TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options(1) |  | 729,933 |  | 1.56 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.61 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.63 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.64 |  | 729,933 |  | 1.67
TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying restricted shares granted to employees(2) |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01 |  | 4,688 |  | 0.01
TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants |  | 9,487,500 |  | 20.24 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 20.96 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 21.17 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 21.39 |  | 9,487,500 |  | 21.62
TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants(3) |  | 6,894,829 |  | 14.71 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 13.65 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 13.79 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 13.94 |  | 6,179,716 |  | 14.08
Total dilution |  | 17,116,950 |  | 36.52 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 36.23 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 36.60 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 36.98 |  | 16,401,837 |  | 37.38
Total fully diluted TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares outstanding(4) |  | 46,865,571 |  | 100.00 |  | 45,263,882 |  | 100.00 |  | 44,803,394 |  | 100.00 |  | 44,342,907 |  | 100.00 |  | 43,882,419 |  | 100.00

____________

(1) Assumes that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, 6,523,082 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options will be automatically converted into 729,933 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

(2) Assumes that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, 41,667restricted shares of TNL Mediagene granted to employees as of June 30, 2024 will be automatically converted into 4,688 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

(3) The Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants consist of 9,225,000 warrants sold to Sponsor and Apollo concurrently with the Blue Ocean IPO, less 750,000 warrants which will be forfeited pro rata by Sponsor and Apollo at the Closing Date in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, less up to 3,707,168 warrants, representing 50% of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants that Sponsor holds immediately prior to the Closing, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, which will be forfeited by Sponsor at the Closing Date in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement and plus an additional 1,411,884 warrants assuming the holders of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note elect to convert them into warrants on the Closing Date. Under the “Assuming No Redemptions”, it is assumed that 50% of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by Sponsor immediately prior to the Closing to be forfeited will be 2,992,055 warrants based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071.

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(4) These totals do not include the effect of the issuance of additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as consideration for the acquisition of Green Quest Holding Inc. (the “Green Quest Consideration”). On August 23, 2024 TNL Mediagene entered a share purchase agreement to acquire 100% of the outstanding shares of Green Quest Holding Inc. for the maximum consideration of up to NTD 200,000,000 to be paid entirely in ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene. The acquisition is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2024. The Green Quest Consideration is partially contingent upon the performance of Green Quest Holding, Inc. for the year ending December 31, 2024 and will not be due until after the Effective Time at the earliest. Assuming the effect of the Recapitalization using the Split Factor of 0.112503707, we estimate that TNL Mediagene may issue up to approximately 559,000 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as the Green Quest Consideration.

This information should be read together with the pro forma combined financial information in “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

Appraisal Rights under the Cayman Companies Law

Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares may have appraisal rights in connection with the Merger under the Cayman Companies Law. In this proxy statement/prospectus, these appraisal or dissent rights are sometimes referred to as “Dissent Rights.”

Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares wishing to exercise such statutory dissenter rights and make a demand for payment of the fair value for his, her or its Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares must give written objection to the Merger to Blue Ocean prior to the shareholder vote to approve the Merger and follow the procedures set out in Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law. These statutory appraisal rights are separate to and mutually exclusive of the right of Blue Ocean Public Shareholder to demand that their Public Shares are redeemed for cash for a pro rata share of the funds on deposit in the Trust Account in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles. It is possible that if a Blue Ocean shareholder exercises appraisal rights, the fair value of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares determined under Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law could be more than, the same as, or less than such holder would obtain if they exercised their redemption rights as described herein. Blue Ocean believes that such fair value would equal the amount that Blue Ocean shareholders would obtain if they exercise their redemption rights as described herein.

Blue Ocean shareholders need not vote against any of the proposals at the extraordinary general meeting in order to exercise appraisal rights under the Cayman Companies Law. A Blue Ocean shareholder which elects to exercise appraisal rights must do so in respect of all of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares that person holds and will lose their right to exercise their redemption rights as described herein.

At the Effective Time, the Dissenting Blue Ocean Shares will automatically be cancelled by virtue of the Merger, and each Dissenting Blue Ocean Shareholder will thereafter cease to have any rights with respect to such shares, except the right to be paid the fair value of such shares and such other rights as are granted by the Cayman Companies Law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any such holder shall have failed to perfect or prosecute or shall have otherwise waived, effectively withdrawn or lost his, her or its rights under Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law (including in the circumstances described in the immediately following paragraph) or a court of competent jurisdiction shall determine that such holder is not entitled to the relief provided by Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law, then the right of such holder to be paid the fair value of such holder’s Dissenting Blue Ocean Shares under Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law will cease, the shares will no longer be considered Dissenting Blue Ocean Shares and such holder’s former Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares will thereupon be deemed to have been converted as of the Effective Time into the right to receive the merger consideration comprising one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share for each Blue Ocean Ordinary Share, without any interest thereon. As a result, such Blue Ocean shareholder would not receive any cash for their Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and would become a shareholder of TNL Mediagene.

In the event that any Blue Ocean shareholder delivers notice of their intention to exercise Dissent Rights, Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene and Merger Sub may, in their sole discretion, elect to delay the consummation of the Merger in order to invoke the limitation on dissenter rights under Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law. Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law states that no such dissenter rights shall be available in respect of shares of any class for which an open market exists on a recognized stock exchange or recognized interdealer quotation system at the expiry date of the period allowed for written notice of an election to dissent provided that the merger consideration constitutes inter alia shares of any company which at the effective date of the merger are listed on a national securities exchange. In circumstances where the limitation under Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law is invoked, no Dissent Rights would be available to Blue Ocean shareholders, including those Blue Ocean shareholders

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who previously delivered a written objection to the Merger prior to the extraordinary general meeting and followed the procedures set out in Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law in full up to such date, and such holder’s former Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares will thereupon be deemed to have been converted as of the Effective Time into the right to receive the merger consideration comprising one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share for each Blue Ocean Ordinary Share, without any interest thereon. Accordingly, Blue Ocean shareholders are not expected to ultimately have any appraisal or dissent rights in respect of their Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and the certainty provided by the redemption process may be preferable for Blue Ocean Public Shareholders wishing to exchange their Public Shares for cash.

Proxy Solicitation Costs

Blue Ocean is soliciting proxies on behalf of its board of directors. This solicitation is being made by mail but also may be made by telephone. Blue Ocean and its directors, officers and agents may also solicit proxies online. Blue Ocean will file with the SEC all scripts and other electronic communications as proxy soliciting materials. Blue Ocean will bear the cost of the solicitation.

Blue Ocean has hired Morrow Sodali LLC to assist in the proxy solicitation process. Blue Ocean will pay to Morrow Sodali LLC a fee of $25,000, plus disbursements.

Blue Ocean will ask banks, brokers and other institutions, nominees and fiduciaries to forward the proxy materials to their principals and to obtain their authority to execute proxies and voting instructions. Blue Ocean will reimburse them for their reasonable expenses.

Other Matters

As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, Blue Ocean’s board of directors does not know of any business to be presented at the extraordinary general meeting other than as set forth in the notice accompanying this proxy statement/prospectus. If any other matters should properly come before the extraordinary general meeting, it is intended that the shares represented by proxies will be voted with respect to such matters in accordance with the judgment of the persons voting the proxies.

Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger

In considering the recommendation of Blue Ocean’s board of directors to vote in favor of approval of the Business Combination Proposal and the Merger Proposal, shareholders should keep in mind that the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers have interests in such proposals that are different from, or in addition to, those of Blue Ocean shareholders generally. If Blue Ocean does not complete the Merger with TNL Mediagene or another business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), Blue Ocean must redeem 100% of the outstanding Public Shares and liquidate and dissolve. As a result, and given the Sponsor’s interests in the Merger, the Sponsor may be incentivized to complete a business combination with a less favorable combination partner or on terms less favorable to Blue Ocean Public Shareholders rather than fail to complete a business combination and be forced to liquidate and dissolve Blue Ocean. In particular:

• If the Merger with TNL Mediagene or another business combination is not consummated by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), Blue Ocean will cease all operations except for the purpose of winding up, redeeming 100% of the outstanding Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares for cash and, subject to the approval of its remaining shareholders and Blue Ocean’s board of directors, dissolving and liquidating. In such event, the Founder Shares held by the Sponsor and its affiliates, which were acquired for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 prior to the Blue Ocean IPO, are expected to be worthless because the holders are not entitled to participate in any redemption or distribution of proceeds in the Trust Account with respect to such shares. On the other hand, if the Merger is consummated, each outstanding Blue Ocean Ordinary Share will be converted into one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share subject to adjustment described herein.

• If Blue Ocean is unable to complete a business combination within the required time period, the Sponsor will be liable under certain circumstances described herein to ensure that the proceeds in the Trust Account are not reduced by the claims of target businesses or claims of vendors or other entities that are

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owed money by Blue Ocean for services rendered to, or contracted for or products sold to Blue Ocean. If Blue Ocean consummates a business combination, on the other hand, TNL Mediagene will be liable for all such claims.

• The Sponsor acquired an aggregate of 4,743,750 Founder Shares, which will be converted into at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,960,980 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares), assuming no further adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio, in connection with the Merger, for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 prior to the Blue Ocean IPO. Based on the average of the high (US$11.46) and low (US$11.46) prices for Blue Ocean Class A Shares on Nasdaq on October 10, 2024, the value of the Founder Shares outstanding upon the Closing would be $29,049,851 (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, $33,932,831). In connection with the closing of the Merger, an aggregate of 4,743,750 Founder Shares will be converted for the rights to receive at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be issued in exchange for the Founder Shares at the times and subject to adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms and conditions in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement as further described herein. See “Agreements Entered Into In Connection With the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement” for more information.

• The Sponsor and Apollo initially acquired the 9,225,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, which will be converted into TNL Mediagene Warrants in connection with the Merger, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $9.2 million in the Blue Ocean IPO. The Sponsor and Apollo have agreed to forfeit 750,000 warrants pro rata at the Closing in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement. In addition, the Sponsor has agreed to forfeit up to 3,707,168 warrants (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,992,055 warrants), representing 50% of warrants expected to be held by the Sponsor immediately prior to the Closing, assuming no further adjustment based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, In addition, Blue Ocean issued an unsecured convertible promissory note to the Sponsor (the “2023 Sponsor Convertible Note”) pursuant to which the Sponsor may elect to convert the principal amount of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note into warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant. As of June 30, 2024, a principal amount of $1,411,884 was outstanding under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, Based on the US$0.0165 price of the Public Warrants on Nasdaq on October 10, 2024, the value of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants outstanding upon the Closing, assuming the holders of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note elect to convert them into warrants on the Closing Date, would be $101,965 (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, $113,765). See “Agreements Entered Into In Connection With the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement” for more information.

• As a result of the prices at which the Sponsor and Apollo acquired the Founder Shares and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, and their current value, the Sponsor could make a substantial profit after the completion of the Merger even if Blue Ocean Public Shareholders lose money on their investments as a result of a decrease in the post-combination value of their Public Shares.

• The Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors and their affiliates are entitled to reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses incurred by them in connection with certain activities on Blue Ocean’s behalf, such as identifying, investigating, negotiating and completing an initial business combination. However, if Blue Ocean fails to consummate a business combination within the required period, they will not have any claim against the Trust Account for reimbursement. Accordingly, Blue Ocean may not be able to reimburse these expenses if the Merger or another business combination is not completed by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders). As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors and their affiliates had incurred no unpaid reimbursable expenses.

• If Blue Ocean is unable to complete a business combination within the required time period, the aggregate dollar amount of non-reimbursable funds the Sponsor and its affiliates have at risk that depends on the completion of a business combination is $9,250,000 comprised of (a) $25,000 representing the aggregate purchase price paid for the Founder Shares and (b) $9,225,000 representing the aggregate purchase price paid for the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

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• Blue Ocean has provisions in the Blue Ocean Articles waiving the corporate opportunities doctrine on an ongoing basis, which means that Blue Ocean’s officers and directors have not been obligated and continue to not be obligated to bring all corporate opportunities to Blue Ocean.

• The Merger Agreement provides for the continued indemnification of Blue Ocean’s current directors and officers and the continuation of directors and officers liability insurance covering Blue Ocean’s current directors and officers.

• Blue Ocean’s Sponsor, officers and directors or their affiliates may make loans from time to time to Blue Ocean to fund certain capital requirements. On June 20, 2023, Blue Ocean issued the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, which was amended on May 30, 2024 to extend its maturity date from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024, that provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $1,500,000 to be drawn by Blue Ocean to finance costs incurred in connection with the Merger and for working capital purposes and/or to finance the monthly deposits in the Trust Account. On April 5, 2024, Blue Ocean issued the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note which provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $750,000, with a flat repayment rate of 10%, to be drawn down by Blue Ocean to finance costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Merger. Additional loans may be made after the date of this proxy statement/prospectus. If the Merger is not consummated, any outstanding loans will not be repaid and will be forgiven except to the extent there are funds available to Blue Ocean outside of the Trust Account. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, approximately $1.5 million was outstanding under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note and $750,000 was outstanding (and $825,000 owed giving effect to the 10% repayment rate) under the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note.

• TNL Mediagene initially agreed to loan Blue Ocean up to an aggregate principal amount of $400,000 in the form of the TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note on August 3, 2023, which was later amended and restated on July 15, 2024 to increase the aggregate principal amount available for drawdowns to up to $650,000. The TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note is a non-interest bearing, unsecured promissory note that will not be repaid in the event the Agreement and Plan of Merger is terminated prior to the consummation of the Merger. The TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note is to be paid on the date Blue Ocean consummates the Merger. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, $554,900 was outstanding under the TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note.

• Blue Ocean entered into an agreement, commencing December 2, 2021 to pay the Sponsor a monthly fee of $10,000 for office space, utilities, administrative and support services and has been accruing that obligation. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, approximately $330,000 was accrued with respect to such fee.

• Certain transaction fees and expenses will be payable upon consummation of the Merger, including: (i) $6,641,250 payable to Needham & Company, LLC (“Needham”) as a deferred underwriting commission in connection with acting as the underwriter in the Blue Ocean IPO, pursuant and subject to the terms of Needham’s engagement, (ii) the remaining $70,000 of compensation payable to Newbridge for its services in connection with the rendering of its Opinion to Blue Ocean’s board of directors and (iii) other banking, legal, and accounting fees incurred in connection with the Merger. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the anticipated transaction fees and expenses of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean incurred and outstanding as a result of the Transactions are estimated at approximately $19.7 million.

• Certain of Blue Ocean’s executive officers are expected to become executive officers of the combined company and will enter into indemnification agreements with the combined company.

• Certain of TNL Mediagene’s directors and executive officers are expected to become directors and/or executive officers of the combined company and will enter into indemnification agreements with the combined company.

• TNL Mediagene and its existing shareholders will have the ability to nominate a majority of the members of the board of directors of the combined company. For more details, see “Comparison of Rights of TNL Mediagene Shareholders and Blue Ocean Shareholders — Comparison of Shareholders’ Rights — Nomination Rights.”

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• Certain of TNL Mediagene’s directors and executive officers beneficially own TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or hold options to purchase TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. See “Beneficial Ownership of Securities” and “Management Following the Merger — Share-based Compensation” for more details.

• Marcus Brauchli, Blue Ocean’s Chairman, is a director of TNL Mediagene and a founder and managing partner at North Base Media, which holds 13,494,133 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene through NBM Taiwan Ltd., which North Base Media manages. Mr. Brauchli disclaims beneficial ownership over any securities owned by North Base Media in which he does not have any pecuniary interest.

Purchases of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares

At any time prior to the extraordinary general meeting, during a period when they are not then aware of any material nonpublic information regarding Blue Ocean or its securities, the Sponsor, Blue Ocean’s officers and directors, TNL Mediagene, TNL Mediagene shareholders and/or their respective affiliates may purchase shares from institutional and other investors who vote, or indicate an intention to vote, against the Business Combination Proposal, or execute agreements to purchase shares from such investors in the future, or they may enter into transactions with such investors and others to provide them with incentives to acquire Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares or vote their shares in favor of the Business Combination Proposal. The purpose of such share purchases and other transactions would be to increase the likelihood of satisfaction of the requirements to consummate the Merger where it appears that such requirements would otherwise not be met. While the exact nature of any such incentives has not been determined as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, they might include, without limitation, arrangements to protect such investors or holders against potential loss in the value of their shares, including the granting of put options and, with TNL Mediagene’s consent, the transfer to such investors or holders of shares owned by the Sponsor for nominal value.

Entering into any such arrangements may have a depressive effect on Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares. For example, as a result of these arrangements, an investor or holder may have the ability to effectively purchase shares at a price lower than market and may therefore be more likely to sell the shares it owns, either prior to or immediately after the extraordinary general meeting.

If such transactions are effected, the consequence could be to cause the Merger to be approved in circumstances where such approval could not otherwise be obtained. Purchases of shares by the persons described above would allow them to exert more influence over the approval of the Business Combination Proposal and other proposals and would likely increase the chances that such proposals would be approved. No agreements dealing with the above arrangements or purchases have been entered into as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus by the Sponsor, Blue Ocean officers and directors, TNL Mediagene, TNL Mediagene shareholders or any of their respective affiliates. Blue Ocean will file a Current Report on Form 8-K to disclose arrangements entered into or significant purchases made by any of the aforementioned persons that would affect the vote on the Business Combination Proposal or the satisfaction of any closing conditions. Any such report will include descriptions of any arrangements entered into or significant purchases by any of the aforementioned persons.

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PROPOSAL ONE — THE BUSINESS COMBINATION PROPOSAL

The following is a discussion of the proposed Merger and the Merger Agreement. This is a summary only and may not contain all of the information that is important to you. This summary is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3. Blue Ocean shareholders are urged to read this entire proxy statement/prospectus carefully, including the Merger Agreement, for a more complete understanding of the Merger.

General

Transaction Structure

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean, with Blue Ocean surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene. As a result of the Merger and other Transactions, TNL Mediagene will continue as the parent/public company.

Pre-Merger Transactions

On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”):

1. TNL Mediagene will effect the Recapitalization, including, adopting the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles and effecting a reverse share split of TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Shares into a number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares calculated in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement such that the equity value per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share on a fully diluted basis will be $10.00 per share, based on a valuation of TNL Mediagene of approximately $275 million;

2. each Blue Ocean Class B Share, other than any Blue Ocean Class B Shares forfeited in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically converted into one Blue Ocean Class A Share; and

3. each Blue Ocean Class A Share and one-half of a Public Warrant comprising each issued and outstanding Blue Ocean Unit immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically separated.

The Merger

On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, on the Closing Date, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean. Following the Effective Time, the separate existence of Merger Sub will cease and Blue Ocean will continue as the surviving entity of the Merger and will succeed to and assume all the rights and obligations of Merger Sub. The Closing will occur as promptly as practicable, but in no event later than two business days, after the satisfaction or, if permissible, waiver of the conditions to the completion of the Merger set forth in the Merger Agreement.

At the Effective Time:

• each Blue Ocean Class A Share issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than shares in respect of which the holder thereof has validly exercised his, her or its shareholder redemption right in connection with the Transactions and any shares held in the treasury of Blue Ocean) will be converted automatically into the right to receive one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share and will no longer be outstanding; and

• each issued and outstanding Blue Ocean Warrant, other than the Forfeited Warrants forfeited pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, will automatically and irrevocably be assumed by TNL Mediagene, pursuant to the terms of the Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement to be entered into at the Closing between Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene and the warrant agent, and will, by their terms, automatically entitle the holders thereof to purchase TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

For additional information, see “The Merger Agreement and Ancillary Documents” and “Agreements Entered into in Connection with the Merger.”

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Pro Forma Capitalization

It is anticipated that, immediately following the Closing, (1) Blue Ocean’s public shareholders are expected to own approximately 6.19% (assuming the no redemptions scenario) and 0.00% (assuming the maximum redemption scenario) of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, (2) the TNL Mediagene shareholders are expected to collectively own approximately 82.75% (assuming the no redemptions scenario) or 89.58% (assuming the maximum redemption scenario) of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, and (3) Blue Ocean’s initial shareholders, including Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”), are expected to own approximately 9.95% (assuming the no redemptions scenario) or 9.23% (assuming the maximum redemption scenario) of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. These percentages assume, at the low end of the range, a “no redemptions” scenario, whereby no additional redemptions from the Trust Account occur prior to the Closing, and, at the high end of the range, a “maximum redemptions” scenario, whereby all the public shareholders of Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued and outstanding redeem their shares prior to the Closing. These percentages are based on the assumptions that (i) TNL Mediagene issues 24,617,697 shares of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to former shareholders of TNL Mediagene as of immediately prior to the Closing, (ii) the holders of the DaEX Conversion Rights and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes elect to redeem their conversion rights to receive 58,193 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and 172,808 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, respectively, (iii) the principal balance of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note is converted to 96,993 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and (iv) at minimum 2,534,891 Earn-Out Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,960,980 Earn-Out Shares) deferred under the Sponsor Lock-up and Support Agreement are issued without any further adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio. In addition, the anticipated share ownership information above excludes certain potential sources of dilution, among others, TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options under TNL Mediagene’s 2015 Global Share Plan (the “2015 Plan”) and TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants. If the actual facts are different from these assumptions, the percentage ownership retained by Blue Ocean’s existing public shareholders in the combined company will be different. See “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” for further information regarding these scenarios. For the details of shareholding among difference shareholders on a fully-diluted basis, including TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying TNL Mediagene’s granted stock options under the 2015 Plan, Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, see also “Questions and Answers About the Merger and the Extraordinary General Meeting — What equity stake will current TNL Mediagene shareholders and current Blue Ocean shareholders hold in the combined company immediately after the completion of the Merger, and what effect will potential sources of dilution have on such equity stake after the Closing”.

Background of the Merger

Blue Ocean is a blank check company incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities. The Merger was the result of a search for a potential transaction utilizing the broad sourcing platform and investing and operating experience of Blue Ocean’s management team, the Sponsor and the board of directors of Blue Ocean. The terms of the Merger were the result of arm’s-length negotiations between Blue Ocean’s management team, the Sponsor, TNL Mediagene’s management team and representatives of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean. The following is a brief description of the background of such negotiations, the Merger and related transactions. It is not, and does not purport to be, a complete catalogue of every interaction between the applicable parties.

On December 7, 2021, Blue Ocean consummated its initial public offering. Prior to the consummation of the Blue Ocean IPO, neither Blue Ocean nor anyone acting on its behalf contacted any prospective target business or had any substantive discussions, formal or otherwise, with respect to a transaction with Blue Ocean. After completion of the Blue Ocean IPO, Blue Ocean commenced an active search for prospective business combination targets and considered numerous potential target businesses with the objective of consummating its initial business combination. Representatives of Blue Ocean contacted, and were contacted by, numerous individuals and entities who presented potential business combination opportunities.

In evaluating potential businesses and assets to acquire, Blue Ocean and the Sponsor surveyed the landscape of potential acquisition opportunities based on their global experience in sourcing transactions, understanding and conducting due diligence on new breakthrough technologies and leadership teams. Leveraging Blue Ocean’s management team’s long track record of investing in and adding significant operational and strategic value to

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companies in Asia and Southeast Asia, Blue Ocean had a particular focus on prospective business combination targets in these geographies. In general, Blue Ocean looked for acquisition targets with well defined businesses, which are capable of significant and sustained growth, rely on a disruptive and highly defensible strategy and have a combination of some or all of the following attributes:

1. Valuation: Blue Ocean initially targeted companies whose enterprise value is between $750 million and $2.0 billion and as market conditions developed expanded its search to companies whose enterprise value is greater than $200 million;

2. High growth sectors: Blue Ocean sought companies within the consumer Internet sector and adjacent industry segments, including, but not limited to, online marketplaces, education technology, advertising technology and direct-to-consumer e-Commerce businesses;

3. Differentiation and scale: Blue Ocean sought to invest in a platform business with a clearly differentiated market strategy and a clear vision for how it will scale the business and deploy a capital infusion effectively to accelerate growth, maintain or improve margins and outlast competition;

4. Geography: Blue Ocean sought opportunities globally, with a particular emphasis on large-population, high-growth emerging regions in Asia and the Americas, including the United States and Latin America;

5. Large market opportunities: Blue Ocean sought opportunities that have traction and the potential to scale significantly into leaders in their markets, where the addressable size of the market justifies not only the valuation at the time of the initial business combination but also leaves considerable runway for future upside. Blue Ocean prioritized companies that take a “winner takes most” or “first mover advantage” approach;

6. Growth: Blue Ocean sought companies that are on a sustainable growth trajectory, benefiting from the tailwinds of global Internet adoption;

7. Management excellence: Blue Ocean looked for teams that are creative, ambitious, visionary and data-driven, with a consistent record of growth, experience overcoming challenges, and strategic vision;

8. Operational maturity: Blue Ocean sought companies which have the requisite compliance, financial controls and reporting processes in place and are ready for the regulatory requirements of a public entity;

9. Best-in-class technology: Blue Ocean sought companies with proprietary technology, or skillful deployment of technology and data, and early-to-market deployment;

10. Opportunistic strategy: The ability to effect business transformation and achieve growth requires an adaptable, market-tested, data-driven decision-making process and an experienced team. Where a target company’s leadership may lack this experience, Blue Ocean’s team, including its board members and advisors, can bring great depth in adaptive leadership;

11. Benefit from being public: Management and stakeholders who aspire to have their company become a public entity and generate substantial growth.

The foregoing criteria and guidelines (the “Base Criteria”) were not exhaustive. Blue Ocean’s evaluation relating to the merits of any potential business combination was based, to the extent relevant, on these general criteria and guidelines as well as other considerations, factors, and criteria that the Blue Ocean management team deemed relevant.

During the search process, Blue Ocean conducted an evaluation of potential targets based on the Base Criteria and other relevant considerations, factors, and criteria. Between December 7, 2021, and April 6, 2023 (the date on which Blue Ocean entered into a non-binding letter of intent with the predecessor to TNL Mediagene, The News Lens Co., Ltd. (“TNL”)), Blue Ocean, its Sponsor, its financial advisors, and its affiliates identified more than 100 potential target companies across various industries and made contact with representatives of scores of such potential target companies to discuss the potential for a business combination transaction. Potential targets operated across diverse industries such as media, entertainment, e-commerce, enterprise SaaS, marketplaces, EdTech, FinTech, and climate technology, among others. The potential target companies were narrowed down to 10 potential targets with which Blue Ocean entered into non-disclosure agreements. Based on assessments of the potential target companies

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with which Blue Ocean entered into non-disclosure agreements, including with respect to their product and market fit, growth potential, and the strength of their management teams, and in consultation with Blue Ocean’s board of directors, Blue Ocean held meetings with 10 potential targets, including TNL Mediagene, to evaluate the business of these potential targets further as well as to determine which potential targets had marketable businesses well-suited for going public and well-situated to enter into a business combination within a reasonable time. Management held regular briefings to update members of its Board of Directors on the search for a merger and negotiations with the stronger prospects.

Before entering into a non-binding letter of intent with TNL (as described under the subheading “Timeline of the Proposed Merger with TNL Mediagene” below), Blue Ocean’s management team pursued potential business combinations, conducted preliminary due diligence on, had management team meetings with, and negotiated preliminary terms of, potential transactions with, among others, the below potential business combination targets:

• Candidate A: A United States-based digital marketplace company innovating in a large consumer market in the United States. After detailed discussions with the company’s management, Blue Ocean and the company concluded the timing was not right for a business combination.

• Candidate B: A potential combination of two consumer-focused companies, one with legacy roots outside the United States and the other, a United States-based digital participant in the same sector that could accelerate innovation in the sector. After extensive discussions about the possible combination of the two companies as part of a business combination, Blue Ocean and the companies concluded that the timing was not right for a business combination.

• Candidate C: A data-driven South America-based e-commerce focused company operating in a growing consumer goods sector. The business combination would have been intended to support expansion of the business beyond South America, and the parties concluded that the timing was not right to execute on that prospect.

• Candidate D: A micro-mobility company with operations outside of North America that would expand into other markets after a business combination. The parties concluded that a business combination was not the right path for that business to pursue.

Timeline of the Proposed Merger with TNL Mediagene

During its search for an acquisition target, Blue Ocean had considered companies in which some of its investors held equity stakes, including companies in which North Base Media (“NBM”), a founder of the Sponsor whose co-managing partners is the chair of Blue Ocean’s board of directors and whose other partners serve as advisors to Blue Ocean. NBM is a specialty venture-capital investment firm focused on growth-stage media and technology companies in global growth markets. Among the portfolio companies of NBM that Blue Ocean considered in January 2022 was TNL, in which NBM was an early investor and on the board of which Blue Ocean’s chair sits. At that time, Blue Ocean considered TNL to be too small to be a serious prospect for a business combination. As of January 2022, the interest owned by NBM was less than 5% of TNL’s outstanding equity.

Blue Ocean was aware that in 2022 TNL was approached by a SPAC listed in London about a possible business combination, and that TNL was considering stock exchanges in Asia for a possible IPO. In late 2022 Blue Ocean learned that TNL was contemplating a merger with Tokyo-based Mediagene Inc. (“Mediagene”), a kabushiki kaisha incorporated under the laws of Japan, and that the combined company’s revenue and valuation would likely bring it within the range in which Blue Ocean was looking for an acquisition target. From January 11-16, 2023, Blue Ocean’s CEO and CFO traveled to Tokyo to meet with senior management of TNL and Mediagene; they continued discussions with TNL and Mediagene’s management after their return to the United States. They also reported to Blue Ocean’s board of directors on February 9, 2023 about the trip to Tokyo to meet with TNL and Mediagene, as part of a regularly scheduled update for the Board on acquisition targets.

Blue Ocean’s CEO and CFO continued to discuss a possible combination with TNL and Mediagene (following the combination of those two companies) through February and determined that the combined TNL/Mediagene would be a potential target. On February 3, 2023, Blue Ocean’s CEO and CFO presented to Mr. Chung and the TNL Media Group board of directors a summary investment thesis for TNL Media Group including public market listing considerations, the valuation framework, sources and uses of proceeds, timeline and next steps and joint company

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financial assumptions for a potential business combination between the combined TNL/Mediagene and Blue Ocean. On February 16, 2023, Blue Ocean’s CFO and CEO shared with Mr. Chung a presentation for the TNL Media Group board of directors including an interactive de-SPAC transaction model. The board presentation included answers to key question on valuation and timing and ownership and dilution considerations. The de-SPAC transaction model included assumptions based upon existing shareholder ownership including valuation, estimates, market capitalization and enterprise value. On February 27, 2023, Blue Ocean’s CEO and CFO began working in earnest on a non-binding letter of intent with respect to a potential business combination transaction (the “LOI”). After consulting with legal counsel about the possibility of a merger with TNL/Mediagene, and in light of NBM’s small investment in TNL and Mr. Brauchli’s service on TNL’s board, Blue Ocean formed a special committee of its board (the “Special Committee”) composed of independent directors who had no interest in NBM’s investment in TNL for the purpose of considering, evaluation, responding to and/or (if determined to be advisable by such committee) approving (or recommending, as applicable) or rejecting a potential merger with TNL or to take any action with respect thereto. Blue Ocean’s board of directors approved the formation of the Special Committee by resolution dated as of March 8, 2023, and as of March 13, 2023, the members of the Special Committee were Messrs. Pearlstine, Motley and Glodek, with Mr. Pearlstine serving as chair. The Special Committee designated Mr. Leggett and Mr. Lasov to represent Blue Ocean in the consideration of the combined TNL and Mediagene as an acquisition target and any negotiations with TNL and Mediagene. Mr. Lasov traveled to Taipei from April 30-May 7 and Tokyo May 8-12, 2023 as part of Blue Ocean’s due diligence review of TNL and Mediagene.

The Special Committee met March 8, 20 and 24, April 14 and 28, May 17, 24 and 30 and June 2 and 4 of 2023 with Messrs. Leggett and Lasov to review developments in the negotiation of a potential transaction with the combined TNL and Mediagene, reports on the due diligence review of TNL and Mediagene, and progress in drafting documents related to a potential merger. Mr. Leggett and Mr. Lasov represented Blue Ocean in all negotiations with TNL and Mediagene after March 8, and until June 6, 2023, reporting to the Special Committee. Mr. Chung was introduced to the Special Committee on March 20, 2023. On March 26, 2023, the Special Committee reviewed and approved the draft LOI reflecting additional input from Needham. On March 26, 2023, Blue Ocean’s CFO and CEO sent the draft LOI to Mr. Chung. On March 28, 2023, Blue Ocean’s CEO and CFO discussed the draft LOI with representatives of TNL, clarifying language for TNL and negotiating the deferral of transaction expenses to the closing of a business combination. On April 3, 2023, Blue Ocean’s CEO and CFO discussed the draft LOI with Mr. Chung, Mr. Wu and Mr. Lin. On April 4, 2023, Blue Ocean’s CEO and CFO emailed Mr. Chung, Mr. Wu and Mr. Lin with respect to negotiations on the earnouts and warrant transfer, transaction financing and liquidity, lock-up and registration, the transaction timetable, transaction expenses and exclusivity.

On April 6, 2023, Blue Ocean and TNL executed the LOI, which included preliminary key terms of and conditions to a potential transaction, subject to the completion of due diligence and the negotiation of definitive agreements, and which reflected negotiations between the parties that had occurred since Mr. Leggett’s and Mr. Lasov’s trip to Tokyo in January 2023, as described above. Following the negotiations described above, the executed non-binding LOI included few updates as compared to the draft LOI from March 26, 2023 and primarily focused on qualifying the scope of exclusivity to the ordinary course of business. The executed LOI provided for, among other things:

• an exclusivity period through June 6, 2023;

• an enterprise valuation of the combined TNL and Mediagene at $250 million to $300 million (less outstanding indebtedness and plus cash held at TNL) based in part on Mediagene having successfully merged into TNL and management’s expectations for the combined businesses;

• customary lockup provisions, including a 180-day lockup for all TNL and Mediagene insiders and management members holding TNL and Mediagene equity interests and Blue Ocean shares lock-up with respect to 50% of Blue Ocean shares for the lesser of one year or if the stock traded at or above $12 for 20 of 30 trading days starting 150 days after the closing;

• 50% of Sponsor’s shares subject to vesting based on specific milestones. Sponsor to transfer up to an addition 750,000 warrants at Closing to TNL Mediagene to be distributed among a mutually agreed upon targeted group of key executives and leaders;

• minimum PIPE financing raise of $35 million;

• customary registration rights for certain shareholders of the post-Closing company;

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• customary termination rights for a transaction of this type, customary representations/warranties for a transaction of this type (none of which would survive the Closing), and customary interim operating covenants for a transaction of this type; and

• an initial board of the post-Closing company to be comprised of nine directors, one of which would be nominated by the Sponsor.

As set forth in the LOI, TNL had a valuation range at a pre-money enterprise value of $250 million to $300 million. The LOI included the valuation based on TNL’s January 2023 projections and a description of its business, which was provided to Blue Ocean prior to due diligence by Blue Ocean and in anticipation of its potential merger with Mediagene, the then-current market conditions for comparable companies and on a review of valuations of companies in the Ad Tech, Digital Media and Agency sectors. All of this supported a valuation on a 4.8x multiple of 2024 revenue. This valuation was based on TNL’s projections, the review of valuations of companies in the same sectors as TNL, as well as a premium valuation that could be assigned to TNL as a trusted brand in a crowded space, its large, high-value audience, its proprietary technology and data solutions, and its record of organic and inorganic growth. The valuation assumed synergies from the combination of TNL with Mediagene in both costs and revenues, and zero net debt. The valuation range of the combined company at that point was estimated to be in a range between $275 million to $300 million.

In the first draft of the LOI, approved by the Special Committee after review and discussion on March 27, 2023, and sent to TNL on March 28, 2023, the valuation range was $250 million - $300 million. Mr. Leggett and Mr. Lasov discussed the LOI draft with TNL several times between March 27, 2023 and April 6, 2023, and reviewed those discussions with the Special Committee. As set forth in the LOI, the valuation was based on (a) Mediagene having merged into TNL, (b) TNL achieving or being on track to achieve minimum 2023 and 2024 EBITDA and revenue targets of $630,000 and $6.0 million, and $57.0 million and $70.5 million, respectively, and (c) TNL having retained advisors to complete an IPO readiness project to ensure its internal processes would be fully up to public company readiness standards.

TNL requested that the business combination agreement include a valuation, and not a range. The parties agreed to the midpoint of the $250 million to $300 million range in the LOI. That valuation was further supported by the opportunities for inorganic growth that were available once TNL shares were publicly traded.

In the first draft of the LOI shared with TNL, Blue Ocean proposed and TNL agreed to a lockup of 50% of Sponsor’s interest, with those shares vesting based on achieving certain performance milestones, including the passage of time after the close of the business combination, or a change in control of TNL. Blue Ocean also proposed transferring 750,000 of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by Sponsor to Blue Ocean to be distributed among a mutually agreed upon group of key executives and leaders. As set forth in the LOI, the parties agreed that the vesting of 50% of the Sponsor’s shares would occur at any of three specific milestones: $85 million of last 12 months revenues, a change in control, or upon the 3rd anniversary of the Closing.

For purposes of calculating the exchange ratio in the LOI, the parties agreed that the valuation would be adjusted taking into account TNL’s debt (deducted) and TNL’s cash (added) at the closing. This calculation remained unchanged in the final LOI.

On April 21, 2023, Blue Ocean engaged Lee and Li (“L&L”) as its legal counsel for Taiwanese matters. Blue Ocean engaged Sidley Austin LLP (“Sidley”) as its primary legal counsel and Maples as its legal counsel for Cayman matters in April 2021, and both advised Blue Ocean through the negotiation and drafting of the business combination agreement with the combined TNL and Mediagene.

Following the execution of the LOI, Blue Ocean, with the assistance of Sidley and L&L, commenced extensive legal due diligence and sent a preliminary legal due diligence request list to TNL on April 21, 2023. From May 3, 2023 to May 19, 2023, Sidley and L&L, based on their respective review of the due diligence documents, sent follow-up legal due diligence requests to TNL.

On April 26, 2023, Blue Ocean entered into a Fairness Opinion Engagement Letter with Newbridge Securities Corporation, pursuant to which Blue Ocean formally engaged Newbridge to render an opinion in accordance with Newbridge’s customary practices to Blue Ocean’s board of directors.

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On May 2, 2023, in a teleconference, representatives of Sidley and TNL’s legal counsel, Morrison & Foerster (“M&F”), held a “kick off” call to discuss transaction structure and plans for the preparation of definitive agreements relating to the proposed transaction.

On May 8, 2023, representatives of M&F sent representatives of Sidley a then-current draft of the Share Exchange Agreement by and between TNL and Mediagene, pursuant to which, among other things, TNL would acquire Mediagene and all of its subsidiaries, and which was in substantially final form.

On May 9, 2023, representatives of TNL and L&L held a telephone conference to discuss Taiwanese legal due diligence matters concerning TNL and Mediagene, which included topics such as general corporate; commercial contracts and government contracts; intercompany transactions; finance; labor and employment; litigation; intellectual property; data privacy and cybersecurity; and regulatory and compliance.

On May 16, 2023, Blue Ocean filed with the SEC a preliminary proxy statement to solicit consents from Blue Ocean shareholders to approve certain charter amendments related to, among other things, the extension of the date by which Blue Ocean has to complete an initial business combination from June 7, 2023 to June 7, 2024 (the “Extension Amendment”). The preliminary proxy extension noted that in the event Blue Ocean entered into a definitive business combination agreement before June 7, 2023, the deadline by which the company’s initial business combination had to be completed would be extended automatically to September 7, 2023.

On May 17, 2023, representatives of M&F sent representatives of Sidley an initial draft of the Merger Agreement. On May 18, 2023, representatives of Blue Ocean, TNL, Sidley, L&L, and M&F held a telephone conference to discuss legal due diligence matters concerning TNL and Mediagene, which included topics such as general corporate; finance; labor and employment; employee benefits and executive compensation; intellectual property; data privacy and cybersecurity; real estate; litigation, regulatory and government contracts; and environmental, health and safety.

On May 20, 2023, Blue Ocean received L&L’s initial due diligence report regarding Taiwanese legal matters and TNL and Mediagene. The report did not indicate any major issues impacting the proposed transaction.

On May 20, 2023, representatives of M&F sent a draft of the Assignment, Assumption and Amended & Restated Warrant Agreement, by and between Blue Ocean and the combined TNL and Mediagene, pursuant to which, among other things, reflects the assumption of the Blue Ocean Warrants by the combined TNL and Mediagene. Between May 20, 2023 and June 4, 2023, representatives of M&F and Sidley continued to exchange drafts to finalize the Assignment, Assumption and Amended & Restated Warrant Agreement.

On May 22, 2023, representatives of Sidley sent a list of material issues raised by M&F’s May 17, 2023 draft of the Merger Agreement to Blue Ocean, which included issues regarding deal structure, the earnout mechanism and vesting, and government approval dissent mechanism, the combined TNL and Mediagene’s approach to representations and warranties, and certain covenants of Blue Ocean and the combined TNL and Mediagene.

On May 23, 2023, representatives of M&F sent representatives of Sidley an initial draft of the form of Registration Rights Agreement, which, among other things, contains customary registration rights for Sponsor and other shareholders of Blue Ocean, TNL and Mediagene. Between May 23, 2023 and June 4, 2023, representatives of M&F and Sidley continued to exchange drafts to finalize the Registration Rights Agreement.

On May 25, 2023, representatives of Sidley and representatives of M&F held a telephone conference to address, among other things, the material issues representatives of Sidley discussed with representatives of Blue Ocean on May 23, 2023 and certain other issues, including with respect to the definition of PIPE Investments, the PIPE Investments outside date, the definition of Minimum Balance Sheet Cash, and the obligation to complete the merger.

On May 25, 2023, TNL and Mediagene executed the Share Exchange Agreement and merged the two companies. The combined company was initially named TNL and subsequently changed its name to TNL Mediagene on July 3, 2023.

On May 27, 2023, representatives of Sidley sent representatives of M&F a revised draft of the Merger Agreement, addressing, among other things, the material issues representatives of Sidley discussed with representatives of Blue Ocean on May 22, 2023 and with representatives of M&F on May 25, 2023.

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On May 27, 2023, representatives of Sidley sent representatives of M&F an initial draft of the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, certain shareholders agreed not to transfer their Blue Ocean shares for a period of 180 days after the Closing and to vote their Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares in favor of the Blue Ocean Extension Proposal and the adoption of the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, and each other proposal related to the Merger included on the agenda for the meetings of Blue Ocean shareholders relating to the Blue Ocean Extension Proposal and the Merger (as applicable). Between May 27, 2023 and June 5, 2023, representatives of M&F and Sidley continued to exchange drafts to finalize the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.

On May 30, 2023, representatives of M&F sent representatives of Sidley an initial draft of the TNL Mediagene Disclosure Letter. Between May 30, 2023 and June 5, 2023, representatives of M&F and Sidley continued to exchange drafts to finalize the TNL Mediagene Disclosure Letter.

On May 31, 2023, representatives of M&F sent representatives of Sidley a revised draft of the Merger Agreement. That day, representatives of Sidley sent representatives of Blue Ocean a list of material issues raised by M&F’s May 31, 2023 draft of the Merger Agreement to Blue Ocean, which included issues regarding the definition of indebtedness, certain covenants of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene, and the PIPE Investments.

From June 2, 2023 to June 5, 2023, representatives of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene, along with representatives of Sidley and M&F, worked together to resolve the remaining open points on the Merger Agreement and representatives of Sidley and M&F exchanged multiple drafts of the Merger Agreement, addressing, among other things, the material issues that representatives of Sidley discussed with representatives of Blue Ocean on May 31, 2023.

On June 2, 2023, representatives of M&F sent representatives of Sidley an initial draft of the Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association of TNL, prepared by Walkers, Cayman counsel for TNL, reflecting the integration of TNL and Mediagene. Between June 2, 2023 and June 5, 2023, representatives of M&F and Sidley continued to exchange drafts to finalize the Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association of TNL.

On June 2, 2023, the Special Committee held a meeting via video conference to discuss anticipated final transaction terms and evaluate the Merger, which was attended by all of the members of the Special Committee. Representatives of Sidley and Maples, and members of Blue Ocean’s management team were in attendance by invitation of the Special Committee. A representative of Sidley gave a presentation to the Special Committee that included a review of the key transaction terms of the Merger, including the Merger Agreement, and a review of the directors’ fiduciary duties. A representative of Maples gave a presentation that included a review of the directors’ fiduciary duties in connection with the consideration of the transaction.

On June 3, 2023, representatives of Sidley sent representatives of M&F an initial draft of the Blue Ocean Disclosure Letter. Between June 3, 2023 and June 6, 2023, representatives of M&F and Sidley continued to exchange drafts to finalize the Blue Ocean Disclosure Letter.

On June 4, 2024, representatives of Newbridge delivered the Opinion to Blue Ocean’s board of directors. Blue Ocean’s board of directors considered the Opinion to the effect that, as of the date of the Opinion, and subject to and based on the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered, limitations of review undertaken by Newbridge and qualifications contained in the Opinion, the merger consideration is fair to Blue Ocean and Blue Ocean’s unaffiliated public shareholders from a financial point of view.

On June 4, 2023, the Special Committee held a meeting via video conference to consider the transaction, and after discussion upon a motion duly made and seconded, the Special Committee resolved to recommend to the board of directors that the Merger Agreement and each of the related agreements and the Merger, be approved.

On June 4, 2023, Blue Ocean’s board of directors held a meeting via video conference to discuss anticipated final transaction terms and evaluate the Merger, which was attended by all of the directors. Representatives of Sidley and Maples, and members of Blue Ocean’s management team were in attendance by invitation of the board of directors of Blue Ocean. A representative of Sidley gave a presentation to Blue Ocean’s board of directors that included a review of the key transaction terms of the Merger, including the Merger Agreement, and a review of the directors’ fiduciary duties. A representative of Maples gave a presentation that included a review of the director’s fiduciary duties in connection with the consideration of the transaction. Following discussion and consideration, Blue Ocean’s board of directors concluded, taking into account the criteria utilized by Blue Ocean to evaluate

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acquisition opportunities and based upon its evaluation of TNL Mediagene, that the Merger Agreement, the other agreements contemplated thereby, the Merger was advisable and in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders and that it was advisable for Blue Ocean to enter into the Merger Agreement and consummate the transactions contemplated thereby. Upon a motion duly made and seconded, Blue Ocean’s board of directors resolved that the Merger Agreement and each of the related agreements and the Merger, be approved.

On June 6, 2023, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene executed the Merger Agreement and ancillary agreements and documentation related thereto. See “The Merger Agreement and Ancillary Documents” beginning on page 115 of this proxy statement/prospectus for a discussion of the terms of the Merger Agreement. See “Agreements Entered into in Connection with the Merger” beginning on page 126 of this proxy statement/prospectus for additional information about the ancillary agreements and documents entered into or to be entered into in connection with the Merger.

On June 6, 2023, Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC announcing the execution of the Merger Agreement and the Merger and issued a joint press release publicly announcing the transaction, following both Blue Ocean’s and TNL Mediagene’s approval.

On June 20, 2023, Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC announcing the issuance of an unsecured convertible promissory note to the Sponsor (the “2023 Sponsor Convertible Note”) which provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $1,500,000 to be drawn by Blue Ocean to finance costs incurred in connection with the Merger and for working capital purposes and/or to finance the monthly deposits in the Trust Account. As of June 30, 2024, a principal amount of $1,411,884 was outstanding under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note.

On August 4, 2023, Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC announcing the issuance of an unsecured promissory note to TNL Mediagene (the “Original TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note”) for working capital purposes.

On August 1, 2023, Blue Ocean filed with the SEC a preliminary proxy statement to solicit consents from Blue Ocean shareholders to approve certain charter amendments related to, among other things, the extension of the date by which Blue Ocean has to complete an initial business combination from September 7, 2023 to June 7, 2024 (the “Extension Amendment”). On August 29, 2023, Blue Ocean shareholders approved the proposal for the Extension Amendment. Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC on September 1, 2023, announcing the approval of and the final results of the shareholder vote approving the Extension Amendment.

On April 11, 2024, Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC announcing the issuance of an unsecured promissory note to the Sponsor (the “2024 Sponsor Promissory Note”) which provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $750,000, with a flat repayment rate of 10%, to be drawn by Blue Ocean to finance costs and expenses related to Blue Ocean’s initial merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination involving Blue Ocean and one or more businesses or entities. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, a principal amount of $750,000 was outstanding (and $825,000 owed giving effect to the 10% repayment rate) under the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note.

On April 26, 2024, Blue Ocean filed with the SEC a preliminary proxy statement to solicit consents from Blue Ocean shareholders to approve certain proposals related to, among other things, the extension of the date by which Blue Ocean has to complete an initial business combination from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024. On May 14, 2024, Blue Ocean filed with the SEC the definitive proxy statement. On May 29, 2024, Blue Ocean shareholders approved the proposal for the Second Extension Amendment. Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC on May 31, 2024, announcing the approval of and the final results of the shareholder vote approving the Second Extension Amendment.

On May 29, 2024, Blue Ocean and TNL entered into the First Amendment to extend the outside date from June 7, 2024 to September 30, 2024 with an automatic extension of the outside date to December 7, 2024 unless either party gives a notice stating otherwise. Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC on May 31, 2024, announcing the First Amendment.

On May 30, 2024, Blue Ocean and the Sponsor amended and restated the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note to amend the maturity date to the earlier of (i) December 7, 2024; (ii) the date on which Blue Ocean consummates its initial merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination or (iii) the date Blue Ocean liquidates the Trust Account upon the failure of Blue Ocean to consummate an initial business combination within the requisite time period. Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC on June 3, 2024 announcing the amendment to the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note.

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On June 21, 2024, Blue Ocean issued an aggregate of 4,353,749 Blue Ocean Class A Shares to the Sponsor upon the conversion of an equal number of Blue Ocean Class B Shares and an aggregate of 390,000 Blue Ocean Class A Shares to Norman Pearlstine, Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, Priscilla Han, Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and other holders of the Blue Ocean Class B Shares upon the conversion of an equal number of Blue Ocean Class B Shares in the Conversion. Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC on June 25, 2024 announcing the Conversion.

On July 19, 2024, Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC announcing the amendment and restatement of the unsecured promissory note to TNL Mediagene (the “TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note”) for working capital purposes, which amended and restated the Original TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note in its entirety. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, $554,900 is outstanding under the TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note. The parties have continued and expect to continue regular discussions in connection with, and to facilitate the consummation of, the Merger.

On October 23, 2024, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene entered into the Second Amendment, pursuant to which the conditions to the Closing that (i) TNL Mediagene has at least $5,000,001 of net tangible assets immediately after the Effective Time and (ii) the Minimum Balance Sheet Cash being no less than $20,000,000 immediately prior to or upon Closing were removed. Contemporaneously with the execution of the Second Amendment, Blue Ocean, TNL and Sponsor entered into the Amendment No. 1 to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement (the “Sponsor Agreement Amendment”) to provide that (x) the Sponsor shall, at Closing, forfeit up to (i) 2,208,859 Founder Shares and (ii) 50% of the Private Placement Warrants held by Sponsor immediately prior to the Closing, subject, in each case, to adjustment based on the amount of Minimum Balance Sheet Cash calculated in accordance with the Merger Agreement at Closing, and (y) the duration prongs of the conditions for issuance of the Earn-Out Shares be shortened from 18 to 12 months for purposes of the First Earn-Out Period and from three to two years for purposes of the Second Earn-Out Period. Blue Ocean filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC on October 23, 2024, announcing the Second Amendment and the Sponsor Agreement Amendment.

Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors’ Reasons for the Merger

Blue Ocean was organized for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities.

In evaluating the Merger and reaching its unanimous resolution (i) that the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby are advisable and in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders and (ii) to recommend that the shareholders adopt the Merger Agreement and approve the Merger and the transactions contemplated thereby, Blue Ocean’s board of directors consulted with Blue Ocean’s management and financial, legal and other advisors and considered a number of factors. In particular, Blue Ocean’s board of directors considered, among other things, the following factors, although not weighted or in any order of significance:

• Industry and Trends. TNL Mediagene’s business is based on a portfolio of diverse and trusted media brands and a suite of AI-powered advertising and data analytics solutions that Blue Ocean’s board of directors, following a review of media and advertising industry trends and other industry factors, considered attractive and expects to have continued growth potential in future periods and in the geographies where TNL Mediagene operates;

• Additional Growth Opportunities. The potential to grow TNL Mediagene by identifying opportunities to commercialize new technology and continued development and monetization of TNL Mediagene’s integrated media platform in its core markets;

• Experienced and Proven Management Team. Blue Ocean’s board of directors believes that TNL Mediagene has an experienced management team with diverse experience. Over a 17-month period, the Blue Ocean management team has had the opportunity to engage and evaluate the TNL Mediagene management team. Blue Ocean is confident in TNL Mediagene’s management team’s deep industry knowledge and strategic vision. In addition, the entire senior management of TNL Mediagene is expected to continue with the combined company following the Merger to execute the business and strategic growth plan. The combined company will be led by Joey (Tzu-Wei) Chung, as its Chief Executive Officer, who has over 10 years of experience in digital media and Motoko Imada, as President and Chief Operating Officer, who has over 25 years of experience in media;

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• Due Diligence. Blue Ocean’s management and external advisors conducted significant due diligence investigations of TNL Mediagene. This included detailed commercial, financial and tax due diligence reviews including market research and meetings and calls with TNL Mediagene’s management regarding TNL Mediagene’s business model, operations and forecasts. As part of its evaluation of TNL Mediagene, Blue Ocean’s board of directors and Blue Ocean management also considered the financial profiles of publicly traded companies in the same and adjacent sectors;

• Lock-Up. The TNL Mediagene management and certain insiders and investors of TNL Mediagene have agreed to a 180-day lock-up period with respect to their TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, subject to customary exceptions, which will provide important stability to the combined company for a period of time following the Merger;

• Reasonableness of Merger Consideration. Following receipt and consideration of the Opinion and a review of the financial data provided to Blue Ocean, including the historical financial statements of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean’s due diligence review and financial and valuation analyses of TNL Mediagene, Blue Ocean’s board of directors considered the transaction consideration to be issued to TNL Mediagene’s shareholders and determined that the consideration was reasonable in light of such data and financial information;

• Fairness Opinion. Blue Ocean’s board of directors considered the Opinion delivered by Newbridge to the effect that, as of the date of the Opinion, and subject to and based on the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered, limitations of review undertaken by Newbridge and qualifications contained in the Opinion, the merger consideration is fair to Blue Ocean and Blue Ocean’s unaffiliated public shareholders from a financial point of view.

• Other Alternatives. After a review of other business combination opportunities reasonably available to Blue Ocean, Blue Ocean’s board of directors believes that the proposed Merger represents the best potential business combination available to Blue Ocean and the most attractive opportunity for Blue Ocean’s shareholders based upon the process utilized to evaluate and assess other potential acquisition targets; and

• Negotiated Transaction. The terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement and the related agreements and the transactions contemplated thereby, each party’s representations, warranties and covenants, the conditions to each party’s obligation to consummate the Merger and the termination provisions, were the product of arms-length negotiations, that, in the view of Blue Ocean’s board of directors, reasonable showed a strong commitment by Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene to complete the Merger. Blue Ocean’s board of directors also considered the financial and other terms of the Merger Agreement and the fact that such terms and conditions are, in their view, reasonable and were the product of arm’s-length negotiations between Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene.

Although Blue Ocean’s board of directors believes that the Merger with TNL Mediagene presents an attractive business combination opportunity and is in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders, Blue Ocean’s board of directors did consider certain potentially material negative factors in arriving at that conclusion, including, among others:

• TNL Mediagene Business Risks. Blue Ocean’s board of directors considered that Blue Ocean’s public shareholders would be subject to the execution risks associated with the combined company if they retained their Public Shares following the Closing, which will be different from the risks related to holding Public Shares of Blue Ocean prior to the Closing. In this regard, Blue Ocean’s board of directors considered that there were risks associated with successful implementation of TNL Mediagene’s long-term business plan and strategy and the combined company realizing the anticipated benefits of the Merger on the timeline expected or at all. Blue Ocean’s board of directors considered that the failure of any of these activities to be completed successfully may decrease the actual benefits of the Merger and that Blue Ocean’s public shareholders may not fully realize these benefits to the extent that they expected following the completion of the Merger. For additional description of these risks, please see “Risk Factors;”

• Macroeconomic Risks. Macroeconomic uncertainty and the effects it could have on the combined company’s financial condition and results of operation;

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• Closing Conditions. The fact that the completion of the Merger is conditioned on the satisfaction of certain closing conditions that are not within Blue Ocean’s control;

• Shareholder Vote. The risk that Blue Ocean’s public shareholders may fail to approve the Business Combination Proposal;

• Redemption Risk. The potential that a significant number of Blue Ocean’s public shareholders elect to redeem their Public Shares prior to the consummation of the Merger pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, which would provide less capital to the combined company after Closing;

• Litigation. The possibility of litigation challenging the Merger or that an adverse judgment granting permanent injunctive relief could indefinitely enjoin consummation of the Merger;

• Listing Risks. The challenges associated with preparing the combined company and its subsidiaries for the applicable disclosure and listing requirements to which the combined company will be subject as a publicly traded company on Nasdaq;

• Liquidation of Blue Ocean. The risks and costs to Blue Ocean if the Merger is not completed, including the risk of diverting management focus and resources from other business combination opportunities, which could result in Blue Ocean being unable to effect an initial business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders); and

• Fees and Expenses. The fees and expenses associated with completing the Merger.

In addition to considering the factors above, Blue Ocean’s board of directors also considered other factors including, without limitation:

• Interests of Certain Persons. Some officers and directors of Blue Ocean have interests in the Merger. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger”; and

• Other Risk Factors. Various other risk factors associated with TNL Mediagene’s business, as described in “Risk Factors.”

Blue Ocean’s board of directors concluded that the potential benefits that it expected Blue Ocean and Blue Ocean’s shareholders to achieve as a result of the Merger outweighed the potentially negative factors and other risks associated with the Merger. Blue Ocean’s board of directors also noted that Blue Ocean shareholders would have a substantial economic interest in the combined company (depending on the level of redemptions by Blue Ocean’s public shareholders). Accordingly, Blue Ocean’s board of directors unanimously determined that the Merger Agreement, the ancillary agreements referenced therein, and the transactions contemplated thereby were advisable to and in the best interests of Blue Ocean and its shareholders.

Certain Unaudited Prospective Financial Information of TNL Mediagene

In January 2023, prior to the merger of TNL and Mediagene, Blue Ocean received financial models of future financial projections of TNL for the years ending December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 (the “TNL Projections”) and Mediagene for its fiscal years ending February 29, 2024, February 28, 2025 and February 28, 2026 (the “Mediagene Projections”, and together with the TNL Projections, the “Projections”), prepared by the respective managements of TNL and Mediagene. TNL Mediagene does not, as a matter of general practice, make public projections as to future revenues, earnings, or other results. However, in connection with Blue Ocean’s consideration of the Merger and Newbridge’s financial analysis of TNL Mediagene described under “— Opinion of Newbridge,” the managements of TNL and Mediagene in January 2023 provided the Projections to Blue Ocean and Newbridge.

The Projections were not prepared with a view towards compliance with the published guidelines of the SEC or the guidelines established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants or IFRS for preparation and presentation of prospective financial information. The Projections are subjective in many respects and therefore susceptible to varying interpretations and the need for periodic revision based on actual experience, macro market conditions and business developments, and were not intended for third-party use, including by investors or holders. You are cautioned not to rely on the Projections in making a decision regarding the Merger, as the Projections may be materially different than actual results.

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The Projections reflect numerous assumptions including assumptions with respect to general business, economic, market, regulatory and financial conditions and various other factors in existence at the time of preparation, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond TNL Mediagene’s or Blue Ocean’s control, such as the risks and uncertainties contained in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 24 of this proxy statement/prospectus. The Projections should be read in conjunction with the historical audited consolidated financial statements of TNL Mediagene included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

The Projections for revenue and costs are forward-looking statements that are based on growth assumptions that are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond TNL Mediagene’s or Blue Ocean’s control. In particular, the exchange rates assumed to prepare the Projections were based on the prevalent exchange rates at the time of preparation of the respective Projections and may be materially different from the current or future exchange rates, especially the exchange rate of Japanese yen to U.S. Dollars used in the Projections. While all projections are necessarily speculative, the Projections were prepared prior to the merger of TNL and Mediagene as the TNL Projections and the Mediagene Projections were based on estimates and assumptions of the respective TNL and Mediagene management teams with respect to the expected future financial performance of TNL and Mediagene as separate businesses at the time the respective Projections were prepared and speak only as of that time.

The Projections were a component of Blue Ocean’s overall evaluation of TNL Mediagene and are included in this proxy statement/prospectus because they were provided to Blue Ocean’s board of directors for its evaluation of the Merger. TNL Mediagene has not warranted the accuracy, reliability, appropriateness or completeness of the Projections to anyone, including Blue Ocean. Neither TNL Mediagene’s management nor any of its representatives has made or makes any representation to any person regarding the ultimate performance of TNL Mediagene compared to the information contained in the Projections, and, except to the extent required by law, none of them intends to or undertakes any obligation to update or otherwise revise the Projections to reflect circumstances existing after the date when made or to reflect the occurrence of future events in the event that any or all of the assumptions underlying the Projections are shown to be in error. Accordingly, they should not be looked upon as “guidance” of any sort. TNL Mediagene will not refer back to the Projections in future periodic reports filed under the Exchange Act following the Merger.

The prospective financial information included in this document has been prepared by, and is the responsibility of, the respective TNL and Mediagene management teams. PricewaterhouseCoopers Taiwan has not audited, reviewed, examined, compiled nor applied agreed-upon procedures with respect to the accompanying prospective financial information and, accordingly, PricewaterhouseCoopers Taiwan does not express an opinion or any other form of assurance with respect thereto. The PricewaterhouseCoopers Taiwan report included in this proxy statement/prospectus relates to historical financial information of TNL Mediagene. It does not extend to the prospective financial information and should not be read to do so.

Presented below are the key elements of the Projections for the projected fiscal years 2023, 2024 and 2025 provided to Blue Ocean and Newbridge.

|  |  |  | For the projected(1)
(US$ in million, unless otherwise stated) |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025
Revenue |  | 56.6 |  |  | 70.5 |  |  | 84.1 |
TNL(2) |  | 31.8 |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | 47.6 |
Mediagene(3) |  | 24.8 |  |  | 30.5 |  |  | 36.5 |
Cost of revenue |  | 34.4 |  |  | 39.5 |  |  | 46.5 |
TNL(2) |  | 15.8 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 22.1 |
Mediagene(3) |  | 18.6 |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | 24.4 |
Sales, general and administrative expenses |  | 21.6 |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | 27.5 |
TNL(2) |  | 14.2 |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | 17.7 |
Mediagene(3) |  | 7.4 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | 9.7 |
EBITDA |  | 0.6 |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | 10.2 |
EBITDA Margin (%) |  | 1.1 | % |  | 9.0 | % |  | 12.1 | %

____________

(1) The TNL Projections provided were for the fiscal years ending December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 while the Mediagene Projections provided were for the fiscal years ending February 28, 2025 and February 28, 2026.

(2) In the TNL Projections, the exchange rate of NT$30.00 to US$1.00 was assumed for each of the years ending December 31, 2023, December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2025.

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(3) In the Mediagene Projections, the exchange rates of JPY135 to US$1.00 was assumed for the fiscal year ending February 28, 2024, JPY126.00 to US$1.00 was assumed for the fiscal year ending February 28, 2025 and the exchange rate of JPY118.00 to US$1.00 was assumed for the fiscal year ending February 28, 2026.

EBITDA included in the Projections is a non-IFRS financial measure. The non-IFRS financial measure should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, TNL Mediagene’s consolidated financial results prepared in accordance with IFRS or TNL Mediagene’s financial information presented in compliance with IFRS, and the non-IFRS financial measure as used by TNL Mediagene in the Projections may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts used by other companies. The non-IFRS measure is uncertain and depends on various factors that cannot be reliably predicted and so reconciliations for projections of the non-IFRS financial measure have not been provided. There will be differences between actual and projected results, and actual results may be materially greater or materially less than those contained in the Projections. The inclusion of the Projections in this proxy statement/prospectus should not be regarded as an indication that TNL Mediagene or its representatives considered or currently consider the Projections to be a reliable prediction of future events, and reliance should not be placed on the Projections.

Opinion of Newbridge

Blue Ocean retained Newbridge to act as its financial advisor in connection with the Merger. Newbridge, as part of its investment banking business, is continually engaged in the valuation of businesses and their securities in connection with mergers and acquisitions, negotiated underwritings, secondary distributions of listed and unlisted securities, private placements and valuations for estate, corporate and other purposes. Blue Ocean selected Newbridge to act as its financial advisor in connection with the Merger on the basis of Newbridge’s experience in similar transactions and its reputation in the investment community.

On May 31, 2023, at a meeting of Blue Ocean’s board of directors held to evaluate the Merger, Newbridge delivered to Blue Ocean’s board of directors an oral opinion, which was confirmed by delivery of the Opinion, dated June 4, 2023, to the effect that, as of the date of the Opinion and based on and subject to various assumptions and limitations described in its written opinion, the merger consideration to be paid to the shareholders of TNL Mediagene is fair, from a financial point of view, to Blue Ocean’s shareholders.

The full text of the Opinion to Blue Ocean’s board of directors, which describes, among other things, the assumptions made, procedures followed, factors considered and limitations on the review undertaken, is attached as Annex D hereto and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The following summary of the Opinion is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Opinion. Newbridge delivered its Opinion to Blue Ocean’s board of directors for the benefit and use of Blue Ocean’s board of directors (in its capacity as such) in connection with and for the purposes of its evaluation of the Merger from a financial point of view. Newbridge’s opinion also does not address the relative merits of the Merger as compared to any alternative business strategies or transactions that might exist for Blue Ocean, or Blue Ocean’s underlying business decision whether to proceed with those business strategies or transactions.

In connection with rendering the Opinion, Newbridge, among other things:

• considered our assessment of general economic, market and financial conditions as well as our experience in connection with similar transactions, and business and securities valuations generally;

• reviewed a draft of the Merger Agreement, dated May 29, 2023;

• reviewed Blue Ocean’s publicly available historical financial results, as well as certain publicly available information concerning the trading of, and the trading market for, the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares since the Blue Ocean IPO in December 2021;

• reviewed publicly available financial information of Blue Ocean filed with the SEC, including its Form 10-Qs, Form 10-Ks, and certain reports on material events filed on Forms 8-K between December 2, 2021, and June 2, 2023;

• reviewed a financial model of TNL Mediagene with historical and future financial projections (including potential revenue growth, EBITDA, net income and free cash flow margins) provided by TNL Mediagene’s management team;

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• conducted discussions with TNL Mediagene’s management team to better understand TNL Mediagene’s recent business history, and near-term financials;

• performed a discounted cash flow analysis layered onto TNL Mediagene’s financial model provided;

• performed a public company comparable analysis of similar companies to TNL Mediagene that trade on a major North American, European or Asian stock exchange and operate in the “Ad Tech”, “Digital Media” and “Agency Media” sectors, to derive certain forward Enterprise Value/Revenue multiples; and

• performed Comparable Precedent M&A Transaction analysis of similar companies to TNL Mediagene in the “Ad Tech,” “Digital Media” and “Agency Media” sectors, to derive recent Enterprise Value/Revenue multiples.

Newbridge also considered such other information, financial studies, analyses and investigations, and financial, economic and market criteria which it deemed relevant. In conducting its review and arriving at its Opinion, Newbridge did not independently verify any of the foregoing information and Newbridge assumed and relied upon such information being accurate and complete in all material respects, and Newbridge further relied upon the assurances of Blue Ocean’s management that they are not aware of any facts that would make any of the information reviewed by Newbridge inaccurate, incomplete or misleading in any material respect. In addition, Newbridge has not assumed any responsibility for any independent valuation or appraisal of the assets or liabilities, including any ongoing litigation and administrative investigations, if any, of TNL Mediagene, nor has Newbridge been furnished with any such valuation or appraisal. In addition, Newbridge has not assumed any obligation to conduct, nor has it conducted, any physical inspection of the properties or facilities of TNL Mediagene.

The issuance of the Opinion was approved by an authorized internal committee of Newbridge. Newbridge’s opinion is necessarily based on economic, market and other conditions as they exist and can be evaluated on, and the information made available to it on, the date thereof. Newbridge expressed no opinion as to the underlying valuation, future performance or long-term viability of Blue Ocean and its successors. Further, Newbridge expressed no opinion as to what the value of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares actually will be when the Merger is consummated or the prices at which Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares will trade at any time. It should be understood that, although subsequent developments may affect the Opinion, Newbridge does not have any obligation to update, revise or reaffirm its Opinion and has expressly disclaimed any responsibility to do so.

The following represents a brief summary of the material financial analyses reviewed by Blue Ocean’s board of directors and performed by Newbridge in connection with its Opinion. The financial analyses summarized below include information presented in tabular format. In order to fully understand the financial analyses performed by Newbridge, the tables must be read together with the text of each summary. The tables alone do not constitute a complete description of the financial analyses performed by Newbridge. Considering the data set forth in the tables below without considering the full narrative description of the financial analyses, including the methodologies and assumptions underlying the analyses, could create a misleading or incomplete view of the financial analyses performed by Newbridge.

Financial Analyses

Newbridge employed various methods to analyze the range of values of TNL Mediagene.

Comparable Public Company Analysis

To calculate the implied equity value of the operating business, Newbridge first obtained the average Enterprise Value/2024E Revenue multiples from a total of 23 comparable public companies in three related market sectors, identified by Newbridge and applied to TNL Mediagene’s proforma 2024E Revenue in three related sub-verticals. The public company comparables were selected using the following criteria: (i) listed on a major stock exchange in the United States, Europe, Middle East North Africa (MENA) or Asia, (ii) in the “AdTech”, “Digital Media”, and “Agency Media” sectors, and (iii) had forecasted Revenue for 2024.

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The EV / 2024E Revenue multiple used was determined by blending the three EV/ 2024 Revenue multiple in each sector by the TNL Mediagene projected 2024 revenue contribution in that sector in the following manner:

• AdTech Industry — Average EV/Revenue Multiple (5.0X) multiplied by 50%.

• Digital Media Industry — Average EV/Revenue Multiple (3.5X) multiplied by 30%.

• Agency Media Industry — Average EV/Revenue Multiple (1.5X) multiplied by 20%.

The blended multiple as a percentage of 2024 industry revenue contribution was 3.8x and was then multiplied by the 2024E Revenue of TNL Mediagene of $70.5 million, to derive an Enterprise Value of $270.3 million. The Net Debt (of -$5.5 million) was added to the Enterprise Value to obtain an Implied Equity Value using this analysis of $264.8 million.

The table below summarizes certain observed historical and projected financial performance and trading multiples of the selected public companies and was sourced from S&P Capital IQ data as of May 26, 2023.

Industry: AdTech |  | 5/26/2023 |  | Stock Price |  | Balance Sheet |  | Valuation Multiples
Company Name |  | Symbol |  | Market Capitalization |  | Enterprise Value |  | EV/Revenue 2024E
The Trade Desk, Inc. |  | NasdaqGM:TTD |  | $ | 67.70 |  | $ | 33,080.40 |  | $ | 32,003.80 |  | 13.5x
AppLovin Corporation |  | NasdaqGS:APP |  | $ | 24.10 |  | $ | 8,765.70 |  | $ | 10,781.70 |  | 3.4x
DoubleVerify Holdings, Inc. |  | NYSE:DV |  | $ | 33.40 |  | $ | 5,552.40 |  | $ | 5,350.80 |  | 10.7x
Integral Ad Science Holding Corp. |  | NasdaqGS:IAS |  | $ | 18.30 |  | $ | 2,833.60 |  | $ | 2,980.70 |  | 6.7x
Zeta Global Holdings Corp. |  | NYSE:ZETA |  | $ | 8.80 |  | $ | 1,870.50 |  | $ | 1,946.50 |  | 2.4x
Criteo S.A. |  | NasdaqGS:CRTO |  | $ | 32.20 |  | $ | 1,805.30 |  | $ | 1,629.50 |  | 1.7x
LiveRamp Holdings, Inc. |  | NYSE:RAMP |  | $ | 25.00 |  | $ | 1,658.10 |  | $ | 1,208.00 |  | 2.0x
Magnite, Inc. |  | NasdaqGS:MGNI |  | $ | 11.80 |  | $ | 1,597.10 |  | $ | 2,120.60 |  | 3.4x
Appier Group, Inc. |  | TSE:4180 |  | $ | 9.40 |  | $ | 955.40 |  | $ | 841.30 |  | 3.6x
PubMatic, Inc. |  | NasdaqGM:PUBM |  | $ | 17.10 |  | $ | 888.10 |  | $ | 740.40 |  | 2.5x
|  | AVERAGE |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,900.7 |  | $ | 5,960.3 |  | 5.0x

Industry: Digital Media |  | 5/26/2023 |  | Stock Price |  | Balance Sheet |  | Valuation Multiples
Company Name |  | Symbol |  | Market Capitalization |  | Enterprise Value |  | EV/Revenue 2024E
Future plc |  | LSE:FUTR |  | $ | 9.60 |  | $ | 1,147.20 |  | $ | 1,695.30 |  | 1.8x
GUOMAI Culture & Media Co., Ltd. |  | SZSE:301052 |  | $ | 9.00 |  | $ | 655.40 |  | $ | 603.30 |  | 5.8x
Sichuan Newsnet Media (Group) Co., Ltd. |  | SZSE:300987 |  | $ | 2.80 |  | $ | 480.20 |  | $ | 391.90 |  | 9.4x
Guangdong Insight Brand Marketing Group Co., Ltd. |  | SZSE:300781 |  | $ | 3.50 |  | $ | 383.20 |  | $ | 364.00 |  | 3.2x
LBG Media plc |  | AIM:LBG |  | $ | 1.20 |  | $ | 250.50 |  | $ | 219.10 |  | 2.8x
Buzzfeed, Inc. |  | NasdaqGM:BZFD |  | $ | 0.60 |  | $ | 84.60 |  | $ | 266.90 |  | 0.6x
Quint Digital Limited |  | BSE:539515 |  | $ | 1.60 |  | $ | 77.20 |  | $ | 78.50 |  | 4.9x
Cineverse Corp. |  | NasdaqCM:CNVS |  | $ | 0.30 |  | $ | 51.80 |  | $ | 50.10 |  | 1.0x
Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment, Inc. |  | NasdaqGM:CSSE |  | $ | 1.30 |  | $ | 51.20 |  | $ | 571.40 |  | 2.2x
|  | AVERAGE |  |  |  |  | $ | 353.5 |  | $ | 471.2 |  | 3.5x

Industry: Agency Media |  | 5/26/2023 |  | Stock Price |  | Balance Sheet |  | Valuation Multiples
Company Name |  | Symbol |  | Market Capitalization |  | Enterprise Value |  | EV/Revenue 2024E
Publicis Groupe S.A. |  | ENXTPA:PUB |  | $ | 75.10 |  | $ | 18,727.00 |  | $ | 20,768.20 |  | 1.5x
Omnicom Group Inc. |  | NYSE:OMC |  | $ | 90.00 |  | $ | 17,946.40 |  | $ | 21,992.40 |  | 1.4x
The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. |  | NYSE:IPG |  | $ | 37.70 |  | $ | 14,557.30 |  | $ | 17,454.60 |  | 1.7x
WPP plc |  | LSE:WPP |  | $ | 10.80 |  | $ | 11,501.60 |  | $ | 17,730.30 |  | 1.1x
($ in millions, except per share data) |  | AVERAGE |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,683.1 |  | $ | 19,486.4 |  | 1.5x

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Comparable Precedent M&A Transaction Analysis

Newbridge analyzed the last four years (since June 2019) of M&A transaction data to find similar transactions where the targets being acquired most resembled TNL Mediagene. The universe of transactions where there were similarities to TNL Mediagene, and where financial data was recorded for the transaction value was generally limited, as is usually the case versus comparable public companies. The criteria used for the selected transactions were those in which the targets most resembled TNL Mediagene, and included (i) targets with business models in the “Digital Media” sector, (ii) transactions that occurred with companies’ headquarters in the United States, Canada, Europe or Asia, and (iii) where the identified the Enterprise Value/Revenue multiple was known.

The average EV/2024E Revenue multiple for the Digital Media sector (of 4.6x) was multiplied by the 2024E Revenue of TNL Mediagene of $70.5 million, to derive an Enterprise Value of $326.9 million. The Net Debt (of -$5.5 million) was added to the Enterprise Value to obtain an Implied Equity Value using this analysis of $321.4 million.

The table below summarizes the Comparable Precedent M&A Transaction data set, and was sourced from S&P Capital IQ data as of May 26, 2023.

M&A Comparables Analysis (June 2019 — Present)

Industry | Digital Media (millions USD)

M&A Closed Date |  | Target Company |  | Enterprise Value |  | Target LTM Revenues |  | Enterprise Value/Revenues |  | Acquirors
8/7/2022 |  | Axios Media, Inc. |  | $ | 525 |  | $ | 100 |  | 5.3x |  | Cox Enterprises, Inc.
7/18/2022 |  | Industry Dive, Inc. |  | $ | 525 |  | $ | 110 |  | 4.8x |  | Informa, plc
2/22/2022 |  | TEGNA, Inc. |  | $ | 8,686 |  | $ | 3,154 |  | 2.8x |  | Standard General
1/6/2022 |  | The Athletic Media Company |  | $ | 550 |  | $ | 65 |  | 8.5x |  | The New York Times Company
8/26/2021 |  | Politico Media Group, LLC |  | $ | 1,000 |  | $ | 200 |  | 5.0x |  | Axel Springer
9/14/2020 |  | CNET Media Group |  | $ | 500 |  | $ | 225 |  | 2.2x |  | Red Ventures, LLC
10/2/2019 |  | Refinery29 |  | $ | 400 |  | $ | 100 |  | 4.0x |  | Vice Media, LLC
|  | AVERAGE |  | $ | 1,740.90 |  | $ | 564.90 |  | 4.6x |  |

Discounted Cash Flow Analysis

The Discounted Cash Flow Analysis (the “DCF Analysis”) approach is a valuation technique that provides an estimation of the value of a business based on the cash flows that a business can be expected to generate. The DCF Analysis begins with an estimation of the annual cash flows the subject business is expected to generate over a 10-year projection period. The estimated cash flows for each of the years in the projection period are then converted to their present value equivalents using a rate of return appropriate for the risk of achieving the projected cash flows. The present values of the estimated cash flows are then added to the present value equivalent of the residual/terminal value of the business at the end of the projection period to arrive at an estimate of value.

Newbridge performed a DCF Analysis of the estimated future unlevered free cash flows attributable to TNL Mediagene for the fiscal years of 2023 through 2032. In applying the DCF Analysis, Newbridge relied on the financial projections prepared by TNL Mediagene that estimated certain revenue growth rates, as well as EBITDA and cashflow margins. Newbridge applied a discount rate of 9.0% and a terminal value based on growth in perpetuity rate of 2.0%.

Newbridge determined that the middle of the range of the discounted cash flow values was $286.1 million.

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The table below summarizes the projected cashflows used in the DCF Analysis. The projections for revenue growth and cash-flow margins between 2023 – 2026 were provided by the management team of TNL Mediagene. The estimates for revenue growth and cashflow margins between 2027 – 2032 were determined collectively by the management team of TNL Mediagene, Blue Ocean and Newbridge, and are meant to be conservative, with no guarantees that these milestones can be achieved.

Key Assumptions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TV Based on Growth in Perpetuity |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount Rate |  | 9.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

TNL Mediagene Estimates/Projections |  |  |  | TNL Mediagene Estimates |  | Projections
|  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | 2029 |  | 2030 |  | 2031 |  | 2032
Revenue |  |  |  |  | $ | 56.6 |  |  | $ | 70.5 |  |  | $ | 84.1 |  |  | $ | 100.9 |  |  | $ | 121.1 |  |  | $ | 145.3 |  |  | $ | 174.4 |  |  | $ | 209.2 |  |  | $ | 251.1 |  |  | $ | 301.3 |
Revenue Growth |  |  |  |  |  | 18.4 | % |  |  | 24.4 | % |  |  | 19.3 | % |  |  | 20.0 | % |  |  | 20.0 | % |  |  | 20.0 | % |  |  | 20.0 | % |  |  | 20.0 | % |  |  | 20.0 | % |  |  | 20.0 | %
Free Cashflow |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 5.9 |  |  | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | 13.3 |  |  | $ | 16.0 |  |  | $ | 19.2 |  |  | $ | 23.0 |  |  | $ | 27.6 |  |  | $ | 33.1 |
FCF Margins |  |  |  |  |  | -0.3 | % |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 7.0 | % |  |  | 11.0 | % |  |  | 11.0 | % |  |  | 11.0 | % |  |  | 11.0 | % |  |  | 11.0 | % |  |  | 11.0 | % |  |  | 11.0 | %
Terminal Value Based on Growth in Perpetuity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 482.9 |
Net Present Value of Cash Flows |  | $ | 286.1 |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |  |  | $ | 9.5 |  |  | $ | 10.5 |  |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | 12.7 |  |  | $ | 218.0 |

____________

Notes:

(1) The growth in perpetuity rate is the constant rate that a company is expected to grow at continuously. This growth rate starts at the end of the last forecasted cash flow period in a discounted cash flow model and goes into perpetuity.

(2) The discount rate refers to the rate of interest that is applied to future cash flows of an investment to calculate its present value.

Miscellaneous

The discussion set forth above is a summary of the material financial analyses presented by Newbridge to Blue Ocean’s board of directors in connection with its Opinion and is not a comprehensive description of all analyses undertaken by Newbridge in connection with its Opinion. The preparation of a financial opinion is a complex analytical process involving various determinations as to the most appropriate and relevant methods of financial analysis and the application of those methods to the particular circumstances and, therefore, a financial opinion is not readily susceptible to partial analysis or summary description. Newbridge believes that its analyses summarized above must be considered as a whole. Newbridge further believes that selecting portions of its analyses and the factors considered, or focusing on information presented in tabular format, without considering all analyses and factors or the narrative description of the analyses, could create a misleading or incomplete view of the processes underlying Newbridge’s analyses and opinion. The fact that any specific analysis has been referred to in the summary above is not meant to indicate that such analysis was given greater weight than any other analysis referred to in the summary.

In performing its analyses, Newbridge considered industry performance, general business and economic conditions and other matters, many of which are beyond Blue Ocean’s control. The estimates of Blue Ocean’s future performance in or underlying Newbridge’s analyses are not necessarily indicative of actual values or actual future results, which may be significantly more or less favorable than those estimates or those suggested by Newbridge’s analyses. The analyses do not purport to be appraisals or to reflect the prices at which a company might actually be sold or the prices at which any securities have traded or may trade at any time in the future. Accordingly, the estimates used in, and the ranges of valuations resulting from, any particular analysis described above are inherently subject to substantial uncertainty and should not be taken to be Newbridge’s view of the actual values of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares.

Conclusion

The values derived from the different analyses that Newbridge used show a range between $264.8 million to $321.4 million The merger consideration to be paid by Blue Ocean of $275.0 million is below the midpoint of the valuation ranges of the financial analyses described above.

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Based on its analysis, it is Newbridge’s opinion that, (i) the merger consideration is fair, from a financial point of view, to Blue Ocean’s and Blue Ocean’s unaffiliated public shareholders and (ii) TNL Mediagene has an aggregate fair market value equal to at least 80% of the net assets held in the Trust Account (excluding deferred underwriting fees and taxes payable on the income earned on the Trust Account).

The type and amount of consideration payable in the Merger was determined through negotiations between Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene, and was approved by Blue Ocean’s board of directors. The decision to enter into the Merger Agreement was solely that of Blue Ocean’s board of directors. As described above, Newbridge’s opinion and analyses was only one of many factors considered by Blue Ocean’s board of directors in its evaluation of the Merger and should not be viewed as determinative of the views of Blue Ocean’s or TNL Mediagene’s management with respect to the Merger.

Fees and Expenses

As compensation for Newbridge’s services in connection with the rendering of its Opinion to Blue Ocean’s board of directors, Blue Ocean agreed to pay Newbridge a fee of $150,000. $10,000 of the fee was paid as a retainer, $70,000 was paid upon delivery of the Opinion, and the remaining $70,000 is payable upon consummation of the Merger. No portion of Newbridge’s fee is refundable or contingent upon the conclusion reached in the Opinion.

Satisfaction of 80% Test

It is a requirement under the Blue Ocean Articles and Nasdaq rules that any business acquired by Blue Ocean have a fair market value equal to at least 80% of the balance of the funds in the Trust Account (excluding deferred underwriting commissions and taxes payable on the income earned on the Trust Account) at the time of the execution of a definitive agreement for an initial business combination. The balance of the funds in the Trust Account (excluding deferred underwriting commissions and taxes payable on the income earned on the Trust Account) at the time of the execution of the Merger Agreement with TNL Mediagene was approximately $68.3 million and 80% thereof represents approximately $54.6 million. In determining whether the 80% requirement was met, rather than relying on any one factor, Blue Ocean’s board of directors concluded that it was appropriate to base such valuation on all of the qualitative factors described in this section and “— Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors’ Reasons for the Merger” as well as quantitative factors, such as the anticipated implied equity value of the combined company being approximately $321.4 million with no material debt expected to be outstanding. Based on the qualitative and quantitative information used to approve the Merger described herein, as well as a review of the Opinion, Blue Ocean’s board of directors determined that the foregoing 80% net asset requirement was met. Blue Ocean’s board of directors believes that the financial skills and background of its members qualify it to conclude that the acquisition met the 80% net asset requirement.

Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger

In considering the recommendation of Blue Ocean’s board of directors to vote in favor of approval of the Business Combination Proposal and the Merger Proposal, shareholders should keep in mind that Blue Ocean’s directors and executive officers, as well as certain directors and executive officers of TNL Mediagene, have interests in such proposals that are different from, or in addition to, those of Blue Ocean shareholders generally. If Blue Ocean does not complete the Merger with TNL or another business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), Blue Ocean must redeem 100% of the outstanding Public Shares and liquidate and dissolve. As a result, and given the Sponsor’s interests in the Merger, the Sponsor may be incentivized to complete a business combination with a less favorable combination partner or on terms less favorable to Blue Ocean Public Shareholders rather than fail to complete a business combination and be forced to liquidate and dissolve Blue Ocean. In particular:

• If the Merger with TNL Mediagene or another business combination is not consummated by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), Blue Ocean will cease all operations except for the purpose of winding up, redeeming 100% of the outstanding Public Shares for cash and, subject to the approval of its remaining shareholders and Blue Ocean’s board of directors, dissolving and liquidating. In such event, the Founder Shares held by the Sponsor and its affiliates, which were acquired for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 prior to the Blue Ocean IPO, are expected to be worthless because the holders are not entitled to participate in any

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redemption or distribution of proceeds in the Trust Account with respect to such shares. On the other hand, if the Merger is consummated, each outstanding Blue Ocean Ordinary Share will be converted into one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share subject to adjustment described herein.

• If Blue Ocean is unable to complete a business combination within the required time period, the Sponsor will be liable under certain circumstances described herein to ensure that the proceeds in the Trust Account are not reduced by the claims of target businesses or claims of vendors or other entities that are owed money by Blue Ocean for services rendered to, or contracted for or products sold to Blue Ocean. If Blue Ocean consummates a business combination, on the other hand, TNL Mediagene will be liable for all such claims.

• The Sponsor acquired the Founder Shares, which will be converted into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in connection with the Merger, for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 prior to the Blue Ocean IPO. Based on the average of the high (US$11.24) and low (US$11.24) prices for Blue Ocean Class A Shares on Nasdaq on July 29, 2024 and pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, the value of the Founder Shares outstanding upon the Closing would be $53,319,750. In connection with the closing of the Merger, the Founder Shares will be converted, on a one-for-one basis, for the rights to receive TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be issued in exchange for the Founder Shares at the times and subject to the conditions in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement as further described herein. See “Agreements Entered Into In Connection With the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement” for more information.

• The Sponsor and Apollo acquired the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, which will be converted into TNL Mediagene Warrants in connection with the Merger, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $9.2 million in the Blue Ocean IPO. Based on the US$0.025 price of the Public Warrants on Nasdaq on July 29, 2024, the value of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants outstanding upon the Closing would be $247,172.

• As a result of the prices at which the Sponsor and Apollo acquired the Founder Shares and the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, and their current value, the Sponsor and Apollo could make a substantial profit after the completion of the Merger even if Blue Ocean Public Shareholders lose money on their investments as a result of a decrease in the post-combination value of their Public Shares.

• The Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors and their affiliates are entitled to reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses incurred by them in connection with certain activities on Blue Ocean’s behalf, such as identifying, investigating, negotiating and completing an initial business combination. However, if Blue Ocean fails to consummate a business combination within the required period, they will not have any claim against the Trust Account for reimbursement. Accordingly, Blue Ocean may not be able to reimburse these expenses if the Merger or another business combination is not completed by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders). As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the Sponsor and Blue Ocean’s officers and directors and their affiliates had incurred no unpaid reimbursable expenses.

• If Blue Ocean is unable to complete a business combination within the required time period, the aggregate dollar amount of non-reimbursable funds the Sponsor and its affiliates have at risk that depends on the completion of a business combination is $9,250,000 comprised of (a) $25,000 representing the aggregate purchase price paid for the Founder Shares and (b) $9,225,000 representing the aggregate purchase price paid for the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

• Blue Ocean has provisions in the Blue Ocean Articles waiving the corporate opportunities doctrine on an ongoing basis, which means that Blue Ocean’s officers and directors have not been obligated and continue to not be obligated to bring all corporate opportunities to Blue Ocean.

• The Merger Agreement provides for the continued indemnification of Blue Ocean’s current directors and officers and the continuation of directors and officers liability insurance covering Blue Ocean’s current directors and officers.

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• Blue Ocean’s Sponsor, officers and directors or their affiliates may make loans from time to time to Blue Ocean to fund certain capital requirements. On June 20, 2023, Blue Ocean issued the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note to the Sponsor, which was amended on May 30, 2024 to extend its maturity date from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024, that provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $1,500,000 to be drawn by Blue Ocean to finance costs incurred in connection with the Merger and for working capital purposes and/or to finance the monthly deposits in the Trust Account. On April 5, 2024, Blue Ocean issued the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note to the Sponsor which provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $750,000, with a flat repayment rate of 10%, to be drawn down by Blue Ocean to finance costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Merger. Additional loans may be made after the date of this proxy statement/prospectus. If the Merger is not consummated, any outstanding loans will not be repaid and will be forgiven except to the extent there are funds available to Blue Ocean outside of the Trust Account. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, approximately $1.5 million was outstanding under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note and approximately $750,000 was outstanding (and $825,000 was owed giving effect to the 10% repayment rate) under the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note.

• TNL Mediagene initially agreed to loan Blue Ocean up to an aggregate principal amount of $400,000 in the form of the TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note on August 3, 2023, which was later amended and restated on July 15, 2024 to increase the aggregate principal amount available for drawdowns to up to $650,000. The TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note is a non-interest bearing, unsecured promissory note that will not be repaid in the event the Agreement and Plan of Merger is terminated prior to the consummation of the Merger. The TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note is to be paid on the date Blue Ocean consummates the Merger. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, $554,900 was outstanding under the TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note.

• Blue Ocean entered into an agreement, commencing December 2, 2021 to pay the Sponsor a monthly fee of $10,000 for office space, utilities, administrative and support services and has been accruing that obligation. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, approximately $330,000 was accrued with respect to such fee.

• Certain of Blue Ocean’s executive officers are expected to become executive officers of the combined company and will enter into indemnification agreements with the combined company.

• Certain of TNL Mediagene’s directors and executive officers are expected to become directors and/or executive officers of the combined company and will enter into indemnification agreements with the combined company.

• TNL Mediagene and its existing shareholders will have the ability to nominate a majority of the members of the board of directors of the combined company. For more details, see “Comparison of Rights of TNL Mediagene Shareholders and Blue Ocean Shareholders — Comparison of Shareholders’ Rights — Nomination Rights.”

• Certain of TNL Mediagene’s directors and executive officers beneficially own TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or hold options to purchase TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. See “Beneficial Ownership of Securities” and “Management Following the Merger — Share-based Compensation” for more details.

• Marcus Brauchli, Blue Ocean’s Chairman, is a director of TNL Mediagene and a founder and managing partner at North Base Media, which holds 13,494,133 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene through NBM Taiwan Ltd., which North Base Media manages. Mr. Brauchli disclaims beneficial ownership over any securities owned by North Base Media in which he does not have any pecuniary interest.

• Certain transaction fees and expenses will be payable upon consummation of the Merger, including: (i) $6,641,250 payable to Needham & Company, LLC (“Needham”) as a deferred underwriting commission in connection with acting as the underwriter in the Blue Ocean IPO, pursuant and subject to the terms of Needham’s engagement, (ii) the remaining $70,000 of compensation payable to Newbridge for its services in connection with the rendering of its Opinion to Blue Ocean’s board of directors and (iii) other banking, legal, and accounting fees incurred in connection with the Merger. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the anticipated transaction fees and expenses of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean incurred and outstanding as a result of the Transactions are estimated at approximately $19.7 million.

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Anticipated Accounting Treatment

The Merger will be accounted for as a capital reorganization. Under this method of accounting, Blue Ocean will be treated as the accounting acquiree for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, the Merger will be treated as the equivalent of TNL Mediagene issuing shares at the Closing of the Merger for the net assets of Blue Ocean as of the Closing Date, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Blue Ocean will be stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

TNL Mediagene has been determined to be the accounting acquirer based on the evaluation of the following facts and circumstances under both the no and maximum redemption scenarios:

• TNL Mediagene’s current shareholders will hold a majority of the voting power of the combined company after the Merger;

• TNL Mediagene’s operations will substantially comprise the ongoing operations of the combined company;

• Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, TNL Mediagene’s current shareholders will have the ability to nominate the majority of the members of the governing body of the combined company; and

• TNL Mediagene’s current senior management team will comprise a majority of the management of the combined company.

Furthermore, Blue Ocean does not meet the definition of a “business” pursuant to IFRS 3, and thus, for accounting purposes, the Merger will be accounted for as a capital reorganization, within the scope of IFRS 2. The net assets of Blue Ocean will be stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Any excess of the fair value of the deemed equity interest issued by TNL Mediagene over the fair value of Blue Ocean’s identifiable net assets acquired will be considered compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for its shares and be expensed as incurred.

Regulatory Matters

The Merger is not subject to any U.S. federal or state regulatory requirement or approval or any foreign regulatory requirements or approvals, except for the filings with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies necessary to effectuate the Merger.

Appraisal Rights under the Cayman Companies Law

Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares may have appraisal rights in connection with the Merger under the Cayman Companies Law. Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares wishing to exercise such statutory dissenter rights and make a demand for payment of the fair value for his, her or its Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares must give written objection to the Merger to Blue Ocean prior to the shareholder vote to approve the Merger and follow the procedures set out in Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law, noting that any such dissenter rights may subsequently be lost and extinguished pursuant to Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law which states that no such dissenter rights shall be available in respect of shares of any class for which an open market exists on a recognized stock exchange or recognized interdealer quotation system at the expiry date of the period allowed for written notice of an election to dissent provided that the merger consideration constitutes inter alia shares of any company which, at the effective date of the merger, are listed on a national securities exchange. Blue Ocean believes that such fair value would equal the amount that Blue Ocean shareholders would obtain if they exercise their redemption rights as described herein. A Blue Ocean shareholder which elects to exercise appraisal rights must do so in respect of all of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares that person holds and will lose their right to exercise their redemption rights as described herein. See “Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean Shareholders — Appraisal Rights under the Cayman Companies Law.”

Blue Ocean shareholders are recommended to seek their own advice as soon as possible on the application and procedure to be followed in respect of the appraisal rights under the Cayman Companies Law.

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Resale of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares

The TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be issued to shareholders of Blue Ocean in connection with the Merger will be freely transferable under the Securities Act except for shares issued to any shareholder who may be deemed for purposes of Rule 144 under the Securities Act an “affiliate” of Blue Ocean immediately prior to the Effective Time or an “affiliate” of TNL Mediagene following the Merger. Persons who may be deemed to be affiliates include individuals or entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common control with, TNL Mediagene or Blue Ocean (as appropriate) and may include the executive officers, directors and significant shareholders of TNL Mediagene or Blue Ocean (as appropriate).

Stock Exchange Listing of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants

TNL Mediagene will use reasonable best efforts to cause, prior to the Effective Time, the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants issuable pursuant to the Merger Agreement to be approved for listing on Nasdaq under the proposed symbols “TNMG” and “[TNMGW]”, respectively, each subject to official notice of issuance. Approval of the listing on Nasdaq of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants (subject to official notice of issuance) is a condition to each party’s obligation to complete the Merger.

Delisting and Deregistration of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares

If the Merger is completed, the Blue Ocean Units, Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants will be delisted from Nasdaq and will be deregistered under the Exchange Act.

Combined Company Status as a Foreign Private Issuer under the Exchange Act

TNL Mediagene expects to remain a “foreign private issuer” (under SEC rules). Consequently, upon consummation of the Merger, the combined company will be subject to the reporting requirements under the Exchange Act applicable to foreign private issuers. The combined company will be required to file its annual report on Form 20-F for the year ending December 31, 2024 with the SEC by , 2025. In addition, the combined company will furnish reports on Form 6-K to the SEC regarding certain information required to be publicly disclosed by the combined company in the Cayman Islands or that is distributed or required to be distributed by the combined company to its shareholders.

Based on its foreign private issuer status, the combined company will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as a U.S. company whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. The combined company will also not be required to comply with Regulation FD, which addresses certain restrictions on the selective disclosure of material information. In addition, among other matters, the combined company officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules under the Exchange Act with respect to their purchases and sales of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

Combined Company Status as an Emerging Growth Company under U.S. Federal Securities Laws and Related Implications

Each of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene is, and consequently, following the Merger, the combined company will be, an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, the combined company will be eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in their periodic reports and proxy statements, and the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. If some investors find the combined company’s securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for the combined company’s securities and the prices of the combined company’s securities may be more volatile.

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The combined company will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date, (b) in which TNL Mediagene has total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which the combined company is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of the combined company’s common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter; and (ii) the date on which the combined company has issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

Vote Required for Approval

The approval of the Business Combination Proposal will require an ordinary resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, being the affirmative vote of shareholders holding a majority of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which are entitled to vote and which are voted on such resolution in person or by proxy at the extraordinary general meeting at which a quorum is present.

Brokers are not entitled to vote on the Business Combination Proposal absent voting instructions from the beneficial holder. Abstentions and broker non-votes, while considered present for the purposes of establishing a quorum, will not count as votes cast at the extraordinary general meeting, and otherwise will have no effect on a particular proposal.

The approval of the Business Combination Proposal is a condition to the consummation of the Transactions. If the Business Combination Proposal is not approved, the other proposals (except an Adjournment Proposal, as described below) will not be presented to Blue Ocean shareholders for a vote.

Resolution to be Voted Upon

The full text of the resolution to be proposed is as follows:

“RESOLVED, as an ordinary resolution, that Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp’s (“Blue Ocean”) entry into the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 6, 2023, by and among Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene (formerly “The News Lens Co., Ltd.”) (“TNL Mediagene”) and TNLMG (formerly “TNL Mediagene”) (“Merger Sub”) as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of May 29, 2024 (the “First Amendment”) and Amendment No. 2 to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of October 23, 2024 (the “Second Amendment” and together with the First Amendment and the Original Merger Agreement as it may be amended from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”), a copy of each of which is attached to the accompanying proxy statement/prospectus as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3, respectively, pursuant to which, among other things, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean, with Blue Ocean surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene, in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions of the Merger Agreement, and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement each be and are hereby authorized, approved, ratified and confirmed in all respects.”

Recommendation of Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors

BLUE OCEAN’S BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT THE BLUE OCEAN SHAREHOLDERS VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF THE BUSINESS COMBINATION PROPOSAL.

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PROPOSAL TWO — THE MERGER PROPOSAL

Overview

The Merger Proposal, if approved, will authorize the Merger and the Plan of Merger. Under the Merger Agreement, the approval of the Merger Proposal is a condition to the adoption of the Business Combination Proposal and vice versa. Accordingly, if the Business Combination Proposal is not approved, the Merger Proposal will not be presented at the extraordinary general meeting. A copy of the Plan of Merger is attached to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex C.

Required Vote

Approval of the Merger Proposal will require a special resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, being the affirmative vote of shareholders holding at least two thirds of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which are entitled to vote and which are voted on such resolution in person or by proxy at the extraordinary general meeting at which a quorum is present.

Brokers are not entitled to vote on the Merger Proposal absent voting instructions from the beneficial holder. Abstentions and broker non-votes, while considered present for the purposes of establishing a quorum, will not count as votes cast at the extraordinary general meeting, and otherwise will have no effect on a particular proposal.

Resolution to be Voted Upon

The full text of the resolution to be proposed is as follows:

“RESOLVED, as a special resolution, that the Plan of Merger, by and among Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp (“Blue Ocean”), TNL Mediagene (formerly “The News Lens Co., Ltd.”) (“TNL Mediagene”) and TNLMG (formerly “TNL Mediagene”) (“Merger Sub”), substantially in the form attached to the accompanying proxy statement/prospectus as Annex C (including the annexures thereto, the “Plan of Merger”) be and is hereby authorized, approved and confirmed in all respects and all the undertaking, property and liability of the Merger Sub vest in Blue Ocean by virtue of such merger pursuant to the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, that the merger of Merger Sub with and into Blue Ocean with Blue Ocean surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene be and is hereby authorized, approved and confirmed in all respects, and that Blue Ocean be and is hereby authorized to enter into the Plan of Merger.”

Recommendation of Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors

BLUE Ocean’S BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT BLUE OCEAN SHAREHOLDERS VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF THE MERGER PROPOSAL.

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PROPOSAL THREE — THE ADJOURNMENT PROPOSAL

Overview

The Adjournment Proposal, if adopted, will allow the chairman of the extraordinary general meeting to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting to a later date or dates to permit further solicitation of proxies or where Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined it is otherwise necessary or if Blue Ocean’s board of directors determines before the extraordinary general meeting that it is not necessary or no longer desirable to proceed with the proposals. In no event will Blue Ocean solicit proxies to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting beyond the date by which it may properly do so under the Blue Ocean Articles and the law of the Cayman Islands. The purpose of the Adjournment Proposal is to provide more time to meet the requirements that are necessary to consummate the Transactions. See “Proposal One — The Business Combination Proposal — Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger.”

Consequences If the Adjournment Proposal Is Not Approved

If the Adjournment Proposal is presented to the meeting and is not approved by the shareholders, Blue Ocean’s board of directors may not be able to adjourn the extraordinary general meeting to a later date or dates. In such event, the Transactions would not be completed. If Blue Ocean does not consummate the Merger and fails to complete an initial business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), it will be required to dissolve and liquidate the Trust Account by returning the then remaining funds in such account to the Blue Ocean Public Shareholders.

Required Vote

The approval of the Adjournment Proposal will require an ordinary resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, the affirmative vote of shareholders holding a majority of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which are entitled to vote and which are voted on such resolution in person or by proxy at the extraordinary general meeting at which a quorum is present. Accordingly, if a valid quorum is otherwise established, a Blue Ocean shareholder’s failure to vote by proxy or online will have no effect on the outcome of any vote on the Adjournment Proposal. Abstentions will be counted in connection with the determination of whether a valid quorum is established but will have no effect on the outcome of the Adjournment Proposal.

Resolution to be Voted Upon

The full text of the resolution to be proposed is as follows:

“RESOLVED, as an ordinary resolution, that the adjournment of the extraordinary general meeting to a later date or dates to be determined by the chairman of the extraordinary general meeting, if necessary, to permit further solicitation and vote of proxies in the event that there are insufficient votes for the approval of one or more proposals at the extraordinary general meeting, or where Blue Ocean’s board of directors has determined it is otherwise necessary, be and is hereby approved.”

Recommendation of Blue Ocean’s Board of Directors

Blue Ocean’S BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT BLUE OCEAN SHAREHOLDERS VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF THE ADJOURNMENT PROPOSAL.

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THE MERGER AGREEMENT AND ANCILLARY DOCUMENTS

This section of the proxy statement/prospectus describes the material provisions of the Merger Agreement but does not purport to describe all of the terms of the Merger Agreement. The following summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of the Merger Agreement, which is attached as Annex A-1, Annex A-2 and Annex A-3 hereto. You are urged to read carefully the Merger Agreement in its entirety because it is the primary legal document that governs the Merger. The legal rights and obligations of the parties to the Merger Agreement are governed by the specific language of the Merger Agreement, and not this summary.

The Merger Agreement contains representations, warranties and covenants that the respective parties made to each other as of the date of the Merger Agreement or other specific dates. The assertions embodied in those representations, warranties and covenants were made for purposes of the contract among the parties to the Merger Agreement and are subject to important qualifications and limitations agreed to by such parties in connection with negotiating the Merger Agreement. The representations, warranties and covenants in the Merger Agreement are also modified in important part by the underlying disclosure letters, which are referred to herein as the “TNL Mediagene Disclosure Letter” and the “Blue Ocean Disclosure Letter,” respectively, and collectively as the “Disclosure Letters,” which are not filed publicly and which is subject to a contractual standard of materiality different from that generally applicable to shareholders and was used for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to the Merger Agreement rather than for the purpose of establishing matters as facts. Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene do not believe that the Disclosure Letters contain information that is material to an investment decision. Moreover, certain representations and warranties in the Merger Agreement may, may not have been or may not be, as applicable, accurate as of any specific date and do not purport to be accurate as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus. Accordingly, no person should rely on the representations and warranties in the Merger Agreement or the summaries thereof in this proxy statement/prospectus as characterizations of the actual state of facts about Blue Ocean or TNL Mediagene or any other matter.

Overview of the Transactions Contemplated by the Merger Agreement

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the parties to the Merger Agreement have agreed that Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean (the “Merger”), with Blue Ocean continuing as the surviving entity after the Merger and a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene (such company, as the surviving entity of the Merger, the “Surviving Entity”). As a result of the Merger (together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”), TNL Mediagene will continue as the parent/public company. The respective time at which the Merger becomes effective is sometimes referred to in this proxy statement/prospectus as the “Effective Time.”

Closing of the Merger

Unless Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene otherwise mutually agree or the Merger Agreement is otherwise terminated pursuant to its terms, the Closing will take place on the date that is two (2) business days following the date on which all of the closing conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement have been satisfied or waived (other than those conditions that by their terms are to be satisfied at the Closing of the Merger, but subject to the satisfaction or waiver of such conditions at the Closing) (such date, the “Closing Date”). See “— Conditions to Closing” for a more complete description of the conditions that must be satisfied prior to Closing.

As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the parties expect that the Merger will be effective during the fourth quarter of 2024. However, there can be no assurance as to when or if the Merger will occur.

If the Transactions have not been consummated by December 7, 2024, the Merger Agreement may be terminated by either TNL Mediagene or Blue Ocean. However, a party may not terminate the Merger Agreement pursuant to the provision described in this paragraph if such party’s breach of the Merger Agreement has been a primary cause of or resulted in the failure of the Transactions to be consummated on or before such date. See “— Termination.”

Effects of the Transactions on Equity Interests of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene in the Merger

On the Closing Date and immediately prior to the Effective Time the memorandum and articles of association of TNL Mediagene in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time will be replaced with the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles, (ii) each issued and outstanding ordinary share of TNL Mediagene, par value $0.0001 per share

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(each such share, a “TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Share”), will be redesignated as an Ordinary Share (as defined in the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles), par value $0.0001 per share, and each TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Share held in TNL Mediagene’s treasury immediately prior to such redesignation will be automatically cancelled and extinguished without any redesignation, subdivision or payment therefor, (iii) immediately following such redesignation but prior to the Effective Time, TNL Mediagene will effect a reverse share split to cause the deemed value of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Shares immediately prior to the Effective Time to equal $10.00 on a fully diluted basis, based on TNL Mediagene’s implied valuation immediately before the consummation of the Merger (the “Reverse Share Split”), and (iv) any option of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Share Split will be adjusted to give effect to the foregoing transactions pursuant to the methodology set forth in the Merger Agreement (the “Option Adjustment,” and, together with the transactions described in (i) through (iii), the “Recapitalization”).

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (i) immediately prior to the Effective Time, each Blue Ocean Class B Share (excluding any Blue Ocean Class B Share forfeited in accordance with the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement) shall be automatically converted into one Blue Ocean Class A Share in accordance with the terms of the Blue Ocean Articles and each Blue Ocean Class B Share shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be canceled, and each former holder of Blue Ocean Class B Shares shall thereafter cease to have any rights with respect to such Blue Ocean Class B Shares (the “Blue Ocean Class B Conversion”); (ii) immediately prior to the Effective Time, the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and the Public Warrants comprising each issued and outstanding Blue Ocean Unit immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be automatically separated (the “Unit Separation”) and the holder thereof shall thereafter hold one Blue Ocean Class A Share and one-half of one Blue Ocean Public Warrant; provided that no fractional Public Warrants will be issued in connection with the Unit Separation such that if a holder of Blue Ocean Units would be entitled to receive a fractional Blue Ocean Public Warrant upon the Unit Separation, the number of Public Warrants to be issued to such holder upon the Unit Separation shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number of Public Warrants; (iii) each Blue Ocean Class A Share (which, for the avoidance of doubt, includes the Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued in connection with the Blue Ocean Class B Conversion and the Blue Ocean Class A Shares held as a result of the Unit Separation) that is issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than any Blue Ocean shares held in treasury and redeeming Blue Ocean shares) (a) shall be converted automatically into the right to receive one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share (for the avoidance of doubt, after giving effect to the Recapitalization), and (b) shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be canceled by virtue of the Merger and each former holder of Blue Ocean Class A Shares shall thereafter cease to have any rights with respect to such securities, except as expressly provided herein; (iv) each Blue Ocean Warrant (which, for the avoidance of doubt, includes the Public Warrants held as a result of the Unit Separation) that is issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall cease to be a warrant with respect to Blue Ocean Class A Shares and shall be converted automatically into the right to receive a corresponding TNL Mediagene Warrant exercisable for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. Each TNL Mediagene Warrant shall continue to have and be subject to substantially the same terms and conditions as were applicable to such Blue Ocean Warrant immediately prior to the Effective Time in accordance with the provisions of the Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement; (v) each ordinary share of Merger Sub that is issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will automatically be converted into one ordinary share, par value $1.00 per share, of the Surviving Entity; (vi) each Blue Ocean Class A Share and Blue Ocean Class B Share held in Blue Ocean’s treasury or owned by TNL Mediagene or Merger Sub or any other wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene or Blue Ocean immediately prior to the Effective Time will automatically be cancelled and extinguished without any conversion thereof or payment therefor; and (vii) each redeeming Blue Ocean share issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will automatically be cancelled and cease to exist and will thereafter represent only the right of the holder thereof to be paid a pro rata share of the amount payable to Blue Ocean Public Shareholders due to their exercise of redemption rights (the “Blue Ocean Shareholder Redemption Amount”) in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles.

Covenants and Agreements

Conduct of TNL Mediagene Business Prior to the Completion of the Merger

TNL Mediagene has agreed that, during the period from the date of the Merger Agreement until the earlier of its termination or Closing, TNL Mediagene and its subsidiaries (the “TNL Mediagene Group”) will use reasonable best efforts to conduct and operate its business in the ordinary course of business consistent with past

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practice, except to the extent otherwise consented to in writing by Blue Ocean or required by applicable law, or as expressly contemplated by the Merger Agreement, any other transaction agreement or the TNL Mediagene Disclosure Letter.

In addition to the general covenant above, TNL Mediagene has agreed that, except to the extent otherwise consented to in writing by Blue Ocean or required by applicable law, or as expressly contemplated by the Merger Agreement, any other transaction agreement or the TNL Mediagene Disclosure Letter, during the period from the date of the Merger Agreement and continuing until the earlier of the termination of the Merger Agreement or the Effective Time, TNL Mediagene will not, and will cause each of its subsidiaries not to, do any of the following:

• change or amend TNL Mediagene organizational documents or materially change or amend organizational documents of any TNL Mediagene’s subsidiaries;

• make, declare, set aside, establish a record date for or pay any dividend or make any other distribution in cash, stock, property, or otherwise, other than any dividends or distributions from any wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene either to TNL Mediagene or any other wholly owned subsidiaries of TNL Mediagene;

• except in the ordinary course of business, (i) enter into any new contract that would otherwise become such a material contract had it been entered prior to the execution of the Merger Agreement or (ii) modify, materially amend, renew (other than any automatic renewal in accordance with its terms), waive any material right under, provide any material consent under, terminate (other than any expiration in accordance with its terms) or allow to let lapse any material contract;

• (i) issue, deliver, sell, transfer, pledge or dispose of, or place any lien (other than a permitted lien) on, any equity securities of TNL Mediagene or any of its subsidiaries, other than issuances or deliveries of TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Shares upon the settlement of TNL Mediagene’s equity awards, or (ii) issue or grant any options, warrants or other rights to purchase or obtain any equity securities of TNL Mediagene or any of its subsidiaries, other than any issuance or grant under an existing benefit plan or incentive plan of TNL Mediagene;

• except in the ordinary course of business, sell, assign, transfer, convey, lease, license, abandon, allow to lapse or expire, subject to or grant any lien (other than permitted liens) on, or otherwise dispose of, any material assets, rights or properties (including material intellectual property);

• waive, release, settle, compromise or otherwise resolve any inquiry, investigation, claim, action, litigation or other legal proceedings entailing obligations that would impose any material restrictions on the business operations of the TNL Mediagene Group, except in the ordinary course of business or where such waivers, releases, settlements or compromises involve only the payment of monetary damages less than $1,000,000 in the aggregate;

• hire, engage or terminate (other than for “cause”) any employee, officer, or individual independent contractor with annual base compensation in excess of $200,000;

• except as otherwise required by the terms of any existing company benefit plan or existing employment contract or by applicable law, (i) pay or promise to pay, fund any new, enter into or make any grant of any severance, change in control, transaction, retention or termination payment to any TNL Mediagene service provider, TNL Mediagene or any of its subsidiaries (“TNL Mediagene Service Providers”), (ii) grant or promise to grant any equity securities of TNL Mediagene, including any company options or other awards under the company incentive plan, except as set forth in the TNL Mediagene Disclosure Letter, (iii) take or promise to take any action to accelerate any payments or benefits, or the funding or vesting of any payments or benefits, payable to or to become payable to any TNL Mediagene Service Providers (including but not limited to awards under the company incentive plan) (iv) take or promise to take any action to increase any compensation or benefits of any TNL Mediagene Service Provider except for bonuses, base salary increases or in connection with promotions in the ordinary course

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of business that do not exceed $250,000 per TNL Mediagene Service Provider, (v) establish, adopt, enter into, materially amend or terminate any company benefit plan or any contract that would be a company benefit plan if it were in existence as of the date of the Merger Agreement (other than changes in connection with annual open enrollment periods and similar broad-based, immaterial changes), or promise or commit to doing any of the foregoing;

• negotiate, modify, extend, or enter into any collective bargaining agreement or recognize or certify any labor union, labor organization, works council, or group of employees as the bargaining representative for any employees of TNL Mediagene or any of its subsidiaries;

• make any loans or advance any money or other property to any person, except for (i) advances in the ordinary course of business to employees, officers or directors of TNL Mediagene Group for reasonable and documented business expenses, (ii) prepayments and deposits paid to suppliers of TNL Mediagene Group in the ordinary course of business, (iii) trade credit extended to customers of TNL Mediagene Group in the ordinary course of business; and (iv) advances or other payments among TNL Mediagene and its wholly owned subsidiaries;

• redeem, purchase, repurchase or otherwise acquire, or offer to redeem, purchase, repurchase or acquire, any equity security of TNL Mediagene or any of its subsidiaries, other than (i) in transactions among members of the TNL Mediagene Group, (ii) in connection with the termination of employees or other service providers of the members of the TNL Mediagene Group under an existing company benefits plan, (iii) acquisitions of TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Shares tendered by holders of TNL Mediagene’s equity awards to satisfy tax withholding obligations, or (iv) acquisition of TNL Mediagene’s equity awards in connection with forfeiture of such awards;

• adjust, split, combine, subdivide, recapitalize, reclassify or otherwise effect any change in respect of any equity securities of TNL Mediagene or any of its subsidiaries;

• materially amend or change any of TNL Mediagene’s or any of TNL Mediagene’s subsidiaries’ accounting policies or procedures, other than reasonable and usual amendments in the ordinary course of business or as required by a change in U.S. GAAP, IFRS or J-GAAP;

• adopt or enter into a plan of complete or partial liquidation, dissolution, merger, consolidation, restructuring, recapitalization or other reorganization of TNL Mediagene or any of its subsidiaries;

• (i) change or revoke any material tax election, (ii) make any material tax election except in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice; (iii) change or revoke any accounting method with respect to a material tax, (iv) amend any material tax return, (v) settle or compromise any material tax claim, action or tax liability, (vi) enter into a tax sharing agreement, tax indemnification agreement, tax allocation agreement or similar contract (other than customary commercial contracts not primarily related to the sharing taxes), (vii) enter into any closing agreement with respect to a material tax with any governmental authority, (viii) surrender any right to claim a refund of a material amount of taxes, or (ix) change its jurisdiction of tax residency;

• incur, create, issue, assume or guarantee any indebtedness (or warrants or other rights to acquire debt securities), other than (i) between TNL Mediagene and any of its wholly owned subsidiaries or between any of such wholly owned subsidiaries, or (ii) in connection with borrowings, extensions of credit and other financial accommodations under TNL Mediagene Group existing credit facilities, notes and other existing indebtedness as of the date of the Merger Agreement;

• other than in the ordinary course of business, (i) enter into any agreement that materially restricts the ability of TNL Mediagene Group to engage or compete in any line of business, (ii) enter into any agreement that materially restricts the ability to enter into a new line of business or (iii) enter into any new line of business;

• make or commit to make capital expenditures other than in an amount not in excess of (i) $2,000,000 in the aggregate; or (ii) $1,000,000 in a single transaction made by TNL Mediagene Group;

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• enter into any contract with any broker, finder or investment banker or other person under which such person is or will be entitled to any brokerage fee, finders’ fee or other commission in connection with the Merger;

• directly or indirectly acquire by merging or consolidating with, or by purchasing a substantial portion of the assets of, or by purchasing all of or a substantial equity interest in, or by another manner, any business or any corporation, company, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, association or other entity or person or division thereof, in each case, except for (i) purchases of inventory and other assets in the ordinary course of business, (ii) acquisitions or investments pursuant to existing contracts in effect as of the date in the Merger Agreement that were made available by Blue Ocean, (iii) acquisitions or investments that do not exceed (1) $500,000 in a single transaction or series of related transactions or (2) $1,000,000 in the aggregate, or (iv) investments in any wholly owned subsidiaries of TNL Mediagene; or

• enter into any contract to do any action prohibited by the foregoing restrictions.

Conduct of Blue Ocean Business Prior to the Completion of the Merger

Blue Ocean has agreed that, except as required or expressly permitted by the Merger Agreement or consented to by TNL Mediagene in writing, or as required by applicable law, during the period from the date of the Merger Agreement and continuing until the earlier of the termination the Merger Agreement or the Effective Time, Blue Ocean will not do any of the following:

• change or amend its organizational documents or Trust Agreement other than in connection with an extension proposal;

• declare, set aside or pay any dividends on, or make any other distribution in respect of any outstanding equity securities of Blue Ocean or split, combine or reclassify any equity security of Blue Ocean or repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire, or offer to repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire, any equity security of Blue Ocean, other than in connection with any Blue Ocean shareholder’s exercise of redemption right or as otherwise required by Blue Ocean’s organizational documents;

• merge, consolidate, combine or amalgamate Blue Ocean with any person or purchase or otherwise acquire (whether by merging or consolidating with, purchasing any equity security in or a substantial portion of the assets of, or by any other manner) any corporation, company, partnership, association or other business entity or organization or division thereof;

• change or revoke any material tax election, make any material tax election except in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice, change or revoke any accounting method with respect to a material tax, amend any material tax return, settle or compromise any material tax claim, action or tax liability, enter into a tax sharing agreement, tax indemnification agreement, tax allocation agreement or similar contract (other than customary commercial contracts not primarily related to the sharing of taxes), enter into any closing agreement with respect to a material tax with any governmental authority, surrender any right to claim a refund of a material amount of taxes, or change its jurisdiction of tax residency;

• enter into, renew or materially amend in any material respect, any material contract of Blue Ocean, except for material contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business; (provided, however, that notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Merger Agreement, even if done in the ordinary course of business, Blue Ocean shall not enter into, renew or amend in any respect, any contract involving any Blue Ocean related party);

• waive, release, compromise, settle or satisfy any pending or threatened material claim or action or compromise or settle any liability, except where such waivers, releases, settlements or compromises involve only the payment of monetary damages in an amount less than $250,000 in the aggregate;

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• incur, guarantee or otherwise become liable for (whether directly, contingently or otherwise) any indebtedness, other than in respect of a Working Capital Loan (except for any Working Capital Loan in an aggregate amount not exceeding $1,500,000 (provided that any Working Capital Loans obtained by Blue Ocean in connection with the Blue Ocean Extension or in connection with obtaining Blue Ocean shareholder extension approval shall not be taken into account in determining whether such $1,500,000 threshold has been met));

• offer, issue, deliver, grant or sell, or authorize or propose to offer, issue, deliver, grant or sell, any equity securities (except as set forth in the Blue Ocean Disclosure Letter);

• engage in any activities or business other than those in connection with or incidental or related to Blue Ocean’s incorporation or continuing corporate (or similar) existence, contemplated by, or incident or related to the Merger Agreement, any other transaction agreement, the performance of covenants or agreements under the Merger Agreement or thereunder or the consummation of the transactions or those that are administrative or ministerial, in each case, which are immaterial in nature;

• enter into any settlement, conciliation or similar contract that would require any payment from the Trust Account or that would impose non-monetary obligations on Blue Ocean or any of its affiliates (or any member of the TNL Mediagene Group after the Closing);

• authorize, recommend, propose or announce an intention to adopt a plan of complete or partial liquidation, restructuring, recapitalization, dissolution or winding-up of Blue Ocean or liquidate, dissolve, reorganize or otherwise wind-up the business or operations of Blue Ocean or resolve to approve any of the foregoing;

• change Blue Ocean’s methods of accounting in any material respect, other than changes that are made in accordance with PCAOB standards;

• enter into any contract with any broker, finder or investment banker or other person under which such person is or will be entitled to any brokerage fee, finders’ fee or other commission in connection with the Merger;

• form any subsidiary; or

• enter into any agreement, or otherwise become obligated, to do any of the actions prohibited by the foregoing restrictions.

Other Covenants and Agreements

The Merger Agreement contains other covenants and agreements, including covenants related to:

• Blue Ocean agreeing to, as promptly as practicable following the date this proxy statement/prospectus is declared effective by the SEC, establish a record date for, duly call and give notice of, convene and hold a meeting of Blue Ocean shareholders for the purpose of (i) providing Blue Ocean Public Shareholders with the opportunity to redeem Public Shares and (ii) obtaining all requisite approvals and authorizations from the Blue Ocean shareholders in connection with the Transactions;

• TNL Mediagene agreeing to, as promptly as practicable following the execution of the Merger Agreement, establish a record date for, duly call and give notice of, convene and hold a meeting of TNL Mediagene shareholders for the purpose of obtaining all requisite approvals and authorizations from the TNL Mediagene shareholders in connection with the Transactions;

• Blue Ocean agreeing to recommend, through unanimous approval of its board of directors, to the Blue Ocean shareholders the adoption and approval of the Transactions and related proposals by the Blue Ocean shareholders and agreeing not to (and no committee of Blue Ocean’s board of directors shall) withhold, withdraw, qualify, amend or modify, or publicly propose or resolve to withhold, withdraw, qualify, amend or modify such recommendation;

• TNL Mediagene agreeing to recommend, through unanimous approval of its board of directors (by those directors who have not elected to be recused from the vote), to the TNL Mediagene shareholders the adoption and approval of the Transactions and related proposals by the TNL Mediagene shareholders

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and agreeing not to (and no committee or subgroup of TNL Mediagene’s board of directors shall) change, withdraw, withhold, amend, qualify or modify, or propose to change, withdraw, withhold, amend, qualify or modify such recommendation for any reason;

• each of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene agreeing to use its reasonable best efforts to, among other things, obtain, file with or deliver to, as applicable, any consents from governmental entities and third parties, and to make all necessary registrations, declarations and filings;

• Blue Ocean agreeing to use its reasonable best efforts to (i) ensure Blue Ocean remains listed as a public company on Nasdaq, (ii) cause Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants to remain listed on Nasdaq, (iii) keep current and timely file all reports required to be filed or furnished with the SEC and otherwise comply in all material respects with its reporting obligations under applicable legal requirements and (iv) take such actions as are reasonably necessary or advisable to cause the Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants to be delisted from Nasdaq and deregistered under the Exchange Act as soon as practicable following the Effective Time;

• TNL Mediagene agreeing to use its reasonable best efforts to (i) cause TNL Mediagene’s initial listing application with Nasdaq in connection with the Transactions to be approved, (ii) to satisfy all applicable listing requirements of Nasdaq, and (iii) cause the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and the TNL Mediagene Warrants issuable in accordance with the Merger Agreement to be approved for listing on Nasdaq, in each case as promptly as reasonably practicable after the date the Merger Agreement, and in any event prior to the Effective Time;

• each of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene agreeing to not solicit or negotiate with third parties regarding alternative transactions and agreeing to certain related restrictions and ceasing discussions regarding alternative transactions;

• each of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene agreeing that all rights to exculpation, indemnification and advancement of expenses existing as of the date of the Merger Agreement in favor of the current or former directors or officers of Blue Ocean as provided in Blue Ocean’s organizational documents or under any indemnification agreement such parties may have with Blue Ocean, will survive the Effective Time and will continue in full force and effect for a period of six (6) years from the Closing Date;

• Blue Ocean agreeing to purchase a “tail” or “runoff” directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy providing liability insurance coverage with respect to matters occurring on or prior to the Effective Time;

• TNL Mediagene agreeing to take all such action within its power as may be necessary or appropriate such that immediately following the Closing, the board of directors will consist of nine (9) directors, which shall initially include one (1) director designated by Sponsor, three (3) non-independent directors designated by TNL Mediagene, and five (5) independent directors designated by TNL Mediagene, who shall qualify as “independent” under the listing rules of the Nasdaq and be reasonably acceptable to Sponsor;

• Blue Ocean agreeing to, immediately prior to the Effective Time, assign to TNL Mediagene all of its rights, interests, and obligations in and under that certain Warrant Agreement, dated as of December 2, 2021, between Continental Stock Transfer and Trust Company (“Continental”) and Blue Ocean (the “Warrant Agreement”) and the terms and conditions of the Warrant Agreement will be amended and restated by an amended and restated warrant agreement (the “A&R Warrant Agreement”) to, among other things, reflect the assumption of the Blue Ocean Warrants by TNL Mediagene;

• Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene cooperating on the preparation and efforts to make effective this proxy statement/prospectus;

• each of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene providing access, subject to certain specified restrictions and conditions, to the other party and its respective representatives reasonable access to TNL Mediagene’s and Blue Ocean’s (as applicable) and its subsidiaries’ books, records and personnel during the period prior to the Closing;

• confidentiality and publicity matters relating to the Merger Agreement and the Transactions;

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• tax matters relating to the Merger Agreement and the Transactions;

• TNL Mediagene waiving claims, rights, titles or interests to the Trust Account or any funds distributed from the Trust Account;

• Blue Ocean agreeing to, at the Closing, (i) cause the documents, opinions and notices required to be delivered to Continental pursuant to the Trust Agreement to be delivered; and (ii) make all appropriate arrangement to cause Continental to distribute the Trust Account as directed in a termination letter;

• Blue Ocean agreeing to all reasonable steps to cause any acquisition of Blue Ocean shares to be exempt from Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act pursuant to Rule 16b-3 thereunder;

• TNL Mediagene agreeing to adopt amended articles of association substantially in the form attached to the Merger Agreement;

• each of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean cooperating in the event of any shareholder litigation related to the Merger Agreement or the Transactions;

• Blue Ocean agreeing to terminate certain registration rights agreements; and

• Blue Ocean agreeing to use reasonable best efforts to take all actions necessary, proper and advisable to obtain commitments from third-parties reasonably acceptable to TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean to make the PIPE Investments that have terms and be in a form reasonably acceptable to TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean and will consummate at the Closing and to cause such third-parties to fund and consummate such investments.

Representations and Warranties

Under the Merger Agreement, TNL Mediagene made customary representations and warranties to Blue Ocean relating to, among other things: organization and qualification; validly existing subsidiaries; capitalization of TNL Mediagene Group; authorization; absence of conflicts; governmental consents; compliance with laws; requisite approvals; financial statements; absence of undisclosed liabilities; absence of certain changes; litigation; employee compensation and benefit matters; labor relation matters; insurance; material contracts; real property and assets; tax matters; intellectual property and cybersecurity; environmental matters; broker’s and finder’s fees; international trade and anti-corruption matters; and accuracy of provided information.

Under the Merger Agreement, Blue Ocean made customary representations and warranties to TNL Mediagene relating to among other things: organization and qualification; authorization; absence of conflicts; litigation; governmental consents; the Trust Account; broker’s and finder’s fee; SEC reporting; compliance with laws; business activities; tax matters; capitalization; absence of certain changes; litigation; registration of shares; material contracts; tax matters; independent investigation; and accuracy of provided information.

Notwithstanding anything in the Merger Agreement or to the contrary, none of the representations, warranties, covenants, obligations or other agreements of the parties contained in the Merger Agreement or in any certificate delivered pursuant to the Merger Agreement, including any rights arising out of any breach of such representations, warranties, covenants, obligations, agreements and other provisions, shall survive the Closing and, from and after the Closing, no action shall be brought and no recourse shall be had against or from any person in respect of such non-surviving representations, warranties, covenants or agreements, other than in the case of fraud against the party committing such fraud.

Material Adverse Effect for TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean

Under the Merger Agreement, certain representations and warranties of TNL Mediagene are qualified in whole or in part by materiality thresholds. In addition, certain representations and warranties of TNL Mediagene are qualified in whole or in part by a material adverse effect standard for purposes of determining whether a breach of such representations and warranties has occurred. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, a “Material Adverse Effect” with respect to TNL Mediagene Group means an effect, development, circumstance, fact, change or event that has had, or would reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the

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business or financial condition of TNL Mediagene and its subsidiaries (taken as a whole); provided, that none of the following (or the effect of any of the following) will be taken into account in determining whether a Material Adverse Effect for TNL Mediagene has occurred or will occur:

i. any change in law, regulatory policies, accounting standards or principles (including U.S. GAAP and IFRS) or any guidance relating thereto or interpretation thereof, in each case after the date of the Merger Agreement;

ii. any change in interest rates or economic, political, business or financial market conditions generally (including any changes in credit, financial, commodities, securities or banking markets);

iii. any change affecting any of the industries in which TNL Mediagene Group and its subsidiaries operate or the economy as a whole;

iv. any epidemic, pandemic or disease outbreak (including COVID-19 and any COVID-19 measures);

v. the announcement or the execution of the Merger Agreement, the pendency of the Transactions, or the performance of the Merger Agreement, including losses or threatened losses of employees, customers, suppliers, vendors, distributors or others having relationships with TNL Mediagene Group;

vi. any action taken or not taken at the written request of Blue Ocean, or, if reasonably sufficient information is provided to Blue Ocean in advance to determine whether a material adverse effect would reasonably be expected to occur, any action taken or not taken that is consented to in writing by Blue Ocean;

vii. any weather conditions, earthquake, hurricane, tsunami, tornado, flood, mudslide, wildfire or other natural disaster, act of God or other force majeure event;

viii. geopolitical conditions (including trade wars, tariffs or sanctions), any acts of terrorism or sabotage (including cyberattack), the commencement, continuation or escalation of a conflict, including a war (whether or not declared) or acts of armed hostility, including any material worsening of such matters threatened or existing as of the date in the Merger Agreement and any responses to any such matters;

ix. any failure of TNL Mediagene Group to meet, with respect to any period or periods, any internal or industry analyst projections, forecasts, estimates or business plans (provided, however, this clause shall not prevent a determination that any effect underlying such failure has resulted in a Material Adverse Effect to the extent such effect is not otherwise excluded from the definition of Material Adverse Effect in the Merger Agreement);

x. any action taken by Blue Ocean or its affiliates or the identity of Blue Ocean or Sponsor; and

xi. any effect that is cured by TNL Mediagene prior to the Closing; provided, further, that any effect referred to in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vii) or (viii) may be taken into account in determining if a Material Adverse Effect has occurred to the extent it has a disproportionate and adverse effect on TNL Mediagene Group, taken as a whole, relative to other similarly situated businesses in the industries in which TNL Mediagene Group operate, in which case, to the extent not otherwise excluded pursuant to another clause of this definition in the Merger Agreement, only the incremental disproportionate adverse impact of such effect may be taken into account in determining whether a “Material Adverse Effect” exists or has occurred.

Under the Merger Agreement, certain representations and warranties of Blue Ocean are qualified in whole or in part by materiality thresholds or a material adverse effect standard for purposes of determining whether a breach of such representations and warranties has occurred. In addition, certain representations and warranties of Blue Ocean are qualified in whole or in part by a “SPAC Impairment Effect” standard for purposes of determining whether a breach of such representations and warranties has occurred. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, a “SPAC Impairment Effect” with respect to Blue Ocean means an effect or development that is, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on (i) the business or financial condition of Blue Ocean, (ii) the ability of Blue Ocean to consummate the Transactions or (iii) the ability of Blue Ocean to remain listed as a public company on, and for Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants to be listed on, the Nasdaq.

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Conditions to Closing

The completion of the Merger is subject to various conditions. There can be no assurance as to whether or when all of the conditions will be satisfied or waived.

The respective obligations of each party to the Merger Agreement to effect the Merger and the other Transactions are subject to the satisfaction at or prior to the Effective Time of the following conditions, any one or more of which may be waived, to the extent permitted by applicable legal requirements, in writing, by all of the parties:

• the absence of any law or governmental order by any governmental authority of competent jurisdiction, enjoining, prohibiting, or making illegal the consummation of the Merger;

• receipt of the required approval by the shareholders of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene;

• the approval for listing on Nasdaq of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and the TNL Mediagene Warrants to be issued in connection with the Merger, subject only to official notice of issuance thereof;

• effectiveness of this proxy statement/prospectus in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act and the absence of any stop order issued by the SEC which remains in effect with respect to this proxy statement/prospectus; and

• the completion of the Recapitalization in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement and TNL Mediagene’s organizational documents.

The obligations of TNL Mediagene and Merger Sub to consummate, or cause to be consummated, and effect the Merger and the other Transactions are subject to the satisfaction at or prior to the Closing of each of the following conditions, any of which may be waived, to the extent permitted by applicable legal requirements, in writing, exclusively by TNL Mediagene:

• the accuracy of the representations and warranties of Blue Ocean (subject to certain materiality standards set forth in the Merger Agreement);

• material compliance by Blue Ocean with its pre-Closing covenants and agreements;

• Blue Ocean’s delivery of a certificate, signed by an authorized director or officer of Blue Ocean and dated as of the Closing Date, certifying that to the knowledge and belief of such director or officer, the conditions set forth in the two immediately preceding bullets points have been satisfied;

• resignation or removal of Blue Ocean’s directors and officers, and Blue Ocean’s delivery of such officers’ and directors’ respective resignation letter (which are in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to TNL Mediagene); and

• the absence of any SPAC Impairment Effect.

The obligations of Blue Ocean to consummate and effect the Merger and the other Transactions shall also be subject to the satisfaction at or prior to the Closing of each of the following conditions, any one or more of which may be waived, to the extent permitted by applicable legal requirements, in writing, exclusively by Blue Ocean:

• the accuracy of the representations and warranties of TNL Mediagene (subject to certain materiality standards set forth in the Merger Agreement);

• material compliance by TNL Mediagene with its pre-Closing covenants and agreements;

• TNL Mediagene’s delivery of a certificate, signed by an authorized director or officer of TNL Mediagene and dated as of the Closing Date, certifying that to the knowledge and belief of such director or officer, the conditions set forth in the two immediately preceding bullets points have been fulfilled; and

• absence of any Material Adverse Effect.

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Termination

Mutual Termination Rights:

The Merger Agreement may be terminated:

• by mutual written consent of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean;

• by either Blue Ocean or TNL Mediagene if there shall be in effect any law or an order or decree issued by a governmental entity, in any case having the effect of permanently restraining, enjoining or otherwise prohibiting consummation of the Merger, except that the right to so terminate the Merger Agreement will not be available to any party whose breach of the Merger Agreement has been a primary cause of or resulted in such law, order or decree;

• by either Blue Ocean or TNL Mediagene if the closing of the Transactions has not occurred by December 7, 2024, except that the right to so terminate the Merger Agreement will not be available to any party whose breach of the Merger Agreement has been a primary cause of or resulted in the failure of the Transactions to occur on or before such date; and

• by either Blue Ocean or TNL Mediagene, if, at Blue Ocean’s or TNL Mediagene’s extraordinary general meeting held to approve the Transactions (including any shareholder meeting following any adjournments or postponement thereof), the Merger Agreement, the Merger, and the other transaction proposals contemplated by the Merger Agreement are not duly adopted by Blue Ocean or TNL Mediagene shareholders by the requisite vote under applicable legal requirements and Blue Ocean’s or TNL Mediagene’s organizational documents.

Additional Termination Rights of Blue Ocean:

The Merger Agreement may be terminated by Blue Ocean if TNL Mediagene or Merger Sub has breached any of its covenants or representations and warranties in any material respect and has not cured such breach within the time periods provided for in the Merger Agreement.

Additional Termination Rights of TNL Mediagene:

The Merger Agreement may be terminated by TNL Mediagene if Blue Ocean has breached any of its covenants or representations and warranties in any material respect and has not cured such breach within the time periods provided for in the Merger Agreement.

Miscellaneous

Enforcement of Agreement

The parties have agreed that each party shall be entitled to enforce specifically the terms and provisions of the Merger Agreement and to immediate injunctive relief to prevent breaches of the Merger Agreement, without the necessity of proving the inadequacy of money damages as a remedy and without bond or other security being required, this being in addition to any other remedy to which they are entitled under the Merger Agreement and the Ancillary Documents.

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AGREEMENTS ENTERED INTO IN CONNECTION WITH THE MERGER

Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement

On June 6, 2024, in connection and concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, Blue Ocean, Sponsor, Apollo SPAC Fund I, L.P., Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. (Apollo SPAC Fund I, L.P. and Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund, Ltd., collectively “Apollo”), the Insiders and Other Investors have entered into an amended and restated letter agreement (the “Original Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement”), pursuant to which Sponsor, Apollo and such Insiders and Other Investors agreed, among other things, to vote their Blue Ocean shares in favor of the Blue Ocean Extension Proposal and the adoption of the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, and each other proposal related to the Merger included on the agenda for the meetings of Blue Ocean shareholders relating to the Blue Ocean Extension Proposal and the Merger (as applicable), to appear at such meeting or otherwise cause their shares to be counted as present for purposes of establishing a quorum at such meeting, to vote against any proposal that would reasonably be expected to result in a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant, obligation or agreement of Blue Ocean contained in the Merger Agreement or impede the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, not to redeem any of their shares, and to waive their respective anti-dilution rights with respect to their Blue Ocean Class B Shares in connection with the consummation of the Transactions. On October 23, 2024, the Sponsor, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene entered into the Amendment No. 1 to Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement (“Sponsor Agreement Amendment” and together with the Original Sponsor Lock-Up and Sponsor Agreement, the ”Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement”).

Pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, among other things, each of Sponsor, Apollo, the Insiders and the Other Investors agreed that the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issuable as part of the agreed merger consideration in exchange for the Founder Shares owned by Sponsor, Apollo and the Insiders and the Other Investors (such TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, the “Earn-Out Shares”) will be issued at the times and subject to the conditions as follows and set forth therein:

• 50% of the Earn-Out Shares will be issued upon the first to occur of any of the following after the Closing: (1) a change of control of TNL Mediagene; or (2) the date that is the 12-month anniversary of the Closing; and

• 50% of the Earn-Out Shares will be issued upon the first to occur of any of the following after the Closing: (a) a change of control of TNL Mediagene; (b) if revenues reported by TNL Mediagene during any trailing 12-month period equal or exceed $77,500,000 in aggregate (inclusive of any and all acquisitions consummated by TNL Mediagene after the Closing); or (c) the date that is the two-year anniversary of the Closing.

Pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement Amendment, Sponsor, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene also agreed to forfeit up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares owned by Sponsor, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.

Furthermore, subject to certain customary exceptions, Sponsor, Apollo and each Insider and Other Investor agreed that it will not transfer, to the extent such Earn-Out Shares have been issued, (a) 50% of its Earn-Out Shares until the earlier of (1) one year after the Closing, or (2) (i) if the closing price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $12.00 per share for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Closing or (ii) the date after the Closing on which TNL Mediagene completes a liquidation, merger, capital share exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction that results in all of TNL Mediagene’s shareholders having the right to exchange their TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for cash, securities or other property, and (b) 50% of its Earn-Out Shares, until two years after the Closing.

In addition, pursuant to the Original Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, Sponsor and Apollo agreed to forfeit an aggregate of 750,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by them (in a pro rata amount based on the relative number held by each) at the Closing and not to transfer any Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant until 30 days after the Closing. Pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement Amendment, Sponsor also agreed to additionally and separately forfeit 50% of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants it holds immediately prior to the Closing, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.

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TNL Mediagene Shareholder Lock-Up and Support Agreement

In connection and concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, TNL Mediagene, Blue Ocean and certain shareholders of TNL Mediagene (the “TNL Mediagene Holders”) entered into a lock-up and support agreement (the “TNL Mediagene Shareholder Lock-Up and Support Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, the TNL Mediagene Holders agreed: (i) to vote in favor of the TNL Mediagene proposals at the relevant shareholder meetings to be convened by TNL Mediagene in order to seek the TNL Mediagene approvals, and to vote against any competing business combination proposal and any other proposal that would reasonably be expected to impede, frustrate or delay the Merger; and (ii) not to transfer, other than to affiliates or other TNL Mediagene Holders, any of such TNL Mediagene Holder’s TNL Mediagene Pre-Split Ordinary Shares until the earlier of 180 days from and after the Closing and the termination of the Merger Agreement in accordance with its terms. In addition, the TNL Mediagene Holders agreed to a covenant prohibiting, subject to certain customary exceptions, the TNL Mediagene Holders from selling, transferring or otherwise disposing of any TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene options to purchase any TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares held by such TNL Mediagene Holders immediately after the Closing until the earlier of 180 days from and after the Closing and the termination of the Merger Agreement in accordance with its terms.

Registration Rights Agreement

Upon consummation of the Merger, Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene, Sponsor, and certain existing shareholders of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene will enter into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) containing customary registration rights for Sponsor and other shareholders of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene. Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, holders of registrable securities of TNL Mediagene will be entitled to make up to three demands that TNL Mediagene register such securities and an additional two demands that TNL Mediagene register the Earn-Out Shares. In addition, holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the consummation of the Merger. The Registration Rights Agreement also provides that TNL Mediagene will pay certain expenses related to such registrations and indemnify securityholders against certain liabilities. The rights granted under the Registration Rights Agreement supersede any prior registration, qualification, or similar rights of the parties thereto with respect to TNL Mediagene or Blue Ocean’s securities, and all such prior agreements shall be terminated.

Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement

Immediately prior to the Closing, Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene and Continental will enter into an assignment, assumption and amended and restated warrant agreement (the “Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement”), pursuant to which Blue Ocean will assign to TNL Mediagene all of its rights, interests, and obligations in and under the Warrant Agreement, dated December 2, 2021, by and between Blue Ocean and Continental, and the terms and conditions of such Warrant Agreement will be amended and restated to, among other things, reflect the assumption of Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants by TNL Mediagene.

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TNL MEDIAGENE’S BUSINESS

The following discussion reflects the business of TNL Mediagene as a combined entity. In this section, “we,” “us” and “our” generally refer to TNL Mediagene, a Cayman Islands exempted company, together as a group with its subsidiaries.

Overview

We are Asia’s next-generation media company built around a portfolio of diverse and trusted digital media brands and a suite of AI-powered advertising and data analytics solutions. With data at our core, we operate media, technology and digital studio businesses primarily in Japan and Taiwan, with a vision to expand into other key East and Southeast Asian markets outside of mainland China. Through our trusted digital media brands, AI-powered advertising and data analytics technology and digital studio solutions, we aim to provide multinational clients with unmatched opportunities to contextually reach and engage with Millennial and Gen Z audiences across the East and Southeast Asian region, one of the largest and most attractive audience segments in the world.

Media and Branded Content. As an independent digital media publisher, we are committed to being a “trusted voice in Asia for a better future” for Millennial and Gen Z audiences in Japan, Taiwan and throughout the East and, ultimately, Southeast Asia region and to inspire and enliven what the most online and connected generations watch, read, hear and buy, now and in the future. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, our 22 digital media brands across five content categories, news and business, B2B media, technology, lifestyle and food, and sports and entertainment, have reached over 40 million average monthly unique users, or MUU, in three languages, Japanese, Chinese and English, with over 175 million average monthly digital footprints across websites, social-media platforms and mobile apps. Our digital media portfolio includes not only regional editions of globally recognized brands, but also independent, market-leading digital media brands developed in-house. The implementation of AI translation technology allows us to widen our reach across different countries, languages, media brands and platforms, and to adapt and rapidly cross-pollinate content from one country, language, media brand or platform to another, reaching audiences wherever they live, whatever languages they speak and whatever platform they use across our own digital media brands. Through our digital media brands, we build trust and engagement with our Millennial and Gen Z audiences, allowing us to deliver highly targeted and effective advertising for our clients outside traditional social-media and content platforms. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we recorded $3.3 million and $9.8 million, respectively, of revenue from our media and branded content business. In the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, our media and branded content segment recorded $6.8 million and $2.3 million of revenue, respectively.

Technology. Our data analytics and AI-powered technology gives us deep insight into the content consumption and engagement behaviors of our users and enables us to optimize audience monetization by creating and delivering captivating and high-quality content and deep two-way connections with our audience, particularly

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among members of the Millennial and Gen Z generations. Our 22 trusted digital media brands cover diverse categories, offering high engagement with the growing and affluent digital-native generations primarily in Japan and Taiwan, and deliver high-quality advertisement performance in the digital advertising and growing retail media spaces. We have represented over 850 regional and global advertising clients across diverse industries, including multinational companies and government agencies. We provide our clients with a one-stop access point for their digital advertising and marketing needs, allowing them to connect and engage with audiences primarily in Japan and Taiwan and, ultimately, across the Southeast Asia region. We believe our growing first- and zero-party data will help provide our advertising clients with greater return on advertising spend, measurable monetization opportunities and competitive advantages through personalized advertising, content marketing, retail media and integrated marketing and live event solutions. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we recorded $7.5 million and $10.6 million of revenue, respectively, from our technology business. In the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, our technology segment recorded $5.3 million and $3.6 million of revenue, respectively.

Digital Studio. Our integrated digital studios, agencies and market research teams provide a comprehensive suite of strategic, creative design, research and communication services that help our clients reach and engage their target audiences and build communities for their brands. Ranging from campaign planning, communication strategy, marketing content creation, and event planning to digital agency services with social media strategy, influencer recruiting, and UX/UI design, our integrated digital studio, agency and market research solutions help our clients formulate and deliver key messages to their target audiences both online and offline and enables us to build long-term relationships with our B2C and B2B clients through multi-year projects. We believe the combination of our integrated digital studio, agency and market research capabilities and access to our Millennial and Gen Z audiences in Japan and Taiwan, with a vision to expand into other key East and Southeast Asian markets, gives us advantages over our competition. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we recorded $9.3 million and $15.4 million of revenue, respectively, from our digital studio business. In the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, our digital studio segment recorded $8.5 million and $2.9 million of revenue, respectively.

Our History and Vision

Our predecessor companies, TNL and Mediagene, focused on organic growth since their respective foundings while making strategic acquisitions, having successfully completed and integrated nine acquisitions. TNL and Mediagene started out as independent digital media companies in Taiwan in 2013 and in Japan in 1998, respectively, and continued to grow both organically and inorganically. As their portfolio of digital media brands grew, so did their audience and first-party data. The digital media and advertising industry matured and the competition for advertising spend intensified. In 2015, Mediagene launched its integrated digital marketing solutions brand, Infobahn, and started developing its client base in online and offline retail spaces. As the digital media and advertising industry came to dominate media and advertising, the competition for advertising spend intensified further, moving away from brand advertising based on impressions to performance advertising based on clicks or purchases. TNL collects actionable information from its users’ behaviors on its branded websites, so-called “first-party” data, and directly from its users’ input, such as survey responses and account configurations, so-called “zero-party” data. In order to fully utilize the potential of first- and zero-party data from its predominantly Millennial and Gen Z audiences, TNL acquired and integrated a data analytics and advertising technology company, Ad2, in 2020 and started developing a host of data analytics and advertising products and services utilizing AI-powered data analytics of first- and zero-party data from its vibrant and growing audience.

Merger with Mediagene

TNL Mediagene was formed in May 2023 by the merger of TNL and Mediagene. Mediagene publishes well-known and trusted digital media brands, such as ROOMIE and MASHING UP, as well as Japanese editions of global digital media brands, including Gizmodo Japan, Lifehacker Japan and Business Insider Japan, and also provides integrated digital studio, agency and marketing solutions. TNL owns several popular digital media brands in Taiwan, including The News Lens, iCook, and Sports Vision, and also operates AI-powered data analytics and advertising technology and market research assets. As a combined company, we have established executive offices in Tokyo and Taipei, with our management distributed between Japan and Taiwan. With regional teams delivering our portfolio of services across our operating region, our revenue is split almost evenly between our Japan and Taiwan operations. We plan to expand further into new regions to expand and diversify our revenue streams.

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As Asia’s next-generation media company built around a portfolio of diverse and trusted digital media brands and a suite of AI-powered advertising and data analytics solutions, we have built upon the respective strengths of our predecessors and have created synergies between the unique capabilities of both companies. Each has brought unique capabilities to the combined company — TNL’s data analytics, advertising technologies and direct-to-client advertising sales platform and Mediagene’s portfolio of iconic digital media brands in the larger Japanese market, innovative content marketing, integrated marketing, live events, and retail media capabilities — while maintaining our shared core values and focus on high-quality independent digital media publishing. Our combined innovative publishing and creative teams have a long track record of creating and licensing new, sustainable brands, as illustrated in the timeline graphic below. With our strong foundation in digital media, we have prioritized collecting more and better data, developing more data-focused services and products, delivering performance advertising that gives our clients higher return on advertising spending, and achieving audience growth by strengthening our audience share in our existing content categories, expanding into new content categories and growing into new geographic markets. Together, we intend to leverage our strengths and synergies to build TNL Mediagene into the most dynamic and innovative media, technology and digital studio company in Asia.

Our Strengths

We are Asia’s next-generation media company that operates a highly differentiated combination of (i) digital media and branded content business through our 22 trusted and independent digital media brands with prominently Millennial and Gen Z audiences, (ii) technology business through our proprietary data analytics and advertising technology products and services powered by AI and our first- and zero-party audience data, and (iii) digital studio business through our integrated digital studio, agency and market research solutions. We believe the digital media industry is at an inflection point where the traditional business model of focusing on audience growth and mass reach is being phased out. Data analytics and advertising technology that require high-quality audience data are taking the center stage as advertising clients are moving away from brand awareness based on mere ad impressions, or the number of users an ad appears to, and are seeking performance advertising that is based on return on their advertising spend (“ROAS”) and retail media, or marketing to interested customers who are already near the point of making a purchase decision. We believe our combination of businesses allows us to provide clients with a one-stop access point for their digital advertising and marketing needs and gives us an advantage over our competitors, who remain fragmented in their capabilities and occupy limited spaces in this fast-changing digital advertising and marketing ecosystem.

• 22 independent digital media brands reaching Millennial and Gen Z audiences. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we reached an audience of over 40 million average MUU and over 175 million average monthly digital footprints across a diverse portfolio of 22 independent digital media brands with an attractive young and affluent consumer demographic primarily in two of Asia’s most affluent markets, Japan and Taiwan. In terms of MUU, based on data by Semrush Holdings, Inc. and us, we outrank major media outlets in the East Asia and Southeast Asia region, including Nikkei and Asahi in Japan, United Daily News and Liberty Times in Taiwan and South China Morning Post in Hong Kong, and are comparable to major media outlets in the United States, including CBNC, The Washington

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Post and Time. Our audience’s demographic profile is prominently Millennial and Gen Z, making up approximately 57% of our audience as of June 30, 2024. Our audience is located across Japan (approximately 50%), Taiwan (approximately 34%), the United States (approximately 6%) and Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, and other areas (approximately 10%). We believe our highly differentiated digital media brands and their captivating content delivered in original formats keep our audience engaged and growing.

• Proprietary high-quality data in the cookieless era. Our robust and growing portfolio of category-leading digital media brands provide us with valuable proprietary first-party audience data, which can continue to support our data analytics and advertising technology products and services without dependence on tracking cookies. As regulatory scrutiny on privacy intensifies and browsers on PCs and mobile devices increasingly impede their use, tracking cookies, formerly the mainstay of audience data collection by advertising and marketing companies, are declining in utility. Unlike those companies in the digital advertising and marketing industry that do not own or operate their own media brands, our robust and growing portfolio of category-leading digital media brands provides us with valuable first-party audience data, which can continue to support our data analytics and advertising technology products and services without dependence on tracking cookies. In addition, we collect zero-party data. As this data is collected openly with audience consent and provides direct insight into audience preferences, zero-party data has the potential to deliver the most precise audience preference information available with minimal regulatory risk. In an environment where access to quality consumer data is increasingly restricted, our first- and zero-party data resources allow advertising clients to gain actionable consumer insights and target potential customers with the high precision without the increasing regulatory and technical barriers in the new “cookieless era” of advertising.

• Diversified client base of over 850 clients including multinational companies and government agencies. As of June 30, 2024, we have worked with over 850 clients, including multinational companies and their regional/national operations in Japan and Taiwan as well as government agencies. Our client base is diversified across various industries, ranging from automobiles (e.g., Toyota and Honda), consumer electronics (Sony, BenQ and Panasonic), cosmetics (Shiseido, LION and POLA) and financial services (Allianz, Deloitte and Daiwa) to IT (Adobe and NTT Docomo). Many of our corporate engagements last three to five years in duration, which allows us to build strong relationships with the key stakeholders at each client. This continuity provides opportunities for up-selling and cross-selling of our other products and services. As we continue to expand, we are continuing to develop our up-sell and cross-sell potential as we collect more first- and zero-party data and develop more data-based products and services for the digital advertising and marketing needs of our clients.

• Proven track record of growth. We have produced consistent revenue growth organically, which has been enhanced by our success in completing and integrating nine acquisitions, retaining all of the founders in all nine acquisitions. We believe our track record of growth provides a blueprint for our growth acceleration, synergy realization and talent retention going forward. Throughout our history, we have strived to balance growth with a small capital footprint, careful cost management and monetization rather than simply scale in audience size without a plan for profitability.

Our Market Opportunity and Industry

Based on U.S. Census Bureau 2024 estimates, Pew Research demographic data for 2022 and advertising spend data for 2022 by Statista GmbH, we estimate that our serviceable addressable market (“SAM”), calculated as a product of average advertising spend per capita (calculated as equal distribution of advertising spend across population) and size of the Millennial and Gen Z audiences in each market, in Japan and Taiwan was approximately $21 billion in advertising spend in 2022. When additional markets in East and Southeast Asia, which we are currently targeting for geographical expansion, are added, we estimate that our SAM was over $61 billion in 2022.

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Our vision is to be the most dynamic and innovative media, technology and digital studio company in Asia, providing end-to-end digital media, advertising and marketing solutions backed by our proprietary audience data and AI-powered data analytics and technology to our clients.

The current digital media and advertising ecosystem in Japan, Taiwan and the rest of East and Southeast Asia remains highly fragmented compared to North America, with different service provider groups typically performing one or a limited subset of specialized and traditional roles. Digital media publishers tend to remain primarily as content producers residing in their own content themes, or “verticals,” and rely on a more traditional model of advertisement inventory and programmatic sale for their revenue. Advertisement inventory is generally bought in bulk by advertisement agencies. Advertisement agencies create and design advertisement content and execute advertisement campaigns for their clients, packaging inventory with data analytics and market research services and products purchased from third-party data analytics companies. Data analytics and market research companies remain largely as third-party service providers, providing analytics and research products and services for a fee. However, several parallel key trends are now revolutionizing this fragmented digital media and advertising ecosystem.

• Shift from Brand Advertising to Performance Advertising. Advertising clients are moving away from brand advertising based on exposures, primarily based on impressions and are seeking performance advertising that deliver actual purchases, primarily based on ROAS. Unlike brand advertising where the goal is to drive brand awareness and favorability among as many potential consumers as possible by leading them to think or feel something new about a brand, the goal of performance advertising is to convert existing consumers to actual purchases and drive ROAS by reminding them of positive things that they already know about a brand. We believe this shift makes the ability to accurately target users based on their preferences a key factor in capturing advertising spend.

• Shift from Display Advertising to Content Marketing. Display advertising has long been thought of as the easiest and most effective way to reach consumers by pushing out information, often in small fragments. Display advertisements can be text ads, digital banners or videos, and they appear in distinct sections on a website that are typically reserved for paid advertisements. Billions of dollars are spent every year on display advertising, but that number is decreasing as marketers are spending more of their budgets on developing content marketing strategies and building communities around quality content. Content marketing can take the shape of anything from blogs, articles, reviews, e-books, graphics and videos. The goal is to create a value exchange with the audience by providing rich content experiences that focus less on an advertiser’s brand or product and more on creating a true value exchange for the audience, even leading the audience to generate additional content for the brand or product. By allowing the audience to socialize with the brand and likeminded peers, share their opinions and, in some cases, become content experts themselves, it becomes mutually beneficial. We believe that content marketing,

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in the form of trustworthy information about products and services from sources potential customers see as reliable, is an increasingly critical means of communications with consumers, especially those who distrust overt advertisements in the digital space.

• Cookieless Era and Importance of First- and Zero-Party Data. The digital advertising industry has been reliant for many years on the use of cookies, files with small pieces of data placed on a user’s computer to serve as an identifier or store user preferences, to obtain various user data. Cookies are a convenient way to track users across multiple sites for data collection and advertising and have been extensively used for this purpose. Recently, however, the use of cookies, especially “third-party” cookies (those placed on a user’s computer by advertisements or another source other than the main website or webpage the user is viewing) has become controversial on privacy and malware grounds. As of June 30, 2024 the makers of most major browsers and mobile devices configure, or will soon configure, their products to block or delete third-party cookies automatically. For the digital media industry, the new “cookieless era” represents a challenge as well as an opportunity. Without the use of third-party cookies, we believe industry players without alternative means to collect data or target users will struggle to compete. On the other hand, we believe that industry players who can collect data as a zero or first party directly from a body of users who interact with their content and products, i.e., without the use of third-party cookies, will enjoy a substantial competitive advantage.

• Rise of Retail Media. The rise of e-commerce disrupted the business model of brick-and-mortar retail stores, triggering crisis for some, and successful adaptation for others. Major offline retailers increasingly seek to engage with digital marketing and data analytics to better understand customer preferences and draw shoppers to their stores. At the same time, the digital advertising industry is seeking new sources of data, especially data that can connect customers’ preferences to their actual purchase behavior. These mutual needs have led to a growing trend for partnerships between brick-and-mortar retail and digital advertising: retail media. In a typical collaboration, offline retailers and digital advertising and data analytics groups conclude data exchange agreements, swapping retailers’ loyalty card and purchase data for digital user profiling data, and the parties work together to create content marketing highlighting the retailer’s in-store products and offering links to coupons that encourage customers to visit the physical store. We believe that retail media creates substantial opportunities in the digital media and advertising industry. In particular, we believe that players with high-quality proprietary data assets and content marketing expertise will be sought out as retail media partners, while those without these assets will be at a growing disadvantage.

We believe we are at the next inflection point in this fragmented digital media and advertising industry. Third-party cookies and other means of obtaining relatively free collection of third-party data are in decline, limiting the source of data necessary for many data analytics and market research companies. Digital media publishers face increasing costs for audience acquisition and decreasing revenue from traditional advertisement inventory sales, and many do not have the requisite technological capabilities to monetize their data. Advertising clients are moving away from brand awareness based on mere ad impressions, or the number of users an ad appears to, and are seeking performance advertising that is based on ROAS, increasingly looking to reach their target audiences in the digital space outside the major search engines and social media platforms such as Google, YouTube, Facebook and TikTok. As the accuracy and availability of third-party data continues to decline, other data sources will become relevant. In particular, we believe that first-party data will be more valuable than ever in this environment, and we are ideally positioned in terms of our media content, data and technology, to take advantage of this changing landscape. Especially when used in combination with first-party data, we also believe that direct interaction with users to collect zero-party data offers key accuracy, specificity, and privacy compliance advantages for data in the new third-party-cookieless digital media and advertising ecosystem. We anticipate new growth opportunities driven by rapid expansion and innovation in the zero-party data space. We are an integrated media, technology and digital studio company that has the requisite technology to provide AI-powered data analytics, advertising and marketing solutions. Our solutions are enabled by our growing first- and zero-party data from the engaged audiences of our category-leading digital media brands, with an emphasis on the growing retail media space, all with minimal dependence on the existing major search engines and social media platforms. With careful attention to compliance and user consent, we collect and integrate first-party data from cookieless behavior tracking and zero-party data from direct user surveys as well as second-party data from our partners to deliver high-performance marketing while respecting users’ privacy.

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Our Growth Strategy

We have built our growth strategy on the following six core components:

• Invest in Sophisticated Data Assets. We are focused on expanding the types and quality of data that our AI-powered data analytics tools process for users we profile. Our goal is to record and analyze as many aspects of our users’ preferences and behaviors as they permit, and within applicable legal rules, to link what they read, see, hear and like to what they actually buy. To do this we are:

• Deploying AI and cookieless tracking technology to track the browsing and purchase behaviors of users across all our digital media brands and in-house e-commerce platforms as well as e-commerce and retail partners;

• Collecting retail purchase behavior data from clients and e-commerce and retail partners to calibrate our first-party media preference data with such second-party data on purchase behaviors;

• Augmenting our first-party data we collect with zero-party consumer surveys with user consent through our TNL Research products and services; and

• Expanding membership-based service offerings among our digital media brands to further enhance our zero-party data collection capabilities.

We believe that this deeper data will help us deliver more accurate and predictive marketing insights into users’ preferences and profiles and boost our client ROAS.

• Increase User Engagement. We use the same first-party audience data from our digital media brands that we use to track user behaviors and estimate their preferences for research and ad targeting purposes to tailor and create interactive content for our digital media brands’ users, leading to increased audience engagement and long-term viewership or “stickiness” of our digital media content. More interaction by users with our content over time gives more data on user behaviors, enabling us to better estimate our audience’s preferences, setting up a virtuous cycle that enables us to create content better tailored to our users’ preferences, continue to encourage stickiness, generate more opportunities to display advertisements and content marketing, and provide higher ROAS performance to our clients.

• Consolidate Position in Existing Media Categories. Using market insights from our first- and zero-party data analytics, we are also exploring options to expand our existing digital media brands’ coverage into new categories, especially when we believe there is a significant overlap or affinity between the preferences of audiences. Leveraging the viewership of our existing brands’ audience, such expansion can boost digital footprints and engagement while attracting new MUU. Where appropriate, we also intend to expand our coverage through acquisitions of new digital media brands in target content categories in our existing market. By expanding into new categories, we can provide our clients with not only a bigger audience, but also more actionable sights from higher quality first- and zero-party data. We will be able to also explore opportunities to cross-sell or up-sell our existing services and products, including innovative technology and data-based products and services for advertising and marketing.

• Expand into New Geographies. We intend to broaden our geographical reach and increase our audience by bringing our existing digital media brands to and acquiring new digital media brands in new geographical markets, especially in Southeast Asia. We are consistently evaluating and considering acquisition opportunities throughout the East and Southeast Asia region, excluding mainland China. Our focus is on established digital media companies with robust audiences and new regional or global media brands that can be integrated into our existing proprietary technology platform and portfolio and can provide us access to audience data from new geographies, creating monetization opportunities from existing and new clients across more brands and geographical markets. By growing into new geographies, we aim to increase our profitability by generating more MUU, digital footprints and high quality first-party data and expanding our client base in new geographical markets.

• Deliver Market-Leading ROAS. Advertising clients are no longer satisfied just with getting their message out to a mass audience; they demand precise targeting, measurable performance, and high ROAS. Our attention-grabbing advertisements and data-driven ad targeting already produce exceptional

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results for our clients. Going forward, we believe that our high-quality data and engagement offerings and our efforts to consolidate and expand our positions in new brands and content categories and geographies while maintaining our investments in content creation and AI-powered data analytics will enable our clients to benefit from a stronger and more precise level of engagement with their audiences and thus will lead to higher ROAS for our clients and growing wallet share for ourselves.

• Expand Client Base. As we invest in data assets, user engagement, geographical reach, category coverage and client ROAS return, we are working to grow our client base across the East and Southeast Asia region. As an integrated media, technology and digital studio company that provides end-to-end digital media, advertising and marketing solutions backed by our proprietary audience data and AI-powered data analytics and technology, we can leverage the relationships we develop with clients who initially approach us for a subset of our services to up-sell and cross-sell our full range of services, and attract referrals from traditional advertising agencies who rely on us to provide one service to their clients and that lack our breadth of expertise in digital media solutions. As our user base expands into new categories and geographies, we also look forward to developing new client relationships as we enjoy the opportunity to demonstrate our comprehensive portfolio of data-driven digital media solutions to new potential clients. Moreover, as we continue to expand and collect more zero- and first-party data, we will develop more data-based products and services for marketing and digital transformation needs of our clients, allowing us to further up-sell and cross-sell our data-based products and services and helping drive further business opportunities from both existing and new potential clients.

Our Three Interconnected Business Units

Media and Branded Content Business

Our media and branded content business provides trusted digital content in Japanese, Chinese and English across 22 category-leading digital media brands across five content categories to an engaged audience of over 40 million average MUU, centered on the Millennial and Gen Z audiences. We distribute our high-quality news, business, technology, sports, entertainment and lifestyle coverage under regional brands such as The News Lens, ROOMIE, iCook, MASHING UP, Cool3c and Sports Vision, as well as regional editions of globally recognized brands such as Business Insider, Gizmodo and Lifehacker. Our well-established independent editorial team ensures we are a trusted voice and provide reliable content for our audience. Our content is built on the foundational principles of quality, originality, and political independence. These principles permeate our editorial workflow, and we believe they are key to attracting and retaining the loyal readership whom we rely on to generate the high-quality first-party data that drives the rest of our businesses.

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We strive to increase brand awareness, unique users, page and video views, and digital footprints from social media platforms. Our strong digital media brands and content generation ability allow deeper data engagement with our audience and provide both brand and performance advertising to our clients. We translate our content into multiple languages, countries, media brands, and platforms and transfer our knowledge, technology, and business schemes into other East and Southeast Asian countries to attain business growth.

Included in our media and branded content business are the revenue categories below:

• Advertising. Our advertising business sells advertisement space and targeted digital advertising services supported by our suite of proprietary technologies, providing our advertising clients with targeted access to engaged Millennial and Gen Z audiences.

• Sponsored Content. Our sponsored content business creates branded reviews, advertorials and other content drafted to meet the business requirements of our advertising clients, as well as content commerce services, i.e., the creation and deployment of promotional content that tells a brand’s story while providing our advertising clients’ potential customers with direct links to purchase the products being introduced. Based on our strong digital media brands, we have successfully sold products through our corporate sponsored content to our Millennial and Gen Z audiences. Focusing on lifestyle media, such as Gizmodo Japan, iCook, and ROOMIE, we perform content data analysis and understand which key attributes, such as wording choices, display placements, and other factors lead to sales success. This data analysis helps us provide optimal content marketing that maximizes the sales results of our clients.

• Subscriptions. Our recognized high-quality coverage and large, engaged audience gives us the opportunity to monetize select digital media brands directly through subscriptions, providing our most dedicated users with access to premium subscriber-only content. Subscriptions provide us not only with revenue, but also with an additional source of zero-party user profile and preference data, collected in strict compliance with GDPR and relevant Japanese, Taiwanese and other regional privacy regulations.

• Events. We plan and organize live offline events, including promotional functions for advertising clients and workshops, conferences, awards and lectures co-branded with our digital media brands, as well as original event series such as Mashing Up, a conference series that picks up and discusses social issues from diverse perspectives, crossing genders, ages, nationalities and industries to create new dialogues and new businesses.

While continuing to generate revenue directly, we expect our media and content business to continue to grow in both content breadth and audience reach and provide our main source of the high-quality first-party and zero-party audience data that drives our business as a whole.

Technology Business

At the heart of our technology business is a suite of proprietary technologies that support the core data gathering and analysis functions that direct our media, data analytics services, advertising and marketing products and services, as well as creative tools that facilitate our content production and digital studio products and services. Some of our key technologies include:

• Content Management System. Our content management system was developed to speed the process of creating and managing multi-media digital content across our digital media brands. Our content management system can assess and optimize the performance of each piece of content to improve audience reach and engagement.

• Content Engagement Platform. Our content engagement platform is a data management and analysis tool used to facilitate the storage, processing, viewing, and filtering of zero-, first- and second-party data across data types and sources. Fed with data from our user data tracking solutions, our platform uses AI algorithmic techniques to identify unique users, infer their interests and demographics, and create highly predictive audience profiles.

• Advertising Network. Our owned mobile network for serving advertisements on our digital media brands and contracted media partners in the Taiwan market. Directed by our data analytics, our advertising network can reach an estimated a significant majority of mobile internet users in Taiwan, while providing substantially more ad impressions per dollar of ad spend for our clients than crowded programmatic ad networks.

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• Creative Content Application. Our in-house advertisement creation solution facilitates no-code design and deployment of highly visible advertisements. Seamlessly integrated into our owned advertising network to speed deployment, our Creative Content Application facilitates creation of ads that feature animation and eye-catching interactive features and promote curiosity, interest and click-throughs. This allows our clients’ advertisements to stand out from others and increases brand performance while allowing faster speed-to-market for our clients.

These technologies enable our media and branded content and digital studio businesses, and provide revenue in the categories listed below:

• Retail Media. Our proprietary technologies, as well as our own in-house expertise in sponsored content creation and content commerce gives us advantages in the market for retail media, or marketing to interested customers who are already near the point of making a purchase decision, where content commerce strategies have an edge. The market for retail media is growing rapidly globally, making up more than 15% of the global digital ad market for 2023 based on our internal analysis and estimate. We have been actively participating in this fast-growing market, where we utilize our technology assets to generate optimal promotional content that maximizes advertising performance and provides our clients with more efficient advertising returns. Using our first- and zero-party data resources, we are able to guide our retail marketing activities, optimize retail media advertising performance for our clients and provide various value-added services. Our engaged audience combined with our capacity to deliver data-driven insights, precise audience targeting, in-house e-commerce capability and partnerships with outside e-commerce platforms has given us advantages in winning retail media advertising budgets.

• AdTech. Our proprietary technologies allow us to offer various advertisement technology, or AdTech, services to our advertising clients, including demand-side-platform services to automate bidding and deployment of advertisements on our digital media brands and select third-party partner sites through our owned ad network.

• CDP/Data Licensing. Powered by our proprietary data analytics technology assets, we provide audience or customer data platform services to clients to facilitate collection and processing of their audience or customer data and assist with developing audience or customer profiles and other data analytics and research services. By licensing access to our accumulated data through our platform, we also directly monetize the products of our proprietary data analytics technology.

• E-Commerce. To further unlock the fast-growing retail media market, we have built our own e-commerce platforms to help our clients to sell their products on our e-commerce platforms, creating synergy with our retail media business. Additionally, for a number of our digital media brands, we also operate co-branded e-commerce experiences selling a curated selection of items to our readers, as well as developing our own in-house developed products, and have partnered with well-known external e-commerce and crowdfunding platforms, generating additional fee income from such partnerships.

As we continue to invest in our technology assets, we also continue to invest in new sources of data. We plan to obtain second-party data by entering into data exchange agreements with unaffiliated service providers, add purchase behavior data of users of e-commerce platforms and other retailers to our existing data, and generate actionable user purchase preference insights for our clients. We believe that retail media and related data are only the tip of a data iceberg, and that the banking, insurance, and other consumer service markets offer vast and untapped possibility for mutually beneficial second-party data exchanges enabling us to deliver more personalized advertising services and better performing content commerce and marketing solutions to our clients. In the cookieless era, we are preparing to better integrate our combined zero- and first-party data, commerce purchase and other second-party data, and research and survey data so that we can take a leadership position in this market. Our technology and data expertise will not only be used in Japan and Taiwan but will also expand into new markets.

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Digital Studio Business

Our digital studio business integrates marketing strategy, creative design and market research services to offer a comprehensive suite of services that help brands build community, reach, and engage their audiences, providing us with the revenue categories listed below:

• Marketing Strategy. We utilize our experience in media operations and branded content creation to develop and implement communications strategies for clients as a full service ad agency, including campaign strategy, display advertising, and digital agency services including social media strategy and influencer recruiting.

• Creative and Design. Our digital studio business offers extensive creative and design services including for web, graphics, and video as well as innovation development support, user interface, user experience and product design.

• Market Research. Leveraging the power of our proprietary audience data and data analytics technologies, we can deliver precise, actionable consumer preference insights to direct product development and marketing in the growing East and Southeast Asia markets.

We usually enter long-term contracts with our clients in our digital studio business, providing on-going support throughout each project. These are typically significant projects in size and scope and generate consistent revenue with relative stability. Our long track record with our prestigious client base allows us to up-sell and cross-sell our other services and helps drive further business opportunities for us, including new data-based products and services and services to assist companies with their digital transformation initiatives. Furthermore, as we position ourselves as a next-generation digital media solutions company backed with combined media, technology and agency capabilities, we receive active referrals not only from existing clients, but also from other traditional agencies that lack our breadth of expertise in digital media solutions.

Our Advertising Clients and Partners

We offer a unique value proposition to our advertising clients and partners looking to reach Millennial and Gen Z audiences in Japan, Taiwan and East and Southeast Asia. Our blue-chip advertising client and partner base relies on our ability to deliver advertising placements across diverse content and audience categories, while also making available creative and content management support, AI-powered customer data collection and analysis, research, e-commerce and event support, and marketing agency services targeting consumer demographics. Our largest Japanese clients include a domestic food company, a multinational software company and a multinational technology manufacturer. Our largest Taiwanese clients include a global advertising agency, a domestic cable television network and a domestic power utility company.

Our advertising client and partner base has a significant concentration of revenues around particular clients and partners, with our top ten direct advertising clients and partners making up 25.8% of our total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Our Audience and Digital Media Brands

Our Audience

Based on U.S. Census Bureau 2024 estimates and Pew Research demographic data for 2022, we estimate that our target Millennial and Gen Z audiences across the East and Southeast Asia region, excluding mainland China, and among Asian Americans number approximately 1.2 billion, with SAM of over $61 billion. Millennial and Gen Z audiences demand high-quality and trusted content that resonates with their curiosity, tech-savvy, global interests and ambitious lifestyle aspirations, delivered in the digital spaces they grew up in. We believe that our digital media brands, targeted to the key news and business, B2B media, technology, lifestyle and food, and sports and entertainment verticals, are well positioned to engage audiences across East and Southeast Asia in English and local languages such as Japanese and Chinese.

We measure our audience’s size and engagement with our content by way of “MUU” and “digital footprint” metrics. MUU calculates how many unique devices or users interact with our content on websites and applicable social media platforms over a given month based on Google Analytics, filtering out multiple views, interactions

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or sessions by the same identifier. The more inclusive “digital footprint” metric measures the number of times our content has been accessed by any device or user, including page and video views and social media interactions, filtering out those with shorter duration of access for accuracy. For more details of our key operating metrics, see the discussion under the caption “TNL Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Key Operating Metrics.” Based on the most recent available data sourced from Google Analytics for our branded websites and Semrush Holdings, Inc. for other media, for the six months ended June 30, 2024 our trusted and independent content brings over 40 million average MUU and over 175 million average monthly digital footprints to our websites, social media and mobile apps, including millions of subscribers on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X and other key social media platforms. According to our internal estimates based on available data from Google Analytics, as of June 30, 2024, approximately 61% of our audience was between 18-44 years old and well-balanced between male and female users, with 43% of our viewers identifying as female and 57% identifying as male. As of June 30, 2024, the majority of our audience was located in Japan (approximately 63%) and Taiwan (approximately 30%), the locations of our principal places of business, with significant percentages in the United States (approximately 1%), Hong Kong (approximately 3%), the rest of Southeast Asia (approximately 1%) and the other areas (approximately 2%), including Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia, as summarized in the graphic below.

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Our Digital Media Brands

As publishers, our core mission is to deliver creative and information-rich content across various domains, including news and business, B2B media, technology, and lifestyle and food and sports and entertainment. We take pride in maintaining independence and a politically neutral stance in our content, catering to a diverse audience without bias. Through organic growth and six media brand acquisitions since 2018, we have built a portfolio of 22 digital media brands that reached an audience of over 40 million average MUU for the six months ended June 30, 2024 concentrated in Millennial and Gen Z audiences in Japan and Taiwan.

Our digital media brands also deliver a wide range of digital media solutions, including content marketing for clients in the form of reviews, articles, and advertorials, in content categories that give us and our clients access to digital native Millennial and Gen Z audiences across a wide area of interests: independent media focused on the business and tech world under our News and Business category, specialist news for business professionals under our B2B Media category, information related to the tech world and consumer electronics under our Technology category, promotional lifestyle media targeted at luxury consumers under our Lifestyle and Food category and sports, movies, and TV coverage under our Sports and Entertainment category. Our main digital media brands include:

News and Business

• The News Lens, one of TNL Mediagene’s core digital media brands and an independent news site providing insightful content, in-depth features, original investigations and infographics that highlight multiple perspectives on news stories related to Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, and Southeast Asia.

• Business Insider Japan, a Japan edition of Business Insider, a news site focused on developments inside and outside Japan in business, finance, politics, and technology.

• Business Yee, a specialized Chinese-language business news site.

B2B Media

• DIGIDAY JAPAN, a Japan edition of DIGIDAY, a specialist publication bringing Japanese and international digital marketing news from the perspectives of brands, platforms, and ad agencies.

• MASHING UP, a Japan-focused conference and event series exploring social issues and solutions from the perspectives of diversity, inclusion and sustainability.

• Modern Retail, a sister site of DIGIDAY Japan focused on retail marketing.

• GLOSSY JAPAN, a sister site of DIGIDAY JAPAN focused on the future of the beauty and fashion industry.

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Technology

• Gizmodo Japan, a Japan edition of Gizmodo, an iconic weblog site which publishes news, reviews, and buying guides of latest technology and consumer gadgets, and its associated sites Lifehacker Japan and Giz Yatai, an e-commerce site selling Giz Yatai-branded small-run products to its audience.

• Cool3c, a Taiwan-focused gadget weblog site featuring new product information, reviews, and in-depth analysis of brand stories in the gadget and tech space.

• Tech Insider, a tech-focused sister site of Business Insider Japan publishing stories on technology and the business of technology.

• INSIDE, an online news publication focused on internet and software startups, blockchain, technology industry trends, digital life and future technology.

Lifestyle and Food

• iCook, a Taiwan-focused food site featuring original recipes, food and lifestyle content and information on eating out in Taiwan and Japan.

• Lifehacker Japan, a weblog site about lifestyle advice and software tips and news.

• ROOMIE, a site which provides busy, active young men, women and couples with lifestyle items and ideas with a “crafty” feel for work, hobbies and relationships.

• ROOMIE KITCHEN, a cooking themed sister site to ROOMIE available in Chinese and Japanese.

• Life Insider Japan and Money Insider Japan, sister sites to Business Insider Japan that bring the latest updates on work, lifestyles and personal finance, targeting a primarily Millennial and Gen Z audience in Japan.

• every little d, a design and art themed online publication in Taiwan that “tells stories of details in our daily life.”

Sports and Entertainment

• Sports Vision, a site which presents comprehensive news and analysis on sports, athletes, sports policy and the business of sports.

• Agent Movie, a Taiwan-focused film and TV related news and review site featuring widely-read Chinese-language columnists writing on film and television, including reviews and interviews.

• Fuze, a Japan-focused digital culture site publishing content focused on art, music, and the counterculture in the digital age.

• Ohsowow, an online publication for fans of Korean pop culture and entertainment in Taiwan.

Competition

As a next-generation media company, we are active across the entire digital media and advertising ecosystem in the markets for media content, data analytics and technology and digital studio services. In the media and branded content business, since our core audience is members of the Millennial and Gen Z generations, digital content providers that target younger, digital native audiences are our natural competitors. Historically these have included HuffPost Japan, Techbang, Cookpad, Variety and others.

In the technology business, our competitors include marketing technology solutions providers, advertising market platforms and market research firms. These have included OneAd, iKala, Appier Group, Google and others.

In the digital studio business, our competitors are other advertising agencies and creative studios, including Intage, Nyle, Good Patch and others.

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On the whole, we believe that our end-to-end digital media solutions powered by our suite of advertising and data analytics technologies and our digital media brands’ reach among Millennial and Gen Z audiences in the East Asia region, particularly Japan and Taiwan, gives us advantages over our competitors, who are primarily specialists addressing a sector of the ecosystem, and integrates us into the broader digital media, advertising and data ecosystem to the benefit of our advertising clients and partners.

Human Resources

Our Employees

We consider the hiring and retention of talented employees to be essential to the ongoing success of our business. As of June 30, 2024, we had 548 employees located in Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong.

Diversity and Inclusion

We value diversity and inclusion (“D&I”) and strive to weave this value into everything we do. We attract a diverse group of employees that reflect the audience we are trying to reach through our content, and we welcome the unique skills, experiences, and backgrounds each employee brings to the table every day. As of June 30, 2024, approximately 2.9% of our employees in Taiwan were members of minority groups, including foreign residents of Taiwan, indigenous people and persons with disabilities, and 2.0% of our employees in Japan were members of minority groups, including non-citizen residents of Japan. In addition, 58.9% of our Taiwan and 52.7% of our Japan employees identify as female.

We continuously improve our strategies for recruitment, training, career development, and education to support our ongoing D&I mission. Our recruiting team has been intentional about developing a diverse strategy to ensure active recruitment of diverse talent and candidates from underrepresented groups, as well as to ensure that the company hires and retains talent with diverse perspectives and backgrounds. Throughout the recruitment and hiring process, we emphasize educating all participants about internal and unconscious biases and how to overcome them, ensuring that all job descriptions and interview processes are inclusive and accessible. We are committed to increasing the representation of minority employees in senior leadership positions; we have concentrated our efforts on advancing and retaining current minority employees and recruiting and attracting more minority candidates for senior roles.

We are committed to creating a work culture where employees can bring their authentic selves to work every day. We want all employees to feel safe and supported, free from the threat of microaggressions or bias.

We plan to continue to develop and launch key D&I educational opportunities, including events and trainings on gender equality, equal opportunities for disability, equal opportunities for sexual orientation, workplace harassment awareness and health and well-being awareness. Additionally, we are promoting initiatives in our Japan office to install gender neutral bathrooms, eliminate the inclusion of age, gender, and photographs on resumes, and encourage employees in same-sex relationships to take advantage of the marriage, child, and other life stage bonuses we provide. Additionally, we will provide flexible remote working arrangements to accommodate employees’ family care needs. Our goal is to establish a working environment where employees can lead autonomously, allowing them to unleash their creativity and impact.

Compensation and Benefits

We provide compensation and benefits programs to help meet the needs of our employees and reward their efforts and contributions. We seek fairness in total compensation with reference to external comparisons, internal comparisons and the relationship between management and non-management compensation.

In addition to salaries, we provide competitive compensation programs commensurate with our peers and industry. Our compensation programs currently vary between our Japan and Taiwan offices to provide competitive compensation in line with local market practice. In both Japan and Taiwan, our compensation and benefit programs include our 2015 Global Share Plan, a stock option plan under which our employees can receive stock options to purchase a specified number of our ordinary shares at a predetermined discount price with a pre-determined vesting schedule over the course of employment. We plan to terminate our 2015 Global Share Plan prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and will not grant any additional awards

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under our 2015 Global Share Plan. For details, see the discussion under the caption “Management Following the Merger — Share-based Compensation.” We also provide year-end, monthly, and project management performance bonuses, special payments for Taiwanese festivals, marriage, funeral, childbirth and hospitalization benefits, meal and travel allowances and education subsidies for our Taiwan employees. Our Japan office employees enjoy marriage, funeral, childbirth, and hospitalization benefits, special long-service bonus payments and paid leaves, as well as subsidies for private English lessons, qualifications related to our business, a free café in our office, and a remote work policy allowing unlimited work from home or from another location for up to two months. Such programs and our overall compensation packages seek to facilitate retention of key personnel.

Health, Safety and Wellness

The success of our business is fundamentally connected to the wellbeing of our people. Accordingly, we are committed to the health, safety and wellness of our employees. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of innovative, flexible and convenient health and wellness programs, including overwork prevention and ergonomics initiatives in our Taiwan office and access to medical consultation and talk therapy services in our Japanese offices. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented countermeasures, such as remote work, which we determined were in the best interests of our employees, as well as the communities in which we operate, and which complied with applicable government regulations. We continue to evolve our programs to meet our employees’ health and wellness needs.

Insurance

We provide social security insurance, including occupational accident, medical, injury, disability and death benefits, unemployment insurance, national health insurance subsidies, retirement pensions and group accident insurance, in the case of Taiwan, and occupational accident, national health insurance, nursing care insurance, national pension, and employment insurance, plus a defined contribution pension plan, in the case of Japan, for our employees in compliance with applicable Taiwan and Japanese laws. We maintain fire insurance for our Taiwan office and fire, liability, director and officer, employee liability, personal information leakage, IT incident and overseas travel insurance policies for our Japanese office.

Intellectual Property

We depend on our brands to build and maintain name recognition and audience loyalty and regard our intellectual property as critical to our success. The value of our digital media brands depends on intellectual property and licenses to intellectual property that we own or hold, including but not limited to the trademarks Business Insider Japan, Gizmodo Japan, Lifehacker Japan, DIGIDAY JAPAN, The News Lens, iCook and Sports Vision and domain names associated with these marks. We retain the rights to an extensive content library that is monetized through multiple revenue streams. In addition to our brand, domain, and content assets, we own and license various advertising and data analytics technologies that power our business. We rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, a combination of work for hire, assignment, license and confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, trade dress, domain name, copyright, trade secret and patent laws, to protect our brands, content, proprietary technologies, and other intellectual property rights.

As of June 30, 2024, we held 40 registered trademarks in Japan, 51 registered trademarks and two patents in Taiwan, and three registered trademarks in the other territories in which we operate. We continually review our development efforts to assess the existence and our ability to register new intellectual property, and whether to decommission certain of our intellectual property assets. We intend to continue to file additional applications with respect to our intellectual property assets.

Regulatory Matters

We are subject to many laws and regulations in Japan, Taiwan, the United States, Hong Kong, and throughout the world, including those related to privacy, data protection, content regulation, intellectual property, consumer protection, ecommerce, marketing, advertising, messaging, rights of publicity, libel and defamation, health and safety, employment and labor, product liability, accessibility, competition, and taxation. These laws and regulations are constantly evolving and may be interpreted, applied, created, or amended in a manner that could harm or require

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us to change our current or future business and operations. In addition, it is possible that certain governments may seek to block or limit use or distribution of our products and services or otherwise impose other restrictions that may affect access to or operation of any or all of our products and services for an extended period of time or indefinitely.

Data Privacy and Security Laws

We receive, process, store, use and share data, some of which contains personal information, including, but not limited to, full name, birth date, address, phone number, email address, age and GPS location as well as technical identifying data including, but not limited to, IP address, device, browser and operating system IDs, activity logs, usage and preference information, and user-generated content. We are therefore subject to various laws, policies, and regulations worldwide relating to the privacy and security of consumer, customer and employee personal information. These laws, including the Act on the Protection of Personal Information of Japan and the Taiwan Personal Data Protection Act, often require companies to implement specific information security controls to protect certain types of data (such as personal data, “special categories of personal data” or health data), and/or impose specific requirements relating to the collection or processing of such data.

According to the Act on the Protection of Personal Information of Japan, our Japanese subsidiaries are required to, among other restrictions and requirements, notify data subjects of the specified purpose of use for which their personal information is being processed and shall not use such data beyond the specified purpose of use or disclose it to any third party without the data subject’s consent, subject to various exceptions or additional restrictions in accordance with circumstances. In addition, our Japanese subsidiaries are required to give data subjects the opportunity to correct their personal information if the legal elements for such correction requests are satisfied, among various other legal rights granted to data subjects.

According to the Taiwan Personal Data Protection Act, our Taiwan subsidiaries are required to conduct due notification procedures and obtain customers’ consent to collect their personal data, and shall not use such personal data beyond the scope authorized by the customer or disclose it to third parties. In addition, the individuals making up our traffic, as data subjects, are entitled to request our Taiwan subsidiaries, as the holders of personal data, to delete or provide a copy of their personal data.

For more details, see the discussion under the caption “Risk Factors — Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Legal and Regulatory Environments — Failure to comply with laws and regulations with respect to privacy, data protection and consumer marketing practices, could adversely affect our business.”

Sustainability

We consider sustainability to be a cornerstone of our business. Some of the efforts we have undertaken to ensure our business are sustainable include encouraging energy conservation and public transportation in our offices, collaborating with suppliers and hosting providers with a commitment to carbon reduction and green energy certifications, using environmentally-friendly office supplies, and undertaking awareness-raising workshops and events surrounding sustainability and decarbonization, including the BEYOND Sustainability Award, an award that recognizes companies that promote sustainable management and GREEN SHIFT, which provides information and community building for innovators working on new businesses. We are also exploring future initiatives based on carbon reduction guidance and certifications.

Facilities

Our Japan executive office is located in Tokyo, Japan where we occupy facilities totaling approximately 1,200 square meters under leases. In addition, we have a sizable operation in Taiwan through our Taiwan executive office in Taipei, Taiwan where we occupy a facility totaling 1,610 square meters under leases. We use these facilities for administration, finance, legal, human resources, information technology, sales and marketing, engineering, technology, production and development.

We intend to procure additional space as we add employees and expand geographically. We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future and that suitable additional space will be available to accommodate any expansion of our operations if needed in the future.

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Seasonality

Our business is subject to some seasonal influences. Historically, our revenue is typically highest in the fourth quarter of the year due to increased advertisement spending and revenue by multinational advertisers and e-commerce clients benefiting from holiday spending at the end of the calendar year. For more details on seasonality of our business, see the discussion under the caption “TNL Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations — Seasonality.”

Legal Proceedings

We are currently not involved in any material legal or administrative proceedings. We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention.

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BLUE OCEAN’S BUSINESS

In this section, “Blue Ocean,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp.

Overview

Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp is a blank check company incorporated on March 26, 2021 as a Cayman Islands exempted company for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities, which we refer to as our initial business combination. Blue Ocean has neither engaged in any operations nor generated any revenue to date. Based on Blue Ocean’s business activities, Blue Ocean is a “shell company” as defined under the Exchange Act because it has no operations and nominal assets consisting almost entirely of cash. Prior to executing the Merger Agreement, Blue Ocean’s efforts were limited to organizational activities, completion of its initial public offering and the evaluation of possible business combinations.

Blue Ocean is not presently engaged in and Blue Ocean will not engage in, any substantive commercial business until it completes the Merger with TNL Mediagene or another target business.

Initial Public Offering and Simultaneous Private Placement

On December 7, 2021, we consummated the Blue Ocean IPO of 16,500,000 Blue Ocean Units, each Blue Ocean Unit consisting of one Blue Ocean Class A Share, and one-half of one redeemable Public Warrant, each whole Public Warrant entitling the holder thereof to purchase one Blue Ocean Class A Share for $11.50 per share (subject to adjustment). The Blue Ocean Units were sold at a price of $10.00 per Blue Ocean Unit, and the Blue Ocean IPO generated gross proceeds of $165,000,000. Substantially concurrent with the closing of the Blue Ocean IPO, we consummated a private placement (the “Private Placement”) with our Sponsor and Apollo, of an aggregate of 8,235,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants at a price of $1.00 per Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant, generating gross proceeds to the Company of $8,235,000. On December 7, 2021, a total of $168,300,000 of the net proceeds from the Blue Ocean IPO and the Private Placement were deposited in the Trust Account.

On December 7, 2021, the Underwriter exercised in full the option granted to them by us to purchase up to 2,475,000 additional Units (the “Over-Allotment Option Units”) solely to cover over-allotments, which option was granted to them under the underwriting agreement for the Blue Ocean IPO. The sale of these 2,475,000 Over-Allotment Option Units closed on December 9, 2021, generating gross proceeds of $24,750,000. Substantially concurrent with the closing of the over-allotment option, we consummated a private placement (the “Additional Private Placement” and, together with the Private Placement, the “Private Placements”) with our Sponsor of an additional 990,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants at a price of $1.00 per Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant, generating gross proceeds of $990,000. On December 9, 2021, a total of $25,245,000 of the proceeds from the closing of the Over-Allotment Option Units and the Additional Private Placement were deposited into the Trust Account, resulting in a total deposit of $193,545,000 in the Trust Account since the Trust Account was established.

Transaction costs amounted to $12,517,335, consisting of $3,795,000 in cash of underwriting fees, $6,641,250 of deferred underwriting fees (which will be payable upon consummation of the Merger), $1,248,100 of offering costs related to the fair value of the Founder Shares sold to Apollo, and $832,985 of other offering costs.

On January 21, 2022 we announced that, commencing January 24, 2022, holders of the 18,975,000 Units sold in the Blue Ocean IPO may elect to separately trade Class A Shares and the Blue Ocean Warrants included in the Units. Those Units not separated continued to trade on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “BOCNU” and Class A Shares and warrants that were separated trade under the symbols “BOCN” and “BOCNW,” respectively.

We may withdraw from the Trust Account interest earned on the funds held therein to pay our tax obligations (less up to $100,000 interest to pay dissolution expenses). The proceeds deposited in the Trust Account will not be released from the Trust Account until the earliest of (i) the completion of our initial business combination, (ii) the redemption of our Public Shares if we do not complete our initial business combination by December 7, 2024 (or such later date as may be approved by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders), or (iii) the redemption of our Public Shares properly submitted in connection with a shareholder vote to amend our Blue Ocean Articles (a) to modify the substance or timing of our obligation to provide holders of Blue Ocean Class A Shares the right to have their shares redeemed or to redeem 100% of our Public Shares if we do not complete our initial business combination

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by December 7, 2024 if the period of time to consummate a business combination is extended, or (b) with respect to any other provision relating to shareholders’ rights or pre-initial business combination activity. The proceeds held in the Trust Account may only be invested only in U.S. government securities with a maturity of 185 days or less or in money market funds meeting certain conditions under Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, which invest only in direct U.S. government treasury obligations.

Fair Market Value of Target Business

The target business or businesses that Blue Ocean acquires must collectively have a fair market value equal to at least 80% of the balance of the funds in the Trust Account (excluding the amount of deferred underwriting commissions held in trust and taxes payable on the income earned on the Trust Account) at the time of the execution of a definitive agreement for its initial business combination. Blue Ocean’s board of directors considered the Opinion delivered by Newbridge to the effect that, as of the date of the Opinion, and subject to and based on the assumptions made, procedures followed, matters considered, limitations of the review undertaken and qualifications contained in the Opinion, the proposed business combination with TNL Mediagene is fair to Blue Ocean from a financial point of view and that TNL Mediagene has a fair market value equal to at least eighty percent (80%) of the balance of funds in Blue Ocean’s Trust Account (excluding deferred underwriting commissions and taxes payable).

Shareholder Approval of Merger

Pursuant to the Blue Ocean Articles, Blue Ocean may provide Blue Ocean Public Shareholders with an opportunity to have their Public Shares redeemed for cash upon consummation of its initial business combination, either in conjunction with a shareholder vote or via a tender offer. Due to the structure of the Transactions, Blue Ocean is providing this opportunity in conjunction with a shareholder vote. Accordingly, in connection with the Merger, the Blue Ocean Public Shareholders may seek to have their Public Shares redeemed for cash in accordance with the procedures set forth in this proxy statement/prospectus. See “Extraordinary General Meeting of Blue Ocean Shareholders — Redemptions Rights.”

Voting in Connection with the Shareholder Meeting

In connection with any vote for a proposed business combination, including the vote with respect to the Business Combination Proposal, the Sponsor has agreed to vote its Blue Ocean shares in favor of such proposed Merger.

At any time prior to the extraordinary general meeting, during a period when they are not then aware of any material nonpublic information regarding Blue Ocean or its securities, Blue Ocean, the Sponsor, Blue Ocean’s officers and directors and TNL Mediagene’s officers and directors and/or their respective affiliates may purchase Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares from institutional and other investors who vote, or indicate an intention to vote, against the Business Combination Proposal, or execute agreements to purchase such shares from such investors in the future, or they may enter into transactions with such investors and others to provide them with incentives to acquire Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares or vote their Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares in favor of the Business Combination Proposal. The purpose of such transactions would be to increase the likelihood of satisfaction of the requirements to consummate the Merger where it appears that such requirements would otherwise not be met.

Entering into any such arrangements may have a depressive effect on the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares. For example, as a result of these arrangements, an investor or holder may have the ability to effectively purchase Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares at a price lower than market and may therefore be more likely to sell the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares he owns, either prior to or immediately after the extraordinary general meeting.

If such transactions are effected, the consequence could be to cause the Merger to be approved in circumstances where such approval could not otherwise be obtained. Purchases of shares by the persons described above would allow them to exert more influence over the approval of the Business Combination Proposal and other proposals and would likely increase the chances that such proposals would be approved. Moreover, any such purchases may make it more likely that the conditions to the closing of the Merger are met. No agreements dealing with the above arrangements or purchases have been entered into as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus by the Sponsor, Blue Ocean officers and directors, TNL Mediagene, TNL Mediagene shareholders or any of their respective affiliates. Blue Ocean will file a Current Report on Form 8-K to disclose arrangements entered into

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or significant purchases made by any of the aforementioned persons that would affect the vote on the Business Combination Proposal or the satisfaction of any closing conditions. Any such report will include descriptions of any arrangements entered into or significant purchases by any of the aforementioned persons.

Redemption of Public Shares and Liquidation If No Initial Merger

Our Blue Ocean Articles currently provide that we will have only until December 7, 2024 to complete our initial business combination. If we do not complete our initial business combination within the completion window, we will: (i) cease all operations except for the purpose of winding up; (ii) as promptly as reasonably possible but not more than 10 business days thereafter, redeem the Public Shares, at a per-share price, payable in cash, equal to the aggregate amount then on deposit in the Trust Account, including interest (less up to $100,000 of interest to pay dissolution expenses and net of taxes paid or payable), divided by the number of then issued and outstanding Public Shares, which redemption will completely extinguish Blue Ocean Public Shareholders’ rights as shareholders (including the right to receive further liquidation distributions, if any); and (iii) as promptly as reasonably possible following such redemption, subject to the approval of our remaining shareholders and our board of directors, liquidate and dissolve, subject in each case, to our obligations under Cayman Islands law to provide for claims of creditors and in all cases subject to the other requirements of applicable law. There will be no redemption rights or liquidating distribution with respect to our warrants, which will expire worthless if we fail to complete our initial business combination before December 7, 2024.

Blue Ocean initially had until June 7, 2023 to consummate an initial business combination (or until September 7, 2023 if the period of time to consummate a business combination was extended). On August 29, 2023, shareholders of Blue Ocean held the Extension Meeting in lieu of the 2023 annual general meeting of the shareholders of Blue Ocean. At the Extension Meeting, Blue Ocean Public Shareholders approved the proposal to amend the Blue Ocean Articles to give Blue Ocean the right to extend the date by which it has to consummate a business combination from September 7, 2023 to June 7, 2024, by depositing into the Trust Account $60,000 for each of the nine subsequent one-month extensions. In connection therewith the shareholders of record were provided the opportunity to exercise their redemption rights (the “Blue Ocean Extension”). Holders of 12,817,785 Blue Ocean Class A Shares exercised their right to redeem at a per share redemption price of approximately $10.67. On September 5, 2023, a total of $136,786,445 in redemption payments were made in connection with this redemption. Following the redemption, Blue Ocean had a total of 6,157,215 Blue Ocean Class A Shares outstanding. On May 29, 2024, shareholders of Blue Ocean held the Second Extension Meeting in lieu of the 2024 annual general meeting of the shareholders of Blue Ocean. At the Second Extension Meeting, Blue Ocean Public Shareholders approved the proposal to amend the Blue Ocean Articles to give Blue Ocean the right to extend the date by which it has to consummate a business combination from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024, by depositing into the Trust Account $30,000 for each of the six subsequent one-month extensions. Holders of 4,315,265 Blue Ocean Class A Shares exercised their right to redeem at a per share redemption price of approximately $11.20. On June 3, 2024, a total of $48,321,746.73 in redemption payments was made in connection with this redemption. Following the redemption and the Conversion, Blue Ocean had a total of 6,585,699 Blue Ocean Class A Shares outstanding, of which 1,841,950 shares were Public Shares.

Our initial shareholders, officers and directors and Sponsor do not have the right to liquidate distributions from the Trust Account with respect to any Founder Shares they hold if we fail to consummate an initial business combination within the completion window (although they will be entitled to liquidate distributions from the Trust Account with respect to any Public Shares they hold if we fail to complete our initial business combination within the completion window).

Our Sponsor, its affiliates or designees have agreed, pursuant to a written agreement with us, that they will not propose any amendment to the Blue Ocean Articles that would modify the substance or timing of our obligation to provide holders of Blue Ocean Class A Shares the right to have their shares redeemed in connection with our initial business combination or to redeem 100% of our Public Shares if we do not complete our initial business combination within the completion window, unless we provide Blue Ocean Public Shareholders with the opportunity to redeem their Public Shares upon approval of any such amendment at a per-share price, payable in cash, equal to the aggregate amount then on deposit in the Trust Account, including interest earned on the funds held in the Trust Account and not previously released to us to pay our income taxes, if any, divided by the number of the then-outstanding Public Shares. This redemption right shall apply in the event of the approval of any such amendment, whether proposed by our Sponsor, any officer, director, or any other person.

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We expect that all costs and expenses associated with implementing our plan of dissolution, as well as payments to any creditors, will be funded from amounts available for borrowing under the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note and the TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note, plus up to $100,000 of funds from the Trust Account available to us to pay dissolution expenses, although we cannot assure you that there will be sufficient funds for such purpose.

If we were to expend all of the net proceeds of the Blue Ocean IPO and the sale of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, other than the proceeds deposited in the Trust Account, and without taking into account interest, if any, earned on the Trust Account, the per-share redemption amount received by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders upon our dissolution would be $10.20. The proceeds deposited in the Trust Account could, however, become subject to the claims of our creditors which would have higher priority than the claims of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders. We cannot assure you that the actual per-share redemption amount received by shareholders will not be less than $10.20. While we intend to pay such amounts, if any, we cannot assure you that we will have funds sufficient to pay or provide for all creditors’ claims.

Although we will seek to have all vendors, service providers (except our independent registered public accounting firm), prospective target businesses and other entities with which we do business execute agreements with us waiving any right, title, interest or claim of any kind in or to any monies held in the Trust Account for the benefit of our Blue Ocean Public Shareholders, there is no guarantee that they will execute such agreements or even if they execute such agreements that they would be prevented from bringing claims against the Trust Account including but not limited to fraudulent inducement, breach of fiduciary responsibility or other similar claims, as well as claims challenging the enforceability of the waiver, in each case in order to gain an advantage with respect to a claim against our assets, including the funds held in the Trust Account. If any third party refuses to execute an agreement waiving such claims to the monies held in the Trust Account, our management will consider whether competitive alternatives are reasonably available to the Company, and will only enter into an agreement with such third party if management believes that such third party’s engagement would be in the best interests of the Company under the circumstances. Examples of possible instances where we may engage a third party that refuses to execute a waiver include the engagement of a third party consultant whose particular expertise or skills are believed by management to be significantly superior to those of other consultants that would agree to execute a waiver or in cases where management is unable to find a service provider willing to execute a waiver. The underwriters are not expected to execute agreements with us waiving such claims to the monies held in the Trust Account. In addition, there is no guarantee that such entities will agree to waive any claims they may have in the future as a result of, or arising out of, any negotiations, contracts or agreements with us and will not seek recourse against the Trust Account for any reason.

In order to protect the amounts held in the Trust Account, our Sponsor has agreed that it will be liable to us if and to the extent any claims by a vendor for services rendered or products sold to us, or a prospective target business with which we have discussed entering into a transaction agreement, reduce the amounts in the Trust Account to below the lesser of (i) $10.20 per Public Share and (ii) the actual amount per Public Share held in the Trust Account as of the date of the liquidation of the Trust Account if less than $10.20 per Public Share due to reductions in the value of the trust assets, in each case net of the interest that may be withdrawn to pay our tax obligations, provided that such liability will not apply to any claims by a third party or prospective target business who executed a waiver of any and all rights to seek access to the Trust Account, nor will it apply to any claims under our indemnity of the underwriter of the Blue Ocean IPO against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. In the event that an executed waiver is deemed to be unenforceable against a third party, our Sponsor will not be responsible to the extent of any liability for such third-party claims. However, we have not asked our Sponsor to reserve for such indemnification obligations, nor have we independently verified whether our Sponsor has sufficient funds to satisfy its indemnity obligations and we believe that our Sponsor’s only assets are securities of our company. Our Sponsor may not be able to satisfy those obligations. As a result, if any such claims were successfully made against the Trust Account, the funds available for our initial business combination and redemptions could be reduced to less than $10.20 per Public Share. In such event, we may not be able to complete our initial business combination, and you would receive such lesser amount per share in connection with any redemption of your Public Shares. None of our officers or directors will indemnify us for claims by third parties including, without limitation, claims by vendors and prospective target businesses.

In the event that the proceeds in the Trust Account are reduced below the lesser of (i) $10.20 per Public Share and (ii) the actual amount per Public Share held in the Trust Account as of the date of the liquidation of the Trust Account if less than $10.20 per Public Share due to reductions in the value of the trust assets, in each

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case net of the interest that may be withdrawn to pay our tax obligations, and our Sponsor asserts that it is unable to satisfy its indemnification obligations or that it has no indemnification obligations related to a particular claim, our independent directors would determine whether to take legal action against our Sponsor to enforce its indemnification obligations. While we currently expect that our independent directors would take legal action on our behalf against our Sponsor to enforce its indemnification obligations to us, it is possible that our independent directors in exercising their business judgment and subject to their fiduciary duties may choose not to do so in any particular instance. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that due to claims of creditors the actual value of the per-share redemption price will not be less than $10.20 per Public Share.

We will seek to reduce the possibility that our Sponsor will have to indemnify the Trust Account due to claims of creditors by endeavoring to have all vendors, service providers (excluding our independent registered public accounting firm), prospective target businesses or other entities with which we do business execute agreements with us waiving any right, title, interest or claim of any kind in or to monies held in the Trust Account. Our Sponsor will also not be liable as to any claims under our indemnity of the underwriter of the Blue Ocean IPO against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. In the event that we liquidate and it is subsequently determined that the reserve for claims and liabilities is insufficient, shareholders who received funds from our Trust Account could be liable for claims made by creditors; however such liability will not be greater than the amount of funds from our Trust Account received by any such shareholder.

If we file a bankruptcy or winding-up petition or an involuntary bankruptcy or winding-up petition is filed against us that is not dismissed, the proceeds held in the Trust Account could be subject to applicable bankruptcy law, and may be included in our bankruptcy estate and subject to the claims of third parties with priority over the claims of our shareholders. To the extent any bankruptcy claims deplete the Trust Account, we cannot assure you we will be able to return $10.20 per Public Share to our Blue Ocean Public Shareholders. Additionally, if we file a bankruptcy or winding-up petition or an involuntary bankruptcy or winding-up petition is filed against us that is not dismissed, any distributions received by shareholders could be viewed under applicable debtor/creditor and/or bankruptcy laws as either a “preferential transfer” or a “fraudulent conveyance.” As a result, a bankruptcy or insolvency court could seek to recover some or all amounts received by our shareholders. Furthermore, our board of directors may be viewed as having breached its fiduciary duty to our creditors and/or may have acted in bad faith, and thereby exposing itself and the Company to claims of punitive damages, by paying Blue Ocean Public Shareholders from the Trust Account prior to addressing the claims of creditors. We cannot assure you that claims will not be brought against us for these reasons.

Blue Ocean Public Shareholders will be entitled to receive funds from the Trust Account only (i) in the event of the redemption of our Public Shares if we do not consummate an initial business combination within the completion window, (ii) in connection with a shareholder vote to amend the Blue Ocean Articles that would affect the substance or timing of our obligation to provide holders of our Blue Ocean Class A Shares the right to have their shares redeemed in connection with our initial business combination or to redeem 100% of our Public Shares if we do not complete our initial business combination within the completion window or any amendment is made with respect to any other provision of the Blue Ocean Articles relating to the rights of holders of our Class A Shares, and (iii) if they redeem their respective shares for cash upon the completion of the initial business combination. Blue Ocean Public Shareholders who redeem their Blue Ocean Class A Shares in connection with a shareholder vote described in clause (ii) in the preceding sentence shall not be entitled to funds from the Trust Account upon the subsequent completion of an initial business combination or liquidation if we have not consummated an initial business combination within the completion window, with respect to such Blue Ocean Class A Shares so redeemed. In no other circumstances will a shareholder have any right or interest of any kind to or in the Trust Account. In the event we seek shareholder approval in connection with our initial business combination, a shareholder’s voting in connection with the business combination alone will not result in a shareholder redeeming its shares to us for an applicable pro rata share of the Trust Account. Such shareholder must have also exercised its redemption rights described above. These provisions of the Blue Ocean Articles, like all provisions of the Blue Ocean Articles, may be amended with a shareholder vote.

Facilities

We currently maintain our executive offices at 2 Wisconsin Circle, 7th Floor, Chevy Chase, MD 20815.

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Employees

We currently have four executive officers. These individuals are not obligated to devote any specific number of hours to our affairs but they intend to devote as much of their time as they deem necessary to our affairs until we have completed our initial business combination. The amount of time they will devote in any time period will vary based on whether a target business has been selected for our initial business combination and the stage of the business combination process we are in. We do not intend to have any full-time employees prior to the completion of the Merger.

Legal Proceedings

There is no material litigation, arbitration or governmental proceeding currently pending against us or any members of our founding team in their capacity as such.

Directors and Executive Officers

As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, Blue Ocean’s directors and officers are as follows:

Marcus Brauchli

Mr. Brauchli is Blue Ocean’s Chairman. He has been co-founder and managing partner of North Base Media Ltd. since January 2014. He previously was vice president of Graham Holdings Company (NYSE: GHCO) and its predecessor, The Washington Post Co., from July 2008 until December 2013, where he developed digital opportunities for a group that included The Washington Post, the Post-Newsweek television stations, the Cable One group and Slate, a digital site. From September 2008 to December 2012, he was the executive editor of The Washington Post (the “Post”) and oversaw the Post’s budget and a newsroom of more than 700 journalists. He drove significant changes in the Post’s digital operation, which quadrupled its audience. Mr. Brauchli came to the Post from a 24-year career at Dow Jones & Co., where he was a vice president and the top editor of The Wall Street Journal at the time the company was acquired by News Corp. in a $5.6 billion transaction. He ran WSJ’s budget and oversaw a global staff, with operations in Asia, Europe and the U.S., as well as the MarketWatch, a digital site. He also was responsible for approving changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Early in his career, Mr. Brauchli lived 15 years in Asia and Europe as a Journal correspondent and editor. Since January 2018, he has served as a member of the supervisory board of Gremi Media, the publicly listed media group that publishes Poland’s leading business newspaper, Rzeczpospolita, and other publications and digital platforms. Since 2014, he has served as a director of The News Lens, Taiwan’s leading independent digital-media group, and is advisor to Datami Inc., a U.S. telecommunications technology company. He has been a consultant to Univision Communications Inc., the HT Media Group in India, and the Economic Journal of Hong Kong, and is an Innovation Fellow at the Lang Center for Entrepreneurship at Columbia Business School. He has lived in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Stockholm and now resides in Bethesda, Maryland. We believe Mr. Brauchli’s extensive experience leading media and global businesses, investing in digital and technology growth companies, and his substantial management experience brings important and valuable skills to our board of directors.

Richard Leggett

Mr. Leggett is Blue Ocean’s Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Leggett is an accomplished global chief executive in the information services, financial services and professional services industries with over 33 years of experience and an entrepreneurial track record in all aspects of growing and operating global businesses. From 2005 to 2022, Mr. Leggett served as CEO of three PE-backed technology-enabled information services businesses guiding two of them through successful exits to strategic buyers. From January 2012 through September 2022, Mr. Leggett served as the CEO of FrontierView, a global market intelligence company which he built and in November 2021 sold to FiscalNote (NYSE: NOTE) prior to FiscalNote’s IPO in August 2022. From October 2008 through August 2011, he served as CEO of Business Intelligence Advisors (“BIA”), an independent equity research firm that he guided through the financial crisis while also launching an AI-based proprietary data platform. Prior to BIA, Mr. Leggett served from February 2005 through October 2008 as CEO at CFRA, a leading independent equity research company, that under Mr. Leggett’s leadership grew substantially and was sold to RiskMetrics (now MSCI) in 2007 prior to its IPO. Mr. Leggett subsequently ran Institutional Shareholder Services, a major division of RiskMetrics.

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Prior to his CEO roles, Mr. Leggett spent over 16 years in the Financial Services industry, where he was a Managing Director at Goldman Sachs in New York and London, in both the Technology equity research and investment banking divisions from June 2000 through January 2005. Prior to Goldman Sachs, Mr. Leggett led the Technology Research practice at Friedman, Billings & Ramsey from October 1996 to June 2000. He started his career in the Financial Services practice at Accenture in Washington, D.C. from January 1991 to October 1996. Mr. Leggett is a co-founder and Executive Committee Member of K Street Capital, a prominent Washington, D.C. angel investment group that he helped start in 2012. Since 2011, he has served on the Board of Directors of AlphaSense, a privately held AI-powered market intelligence and search platform backed by a number of leading investors, including Goldman Sachs and Viking Global Advisors. Mr. Leggett graduated from Georgetown University in 1990 with a B.A. in Business Administration. He serves on the Advisory Council for the Master’s in Management program at the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland, where he regularly guest lectures. We believe Mr. Leggett’s experience in leading companies and in managing transactions brings valuable skills to Blue Ocean.

Matt Lasov

Mr. Lasov is Blue Ocean’s Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Lasov is an accomplished finance and strategy executive in the professional services and technology industries, with a strong track record of growing and operating businesses globally. From October 2021 through July 2022, Mr. Lasov served as the Chief Strategy Officer at ConsumerDirect, a financial technology company in the money, credit, and privacy spaces. Prior to ConsumerDirect, from February 2019 to October 2021, Mr. Lasov was a Director at Slalom, a global consulting firm, founding and leading the Strategy Practice in Southern California. From June 2016 through January 2019, Mr. Lasov was Vice President of Finance and Operations at ExecOnline, a privately held education technology company focused on leadership development. Prior to ExecOnline, From January 2010 through May 2016, Mr. Lasov served in leadership positions including Head of Advisory, and Head of EMEA at FrontierView, now FiscalNote (NYSE: NOTE), a global market intelligence company. Mr. Lasov graduated from McGill University in 2006 with a B.A. in Political Science.

Sean Glodek

Mr. Glodek is Blue Ocean’s Vice President focused on business development. Mr. Glodek is a director of the company, as well as a member of Blue Ocean’s leadership team in identifying possible business combinations for Blue Ocean. Since July 2019, he has served as a Vice Chairman of CT Bright Holdings, a wholly owned investment subsidiary of C.P. Group, where he coordinates investment activities and strategic partnerships for the Chairman’s office across C.P. Group companies. He has also served as a Senior Advisor to C.P. Group Chairman Soopakij Chearavanont since July 2018. From June 2017 to June 2018, he was managing partner of R3 Capital Partners. From September 2011 to May 2017, Mr. Glodek was a Deputy CEO of the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) and a Director of the Russia China Investment Fund (RCIF), where he coordinated investment activity and a number of key strategic partnerships with Sovereign Wealth Funds and Pension Funds across the world to invest in Russia and selectively in China. The parent of the Russian Direct Investment Fund, Vnesheconombank, and RDIF (as its subsidiary) were subject to sanctions imposed in 2014 and 2015 by the United States Treasury prohibiting U.S. persons from transacting in, providing financing for, or otherwise dealing in new debt of longer than certain maturities or new equity. RDIF is a sovereign wealth fund. Prior to RDIF, Mr. Glodek was based in Warsaw, Poland where he led a regional office of Darby Private Equity. Earlier in his career, Mr. Glodek worked as an investment banker at Lehman Brothers, Deutsche Bank, and Barclays Capital. Mr. Glodek started his career as a mergers & acquisitions analyst at Goldman Sachs. He received a B.A. in Economics with Honors from Stanford University and an M.B.A. from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. We believe Mr. Glodek’s extensive experience in investing brings important and valuable skills to our board.

Norman Pearlstine

Mr. Pearlstine is an independent director of the company. He was Executive Editor of the Los Angeles Times from June 2018 through December 2020. Before that, Mr. Pearlstine was Time Inc.’s editor-in-chief from 1994 to 2005 and its Chief Content Officer from 2013 to July 2016 and its vice-chairman from July 2016 to July 2017. He served as the Carlyle Group’s senior advisor for telecommunications and media from June 2006 to June 2008, as Bloomberg L.P.’s Chief Content Officer from 2008 to 2013, and as Forbes executive editor from June 1978 to June 1980. He was The Wall Street Journal’s managing and executive editor from September 1983 to June 1992, having begun his media career as a Journal staff reporter before becoming its North Asia bureau chief

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and a founding editor of its Asian and European editions. He serves on the boards of the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, the Alliance for Trust in Media, the Center for Communication, Leadership and Policy at USC Annenberg, and the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy at Harvard University. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as President of the American Academy in Berlin. He is an advisor to North Base Media and lives in New York. We believe Mr. Pearlstine’s extensive experience leading global media organizations as well as his substantial leadership and management experience and extensive network of business leaders brings important and valuable skills to our board of directors.

Joel Motley

Mr. Motley is an independent director of the company. Mr. Motley has served since June 2019 as an independent director of Invesco Mutual Funds. He is an independent director of the Office of Finance of the Federal Home Loan Bank System, a role he began in September 2016. Mr. Motley is Chairman emeritus of Human Rights Watch, serving as chair from April 2012 to October 2016. He has served on the boards of The Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting since December 2010 and The Greenwall Foundation since May 2013, and he has been a member of the Council on Foreign Relations since March 1989. He began his career in investment banking at Lazard Freres & Co. in May 1985, and went on to co-found Carmona Motley Inc., a private financial advisor in April 1992. Prior to banking, Mr. Motley was an aide to Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan from January 1983 until May 1985. He began work as a corporate lawyer for Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP in September 1978 after receiving his J.D. from Harvard Law School. We believe Mr. Motley’s extensive experience in banking and service on boards of directors brings important and valuable skills to our board of directors.

Matt Goldberg

Mr. Goldberg serves as an independent director of the company. Mr. Goldberg’s career in media included extensive stints in corporate development, mergers and acquisitions, and strategy. Mr. Goldberg was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer of Tripadvisor in July 2022. He ran global operations for the advertising-technology company, The Trade Desk, from July 2020 to March 2021 and the company’s business development from February 2020 to July 2020, and since April 2021, he has been the founding director of Dataphilanthropy, which applies data science to understand key moments where innovative interventions might remove obstacles to equal opportunity. From December 2016 to December 2019, he served as the Global Head of M&A for News Corp., joining from Liberty Interactive, where he was senior vice president and head of corporate development from October 2013 to November 2016. In that role, he led the $2.4 billion Zulily acquisition and was instrumental in the $2.1 billion acquisition of HSN. Before that, from February 2009 to September 2013, he was CEO of Lonely Planet, the Australian publisher. We believe Mr. Goldberg’s extensive experience in identifying, negotiating and closing significant transactions brings important and valuable skills to our board of directors.

Priscilla Han

Ms. Han is an independent director of the company. Since March 2019, Ms. Han has served as the Chief Investment Officer of Reapra Pte. Ltd., a Singapore-based investment company with a portfolio that includes companies in a wide range of industries, including education, digital media, real estate, hospitality, healthcare and agriculture across Asia. Before joining Reapra, she worked from April 2014 to July 2017 as an investment manager covering China and Southeast Asia for New Zealand Trade and Enterprise, which focuses on driving Foreign Direct Investment into New Zealand. From May 2014 to July 2017, Ms. Han was an Investment Committee Member for North Base Media and led financial analysis for the portfolio; a corporate finance manager for Deloitte & Touche from January 2013 to April 2014; and an associate in M&A and investment for Singapore-based investment companies. We believe Ms. Han’s extensive experience in finance, as well as analyzing and advising growth companies in Asia brings important and valuable skills to our board of directors.

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TNL MEDIAGENE’S MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

In this section, “we,” “us” and “our” refer to TNL Mediagene and its consolidated subsidiaries. The following discussion and analysis provides information that TNL Mediagene’s management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of TNL Mediagene’s results of operations and financial condition. This discussion and analysis should be read together with “Summary Consolidated Financial Information of TNL Mediagene” and the audited historical consolidated financial statements and related notes that are included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. This discussion and analysis should also be read together with the pro forma combined financial information in “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.” In addition to historical financial information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. For more information about forward-looking statements, see “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” or elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

TNL Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. All amounts are in U.S. Dollars except as otherwise indicated. For more information about the basis of presentation of TNL Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements, see “— Basis of Presentation” and Note 4b to TNL Mediagene’s audited historical consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Certain figures, including interest rates and other percentages included in this section, have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this section have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this section may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in TNL Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this section may similarly not sum due to rounding.

Overview

We are Asia’s next-generation media company built around a portfolio of diverse and trusted digital media brands and a suite of AI-powered advertising and data analytics solutions. With data at our core, we operate media, technology and digital studio businesses primarily in Japan and Taiwan, with a vision to expand into other key East and Southeast Asian markets outside of mainland China. Through our trusted digital media brands, AI-powered advertising and data analytics technology and digital studio solutions, we aim to provide multinational clients with unmatched opportunities to contextually reach and engage with Millennial and Gen Z audiences across the East and Southeast Asian region, one of the largest and most attractive audience segments in the world.

We were formed in May 2023 by the merger of The News Lens Co., Ltd. (“TNL”) and Mediagene Inc. (“Mediagene”). TNL and Mediagene started out as independent digital media companies in Taiwan in 2013 and in Japan in 1998, respectively, and continue to grow both organically and inorganically. Mediagene publishes well-known and trusted media brands, such as ROOMIE and MASHING UP, as well as Japanese editions of global media brands, including Gizmodo Japan, Lifehacker Japan and Business Insider Japan, and also provides integrated digital studio, agency and marketing solutions. TNL owns several popular digital media brands in Taiwan, including The News Lens, iCook, and Sports Vision, and also operates AI-powered data analytics and advertising technology and market research assets.

As Asia’s next-generation media company built around a portfolio of diverse and trusted digital media brands and a suite of AI-powered advertising and data analytics solutions, we have built on the respective strengths of our predecessors and have created synergies between the unique capabilities of both companies. Each has brought unique capabilities to the combined company — TNL’s data analytics, advertising technologies and direct-to-client advertising sales platform and Mediagene’s portfolio of iconic media brands in the larger Japanese market, innovative content marketing, integrated marketing, live events, and retail media capabilities — while maintaining our shared core values and focus on high-quality independent digital media publishing. Our combined innovative publishing and creative teams have a long track record of creating and licensing new and sustainable brands. With our strong foundation in digital media, we have prioritized collecting more and better data, developing more data-focused services and products, delivering performance advertising that gives our clients higher return on advertising spending, and achieving audience growth by strengthening our audience share in our existing content categories, expanding into new content categories and growing into new geographic markets.

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We categorize our revenue into the following three reportable sources:

Media and Branded Content. As an independent digital media publisher, we are committed to being a “trusted voice in Asia for a better future” for Millennial and Gen Z audiences in Japan, Taiwan and throughout the East and, ultimately, Southeast Asia region, and to inspire and enliven what the most online and connected generations watch, read, hear and buy, now and in the future. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, our 22 digital media brands across five content categories — news and business, B2B media, technology, lifestyle and food, and sports and entertainment — have reached over 40 million monthly unique users (“MUUs”), in three languages, Japanese, Chinese and English, with over 175 million monthly digital footprints across websites, social-media platforms and mobile apps. For more details of our operating metrics, see “— Key Operating Metrics.”

Technology. Our data analytics and AI-powered technology gives us deep insight into the content consumption and engagement behaviors of our users and enables us to optimize audience monetization by creating and delivering captivating and high-quality content and deep two-way connections with our audience, particularly among members of the Millennial and Gen Z generations. Our 22 trusted digital media brands cover diverse categories, offering high engagement with the growing and affluent digital-native generations primarily in Japan and Taiwan, and deliver unmatched advertisement performance in the digital advertising and growing retail media spaces. We have represented over 850 regional and global advertising clients across diverse industries, including multinational companies and government agencies.

Digital Studio. Our integrated digital studios, agencies and market research teams provide a comprehensive suite of strategic, creative design, research and communication services that help our clients reach and engage their target audiences and build communities for their brands. Ranging from campaign planning, communication strategy, marketing content creation, and event planning to digital studio services with social media strategy, influencer recruiting, and UX/UI design, our integrated digital studio, agency and market research solutions help our clients formulate and deliver key messages to their target audiences both online and offline and enables us to build long-term relationships with our B2C and B2B clients through multi-year projects.

Our total revenue increased from $20.0 million in 2022 to $35.8 million in 2023, representing 79.1% year-on-year growth, and from $9.0 million in the six-month period ended June 30, 2023 to $20.6 million in the six-month period ended June 30, 2024. From June 2023 onwards, our total revenue includes revenue earned by Mediagene which merged with TNL on May 25, 2023. For more details, see “— Results of Operations.” On a pro forma basis, accounting for a full year of Mediagene’s results, the combined company would have earned $45.2 million in revenue in 2023, including $18.4 million in the first half of 2023. For more details, see Note 31 to TNL Mediagene’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and Note 31 to TNL Mediagene’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024.

To date, TNL Mediagene has incurred recurring losses from operations, negative working capital, and net operating cash outflow, including net losses of $12.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, $1.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 and $5.9 million in the six-month period ended June 30, 2024. TNL Mediagene’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, and audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, include disclosure regarding substantial doubt about TNL Mediagene’s ability to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business and to continue as a going concern. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Operations and History — TNL Mediagene’s ability to continue as a going concern depends in part on improving its operating and financing conditions”.

For more details on our business, see “TNL Mediagene’s Business.”

Merger and Public Company Costs

On June 6, 2023, TNL Mediagene and TNLMG (the “Merger Sub”, formerly named TNL Mediagene, renamed as TNLMG on June 20, 2023), a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”) with Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp (“Blue Ocean”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean (the “Merger”), with Blue Ocean surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene. As a result of the Merger, and upon consummation of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger

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Agreement (the “Transactions” and together with the transactions contemplated by the agreements, instruments and documents contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Proposed Transactions”), the shareholders of Blue Ocean will become shareholders of TNL Mediagene.

The Merger is anticipated to be accounted for as a capital transaction of TNL Mediagene equivalent to the issuance of shares by TNL Mediagene in exchange for the net monetary assets of Blue Ocean. The Merger does not constitute a business combination as defined in IFRS 3, Business Combinations (“IFRS 3”), as Blue Ocean is a non-operating entity and does not meet the definition of a business under IFRS 3.

The Merger will be accounted for within the scope of IFRS 2, Share-based Payments. As a result, any excess of fair value of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issued over the fair value of Blue Ocean’s identifiable net assets acquired represents compensation for the service in respect of a stock exchange listing for TNL Mediagene’s securities and is expensed upon consummation of the Proposed Transactions.

With respect to TNL Mediagene Warrants to be issued in connection with the Merger, they will be accounted for as liabilities in accordance with IAS 32 following the consummation of the Merger and, accordingly, will be subject to ongoing mark-to-market adjustments through the statement of operations.

Apart from the above-mentioned changes, the most significant change in our future reported financial position and results is expected to be changes in cash (as compared to TNL Mediagene’s unaudited consolidated statement of financial position as of June 30, 2024) ranging from an increase of $4.0 million to an increase of $5.4 million under the illustrative no redemption scenarios and a decrease of $3.2 million under the illustrative maximum redemption scenarios. For more details, see “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.” Such expected change to TNL Mediagene’s cash balance, in each case, is less non-recurring transaction fees and expenses of TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean incurred and outstanding as a result of the Proposed Transactions, which are currently estimated at approximately $19.7 million, including the deferred underwriting commission of approximately $6.6 million in connection with the Blue Ocean IPO.

Upon consummation of the Merger, any excess of fair value of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issued over the fair value of Blue Ocean’s identifiable net assets acquired and the estimated share-based contingent payments of the Earn-Out Shares represents compensation for the service in respect of a stock exchange listing for TNL Mediagene’s securities, which will be expensed upon consummation of the Proposed Transactions, and is expected to range approximately from $49.1 million to $50.5 million under the illustrative no redemption scenarios and from $43.9 million to $45.3 million under the illustrative maximum redemption scenarios. For more details, see “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

Following the Proposed Transactions, we expect to be publicly listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, which will require us to hire additional personnel and implement additional procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices. We expect to incur additional annual expenses as a public company. See “— Components of Results of Operations — Sales, General and Administrative Expenses”.

Key Operating Metrics

We review a number of metrics, including the key operating metrics discussed below, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions.

Monthly Unique Users: We define a monthly unique user, or MUU, as a user who can be identified with a unique identifier and has visited a website owned by TNL Mediagene at least once within a calendar month. We track MUUs across all 22 of our digital media brands. We track MUUs monthly to understand how our audience may be changing. MUU data can change month-to-month, for example when current events drive users to our news websites or when seasonal promotions drive users to our technology and e-commerce sites. As such, we monitor and report MUUs as a rolling three-month average, measuring the average number of users across each of the three most recent months for which data is available. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we had approximately 40 million average MUUs.

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Monthly Digital Footprint: We define our monthly digital footprint as the total number of page and video views across our 22 digital media brands and associated social media platforms, including, among others, YouTube, Tik Tok and Facebook, within a calendar month. We track digital footprint monthly to understand how overall engagement with our brands may be changing. Similar to MUU data, digital footprint data changes month-to-month. Accordingly, we monitor and report monthly digital footprint as a rolling three-month average, measuring the average number of users across each of the three most recent months for which data is available. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we had an average monthly digital footprint of approximately 175 million views.

First- and Zero-Party Data: We collect “first-party” data, or actionable information created from behavioral data collected through our paid and free subscriptions to our branded sites, where users opt into sharing their data. We also collect “zero-party” data, or actionable information created directly from our users’ input, such as survey responses and account configurations. We believe first- and zero-party data provide more behavioral insights and higher user engagement that our advertising clients find valuable, and we regularly measure and monitor the number of users that provide first- and zero-party data.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that our performance and future success is dependent on multiple factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in “Risk Factors.”

User Growth and Engagement

The number of MUUs is important to the growth of our business because it influences our advertising inventory. However, we are focused not just on the volume of MUUs but also on the quality of their engagement with our brands. For example, we believe that MUUs who have opted into providing first- and zero-party data are more valuable to advertisers in a landscape where privacy regulations are undergoing significant changes.

Changes in the Advertising Market

Our business is affected by changes in the digital advertising market, which in turn is influenced by client demand. Changes in any general industry conditions and our ability to adapt to such changes could affect our business and the results of operation. While we are subject to the cyclical nature of the advertising market, our 22 digital media brands are off platform. As such, we are less reliant on social media or search traffic than other on-platform media brands to drive advertising spend, and our business is not dependent on revenue sharing with platform owners. We believe that advertisers will continue to seek to engage directly with Asian Millennial and Gen Z audiences, and our 22 digital media brands provide unique, direct access which dilutes the impact of changes in the broader advertising market.

Changes in the E-commerce Market

We continue to capitalize on the growing e-commerce trend, and we believe we are well positioned to monetize e-commerce. We can earn revenue both at the top of the e-commerce buying funnel for creating branded content that introduces audiences to new products, and at the bottom of the e-commerce buying funnel for sale of advertised products via affiliate links on our websites. Our e-commerce revenue is diversified across platforms, such as Amazon and Rakuten, where we earn a take-rate on gross merchandise value, on crowdfunding e-commerce sites, and on our own proprietary e-commerce platforms.

Seasonality

We experience seasonality in our business and financial results.

Media and Branded Content: The fourth quarter of a calendar year tends to be our largest revenue quarter due to spending at the end of the calendar year by multinational advertisers. The second quarter of a calendar year also sees increased advertising spend as it aligns to the typical February and March fiscal year end in Japan, where advertisers tend to allocate their remaining advertising budgets for the previous fiscal year for advertisements in the second quarter or the first quarter of a new fiscal year. The first quarter of a calendar year tends to see reduced advertising spend because of the impact of the Chinese New Year holidays, which fall between late January and late February, on the Taiwanese market.

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Technology: Revenue from the technology business is subject to similar seasonality as the media and branded content business, showing stronger sales in the fourth quarter of a calendar year. This is primarily due to similar trends in advertising-related technology spending by our advertising clients. In particular, revenue from the technology business from our e-commerce clients tends to benefit from holiday spending in the fourth quarter of a calendar year.

Digital Studio: Revenue from the digital studio business in Taiwan is highest in the fourth quarter of a calendar year. In Taiwan, many of our digital studio clients are public sector and not-for-profit organizations who tend to enter into one-year projects at the beginning of the calendar year. We recognize revenue on these projects over time as the underlying services are rendered, with more services typically provided in the fourth quarter of the calendar year compared to other quarters. In Japan, revenue from the digital studio business does not have similar seasonality as many of our digital studio clients are clients that we have established long-term relationships and enter into contracts for various services with us throughout the year.

We expect seasonality to increase as our business grows into additional geographic markets and as we serve more multinational clients.

Macroeconomic Conditions

Our performance may fluctuate as a result of macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, changing exchange rates, rising interest rates, supply chain and labor disruptions, geopolitical risks, and other risks and uncertainties. We are unable to predict the duration or degree of such fluctuation with any certainty. Since the continuing impact of these macroeconomic conditions on our performance remains highly unpredictable, our past results may not be indicative of our future results of operations.

Cross selling Other Products and Services

Our performance depends on our ability to introduce our existing clients in one product or service to other products and services within our portfolio. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, very few clients consume the breadth of our entire portfolio. Across our three business units — media and branded content, technology, and digital studio — we generate revenue from 11 distinct products or services and drive value for advertisers by being a one-stop-shop for advertisers to engage with Millennial and Gen Z audiences primarily in Japan and Taiwan. Many of our clients are multinational and regional advertisers, diversified across industries. We believe that we have a significant opportunity to capture increased wallet share from our existing client base by demonstrating higher return on ad spend, or ROAS, in the current product or service and cross selling our other products and services.

Geographical Expansion

We have a market prioritization framework for entering into new geographical markets. Based on our revenue of $20.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, our “core markets” are Japan and Taiwan where we generated approximately 54% and 46%, respectively, of our revenue. We believe we have a business model that allows us to replicate our success in new geographical markets, and a client base that is keenly interested in reaching new audiences in these new markets. However, any expansion outside of our core markets will increase costs related to hiring employees to produce and distribute additional content and for sales of our products and services to potential clients, and we expect expense growth to outpace revenue growth in the short-to-medium term. In addition, as we weigh international expansion, our expansion strategy will be influenced by macroeconomic and geopolitical risks that vary from market to market, which we are unable to predict with any certainty. Our success in new geographical regions depends on several specific factors, including those discussed under the caption “Risk Factors — Our international operations are subject to increased challenges and risks.”

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Operating Efficiencies

Our results of operations depend on our ability to manage our expenses. Expanding our media brands, investing in technology, and expanding our salesforce may lead to lower net profit (loss) and adjusted EBITDA margins.

We made significant investments in revenue growth in 2022, 2023, and the first half of 2024, reflected in net profit (loss) margins of -56.9% and -3.4% for 2022 and 2023, respectively, and net profit (loss) margins of 11.2% and -28.8% for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024, respectively. We seek simultaneously to balance making these expenditures with prudent expense management, as reflected in our adjusted EBITDA margins, which exclude one-time expenses related to such investments and were -9.6% and -3.4% for 2022 and 2023, respectively and -32.4% and -6.7% for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024, respectively. See “— Non-IFRS Financial Measure”.

We believe that we will be able to realize and improve revenue and cost synergies from the merger with Mediagene as we further integrate Mediagene’s operations with TNL. However, our performance and future success, including achieving expected synergies from the merger with Mediagene, depends on several specific factors that present significant opportunities but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed under the caption “Risk Factors — Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Operations and Industry — TNL and Mediagene merged in May 2023 to form TNL Mediagene. We may not be able to successfully integrate the two businesses and may continue to incur significant costs to integrate with and support Mediagene. We also may not realize the anticipated benefits of the merger because of difficulties related to the integration, the achievement of such synergies, and other challenges faced by TNL Mediagene.”

We also invest in new technology and systems that may not generate revenue, but we believe will increase operational efficiency by allowing our employees to achieve higher productivity over time.

Finally, we believe that we will continue to benefit from economies of scale as we execute our monetization strategy and control sales, general and administrative expenses.

Product Innovation — Research and Development

We intend to increase our investments in our technology business segment with the objective of increasing revenue from retail media, e-commerce, AdTech and CDP/data licensing. We believe investing in our technology products will help our clients increase ROAS while diversifying our revenue into higher gross profit sources and leading us to provide offerings similar to standalone Software-as-a-Service offerings in the long-term.

We believe that our operations in Taiwan, where we have a strong brand as a global advertising and data technology research and development company with a market-leading talent pool and where we benefit from relatively lower costs, provide a competitive advantage. However, new products may not have the uptake we expect and thus our investment in technology may negatively impact our financial performance in the short term. In addition, our performance and future success depend on several specific factors that present significant opportunities but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed in “Risk Factors — Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Technology, Security and Privacy.”

Basis of Presentation

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. Our interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IAS 34, Interim Financial Reporting. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated on consolidation. For the purposes of presenting consolidated financial statements and interim condensed consolidated financial statements, our assets and liabilities and our foreign operations (including subsidiaries in other countries that use currencies which are different from our functional currency) are translated into U.S. Dollars using exchange rates prevailing at the end of each reporting period. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates for the period. Exchange differences arising, if any, are recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity.

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Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We generate revenue from three sources: (1) media and branded content, (2) technology, and (3) digital studio:

Media and Branded Content: Our media and branded content revenue includes advertising revenue, sponsored content, subscriptions, and events. The majority of revenue in this segment is from the sale of content or advertising space on our owned digital media brand websites. Advertising space is offered both to end advertising clients and other content advertisers. Sponsored content involves the creation, distribution, and promotion of articles for a client. Subscription revenue includes fees to access our premium content websites. Event revenue consists of sponsorship and ticket sales, which we recognize when the event is completed.

Technology: Our technology revenue primarily includes revenue from advertising technology and e-commerce. We provide advertising technology services through our own or third-party broadcast networks. Our e-commerce sites serve as a sales channel for third party vendors to sell their products. We earn a commission on each product sold, which we recognize monthly based on the contractual arrangements. We also offer affiliate links on our digital media brand websites which direct viewers to third party e-commerce sites, such as Amazon and Rakuten, to browse and purchase products. We earn a commission on products purchased through the affiliate links, which varies based on the contractual arrangement with each third-party e-commerce site. Our technology segment also includes revenue from retail media and data licensing.

Digital Studio: Our digital studio revenue primarily includes revenue from providing integrated marketing services, including target insights, branding, creative marketing, media communication, data analysis and public relations, as well as consulting services in creating and implementing the clients’ marketing plans with negotiated fees.

Cost of Revenue

Our cost of revenue primarily consists of compensation-related expenses and costs incurred for the creation of editorial and sponsored content across our digital media brand websites, the amounts due to external media suppliers, including third-party content creators, and the creation and provision of integrated marketing services and consulting services. Costs for web hosting for our digital media brand websites and e-commerce sites, as well as provision of advertising technology services and data licensing are also included in our cost of revenue.

Sales, General and Administrative Expenses

Our sales, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for employees engaged in sales and marketing, as well as employees engaged in corporate functions such as finance, legal, human resources, information technology, communications, and other administrative functions. Sales, general and administrative expenses also include costs incurred for advertising, marketing and promotional expenditures, professional services, including outside legal and accounting services, as well as allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs. We expect our sales, general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute amounts due to the growth of our business and related infrastructure as well as legal, accounting, director and officer insurance premiums, investor relations and other costs associated with operating as a public company.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs including salaries, benefits, and share-based compensation for engineers and other employees engaged in the research, design, and development of new and existing technology business. Research and development expenses also include consulting services and hosting costs associated with internal research and development activities, as well as allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs. Research and development expenses that do not meet the criteria for capitalization are expensed as incurred.

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Interest Income

Our interest income primarily consists of interest earned on bank deposits and financial assets at amortized costs.

Other Income

Our other income primarily consists of subsidies from local governments and reversal of asset retirement obligations. We do not expect material subsidies from local governments in the foreseeable future.

Other Gains and Losses

Our other gains and losses primarily consist of gains and losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”), financial liabilities measured at amortized costs (“AC”), impairment loss on intangible assets and foreign exchange gains and losses.

Finance Costs

Our finance costs consist primarily of interest expenses on our borrowings and our lease liabilities.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.

Taiwan

Our subsidiaries incorporated in Taiwan are subject to income tax at a rate of 20.0%, with a tax rate for unappropriated earnings of 5.0%. In addition, dividend payments by our Taiwanese subsidiaries to us are subject to a Taiwan withholding tax of 21%. The Taiwan Controlled Foreign Company (“CFC”) rules enacted in 2016 have been implemented since January 1, 2023, pursuant to which, certain profits retained at a CFC located in a low-tax jurisdiction would be taxable at its parent company in Taiwan. The alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) imposed under the Taiwan Income Basic Tax Act is a supplemental income tax which applies if the amount of regular income tax calculated pursuant to the Taiwan Income Tax Act and relevant laws and regulations is below the amount of basic tax prescribed under the Taiwan Income Basic Tax Act. The taxable income for calculating AMT includes most income that is exempt from income tax under various legislations, such as capital gains from qualified securities and future transactions. The prevailing AMT rate for business entities is 12%.

No provision for Taiwan tax has been made in the financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024.

Japan

Our operations are based partially in Japan and we are subject to income tax on an entity basis on our estimated chargeable income arising in Japan at the applicable statutory tax rate of 34.6%.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024

The following table summarizes key components of our results of operations for the periods indicated:

|  | Six months ended June 30, |  |  |  |
($ in dollars, unless otherwise stated) |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | Change |  | % Change
Revenue |  | 9,011,729 |  |  | 20,605,425 |  |  | 11,593,696 |  |  | 128.7 | %
Cost of revenue |  | (5,059,575 | ) |  | (12,418,454 | ) |  | (7,358,879 | ) |  | 145.4 | %
Gross profit |  | 3,952,154 |  |  | 8,186,971 |  |  | 4,234,817 |  |  | 107.2 | %
Sales, general and administrative expenses |  | (7,043,014 | ) |  | (12,257,199 | ) |  | (5,214,185 | ) |  | 74.0 | %
Research and development expenses |  | (1,520,408 | ) |  | (1,503,392 | ) |  | 17,016 |  |  | -1.1 | %
Operating loss |  | (4,611,268 | ) |  | (5,573,620 | ) |  | (962,352 | ) |  | 20.9 | %
Interest income |  | 10,003 |  |  | 9,530 |  |  | (473 | ) |  | -4.7 | %
Other income |  | 20,296 |  |  | 12,956 |  |  | (7,340 | ) |  | -36.2 | %
Other gains and losses |  | 5,433,744 |  |  | (142,598 | ) |  | (5,576,342 | ) |  | n.m.(1 | )
Finance costs |  | (111,278 | ) |  | (181,531 | ) |  | (70,253 | ) |  | 63.1 | %
Profit (Loss) before income tax |  | 741,497 |  |  | (5,875,263 | ) |  | (6,616,760 | ) |  | n.m.(1 | )
Income tax benefit |  | 269,900 |  |  | (58,864 | ) |  | (328,764 | ) |  | n.m.(1 | )
Profit (Loss) for the period |  | 1,011,397 |  |  | (5,934,127 | ) |  | (6,945,524 | ) |  | n.m.(1 | )

____________

(1) Items marked “n.m.” mean not meaningful.

Revenue

Revenue increased from $9.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $20.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $11.6 million, or 128.7%, primarily due to the fact that Mediagene’s revenue is fully recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2024, which accounted for $9.3 million, or 80.1% of the period-on-period revenue increase. Revenue from Mediagene comprised 53.9% of our total revenue of $20.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024. The remainder of our period-on-period revenue growth, $2.3 million, was due primarily to an increase in our digital studio revenue on the back of growth in integrated marketing projects taken on for the public sector and not-for-profit organizations in the first half of 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023.

In the six months ended June 30, 2024, our media and branded content segment recorded $6.8 million of revenue, growing $4.3 million from $2.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to our acquisition of popular digital media assets such as Gizmodo Japan, Business Insider Japan and ROOMIE through our merger with Mediagene. For the same period, our technology segment recorded $5.3 million of revenue, growing $1.7 million from $3.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to revenue generation from affiliate links and retail media, which we acquired through our merger with Mediagene. Also in the six months ended June 30, 2024, our digital studio segment recorded $8.5 million of revenue, growing $5.6 million from $2.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to revenue generation from consulting services provided by Infobahn which we acquired through our merger with Mediagene, as well as growth in integrated marketing project revenue from public sector and not-for-profit organizations.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased $7.4 million, to $12.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, from $5.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023. $6.2 million, or 84.8% of the period-on-period increase was attributable to the cost of revenue from Mediagene being fully recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2024. The remainder of the period-on-period increase, $1.1 million, was primarily due to increases in compensation costs.

Sales, General and Administrative Expenses

Sales, general and administrative expenses increased to $12.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, from $7.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $5.2 million. $2.4 million of the period-on-period increase, or 41%, was attributable to expenses from Mediagene being fully recognized in the

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six months ended June 30, 2024. The remainder of the period-on-period increase, $2.8 million, was primarily due to the increase in professional fees comprising of audit, legal and accounting expenses related to the Proposed Transactions, which are not eligible for capitalization.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses stayed at the same level of approximately $1.5 million in each of the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024.

Interest Income

Interest income stayed at the same level of approximately $10,000 in each of the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024.

Other Income

Other income decreased $7,000 to $13,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2024, from $20,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Other Gains and Losses

Other gains and losses decreased by $5.6 million to a loss of $0.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024 from a gain of $5.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023. The significant change was primarily due to the adjustment in non-cash valuation gains on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss. This adjustment was driven by a lower fair value of our convertible preference shares upon their conversion into ordinary shares during the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Finance Costs

Finance costs increased $0.1 million to $0.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, from $0.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023.

For information related to reportable segments, please see Note 42 of TNL Mediagene’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the six-month periods included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2023

The following table summarizes key components of our results of operations for the periods indicated:

|  | Year ended December 31, |  |  |  |
($ in dollars, unless otherwise stated) |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | % Change
Revenue |  | 20,009,994 |  |  | 35,838,780 |  |  | 15,828,786 |  |  | 79.1 | %
Cost of revenue |  | (12,268,798 | ) |  | (23,187,396 | ) |  | (10,918,598 | ) |  | 89.0 | %
Gross profit |  | 7,741,196 |  |  | 12,651,384 |  |  | 4,910,188 |  |  | 63.4 | %
Sales, general and administrative expenses |  | (8,648,811 | ) |  | (16,421,386 | ) |  | (7,772,575 | ) |  | 89.9 | %
Research and development expenses |  | (2,509,069 | ) |  | (3,327,185 | ) |  | (818,116 | ) |  | 32.6 | %
Operating loss |  | (3,416,684 | ) |  | (7,097,187 | ) |  | 3,680,503 |  |  | 107.7 | %
Interest income |  | 10,994 |  |  | 19,340 |  |  | 8,346 |  |  | 75.9 | %
Other income |  | 75,576 |  |  | 409,555 |  |  | 333,979 |  |  | 441.9 | %
Other gains and losses |  | (8,174,802 | ) |  | 5,160,379 |  |  | 13,335,181 |  |  | n.m.(1 | )
Finance costs |  | (137,029 | ) |  | (298,958 | ) |  | (161,929 | ) |  | 118.2 | %
Profit (Loss) before income tax |  | (11,641,945 | ) |  | (1,806,871 | ) |  | 9,835,074 |  |  | -84.5 | %
Income tax benefit |  | 247,177 |  |  | 591,082 |  |  | 343,905 |  |  | 139.1 | %
Profit (Loss) for the year |  | (11,394,768 | ) |  | (1,215,789 | ) |  | 10,178,979 |  |  | -89.3 | %

____________

(1) Item marked “n.m.” means not meaningful

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Revenue

Revenue increased from $20.0 million in 2022 to $35.8 million in 2023, an increase of $15.8 million, or 79.1%, primarily due to our merger with Mediagene, which accounted for $15.1 million, or 96.5% of the year-on-year revenue increase. Revenue from Mediagene comprised 42.2% of the combined company’s total revenue of $35.8 million in 2023. The remainder of our year-on-year revenue growth, $0.7 million, was due primarily to an increase in our technology revenue, primarily driven by strong performance of our e-commerce websites including iCook.

In 2023, our media and branded content segment recorded $9.8 million of revenue, growing $6.5 million from $3.3 million in 2022, primarily due to our acquisition of popular digital media assets such as Gizmodo Japan, Business Insider Japan and ROOMIE through our merger with Mediagene. For the same period, our technology segment recorded $10.6 million of revenue, growing $3.1 million from $7.5 million in 2022, primarily due to revenue generation from affiliate links and retail media, which we acquired through our merger with Mediagene, as well as organic growth of sales from our e-commerce websites including iCook. Also in 2023, our digital studio segment recorded $15.4 million of revenue, growing $6.1 million from $9.3 million in 2022, primarily due to revenue generation from consulting services provided by Infobahn which we acquired through our merger with Mediagene, as well as organic growth in advertising revenue from vendors on our e-commerce websites.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased $11.0 million, to $23.2 million in 2023, from $12.2 million in 2022. $10.7 million, or 97.3% of the year-on-year increase was attributable to the acquisition of Mediagene in 2023. The remainder of the year-on-year increase, $0.3 million, was primarily due to increases in compensation costs.

Sales, General and Administrative Expenses

Sales, general and administrative expenses increased from $8.6 million in 2022 to $16.4 million in 2023, an increase of $7.8 million. $3.2 million of the year-on-year increase, or 41.1%, was tied to one-time transaction costs related to the Mediagene acquisition and the Proposed Transactions. $4.2 million of the year-on-year increase, or 53.8%, was tied to increased headcount and related personnel costs from the integration of Mediagene, accounting 25.6% of the total sales, general and administrative expenses of $16.4 million in 2023. The remainder of the year-on-year increase in sales, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to growth in expenditures on AI, cloud and AWS compute services.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses increased $0.7 million to $3.1 million in 2023, from $2.5 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to increases in personnel-related costs for employees engaged in research and development activities.

Interest Income

Interest income increased $8,000 to $19,000 in 2023, from $11,000 in 2022.

Other Income

Other income increased $0.3 million to $0.4 million in 2023, from $0.1 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to a significant increase in gain on reversal of asset retirement obligations from Mediagene in 2023. The gain on reversal of asset retirement obligation was driven by a lower carry amount of asset retirement obligation estimated on December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022.

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Other Gains and Losses

Other gains and losses increased by $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The significant change was primarily due to adjustments in non-cash valuation gains on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss and financial liabilities measured at amortized cost. These adjustments were driven by a lower fair value of our convertible preference shares upon their conversion into ordinary shares during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. We recognized $7.5 million of loss on financial liabilities measured at amortized cost due to the higher fair value of convertible preference shares for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Finance Costs

Finance costs increased $0.2 million to $0.3 million in 2023, from $0.1 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase of short-term borrowings.

For information related to reportable segments, please see Note 41 of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Non-IFRS Financial Measure

In this proxy statement/prospectus, we have included adjusted EBITDA, a non-IFRS financial measure, which is a key measure used by our management and board of directors in evaluating our operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA is our preferred metric for profitability because we believe it facilitates operating performance comparisons on a period-to-period basis and excludes items that we do not consider to be indicative of our core operating performance. Accordingly, we believe that adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of its results as reported under IFRS. Some of these limitations are:

• although amortization and depreciation are non-cash charges, the assets being amortized and depreciated may have to be replaced in the future, and adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements;

• adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

• adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the potentially dilutive impact of equity-based compensation; and

• other companies, including our competitors in various industries, may calculate adjusted EBITDA or similarly titled measures differently, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.

To calculate adjusted EBITDA, we adjust, among others, depreciation expenses and amortization expenses as well as extraordinary items associated with one-time events and transactions, such as one-time transaction-related expenses not eligible for capitalization, to profit (loss) for the period.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, adjusted EBITDA figures exclude one-time transaction-related costs not eligible for capitalization of approximately $2.6 million incurred in connection with the Proposed Transactions. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, adjusted EBITDA figures exclude one-time transaction-related costs not eligible for capitalization of approximately $0.6 million incurred in connection with the merger with Mediagene. Our adjusted EBITDA was a loss of $2.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and a loss of $1.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024.

In 2023, adjusted EBITDA figures exclude one-time transaction-related costs of approximately $3.2 million incurred in connection with the merger with Mediagene and the Proposed Transactions. In 2022, adjusted EBITDA figures do not have any exclusion of one-time transaction-related costs. Our adjusted EBITDA was a loss of $1.9 million in 2022 and a loss of $1.1 million in 2023.

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The tables below set forth a reconciliation of net income to adjusted EBITDA for the periods indicated.

|  | Six months ended June 30,
($ in dollars, unless otherwise stated) |  | 2023 |  | 2024
Profit (loss) from the period |  | $ | 1,011,397 |  |  | $ | (5,934,127 | )
Add (less): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  |  | (269,900 | ) |  |  | 58,864 |
Finance costs |  |  | 111,278 |  |  |  | 181,531 |
Other gains and losses(1) |  |  | (5,433,744 | ) |  |  | 142,598 |
Other income |  |  | (20,296 | ) |  |  | (12,956 | )
Interest Income |  |  | (10,003 | ) |  |  | (9,530 | )
Operating loss |  | $ | (4,611,268 | ) |  | $ | (5,573,620 | )
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expenses |  |  | 370,920 |  |  |  | 564,701 |
Amortization expenses |  |  | 702,121 |  |  |  | 1,044,365 |
One-time transaction-related expenses(2) |  |  | 620,095 |  |  |  | 2,593,882 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | (2,918,132 | ) |  |  | (1,370,672 | )
Revenue |  |  | 9,011,729 |  |  |  | 20,605,425 |
Net profit (loss) margin (%) |  |  | 18.1 | % |  |  | -18.0 | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin (%) |  |  | -32.4 | % |  |  | -6.7 | %

____________

(1) Other gains and losses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 comprise a $5.5 million gain mainly attributed to a change in the FVTPL associated with the conversion of all of our preference shares into our ordinary shares at a lower fair value during the six months ended June 30, 2023. Other gains and loss for the six months ended June 30, 2024 comprise $0.1 million of foreign exchange losses.

(2) One-time transaction-related expenses comprise the legal, audit, and accounting fees related to the merger with Mediagene and the Proposed Transactions, which were not eligible for capitalization.

|  | For the year ended December 31,
($ in dollars, unless otherwise stated) |  | 2022 |  | 2023
Loss from the year |  | $ | (11,394,768 | ) |  | $ | (1,215,789 | )
Add (less): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  |  | (247,177 | ) |  |  | (591,082 | )
Finance costs |  |  | 137,029 |  |  |  | 298,958 |
Other gains and losses(1) |  |  | 8,174,802 |  |  |  | (5,160,379 | )
Other income |  |  | (75,576 | ) |  |  | (409,555 | )
Interest Income |  |  | (10,994 | ) |  |  | (19,340 | )
Operating loss |  | $ | (3,416,684 | ) |  | $ | (7,097,187 | )
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expenses |  |  | 433,262 |  |  |  | 1,025,783 |
Amortization expenses |  |  | 1,058,392 |  |  |  | 1,809,774 |
One-time transaction-related expenses(2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,194,668 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | (1,925,030 | ) |  |  | (1,066,962 | )
Revenue |  |  | 20,009,994 |  |  |  | 35,838,780 |
Net loss margin (%) |  |  | -56.9 | % |  |  | -3.4 | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin (%) |  |  | -9.6 | % |  |  | -3.0 | %

____________

(1) Other gains and losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 comprise an $8.2 million loss mainly attributed to a change in the FVTPL and AC mainly associated with our convertible preference shares. Other gains and losses for the year ended December 31, 2023 comprise a $5.2 million gain mainly attributed to a change in the FVTPL and AC mainly associated with the conversion of all of our preference shares into our ordinary shares at a lower fair value during the year ended December 31, 2023.

(2) One-time transaction-related expenses comprise the legal, audit, and accounting fees related to the merger with Mediagene and the Proposed Transactions, which were not eligible for capitalization.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

In the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and the six months ended June 30, 2024, we have generated negative cash flows from operations and have financed our operations mainly through equity contributions from our shareholders in addition to borrowings from banks and payments received from our clients. As of June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $3.1 million, which consisted of cash on hand, checking accounts and demand deposits, and have incurred a net loss of $5.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $3.0 million, which consisted of cash on hand, checking accounts and demand deposits, and have incurred a net loss of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 and our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 include disclosure regarding substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, primarily as a result of the recurring losses from operations, negative working capital and net operating cash outflow, as more fully described in “Risk Factors — Risks Related to TNL Mediagene’s Operations and History — TNL Mediagene’s ability to continue as a going concern depends in part on improving its operating and financing conditions” and Note 1 to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on our ability to improve our operating conditions and raise additional capital through equity offerings or debt financings. Our management’s business plans consider, among others, the cost management, the issuance of promissory notes and renewal of its loan facilities with the financial institutions. Although our management continues to pursue these plans, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to us to fund continuing operations.

Our cash requirements primarily include business acquisitions to diversify and expand our business in the media industry, capital expenditure, lease obligations, contractual obligations, and other commitments. Our capital expenditures are primarily related to the purchase of IT equipment for employees and have not been material. Our lease obligations consist of the commitments under rental agreements for our office premises. Our contractual obligations primarily consist of repayment for borrowing and contingent consideration due from business acquisitions. We expect these items to continue to be the primary part of our short-term cash requirements. In addition, as part of our growth strategy, we intend to further invest in research and development of technology products, develop new advertising technology platforms, broaden our client base, and expand our businesses within Asia. These new developments and expansions may generate long-term cash requirements. We intend to fund our future material cash requirements with additional financings, including the net proceeds from the Merger. We will continue to make cash commitments, including capital expenditures, to support the growth of our business.

To the extent that our current resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements and future growth strategy, we may need to seek additional equity or debt financing, including, but not limited to, the net proceeds from the Merger. If the financing is not available, or if the terms of financing are less desirable than we expect, we may be forced to decrease our level of investment in product development or delay, scale back or abandon all or part of our growth strategy, which could have an adverse impact on our business and financial prospects.

Finance Costs

Finance costs increased to $0.3 million in 2023 from $0.1 million in 2022, and increased to $181,531 in the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $111,278 in the six months ended June 30, 2023, in both cases primarily due to increases in borrowing.

We had $10.2 million in outstanding debt as of June 30, 2024 with an average interest rate of 2.9%. The debt consists of $3.3 million in short-term borrowings with an average interest rate of 2.9% and $6.8 million in long-term borrowings and bonds payable with an average interest rate of 2.9%. We have strong relationships with local banks and secured low interest-rate long-term loans and bank facilities during the favorable interest-rate environments in Japan and Taiwan.

Other payables increased to $8.3 million as of June 30, 2024 from $6.9 million as of December 31, 2023. The increase is due primarily to $2.4 million in professional fee payables for legal, accounting, and consulting services related to the Proposed Transaction.

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Cash Flows Summary

Presented below is a summary of our operating, investing, and financing cash flows for the periods presented:

|  | Six months ended June 30, |  | Year ended December 31,
($ in dollars, unless otherwise stated) |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2022 |  | 2023
Cash flows from (used in) operating activities |  | (587,446 | ) |  | (916,066 | ) |  | (760,106 | ) |  | (1,424,480 | )
Cash flows from (used in) investing activities |  | 405,286 |  |  | (259,237 | ) |  | (2,364,873 | ) |  | 252,741 |
Cash flows from (used in) financing activities |  | 13,268 |  |  | 1,399,343 |  |  | 4,993,827 |  |  | 530,972 |
Effects of exchange rates changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | 1,074 |  |  | (117,783 | ) |  | (314,199 | ) |  | (63,251 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | (167,818 | ) |  | 106,257 |  |  | (1,554,649 | ) |  | (704,018 | )

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash flows generated or used in operating activities primarily relate to the collection of accounts receivables, payment of provision and payables, net interest received, and income tax paid.

Net cash used in operating activities was $0.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024 due primarily to an operating loss before income tax of $5.9 million due to an increase in sales, general and administrative expenses, including one-time transaction-related expenses comprised of legal, audit, and accounting fees related to the Proposed Transactions which were not eligible for capitalization, and an increase in working capital of $3.1 million. Net cash used in operating activities was $0.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to our operating loss before income tax of $0.7 million due to an increase in sales, general and administrative expenses, outpacing increased gross profits due to the merger with Mediagene, as well as an increase in working capital of $2.5 million, partially offset by an increase in other gains due to gain on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss recorded from our convertible preferred shares of $5.5 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $1.4 million in 2023, primarily from our operating loss before income tax of $1.8 million due to an increase in sales, general and administrative expenses outpacing gross profit increase associated with the merger with Mediagene and an increase in working capital of $2.8 million, partially offset by an increase in other gains due to gain on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss recorded from our convertible preferred shares of $5.5 million. Net cash used in operating activities was $0.8 million in 2022, primarily from our operating loss before income tax of $11.6 million due to research and development expenses and other losses associated with changes in the financial liabilities for our convertible preference shares and an increase in working capital of $1.5 million, partially offset by non-cash items of losses on valuation of financial liabilities, primarily from our convertible preference shares, of $8.1 million.

Cash Flows Generated from (Used in) Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities primarily relates to the acquisition of financial assets, payment of contingent considerations, the acquisition of property, plant and equipment, the acquisition of intangible assets and the acquisition of subsidiaries.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to $0.2 million paid for acquisition of office equipment and computer software and $0.1 million paid for a time deposit with a contract period over three months, to be used as collateral for an increase in bank loans. Net cash generated from investing activities was $0.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to $0.9 million in cash received from the acquisition of Mediagene through a share exchange transaction, partially offset by our payment for contingent consideration of $0.4 million related to the acquisition of Polydice Co., Ltd. in 2022.

Net cash generated from investing activities was $0.3 million in 2023, primarily due to $0.9 million in cash received from the acquisition of Mediagene through a share exchange transaction, partially offset by our payment for contingent consideration of $0.4 million related to the acquisition of Polydice Co., Ltd. in 2022. Net cash used in investing activities was $2.4 million in 2022, primarily due to our $1.7 million payment for the acquisition of Polydice Co., Ltd., $0.3 million payment for contingent consideration related to the acquisition of S.C. Integrated Marketing Communication Co., Ltd. in 2020 and a $0.2 million payment for intangible assets.

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Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash generated from financing activities was $1.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily consisting of $1.5 million in proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory notes and $0.6 million in proceeds from guarantee deposits, partially offset by $0.1 million in net repayment of short-term and long-term bank loans and bonds payable and $0.5 million in repayment of lease liabilities. Net cash generated from financing activities was $13,268 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily consisting of $0.4 million in net proceeds from short-term and long-term bank loans, $0.3 million in proceeds received from issuance of new ordinary shares including employees’ exercise of stock option, and $13,172 in proceeds from guarantee deposits, partially offset by $0.4 million in repayment of lease liabilities and $0.3 million in payments to acquire increased ownership interests in subsidiaries.

Net cash generated from financing activities was $0.5 million in 2023, primarily consisting of $1.2 million in net proceeds from short-term and long-term bank loans and bonds payable, and $0.3 million in proceeds received from issuance of new ordinary shares including employees’ exercise of stock option, partially offset by $0.8 million in repayment of lease liabilities and $0.3 million in payments to acquire increased ownership interests in subsidiaries. Net cash generated from financing activities was $5.0 million in 2022, primarily consisting of $2.3 million in net proceeds from long-term bank loans, $2.2 million in proceeds from the issuance of series D-2 convertible preference shares, $0.3 million in proceeds received from advance receipts for share capital, $0.7 million in changes in non-controlling interests, partially offset by $0.4 million in repayment of lease liabilities and a $0.2 million decrease in non-current liabilities.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

During the periods presented, we did not have any material contractual obligations and commitments.

Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Arrangements

During the periods presented, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities, which were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates

We prepare consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and the disclosure of our contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each fiscal period and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each fiscal period. We continually evaluate these judgments and estimates based on our own historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, and our expectations regarding the future based on available information and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, which together form our basis for making judgments about matters that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, our actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application.

The selection of critical accounting policy, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting application of such policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing our financial statements. For further information on our critical accounting policies, see Note 4(f) to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and Note 4(z) to our audited historical consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and result of operations is disclosed in Note 3 to our unaudited historical interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

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Emerging Growth Company Status

As defined in Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act, we are an emerging growth company. As such, we will be eligible for and intend to rely on certain exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act, including (a) the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (b) the exemptions from say-on-pay, say-on-frequency and say-on-golden parachute voting requirements and (c) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. For more details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Ownership of TNL Mediagene’s Securities — We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our securities less attractive to investors.”

We will remain an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act until the earliest of: (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date (b) in which we have total annual gross revenues of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter; or (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

Foreign Private Issuer Status

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated in 2015 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. After the consummation of the Merger, we will report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Under Rule 405 of the Securities Act, the determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2024. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, for so long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer, we will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including:

• the rules requiring domestic filers to issue financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP;

• the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC;

• the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

• the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

• the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation Fair Disclosure, or Regulation FD, which regulates selective disclosure of material non-public information by issuers.

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. Accordingly, after the Merger, our shareholders will receive less or different information about us than a shareholder of a U.S. domestic public company would receive.

Following the Proposed Transactions, we expect to be listed on Nasdaq. Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer such as TNL Mediagene to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. Among other things, we are not required to have:

• a majority of the board of directors consisting of independent directors; or

• regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year.

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We intend to rely on the exemptions listed above. As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq applicable to U.S. domestic public companies. We would cease to be a foreign private issuer at such time as more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are held by U.S. residents and any of the following three circumstances applies: (i) the majority of our executive officers or directors are U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States or (iii) our business is administered principally in the United States. For more details, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Ownership of TNL Mediagene’s Securities — As we are a “foreign private issuer” and intend to follow certain home country corporate governance practices, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.”

Foreign private issuers, similar to emerging growth companies, are also exempt from certain more stringent executive compensation disclosure rules. Thus, even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company but remains a foreign private issuer, we will continue to be exempt from the more stringent compensation disclosures required of public companies that are neither an emerging growth company nor a foreign private issuer.

If at any time we cease to be a foreign private issuer, we will take all action necessary to comply with the applicable rules of the SEC and Nasdaq.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Prior to the Closing of the Merger, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel to adequately execute its accounting and financial reporting processes and limited supervisory resources with which to address its internal control over financial reporting. As a result of becoming a public company, we will operate in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, which requires us to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Nasdaq regulations, SEC rules and regulations, expanded disclosure and reporting requirements and more complex accounting rules. Our responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act include establishing corporate oversight and adequate internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures.

In connection with the audit of TNL Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, and preparation of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024, we have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which we plan to further address. The material weaknesses identified relate to: (i) lack of sufficient accounting personnel with appropriate understanding of IFRS and SEC financial reporting requirements to address complex accounting issues and related disclosures; (ii) lack of formalized financial reporting controls and procedures to address complex/unusual transactions and related accounting issues and to facilitate preparation of consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS; and (iii) lack of effective maintenance and controls over certain information technology environments including (a) information technology-related general controls process, (b) segregation of duties in the information technology department and effective control on defining and assigning individual’s rights to access systems, programs or transaction raw data and (c) track records or log on system activities for access to system program and data.

We intend to take certain steps, such as recruiting additional personnel, in addition to utilizing external experts and specialists, to supplement our internal resources, to enhance our internal control environment and plan to take additional steps to remediate the material weaknesses identified. Although we plan to complete this remediation process as quickly as possible, we cannot at this time estimate how long this process will take. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date and may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weakness in internal control over financial reporting or that we will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. If the steps we take do not correct the material weakness in a timely manner, we will be unable to conclude that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. See “Risk Factors — We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of these material weaknesses is not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or file our periodic reports as a public company in a timely manner.”

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We anticipate that the process of building our accounting and financial functions and infrastructure will result in substantial costs, including significant additional professional fees and internal costs. Any disruptions or difficulties in implementing or using such a system could adversely affect our controls and harm our business. Moreover, such disruption or difficulties could result in unanticipated costs and diversion of management’s attention.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including the effects of credit, interest rates, capital and liquidity risks. Information relating to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about these market risks is described below and in Note 41 to our unaudited interim historical condensed consolidated financial statements and Note 40 to our audited historical consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Foreign Currency Risk

As the majority of our revenue and expenses are denominated in the functional local currencies of our subsidiaries, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk in our daily operations. While our exposure to foreign exchange risk is generally expected to be limited, the reported results of operations in the financial statements will be impacted by the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and the functional local currencies of our subsidiaries, including the New Taiwan dollar and Japanese yen.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we had $0.2 million of other comprehensive losses generated from the exchange rate differences on translation of foreign operations, whereas for the same period in 2023, we had $1,967 of other comprehensive losses generated from exchange rate differences in the translation of foreign operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had $0.04 million of other comprehensive losses generated from the exchange rate differences on translation of foreign operations, whereas for the same period in 2022, we had $0.7 million of other comprehensive losses generated from exchange rate differences in the translation of foreign operations.

A hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates on our monetary assets and liabilities would not be material to our financial condition or results of operations.

While we have not engaged in the hedging of our foreign currency transactions to date, and do not enter into any hedging contracts for trading or speculative purposes, we may in the future enter into derivatives or other financial instruments in an attempt to hedge our foreign currency exchange risk. It is difficult to predict the impact hedging activities would have on our results of operations.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk because our borrowings are based on both fixed and floating interest rates. Our interest rate risk is mainly concentrated in the fluctuation of the benchmark interest rates arising from cash, short-term borrowings, long-term borrowings, and leasing liabilities. We manage our interest rate risk by having a balanced portfolio of fixed and variable rate bank loans and have not historically used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, it is estimated that a general increase of 1% in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would decrease our profit before income taxes by approximately $0.1 million in each period. The changes were mainly due to our borrowings with floating interest rates.

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For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, it is estimated that a general increase of 1% in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would decrease our profit before income taxes approximately $0.1 million in each year. The changes were mainly due to our borrowings with floating interest rates.

Credit Risk

Credit risk refers to the risk of financial loss arising from default by our clients or counterparties. Our main credit risk is that counterparties may not repay accounts receivable in full based on agreed terms. Most of our accounts receivable are from large companies where the risk of default is considered low. We actively monitor and manage our credit risk by performing credit checks and monitoring credit limits, and maintain an allowance for expected credit losses based upon the expected collectability of all accounts receivable. With respect to banks and financial institutions, we only accept reputable financial institutions in the jurisdictions where we and our subsidiaries are located. We deposit cash across several banks to limit the amount of credit exposure we may incur to any one bank.

Liquidity Risk

We manage liquidity risk by monitoring and maintaining a level of cash deemed adequate to finance our operations and mitigate the effects of fluctuations in cash flows. In addition, management monitors the utilization of bank borrowings and ensures compliance with loan covenants.

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MEDIAGENE’S MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

In this section, “Mediagene” refers to Mediagene Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (“Mediagene”) prior to the merger with The News Lens Co., Ltd. (“TNL”) to form TNL Mediagene in May 2023. The following discussion and analysis provides information that Mediagene’s management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of Mediagene’s results of operations and financial condition. This discussion and analysis should be read together with “Summary Consolidated Financial Information of TNL Mediagene” and the audited historical consolidated financial statements and related notes that are included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. This discussion and analysis should also be read together with the pro forma combined financial information in the section entitled “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.” In addition to historical financial information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. For more information about forward-looking statements, see “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” or elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. Mediagene’s reporting currency is Japanese yen. For more information about the basis of presentation of Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements, see “— Basis of Presentation” and Note 2 to Mediagene’s audited historical consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Certain figures, including interest rates and other percentages included in this section, have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this section have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this section may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this section may similarly not sum due to rounding.

Overview

Mediagene started out as an independent digital media company in Japan in 1998, co-founded by Motoko Imada, expected to serve as a director and the president of TNL Mediagene upon consummation of the Merger, and Hiroto Kobayashi, expected to serve as the chief content officer in Japan of TNL Mediagene upon consummation of the Merger. Since its founding, Mediagene has been a pioneer in the digital media and advertising space in Japan and launched its integrated digital marketing solutions brand, Infobahn, in 2015, providing innovative content and integrated marketing, live events, and retail media capabilities to advertisers in Japan. Mediagene publishes well-known and trusted digital media brands such as ROOMIE and MASHING UP, as well as Japanese editions of global digital media brands, including Gizmodo Japan, Lifehacker Japan, Business Insider Japan and DIGIDAY JAPAN, and also provides marketing, media and communication solution services, e-commerce, innovation support, integrated advertising agency and event planning services in Japan through its Infobahn brand.

Mediagene’s revenues decreased from 3,321 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, to 3,268 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023. Mediagene’s total operating costs and expenses increased from 3,259 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, to 3,461 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023. Although Mediagene recorded a net profit of 69.4 million yen for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, it recorded a net loss of 199.9 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023. For more details, see “— Results of Operations.”

TNL Mediagene Merger

On May 25, 2023, Mediagene merged with TNL and formed the current TNL Mediagene. As part of the merger, TNL issued 90,740,305 shares of its common stock for a 100% equity interest in Mediagene, making Mediagene a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL. TNL changed its name to TNL Mediagene on June 6, 2023.

Basis of Presentation

Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated on consolidation.

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Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

Mediagene operated a single segment of the media consulting business, which categorized revenue from contracts with its clients as follows:

Media services. Mediagene’s revenue from media services consisted primarily of distribution and sale of advertisements and product promotion through affiliate advertising on its owned digital media brands, such as Gizmodo Japan, Lifehacker Japan, Business Insider Japan and ROOMIE, as well as revenue from event-related services.

Solution services. Mediagene’s revenue from solution services consisted of branding and communication design support services for its corporate clients.

Innovation support services. Mediagene’s revenue from innovation support services consisted of new business development support services for its corporate clients.

Other services. Mediagene’s revenue from other services consisted of placement and sales of advertisement on external media suppliers, as well as revenue from subscriptions.

Cost of Sales

Mediagene’s cost of sales consisted of personnel-related costs, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation of its employees, expenses directly associated with the delivery of its advertising, and other services and payments to external media suppliers, including third-party content creators.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Mediagene’s sales, general and administrative expenses consisted primarily of personnel-related costs, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation for employees engaged in sales, marketing, finance, legal, human resources, information technology, communications, and other administrative functions. Sales, general and administrative expenses also included costs incurred for advertising, marketing and promotional expenditures, professional services, including outside legal and accounting services, as well as allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs.

Other income

Mediagene’s other income primarily consisted of rent income from leasing of Mediagene’s office space to tenants and government subsidy income for purchases of certain equipment.

Other expenses

Mediagene’s other expenses primarily consisted of one-time finance expenses paid to financial institutions.

Finance income and costs

Mediagene’s finance income and costs primarily consisted of (i) financial assets and liabilities measured at amortized cost, (ii) financial assets measured at FVTPL, (iii) lease liabilities, (iv) foreign exchange gains and losses, and (v) interest expenses. Financial assets measured at FVTPL were mainly associated with its financial instruments such as structured bonds denominated in foreign currencies. Lease liabilities were associated with the leases of the facilities it leases for its operation.

• Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are a result of the effect of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in currencies other than Mediagene’s functional currency, Japanese yen. For the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023, Mediagene recorded foreign exchange losses of 1.1 million yen, while Mediagene recorded foreign exchange gains of 1.2 million yen for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022.

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Income tax (expense) benefit

Mediagene’s income tax (expense) benefit primarily consisted of current tax expense. Mediagene’s income tax benefit primarily consisted of deferred tax benefit arising from tax loss carryforwards. For the fiscal years ended February 28, 2023 and February 28, 2022, the applicable statutory tax rate in Japan was 34.6%. See “TNL Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Taxation — Japan.”

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Fiscal Year Ended February 28, 2023, and the Fiscal Year Ended February 28, 2022

The following table summarizes key components of Mediagene’s results of operations for the periods indicated:

|  | For the fiscal year ended February 28,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (JPY in thousands)
Revenue |  | 3,268,495 |  |  | 3,320,600 |
Cost of sales |  | (2,443,696 | ) |  | (2,280,137 | )
Gross profit |  | 824,799 |  |  | 1,040,463 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses: |  | (1,016,473 | ) |  | (977,914 | )
Other income |  | 1,800 |  |  | 2,074 |
Other expenses |  | (393 | ) |  | (603 | )
Operating profit (loss) |  | (190,267 | ) |  | 64,019 |
Finance income |  | 10,176 |  |  | 9,503 |
Finance costs |  | (11,402 | ) |  | (11,107 | )
Profit (loss) before tax |  | (191,493 | ) |  | 62,415 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (8,369 | ) |  | 7,022 |
Profit (loss) |  | (199,863 | ) |  | 69,437 |

Revenue

Mediagene’s total revenue decreased from 3,321 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, to 3,268 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023, primarily as a result of weaker sales from media services, especially from e-commerce and multinational clients offsetting stronger sales from its solutions services and innovation support services.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales increased from 2,280 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, to 2,443 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023, primarily as a result of increased payment to external service providers in its solutions services and innovation support services as well as certain purchases of equipment.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Mediagene’s selling, general and administrative expenses increased from 978 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, to 1,016 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023.

Other Income

Other income decreased from 2.1 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, to 1.8 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023.

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Other Expenses

Other expenses decreased from 0.6 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, to 0.4 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023.

Finance Income

Finance income increased from 9.5 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, to 10.2 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023.

Finance Costs

Finance costs increased from 11.1 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, to 11.4 million yen in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Mediagene’s main source of liquidity was cash derived from revenue generating activities and proceeds from equity financing. As of February 28, 2023 and February 28, 2022, Mediagene’s cash and cash equivalents were 133 million yen and 352 million yen, respectively, consisting of bank deposits.

The following table sets forth a summary of Mediagene’s cash flows for the periods presented.

|  | For the fiscal year ended February 28,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (in thousands)
|  | JPY |  | JPY
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 121,195 |  |  | 379,455 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | (243,605 | ) |  | 29,415 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | (96,851 | ) |  | (295,718 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | (219,261 | ) |  | 113,151 |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 was 121 million yen, a decrease of 258 million yen from 379 million yen for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022. This decrease was due primarily to increases in cost sales and selling, general and administrative expenses of 202 million yen from increased spending for marketing.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023, was 244 million yen, which primarily resulted from the acquisition of financial instruments such as structured bonds denominated in foreign currencies as well as purchases of certain equipment.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, was 29 million yen, which primarily resulted from the proceeds from sale of financial instruments.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023, was 97 million yen, which primarily resulted from repayment of bonds, partially offset by the proceeds from additional short-term borrowings.

Net cash used in financing activities for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022, was 296 million yen, which primarily resulted from repayment of bonds, partially offset by the proceeds from additional short-term borrowings.

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Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following tables set forth Mediagene’s contractual obligations as of February 28, 2023 and February 28, 2022:

|  | (Thousands of yen, %) |  |
|  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023 |  | Average interest rate
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | 378,400 |  | 456,800 |  | 0.58 | %
Current portion of bonds |  | 42,600 |  | 42,600 |  | 0.69 | %
Current portion of long-term borrowings |  | 4,008 |  | 4,008 |  | 0.00 | %
Total |  | 425,008 |  | 503,408 |  |  |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds payable |  | 86,168 |  | 44,036 |  | 0.69 | %
Borrowings |  | 30,314 |  | 26,306 |  | 0.00 | %
Total |  | 116,482 |  | 70,342 |  |  |

Other than those shown above, Mediagene did not have any significant capital and other commitments, long-term obligations or guarantees as of February 28, 2023.

Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Arrangements

During the periods presented, Mediagene did not have any off-balance sheet commitments or arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policy, Judgments and Estimates

Mediagene prepared its consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, which required it to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of its assets and liabilities and the disclosure of our contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each fiscal period and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each fiscal period. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, its actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of its accounting policies required a higher degree of judgment than others in their application.

The selection of critical accounting policy, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting application of the policy and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing Mediagene’s financial statements. For further information on Mediagene’s significant accounting policies, see Note 3 to Mediagene’s audited historical consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign Currency Risk

Mediagene engaged in business transactions denominated in currencies other than its primary currency, the Japanese yen. To manage such risks, it continuously monitored foreign exchange rates. As of the dates shown, its net exposure to foreign currency risk was as follows:

|  | (in thousands of yen)
|  | As of February 28, 2023 |  | As of February 28, 2022
U.S. Dollar |  | 60,895 |  | 15,562

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For financial instruments denominated in foreign currencies Mediagene held as of February 28, 2023 and February 28, 2022, the impact on profit or loss in the consolidated statements of profit or loss in the event of a 1.0% depreciation in the value of the Japanese yen against the U.S. Dollar was as follows, assuming all other variables are held constant. Mediagene had no material exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations in any currency other than the U.S. Dollar as of these dates.

|  | (in thousands of yen)
|  | As of February 28, 2023 |  | As of February 28, 2022
Profit or loss |  | (398 | ) |  | (101 | )

Interest Rate Risk

Mediagene used financial instruments with interest rate fluctuation risk to raise funds for working capital and capital investment as well as to manage short-term surplus funds. To mitigate such risks, Mediagene maintained an appropriate balance between fixed and floating interest rates on borrowings. As of the dates shown, its exposure to interest rate fluctuation risk was as follows:

|  | (in thousands of yen)
|  | As of February 28, 2023 |  | As of February 28, 2022
Borrowings with floating rates |  | 547,444 |  | 511,176

For financial instruments held by Mediagene as of February 28, 2023 and February 28, 2022, the impact on profit or loss in the consolidated statements of profit or loss in the event of a 1.0% increase in interest rates was as follows, assuming all other variables are held constant.

|  | (in thousands of yen)
|  | As of February 28, 2023 |  | As of February 28, 2022
Profit or loss |  | (3,580 | ) |  | (3,343 | )

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BLUE OCEAN’S MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FIN ANCIAL CONDITION AND RES ULTS OF OPERATIONS

In this section, references to “Blue Ocean,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp. The following discussion and analysis of Blue Ocean’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with Blue Ocean’s financial statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Market, Industry and Other Data.” Blue Ocean’s actual results may differ significantly from the results, expectations and plans discussed in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those described under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Overview

We are a blank check company incorporated on March 26, 2021 as a Cayman Islands exempted company for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities. We consummated the Blue Ocean IPO on December 7, 2021. We did not commence operations until after the closing of the Blue Ocean IPO, and as of December 31, 2023, we have not engaged in any significant operations nor generated any operating revenues to date. We will not generate any operating revenues until after completion of our initial Merger.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had cash of approximately $60,159 and $61,977 respectively. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had a working capital deficit of approximately $7,266,566 and $4,204,802, respectively. We expect to continue to incur significant costs in the pursuit of our acquisition plans. We cannot assure you that our plans to raise capital or to complete a business combination will be successful.

Extension Amendments

On August 29, 2023, shareholders of Blue Ocean held the Extension Meeting wherein Blue Ocean Public Shareholders approved the proposal to amend the Blue Ocean Articles to give Blue Ocean the right to extend the date by which it has to consummate a business combination from September 7, 2023 to June 7, 2024, by depositing into the Trust Account $60,000 for each of the nine subsequent one-month extensions. On May 29, 2024, shareholders of Blue Ocean held the Second Extension Meeting wherein Blue Ocean Public Shareholders approved the proposal to amend the Blue Ocean Articles to give Blue Ocean the right to extend the date by which it has to consummate a business combination from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024, by depositing into the Trust Account $30,000 for each of the six subsequent one-month extensions.

Conversion of Blue Ocean Class B Shares to Blue Ocean Class A Shares

On June 21, 2024, the Sponsor, Norman Pearlstine, Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, Priscilla Han, Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and other holders of the Founder Shares converted 4,743,749 Founder Shares into Blue Ocean Class A Shares. The Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued in connection with the Conversion are subject to the same restrictions applicable to the Blue Ocean Class B Shares prior to the Conversion, including, among other things, certain transfer restrictions, waiver of redemption rights and the obligation to vote in favor of an initial business combination as described elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. Notwithstanding the Conversion, the Sponsor will not be entitled to receive any monies held in the Trust Account as a result of its ownership of shares of Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued upon conversion of the Founder Shares. Following the Conversion and taking into account the redemptions described above, we have an aggregate of 6,585,699 Blue Ocean Class A Shares issued and outstanding and one Blue Ocean Class B Share issued and outstanding.

Proposed Merger

On June 6, 2023, we entered into the Original Merger Agreement with TNL Mediagene and Merger Sub. On May 29, 2024 we entered into the first amendment to the Original Merger Agreement and on October 23, 2024, we entered into the second amendment to the Original Merger Agreement (together with the first amendment and the Original Merger Agreement as it may be amended from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”). On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the parties thereto will enter into the Merger, pursuant to

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which, among other things, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean, with Blue Ocean surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene. At the closing of the Merger, by virtue of the Merger, our outstanding Blue Ocean Class A Shares and Public Warrants will be canceled and converted into the right to receive equivalent TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants, and TNL Mediagene is expected to be the publicly traded company with its TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants listed on Nasdaq.

For more information about the Merger Agreement and the proposed Merger, see “The Merger Agreement and Ancillary Documents” and “Agreements Entered into in Connection with the Merger.”

Results of Operations

We have neither engaged in any operations nor generated any revenues to date. We will not generate any operating revenues until after completion of our initial Merger. We will generate non-operating income in the form of interest income on cash and cash equivalents. There has been no significant change in our financial or trading position and no material adverse change has occurred since the date of our audited financial statements. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur increased expenses as a result of being a public company (for legal, financial reporting, accounting and auditing compliance), as well as for due diligence expenses.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we had net losses of $963,275 and $1,059,551, respectively, which were impacted by the change in fair value of warrant liability of $69,236 and $84,206, respectively, interest earned on cash held in trust account of $711,332 and $1,588,007, respectively, offset by interest expense of $31,327 and $33,958, respectively, and a loss from operations of $1,712,516 and $2,697,805, respectively.

For the three months ended June 30, 2023, we had net income of $899,440 which was impacted by interest earned on marketable securities held in the trust account of $1,740,574, change in fair value of warrant liability of $879,488, unrealized gain on marketable securities held in the trust account of $577,612 and a loss from operations of $2,298,234.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, we had net income of $2,539,092 which was impacted by interest earned on marketable securities held in the trust account of $3,878,696, change in fair value of warrant liability of $596,929, unrealized gain on marketable securities held in the trust account of $670,104, and a loss from operations of $2,606,637.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had net income of $4,422,350 which consists of operating expenses of $4,125,912, $15,833 of interest expense, gain on change in fair value of the warrant liability of $1,029,188, interest earned on marketable securities of $6,864,803, and $670,104 of unrealized gain on marketable securities.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had net income of $12,658,706 which consists of operating expenses of $1,243,831, gain on change in fair value of the warrant liability of $11,226,187, interest earned on marketable securities of $854,167, and $1,822,183 of unrealized gain on marketable securities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

On December 7, 2021, we consummated the Blue Ocean IPO of 16,500,000 Blue Ocean Units and the Private Placement of an aggregate of 8,235,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, generating gross proceeds of $173,235,000. On December 9, 2021, the Underwriter exercised in full the option granted to them by Blue Ocean to purchase up to 2,475,000 additional Blue Ocean Units to cover over-allotments, and we issued an additional 990,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants in the Additional Private Placement, generating total gross proceeds of $25,245,000.

Following the Blue Ocean IPO, the exercise of the over-allotment option and the sale of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, a total of $193,545,000 was placed in the Trust Account. We incurred $12,517,335 in transaction costs, including $3,795,000 in cash underwriting fees, $6,641,250 of deferred underwriting fees, $1,248,100 of offering costs related to the fair value of the Founder Shares sold to Apollo, and $832,985 of other offering costs.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, cash used in operating activities was $528,968. Net loss of $1,059,551 was impacted by interest earned on cash held in the Trust Account of $1,588,006, change in fair value of warrant liability of $84,206, interest expense of $33,958 and changes in operating assets and liabilities, $2,168,837.

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For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, cash used in operating activities was $1,555,597. Net income of $4,422,350 was impacted by interest earned on marketable securities held in the Trust Account of $6,864,803, gain on change in fair value of warrant liability of $1,029,188, unrealized gain on marketable securities held in the Trust Account of $670,104, interest expense of $15,833 and changes in operating assets and liabilities which used $2,570,315 from operating activities.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, cash used in operating activities was $411,937. Net income of $12,658,706 was impacted by interest earned on marketable securities held in the Trust Account of $854,167, gain on change in fair value of warrant liability of $11,226,187, unrealized gain on marketable securities held in the Trust Account of $1,822,183 and changes in operating assets and liabilities which used $831,893 from operating activities

As of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, we had cash of $20,811,005 and $67,214,745 held in the Trust Account, respectively. We intend to use substantially all of the funds held in the Trust Accounts, including any amounts representing interest earned on the Trust Account (less taxes paid and deferred underwriting commissions) to complete our initial Merger. We may withdraw interest to pay taxes. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we did not withdraw any interest earned on the Trust Accounts to pay taxes.

In connection with the Extension Meeting held on August 29, 2023, the Blue Ocean Public Shareholders of record were provided the opportunity to exercise their redemption rights. Holders of 12,817,785 Blue Ocean Class A Shares exercised their right to redemption, subsequently a total of $136,786,445 in redemption payments were made in connection with this redemption from the Trust Account. To the extent that our shares or debt are used, in whole or in part, as consideration to complete our initial business combination, the remaining proceeds held in the Trust Account will be used as working capital to finance the operations of the target business or businesses, make other acquisitions and pursue our growth strategies.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had cash of approximately $60,159 and $61,977 outside of the Trust Account, respectively. We intend to use the funds held outside the Trust Account primarily to identify and evaluate target businesses, perform business due diligence on prospective target businesses, travel to and from the offices, plants or similar locations of prospective target businesses or their representatives or owners, review corporate documents and material agreements of prospective target businesses, and structure, negotiate and complete our initial business combination.

In addition, in order to fund working capital deficiencies or finance transaction costs in connection with an intended initial business combination, our Sponsor or an affiliate of our Sponsor or certain of our officers and directors may, but are not obligated to, loan us funds as may be required. If we complete our initial business combination, we may repay such loaned amounts out of the proceeds of the Trust Account released to us. Otherwise, such loans may be repaid only out of funds held outside the Trust Account. In the event that our initial business combination does not close, we may use a portion of the working capital held outside the Trust Account to repay such loaned amounts but no proceeds from our Trust Account would be used to repay such loaned amounts. Up to $1,500,000 of such loans may be convertible into warrants of the post-business combination company, at a price of $1.00 per warrant at the option of the lender.

On June 20, 2023, Blue Ocean issued the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note to the Sponsor. which was amended on May 30, 2024 to extend its maturity date from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024, pursuant to which the Sponsor agreed to loan Blue Ocean up to an aggregate principal amount of up to $1,500,000. The 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note is payable on the earlier of the date on which Blue Ocean consummates an initial business combination or December 7, 2024. Upon consummation of an initial business combination, the Sponsor will have the option, but not the obligation, to convert the entire principal balance of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, in whole or in part, into warrants of the post-business combination entity at a price of $1.00 per warrant. The terms of such warrants (if issued) will be identical to the terms of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants issued by Blue Ocean in connection with the Blue Ocean IPO. The 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note is subject to customary events of default, the occurrence of any of which automatically triggers the unpaid principal and interest balance of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note and all other sums payable with regard to the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note becoming immediately due and payable. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the outstanding principal balance under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note amounted to an aggregate of $1,411,884 and $1,095,833, respectively.

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On August 3, 2023, Blue Ocean issued an unsecured promissory note to TNL Mediagene pursuant to which TNL Mediagene initially agreed to loan Blue Ocean up to an aggregate principal amount of up to $400,000, which was later amended and restated on July 15, 2024 to increase the aggregate principal amount available for drawdowns to up to $650,000 (the “TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note”). The TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note is a non-interest bearing, unsecured promissory note that will not be repaid in the event that the Merger Agreement is terminated prior to the Merger. The TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note will be paid on the date on which Blue Ocean consummates the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. The following shall constitute an event of default under the TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note: (i) a failure to pay the principal within five business days of the maturity date and (ii) the commencement of a voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy action. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the outstanding principal balance under the TNL Mediagene Working Capital Note amounted to an aggregate of $249,906 and $149,946, respectively.

On April 5, 2024, Blue Ocean issued the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note to the Sponsor pursuant to which the Sponsor agreed to loan Blue Ocean up to an aggregate principal amount of up to $750,000, with a flat repayment rate of 10%. Pursuant to the terms of the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note, if the Merger is not consummated, the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note will be repaid solely to the extent that Blue Ocean has funds available to it outside of its Trust Account, and that all other amounts will be contributed to capital, forfeited, eliminated or otherwise forgiven or eliminated. The 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note is subject to events of default, the occurrence of any of which automatically triggers the unpaid principal of the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note and all other sums payable with regard to the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note becoming immediately due and payable. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the outstanding principal balance under the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note amounted to an aggregate of $750,000 (and 825,000 owed giving effect to the 10% repayment rate).

Based on the foregoing, management believes that Blue Ocean will have sufficient working capital and borrowing capacity from the Sponsor or an affiliate of the Sponsor, or certain of Blue Ocean’s officers and directors to meet its needs through the earlier of the consummation of an initial business combination or one year from this filing. Over this time period, Blue Ocean will be using these funds for paying existing accounts payable, identifying and evaluating prospective initial business combination candidates, performing due diligence on prospective target businesses, paying for travel expenditures, selecting the target business to merge with or acquire, and structuring, negotiating and consummating an initial business combination.

In connection with Blue Ocean’s assessment of going concern considerations in accordance with the authoritative guidance in FASB ASU 2014-15, “Disclosures of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern.” Blue Ocean has until December 7, 2024, to consummate an initial business combination. It is uncertain that the Blue Ocean will be able to consummate an initial business combination by the specified period. If an initial business combination is not consummated by December 7, 2024 and Blue Ocean decides not to extend the period of time to consummate an initial business combination, there will be a mandatory liquidation and subsequent dissolution.

Blue Ocean’s evaluation of its liquidity condition and the date for mandatory liquidation and subsequent dissolution raise substantial doubt about Blue Ocean’s ability to continue as a going concern one year from the date that these condensed financial statements are issued. These condensed financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recovery of the recorded assets or the classification of the liabilities that might be necessary should Blue Ocean be unable to continue as a going concern.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of June 30, 2024, we did not have any obligations, assets or liabilities that would be considered off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K and did not have any commitments or contractual obligations.

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Contractual Obligations

Administrative Support Agreement

On December 2, 2021, we entered into an Administrative Support Agreement pursuant to which we may reimburse the Sponsor (and the Sponsor may then reimburse NBM Management LLC, an affiliate of the Sponsor) up to an amount of $10,000 per month for office space and secretarial and administrative support, and we are accruing that obligation.

Registration Rights

The holders of the Founder Shares, Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants and any warrants that may be issued upon conversion of the Working Capital Loans (and in each case holders of their component securities, as applicable) are entitled to registration rights pursuant to a registration rights agreement effective December 2, 2021, which require us to register such securities for resale (in the case of the Founder Shares, only after conversion to Blue Ocean Class A Shares). The holders of the majority of these securities are entitled to make up to three demands, excluding short form demands, that we register such securities. In addition, the holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the consummation of a business combination and rights to require us to register for resale such securities pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act. We will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements.

Underwriting Agreement

We paid a cash underwriting discount of 2.00% of the gross proceeds of the Blue Ocean IPO, or $3,795,000 due to the exercise of the over-allotment option in full. In addition, the underwriter will be entitled to a deferred fee of three and a half percent (3.50%) of the gross proceeds of the Blue Ocean IPO, or $6,641,250. The deferred fee will become payable to the underwriter from the amounts held in the Trust Account solely in the event that we complete a business combination, subject to the terms of the underwriting agreement. The underwriter has reimbursed us for $550,000 for offering expenses. The reimbursement of these costs has been accounted for as a reduction to offering costs of the Blue Ocean IPO.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

This management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to fair value of financial instruments and accrued expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Warrant Liability

Blue Ocean accounts for the Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the specific terms of the Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants and the applicable authoritative guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 480 and ASC 815. The assessment considers whether they are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants are indexed to Blue Ocean’s own common shares and whether the holders of the Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of Blue Ocean’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of issuance of the Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants are outstanding. For issued or

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modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, such warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, such warrants are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of liability-classified warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statement of operations.

Blue Ocean Class A Shares Subject to Possible Redemption

Blue Ocean Class A Shares subject to mandatory redemption (if any) are classified as liability instruments and are measured at fair value. Conditionally redeemable Blue Ocean Class A Shares (including Blue Ocean Class A Shares that feature redemption rights that are either within the control of the holder or subject to redemption upon the occurrence of uncertain events not solely within Blue Ocean’s control) are classified as temporary equity. At all other times, Blue Ocean Class A Shares are classified as shareholders’ equity. Blue Ocean Class A Shares feature certain redemption rights that are considered to be outside of our control and subject to the occurrence of uncertain future events. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, 1,841,950 and 6,157,215 Blue Ocean Class A Shares subject to possible redemption are presented as temporary equity, respectively, outside of the shareholders’ deficit section of Blue Ocean’s condensed balance sheet.

Net Income Per Ordinary Share

Basic income per ordinary share is computed by dividing net income applicable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Consistent with ASC 480, ordinary shares subject to possible redemption, as well as their pro rata share of undistributed trust earnings consistent with the two-class method, have been excluded from the calculation of income per ordinary share for the six month period ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023. Such shares, if redeemed, only participate in their pro rata share of trust earnings. Diluted income per share includes the incremental number of ordinary shares to be issued to settle warrants, as calculated using the treasury method. For the period from December 31, 2023 to June 30, 2024, Blue Ocean did not have any dilutive warrants, securities or other contracts that could potentially, be exercised or converted into ordinary shares. As a result, diluted income per ordinary share is the same as basic income per ordinary share for all periods presented.

2023 Sponsor Convertible Note

Upon issuance, we separately account for the liability and equity components of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note by estimating the fair values of (i) the liability component without a conversion feature and (ii) the conversion feature. This results in a bifurcation of a component of the debt, classification of that component in equity and the accretion of the resulting discount on the debt to be recognized as part of interest expense in our consolidated statements of income unless the amount is determined to be de minimis. Upon settlement of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note instruments, we allocate the total consideration between the liability and equity components based on the fair value of the liability component without the conversion feature. If applicable, the difference between the consideration allocated to the liability component and the net carrying value of the liability component is recognized as an extinguishment loss or gain. The remaining settlement consideration is allocated to the equity component and recognized as a reduction of additional paid-in capital in our consolidated balance sheets.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In August 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-06, Debt — Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) (“ASU 2020-06”) to simplify accounting for certain financial instruments. ASU 2020-06 eliminates the current models that require separation of beneficial conversion and cash conversion features from convertible instruments and simplifies the derivative scope exception guidance pertaining to equity classification of contracts in an entity’s own equity. The new standard also introduces additional disclosures for convertible debt and freestanding instruments that are indexed to and settled in an entity’s own equity. ASU 2020-06 amends the diluted earnings per share guidance, including the requirement to use the if-converted method for all convertible instruments. As a smaller reporting company, ASU 2020-06 is effective January 1, 2024 and should be applied on a full or modified retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted beginning on January 1, 2021. Blue Ocean is currently assessing the impact, if any, that ASU 2020-06 would have on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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Management does not believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting pronouncements, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on Blue Ocean’s financial statements.

JOBS Act

On April 5, 2012, the JOBS Act was signed into law. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, relax certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected to irrevocably opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we will adopt the new or revised standard at the time public companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another emerging growth company that has not opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accountant standards used.

Additionally, we are in the process of evaluating the benefits of relying on the other reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if, as an “emerging growth company,” we choose to rely on such exemptions we may not be required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404, (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis), and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. These exemptions will apply for a period of five years following the completion of the Blue Ocean IPO or until we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” whichever is earlier.

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UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Unless the context otherwise requires, defined terms included in this section have the same meaning as terms defined and included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Introduction

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information below has been prepared to illustrate the effect of the Merger between TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean, and related proposed transactions, including the Recapitalization, the issuance of the Earn-Out Shares and the conversion of each of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, the DaEx Conversion Rights, 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note, as well as the merger between The News Lens, Co., Ltd. and Mediagene Inc. completed on May 25, 2023 (the “TNL Mediagene Merger”).

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of June 30, 2024 combines the historical unaudited condensed balance sheet of Blue Ocean as of June 30, 2024 with the historical unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet of TNL Mediagene as of June 30, 2024, giving pro forma effect to the Merger as if it had occurred on June 30, 2024.

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024 combines the historical unaudited interim condensed statement of operations of Blue Ocean for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and the historical unaudited interim condensed consolidated statement of operations of TNL Mediagene for the six months ended June 30, 2024, giving pro forma effect to the Merger as if it had occurred on January 1, 2023.

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 combines the historical statement of operations of Blue Ocean for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the historical consolidated statement of operations of TNL Mediagene for the year ended December 31, 2023, giving pro forma effect to the Merger and the TNL Mediagene Merger as discussed further in Note 31 to the consolidated financial statements of TNL Mediagene as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 as if both had occurred on January 1, 2023, the beginning of the period presented.

The historical financial information included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of June 30, 2024 and unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024, has been derived from:

• the historical unaudited interim condensed financial statements of Blue Ocean as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and the related notes, prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus; and

• the historical unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements of TNL Mediagene as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and the related notes, prepared in accordance with IFRS, included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 has been derived from:

• the historical audited financial statements of Blue Ocean as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes, prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus;

• the historical audited combined financial statements of TNL Mediagene as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the related notes, prepared in accordance with IFRS, included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus; and

• the unaudited financial data of Mediagene for the period from January 1, 2023 to May 25, 2023 prior to the TNL Mediagene Merger, prepared in accordance with IFRS.

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X. TNL Mediagene has elected not to present any estimates related to

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potential synergies and other transaction effects that are reasonably expected to occur or have already occurred and will only present the accounting adjustments for the transaction (“Transaction Accounting Adjustments”) in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information as follows:

(i) Transaction Accounting Adjustments that have been identified and adjusted to reflect the pro forma adjustments that are directly attributable to the Merger (see “— Notes to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information — Note 5 — Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” below for more detail); and

(ii) the pro forma adjustment to reflect the effect of the TNL Mediagene Merger on the condensed combined statement of operations as if it had been completed as of January 1, 2023, which includes the increase in depreciation and amortization expense on fair value of property, plant and equipment and intangibles assets recognized, and the tax effect on pro forma adjustments (see “— Notes to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information — Note 2 — TNL Mediagene Merger” below for more detail).

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been presented for informational purposes only. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not purport to represent what the actual consolidated results of operations of TNL Mediagene would have been if the Merger and the TNL Mediagene Merger had occurred on the date assumed, nor is it necessarily indicative of future consolidated results of operations. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not purport to represent what the actual consolidated financial position of TNL Mediagene would have been if the Merger had occurred on the date assumed.

The unaudited pro forma adjustments represent management’s estimate based on information available as of the date of these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information and are subject to change as additional information becomes available and analysis is performed. TNL Mediagene’s actual financial position and results of operations may differ significantly from the pro forma amounts reflected herein due to a variety of factors. Such differences might include but are not limited to the estimated fair value of TNL Mediagene equity consideration, the exercise of conversion options in respect of the DaEx Conversion Rights according to the Investment Agreement, the estimated fair value of the Earn-Out Shares, the exercise of redemption rights in respect of the Public Shares, the exercise of the conversion options in respect of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, the exercise of conversion options in respect of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes and the exercise of conversion in respect of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note.

This information should be read together with the accompanying notes to the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information, TNL Mediagene’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and the for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 and related notes, TNL Mediagene’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and related notes, Blue Ocean’s unaudited interim condensed financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 and related notes, Blue Ocean’s audited financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and related notes, the sections titled “TNL Mediagene’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Blue Ocean’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and other financial information included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

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TNL Mediagene’s Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2024

(in U.S. Dollar)

|  | TNL Mediagene (IFRS Historical) |  | Blue Ocean (U.S. GAAP Historical) |  | IFRS Conversion and Presentation |  | Note |  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 3,136,555 |  | 60,159 |  | — |  |  |  | 20,811,005 |  |  | A |  | 7,154,267 |  | 20,811,005 |  |  | A |  | — |  | 20,811,005 |  |  | A |  | 8,566,151 |  | 20,811,005 |  |  | A |  | —
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,641,250 | ) |  | E |  |  |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | D |  |  |  | (6,641,250 | ) |  | E |  |  |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | D |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,075,337 | ) |  | H |  |  |  | (6,641,250 | ) |  | E |  |  |  | (7,075,337 | ) |  | H |  |  |  | (6,641,250 | ) |  | E |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,535,000 | ) |  | I |  |  |  | (7,075,337 | ) |  | H |  |  |  | (3,535,000 | ) |  | I |  |  |  | (7,075,337 | ) |  | H |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (715,306 | ) |  | J |  |  |  | (3,535,000 | ) |  | I |  |  |  | (715,306 | ) |  | J |  |  |  | (3,535,000 | ) |  | I |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,461,675 | ) |  | K |  |  |  | (715,306 | ) |  | J |  |  |  | (49,791 | ) |  | K |  |  |  | (715,306 | ) |  | J |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | P |  |  |  | (1,461,675 | ) |  | K |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | P |  |  |  | (49,791 | ) |  | K |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,325,116 |  |  | R |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | P |  |  |  | 1,325,116 |  |  | R |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | P |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | S |  |  |  | 1,325,116 |  |  | R |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | S |  |  |  | 1,325,116 |  |  | R |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | S |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | S |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,656,738 |  |  | U |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,244,854 |  |  | U |  |
Current financial assets at amortized cost |  | 63,003 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 63,003 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 63,003 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 63,003 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 63,003
Current contract assets |  | 1,096,096 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,096,096 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,096,096 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,096,096 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,096,096
Notes receivable |  | 453 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 453 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 453 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 453 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 453
Accounts receivable, net |  | 5,579,150 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,579,150 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,579,150 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,579,150 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,579,150
Other receivable |  | 403,389 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | (249,906 | ) |  | M |  | 153,483 |  | (249,906 | ) |  | M |  | 153,483 |  | (249,906 | ) |  | M |  | 153,483 |  | (249,906 | ) |  | M |  | 153,483
Current income tax assets |  | 14,751 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,751 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,751 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,751 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,751
Inventories |  | 135,672 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 135,672 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 135,672 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 135,672 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 135,672
Prepayments |  | 654,129 |  | 89,169 |  | — |  |  |  | (180,057 | ) |  | I |  | 563,241 |  | (180,057 | ) |  | I |  | 563,241 |  | (180,057 | ) |  | I |  | 563,241 |  | (180,057 | ) |  | I |  | 563,241
Other current assets |  | 26,148 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 26,148 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 26,148 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 26,148 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 26,148
|  | 11,109,346 |  | 149,328 |  | — |  |  |  | 3,527,590 |  |  |  |  | 14,786,264 |  | (3,626,677 | ) |  |  |  | 7,631,997 |  | 4,939,474 |  |  |  |  | 16,198,148 |  | (3,626,677 | ) |  |  |  | 7,631,997
Non-current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  | 35,216 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 35,216 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 35,216 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 35,216 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 35,216
Non-current financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 102,596 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 102,596 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 102,596 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 102,596 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 102,596
Non-current financial assets at amortized cost |  | 318,952 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 318,952 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 318,952 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 318,952 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 318,952
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 455,988 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 455,988 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 455,988 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 455,988 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 455,988
Right-of-use assets |  | 5,172,772 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,172,772 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,172,772 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,172,772 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,172,772
Goodwill |  | 60,223,282 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60,223,282 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60,223,282 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60,223,282 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60,223,282
Intangible assets |  | 32,276,724 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 32,276,724 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 32,276,724 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,276,724 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 32,276,724
Deferred income tax assets |  | 619,773 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 619,773 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 619,773 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 619,773 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 619,773
Other non-current assets |  | 715,132 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 715,132 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 715,132 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 715,132 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 715,132
Marketable securities held in trust account |  | — |  | 20,811,005 |  | — |  |  |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | A |  | — |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | A |  | — |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | A |  | — |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | A |  | —
|  | 99,920,435 |  | 20,811,005 |  | — |  |  |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  |  |  | 99,920,435 |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  |  |  | 99,920,435 |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  |  |  | 99,920,435 |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  |  |  | 99,920,435
Total assets |  | 111,029,781 |  | 20,960,333 |  | — |  |  |  | (17,283,415 | ) |  |  |  | 114,706,699 |  | (24,437,682 | ) |  |  |  | 107,552,432 |  | (15,871,531 | ) |  |  |  | 116,118,583 |  | (24,437,682 | ) |  |  |  | 107,552,432

189

Table of Contents

|  | TNL Mediagene (IFRS Historical) |  | Blue Ocean (U.S. GAAP Historical) |  | IFRS Conversion and Presentation |  | Note |  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | 3,348,183 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,348,183 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,348,183 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,348,183 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,348,183
|  | 1,538,000 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | P |  | — |  | 250,000 |  |  | P |  | — |  | 250,000 |  |  | P |  | — |  | 250,000 |  |  | P |  | —
Current financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,788,000 | ) |  | Q |  |  |  | (1,788,000 | ) |  | Q |  |  |  | (1,788,000 | ) |  | Q |  |  |  | (1,788,000 | ) |  | Q |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | S |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | S |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | S |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | S |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,000,000 | ) |  | T |  |  |  | (1,000,000 | ) |  | T |  |  |  | (1,000,000 | ) |  | T |  |  |  | (1,000,000 | ) |  | T |  |
Current financial liabilities at amortized cost |  | 673,722 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | (673,722 | ) |  | G |  | — |  | (673,722 | ) |  | G |  | — |  | (673,722 | ) |  | G |  | — |  | (673,722 | ) |  | G |  | —
Current contract liabilities |  | 572,168 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 572,168 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 572,168 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 572,168 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 572,168
Accounts payable |  | 1,944,948 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,944,948 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,944,948 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,944,948 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,944,948
Accounts payable – related parties |  | 3,812 |  | 290,000 |  |  |  |  |  | (290,000 | ) |  | J |  | 3,812 |  | (290,000 | ) |  | J |  | 3,812 |  | (290,000 | ) |  | J |  | 3,812 |  | (290,000 | ) |  | J |  | 3,812
Account payable and accrued expenses |  | — |  | 4,989,007 |  | — |  |  |  | (4,989,007 | ) |  | H |  | — |  | (4,989,007 | ) |  | H |  | — |  | (4,989,007 | ) |  | H |  | — |  | (4,989,007 | ) |  | H |  | —
Promissory note, convertible – related party |  | — |  | 1,461,675 |  | — |  |  |  | (1,461,675 | ) |  | K |  | — |  | (1,461,675 | ) |  | K |  | — |  | (1,461,675 | ) |  | K |  | — |  | (1,461,675 | ) |  | K |  | —
Promissory note – related party |  | — |  | 425,306 |  | — |  |  |  | (425,306 | ) |  | J |  | — |  | (425,306 | ) |  | J |  | — |  | (425,306 | ) |  | J |  | — |  | (425,306 | ) |  | J |  | —
Promissory note |  | — |  | 249,906 |  | — |  |  |  | (249,906 | ) |  | M |  | — |  | (249,906 | ) |  | M |  | — |  | (249,906 | ) |  | M |  | — |  | (249,906 | ) |  | M |  | —
Other payables |  | 8,280,337 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | (2,211,667 | ) |  | I |  | 6,068,670 |  | (2,211,667 | ) |  | I |  | 19,725,408 |  | (2,211,667 | ) |  | I |  | 6,068,670 |  | (2,211,667 | ) |  | I |  | 18,313,524
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,656,738 |  |  | U |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,244,854 |  |  | U |  |
Other payables – related parties |  | 672,580 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 672,580 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 672,580 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 672,580 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 672,580
Long-term bank loans, current portion |  | 3,108,936 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,108,936 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,108,936 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,108,936 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,108,936
Long-term bonds payable, current portion |  | 143,370 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 143,370 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 143,370 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 143,370 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 143,370
Current lease liabilities |  | 724,152 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 724,152 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 724,152 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 724,152 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 724,152
Other current liabilities |  | 1,746,424 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,746,424 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,746,424 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,746,424 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,746,424
|  | 22,756,632 |  | 7,415,894 |  | — |  |  |  | (11,839,283 | ) |  |  |  | 18,333,243 |  | 1,817,455 |  |  |  |  | 31,989,981 |  | (11,839,283 | ) |  |  |  | 18,333,243 |  | 405,571 |  |  |  |  | 30,578,097
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current financial liabilities at amortized costs |  | 1,848,998 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,848,998 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,848,998 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,848,998 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,848,998
Long-term bank loans |  | 3,577,325 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | 1,325,116 |  |  | R |  | 4,902,441 |  | 1,325,116 |  |  | R |  | 4,902,441 |  | 1,325,116 |  |  | R |  | 4,902,441 |  | 1,325,116 |  |  | R |  | 4,902,441
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 10,731,119 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10,731,119 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10,731,119 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10,731,119 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10,731,119
Non-current Lease liabilities |  | 4,263,679 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,263,679 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,263,679 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,263,679 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,263,679
Provisions |  | 391,467 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 391,467 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 391,467 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 391,467 |  | — |  |  |  |  | 391,467
Other non-current liabilities |  | 1,026,246 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,026,246 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,026,246 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,026,246 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,026,246
Accrued offering costs, non-current |  | — |  | 806,823 |  | — |  |  |  | (806,823 | ) |  | H |  | — |  | (806,823 | ) |  | H |  | — |  | (806,823 | ) |  | H |  | — |  | (806,823 | ) |  | H |  | —
Warrant liabilities |  | — |  | 290,044 |  | — |  |  |  | (58,002 | ) |  | C |  | 232,042 |  | (69,086 | ) |  | C |  | 220,958 |  | (58,002 | ) |  | C |  | 253,926 |  | (69,086 | ) |  | C |  | 242,842
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,411,884 |  |  | K |  |  |  | 1,411,884 |  |  | K |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,390,000 | ) |  | L |  |  |  | (1,390,000 | ) |  | L |  |
Deferred underwriting fee payable |  | — |  | 6,641,250 |  | — |  |  |  | (6,641,250 | ) |  | E |  | — |  | (6,641,250 | ) |  | E |  | — |  | (6,641,250 | ) |  | E |  | — |  | (6,641,250 | ) |  | E |  | —
Non current financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | — |  | — |  | 20,811,005 |  | (1) |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | D |  | — |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | D |  | — |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | D |  | — |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | D |  | —
|  | 21,838,834 |  | 7,738,117 |  | 20,811,005 |  |  |  | (26,991,964 | ) |  |  |  | 23,395,992 |  | (27,003,048 | ) |  |  |  | 23,384,908 |  | (26,970,080 | ) |  |  |  | 23,417,876 |  | (26,981,164 | ) |  |  |  | 23,406,792
Total liabilities |  | 44,595,466 |  | 15,154,011 |  | 20,811,005 |  |  |  | (38,831,247 | ) |  |  |  | 41,729,235 |  | (25,185,593 | ) |  |  |  | 55,374,889 |  | (38,809,363 | ) |  |  |  | 41,751,119 |  | (26,575,593 | ) |  |  |  | 53,984,889

190

Table of Contents

|  | TNL Mediagene (IFRS Historical) |  | Blue Ocean (U.S. GAAP Historical) |  | IFRS Conversion and Presentation |  | Note |  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined
Commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A |  | — |  |  | 20,811,005 |  |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  | (1) |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company Blue Ocean Class A ordinary shares, $0.0001 Par Value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 4,743,749 at June 30, 2024 |  | — |  |  | 474 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (474 | ) |  | B |  | — |  |  | (474 | ) |  | B |  | — |  |  | (474 | ) |  | B |  | — |  |  | (474 | ) |  | B |  | — |
Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company Blue Ocean Class B ordinary shares, $0.0001 Par Value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; 1 at June 30, 2024 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | B |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | B |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | B |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | B |  | — |
TNL Mediagene ordinary share(2) |  | 21,882 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | G |  | 2,679 |  |  | 6 |  |  | G |  | 2,495 |  |  | 6 |  |  | G |  | 2,679 |  |  | 6 |  |  | G |  | 2,495 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 184 |  |  | D |  |  |  |  | (19,420 | ) |  | F |  |  |  |  | 184 |  |  | D |  |  |  |  | (19,420 | ) |  | F |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19,420 | ) |  | F |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | Q |  |  |  |  | (19,420 | ) |  | F |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | Q |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | Q |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | T |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | Q |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | T |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | T |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | T |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital collected in advance |  | 4,260 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,260 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,260 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,260 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,260 |
Capital surplus |  | 105,829,295 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 474 |  |  | B |  | 164,074,673 |  |  | 474 |  |  | B |  | 138,353,901 |  |  | 474 |  |  | B |  | 164,074,673 |  |  | 474 |  |  | B |  | 138,353,901 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 673,716 |  |  | G |  |  |  |  | 673,716 |  |  | G |  |  |  |  | 673,716 |  |  | G |  |  |  |  | 673,716 |  |  | G |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58,002 |  |  | C |  |  |  |  | 69,086 |  |  | C |  |  |  |  | 58,002 |  |  | C |  |  |  |  | 69,086 |  |  | C |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,810,821 |  |  | D |  |  |  |  | 19,420 |  |  | F |  |  |  |  | 20,810,821 |  |  | D |  |  |  |  | 19,420 |  |  | F |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,420 |  |  | F |  |  |  |  | (16,284,664 | ) |  | N |  |  |  |  | 19,420 |  |  | F |  |  |  |  | (14,894,664 | ) |  | N |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (270,771 | ) |  | I |  |  |  |  | 45,264,955 |  |  | O |  |  |  |  | (270,771 | ) |  | I |  |  |  |  | 43,874,955 |  |  | O |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (16,284,664 | ) |  | N |  |  |  |  | 1,781,629 |  |  | Q |  |  |  |  | (14,894,664 | ) |  | N |  |  |  |  | 1,781,629 |  |  | Q |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 50,456,761 |  |  | O |  |  |  |  | 999,990 |  |  | T |  |  |  |  | 49,066,761 |  |  | O |  |  |  |  | 999,990 |  |  | T |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,781,629 |  |  | Q |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,781,629 |  |  | Q |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 999,990 |  |  | T |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 999,990 |  |  | T |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated deficit |  | (38,123,550 | ) |  | (15,005,157 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,279,507 | ) |  | H |  | (89,806,576 | ) |  | (1,279,507 | ) |  | H |  | (84,885,541 | ) |  | (1,279,507 | ) |  | H |  | (88,416,576 | ) |  | (1,279,507 | ) |  | H |  | (83,495,541 | )
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,232,619 | ) |  | I |  |  |  |  | (1,503,390 | ) |  | I |  |  |  |  | (1,232,619 | ) |  | I |  |  |  |  | (1,503,390 | ) |  | I |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,284,664 |  |  | N |  |  |  |  | 16,284,664 |  |  | N |  |  |  |  | 1,390,000 |  |  | L |  |  |  |  | 1,390,000 |  |  | L |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (50,456,761) |  |  | O |  |  |  |  | (45,264,955 | ) |  | O |  |  |  |  | 14,894,664 |  |  | N |  |  |  |  | 14,894,664 |  |  | N |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,354 |  |  | Q |  |  |  |  | 6,354 |  |  | Q |  |  |  |  | (49,066,761 | ) |  | O |  |  |  |  | (43,874,955 | ) |  | O |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,354 |  |  | Q |  |  |  |  | 6,354 |  |  | Q |  |  |
Other equity interst |  | (1,047,288 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,047,288 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,047,288 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,047,288 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,047,288 | )
Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company |  | 66,684,599 |  |  | (15,004,683 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | 21,547,832 |  |  |  |  | 73,227,748 |  |  | 747,911 |  |  |  |  | 52,427,827 |  |  | 22,937,832 |  |  |  |  | 74,617,748 |  |  | 2,137,911 |  |  |  |  | 53,817,827 |
Non-controlling interest |  | (250,284 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (250,284 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (250,284 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (250,284 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (250,284 | )
Total equity (deficit) |  | 66,434,315 |  |  | (15,004,683 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | 21,547,832 |  |  |  |  | 72,977,464 |  |  | 747,911 |  |  |  |  | 52,177,543 |  |  | 22,937,832 |  |  |  |  | 74,367,464 |  |  | 2,137,911 |  |  |  |  | 53,567,543 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | 111,029,781 |  |  | 20,960,333 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (17,283,415 | ) |  |  |  | 114,706,699 |  |  | (24,437,682 | ) |  |  |  | 107,552,432 |  |  | (15,871,531 | ) |  |  |  | 116,118,583 |  |  | (24,437,682 | ) |  |  |  | 107,552,432 |

__________________

(1) Reflects the U.S. GAAP to IFRS conversion adjustment related to the reclassification of Blue Ocean’s historical mezzanine equity (Blue Ocean Class A Shares subject to possible redemption) into Non-Current Liabilities (Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss — non-current).

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(2) The number of authorized, issued and outstanding TNL Mediagene shares as of June 30, 2024 on historical and pro forma basis are as follows:

|  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Historical basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized shares |  | 500,000,000 |  | 500,000,000 |  | 500,000,000 |  | 500,000,000
Issued and outstanding shares |  | 218,816,761 |  | 218,816,761 |  | 218,816,761 |  | 218,816,761
Pro forma basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized shares reflecting the effect of Split Factor(1) |  | 56,251,854 |  | 56,251,854 |  | 56,251,854 |  | 56,251,854
Issued and outstanding shares reflecting the effect of Split Factor(1) |  | 24,617,697 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 24,617,697
Add: Shares issued to |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DaEX Convertible Notes holders |  | 58,193 |  | 58,193 |  | 58,193 |  | 58,193
2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes holders |  | 172,808 |  | 172,808 |  | 172,808 |  | 172,808
2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note holder |  | 96,993 |  | 96,993 |  | 96,993 |  | 96,993
Blue Ocean Public Shareholders |  | 1,841,950 |  | — |  | 1,841,950 |  | —
Earn-out Shares Shareholders |  | 2,960,980 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 2,960,980 |  | 2,534,891
Total issued and outstanding shares |  | 29,748,621 |  | 27,480,582 |  | 29,748,621 |  | 27,480,582

__________________

(1) The Split Factor is 0.112503707.

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TNL Mediagene’s Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

(in U.S. Dollar)

|  | Pro Forma TNL Mediagene (IFRS) |  | Blue Ocean (U.S. GAAP Historical) |  | IFRS Conversion and presentation |  | Note |  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined
Revenue |  | 20,605,425 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 20,605,425 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 20,605,425 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 20,605,425 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 20,605,425 |
Cost of revenue |  | (12,418,454 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (12,418,454 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (12,418,454 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (12,418,454 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (12,418,454 | )
Gross profit |  | 8,186,971 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 8,186,971 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 8,186,971 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 8,186,971 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 8,186,971 |
Sales, general and administrative expenses |  | (12,257,199 | ) |  | (2,697,805 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,955,004 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,955,004 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,955,004 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,955,004 | )
Research and development expenses |  | (1,503,392 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,503,392 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,503,392 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,503,392 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,503,392 | )
Operating loss |  | (5,573,620 | ) |  | (2,697,805 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (8,271,425 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (8,271,425 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (8,271,425 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (8,271,425 | )
Interest income |  | 9,530 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,530 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,530 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,530 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,530 |
Interest earned on marketable securities held in Trust Account |  | — |  |  | 1,588,006 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,588,006 | ) |  | GG |  | — |  |  | (1,588,006 | ) |  | GG |  | — |  |  | (1,588,006 | ) |  | GG |  | — |  |  | (1,588,006 | ) |  | GG |  | — |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  | — |  |  | 84,206 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (16,839 | ) |  | HH |  | 67,367 |  |  | (20,057 | ) |  | HH |  | 64,149 |  |  | (16,839 | ) |  | HH |  | 73,720 |  |  | (20,057 | ) |  | HH |  | 70,502 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,353 |  |  | II |  |  |  |  | 6,353 |  |  | II |  |  |
Other income |  | 12,956 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12,956 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12,956 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12,956 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12,956 |
Other gains and losses |  | (142,598 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,354 |  |  | JJ |  | (136,244 | ) |  | 6,354 |  |  | JJ |  | (136,244 | ) |  | 6,354 |  |  | JJ |  | (136,244 | ) |  | 6,354 |  |  | JJ |  | (136,244 | )
Finance costs |  | (181,531 | ) |  | (33,958 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (215,489 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (215,489 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (215,489 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (215,489 | )
Profit (loss) before income tax |  | (5,875,263 | ) |  | (1,059,551 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | (1,598,491 | ) |  |  |  | (8,533,305 | ) |  | (1,601,709 | ) |  |  |  | (8,536,523 | ) |  | (1,592,138 | ) |  |  |  | (8,526,952 | ) |  | (1,595,356 | ) |  |  |  | (8,530,170 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) |  | (58,864 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (58,864 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (58,864 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (58,864 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (58,864 | )
Net profit (loss) |  | (5,934,127 | ) |  | (1,059,551 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | (1,598,491 | ) |  |  |  | (8,592,169 | ) |  | (1,601,709 | ) |  |  |  | (8,595,387 | ) |  | (1,592,138 | ) |  |  |  | (8,585,816 | ) |  | (1,595,356 | ) |  |  |  | (8,589,034 | )
Profit (loss) attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of parent |  | (5,920,224 | ) |  | (1,059,551 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | (1,598,491 | ) |  |  |  | (8,578,266 | ) |  | (1,601,709 | ) |  |  |  | (8,581,484 | ) |  | (1,592,138 | ) |  |  |  | (8,571,913 | ) |  | (1,595,356 | ) |  |  |  | (8,575,131 | )
Non-controlling interests |  | (13,903 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (13,903 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (13,903 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (13,903 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (13,903 | )
|  | (5,934,127 | ) |  | (1,059,551 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | (1,598,491 | ) |  |  |  | (8,592,169 | ) |  | (1,601,709 | ) |  |  |  | (8,595,387 | ) |  | (1,592,138 | ) |  |  |  | (8,585,816 | ) |  | (1,595,356 | ) |  |  |  | (8,589,034 | )
Weighted average shares of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares Outstanding – Basic and Diluted |  | 218,816,761 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss per share – Basic and Diluted |  | (0.03 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares of Blue Ocean Class A Shares Outstanding – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  | 5,564,459 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share, Blue Ocean Class A Shares – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  | (0.10 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares of Blue Ocean Class B Shares Outstanding – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  | 4,743,750 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share, Blue Ocean Class B Shares – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  | (0.10 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro Forma weighted average shares of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares Outstanding – Basic and Diluted(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29,748,621 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27,480,582 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29,748,621 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27,480,582 |
Pro Forma loss per share – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.29 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.31 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.29 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.31 | )

__________________

(1) Refer to Note 6, Pro Forma Shares and Earning Per Share Information for more details on TNL Mediagene’s determination of basic and diluted EPS.

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TNL Mediagene’s Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2023

(in U.S. Dollar)

|  | Pro Forma TNL Mediagene (IFRS) (Note 2) |  | Blue Ocean (U.S. GAAP Historical) |  | IFRS Conversion and presentation |  | Note |  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined
Revenue |  | 45,206,882 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 45,206,882 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 45,206,882 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 45,206,882 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 45,206,882 |
Cost of revenue |  | (30,797,442 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (30,797,442 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (30,797,442 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (30,797,442 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (30,797,442 | )
Gross profit |  | 14,409,440 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 14,409,440 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 14,409,440 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 14,409,440 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 14,409,440 |
Sales, general and administrative expenses |  | (20,028,414 | ) |  | (4,125,912 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | (3,411,300 | ) |  | AA |  | (81,649,800 | ) |  | (3,411,300 | ) |  | AA |  | (76,728,765 | ) |  | (3,411,300 | ) |  | AA |  | (80,259,800 | ) |  | (3,411,300 | ) |  | AA |  | (75,338,765 | )
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,627,413 | ) |  | BB |  |  |  |  | (3,898,184 | ) |  | BB |  |  |  |  | (3,627,413 | ) |  | BB |  |  |  |  | (3,898,184 | ) |  | BB |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (50,456,761 | ) |  | CC |  |  |  |  | (45,264,955 | ) |  | CC |  |  |  |  | (49,066,761 | ) |  | CC |  |  |  |  | (43,874,955 | ) |  | CC |  |  |
Research and development expenses |  | (3,341,736 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,341,736 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,341,736 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,341,736 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,341,736 | )
Operating loss |  | (8,960,710 | ) |  | (4,125,912 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | (57,495,474 | ) |  |  |  | (70,582,096 | ) |  | (52,574,439 | ) |  |  |  | (65,661,061 | ) |  | (56,105,474 | ) |  |  |  | (69,192,096 | ) |  | (51,184,439 | ) |  |  |  | (64,271,061 | )
Interest income |  | 20,453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,453 |
Interest earned on marketable securities held in Trust Account |  | — |  |  | 6,864,803 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,864,803 | ) |  | DD |  | — |  |  | (6,864,803 | ) |  | DD |  | — |  |  | (6,864,803 | ) |  | DD |  | — |  |  | (6,864,803 | ) |  | DD |  | — |
Unrealized gain on marketable securities held in Trust Account |  | — |  |  | 670,104 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (670,104 | ) |  | DD |  | — |  |  | (670,104 | ) |  | DD |  | — |  |  | (670,104 | ) |  | DD |  | — |  |  | (670,104 | ) |  | DD |  | — |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  | — |  |  | 1,029,188 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (205,813 | ) |  | EE |  | 823,375 |  |  | (245,144 | ) |  | EE |  | 784,044 |  |  | (205,813 | ) |  | EE |  | 2,207,021 |  |  | (245,144 | ) |  | EE |  | 2,167,690 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,383,646 |  |  | FF |  |  |  |  | 1,383,646 |  |  | FF |  |  |
Other income |  | 417,859 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 417,859 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 417,859 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 417,859 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 417,859 |
Other gains and losses |  | 5,161,791 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,161,791 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,161,791 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,161,791 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,161,791 |
Finance costs |  | (344,340 | ) |  | (15,833 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (360,173 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (360,173 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (360,173 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (360,173 | )
Profit (loss) before income tax |  | (3,704,947 | ) |  | 4,422,350 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (65,236,194 | ) |  |  |  | (64,518,791 | ) |  | (60,354,490 | ) |  |  |  | (59,637,087 | ) |  | (62,462,548 | ) |  |  |  | (61,745,145 | ) |  | (57,580,844 | ) |  |  |  | (56,863,441 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) |  | 913,515 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 913,515 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 913,515 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 913,515 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 913,515 |
Net profit (loss) |  | (2,791,432 | ) |  | 4,422,350 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (65,236,194 | ) |  |  |  | (63,605,276 | ) |  | (60,354,490 | ) |  |  |  | (58,723,572 | ) |  | (62,462,548 | ) |  |  |  | (60,831,630 | ) |  | (57,580,844 | ) |  |  |  | (55,949,926 | )
Profit (loss) attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of parent |  | (2,380,620 | ) |  | 4,422,350 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (65,236,194 | ) |  |  |  | (63,194,464 | ) |  | (60,354,490 | ) |  |  |  | (58,312,760 | ) |  | (62,462,548 | ) |  |  |  | (60,420,818 | ) |  | (57,580,844 | ) |  |  |  | (55,539,114 | )
Non-controlling interests |  | (410,812 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (410,812 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (410,812 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (410,812 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (410,812 | )
|  | (2,791,432 | ) |  | 4,422,350 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (65,236,194 | ) |  |  |  | (63,605,276 | ) |  | (60,354,490 | ) |  |  |  | (58,723,572 | ) |  | (62,462,548 | ) |  |  |  | (60,831,630 | ) |  | (57,580,844 | ) |  |  |  | (55,949,926 | )

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|  | Pro Forma TNL Mediagene (IFRS) (Note 2) |  | Blue Ocean (U.S. GAAP Historical) |  | IFRS Conversion and presentation |  | Note |  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined |  | Transaction Accounting Adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro Forma Combined
Weighted average shares outstanding of TNL Mediagene – Basic and Diluted |  | 201,525,865 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss per share – Basic and Diluted |  | (0.01 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares of Blue Ocean Class A Shares Outstanding – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  | 14,866,285 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share, Blue Ocean Class A Shares – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  | 0.23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares of Blue Ocean Class B Shares Outstanding – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  | 4,743,750 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share, Blue Ocean Class B Shares – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  | 0.23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pro Forma weighted average shares of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares Outstanding – Basic and Diluted(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27,803,331 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,535,292 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27,803,331 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,535,292 |
Pro Forma loss per share – Basic and Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2.27 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (2.28 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (2.17 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (2.17 | )

____________

(1) Refer to Note 2, TNL Mediagene Merger for reconciliation between historical share amounts and the pro forma amounts of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares presented here.

(2) Refer to Note 6, Pro Forma Shares and Earning Per Share Information for more details on TNL Mediagene’s determination of basic and diluted EPS.

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Notes to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information

Note 1 — Description of the Merger

On June 6, 2023, Blue Ocean entered into the Original Merger Agreement with TNL Mediagene and Merger Sub, a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene. On May 29, 2024 Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene and Merger Sub entered into the first amendment to the Original Merger Agreement and on October 23, 2024, entered into the second amendment to the Original Merger Agreement (together with the first amendment and the Original Merger Agreement as it may be amended from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean, with Blue Ocean surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene. As a result of the Merger, and upon consummation of the Merger and the other Transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the shareholders of Blue Ocean will become shareholders of TNL Mediagene. After the completion of the Merger, TNL Mediagene’s shares and warrants are expected to trade on the Nasdaq under the ticker symbols TNMG and [TNMGW] respectively, and TNL Mediagene is expected to become a publicly listed company.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, immediately prior to the Effective Time, TNL Mediagene will complete the Recapitalization including adopting the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles and effecting the Reverse Share Split to cause the value of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to equal an assumed value of $10.00 per share.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, immediately prior to the Effective Time, (1) all outstanding Blue Ocean Class B Shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, will be converted into Blue Ocean Class A Shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, at a conversion ratio of 1.00, (2) all outstanding Public Shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, will be exchanged with TNL Mediagene for the right to receive TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, at a conversion ratio of 1.00, and (3) each Blue Ocean Warrant will become a warrant exercisable for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares on a conversion ratio of 1.00 and on the same terms as the original Blue Ocean Warrant.

Earn-Out Shares and Waiver of Earn-Out Shares and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants

On June 6, 2023, the holders of 4,743,750 Founder Shares, including the Sponsor, Apollo, certain members of Blue Ocean’s board of directors, management team and advisory board (“Insiders”) and certain other shareholders of Blue Ocean (“Other Investors”), entered into the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, which was partially amended on October 23, 2024 by and among the Sponsor, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene, to agree to defer receipt of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares they are entitled to under the Merger Agreement for up to 24 months after the Closing Date, without the provision of any services. Consequently, TNL Mediagene will not immediately issue new TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to the holders of Founder Shares upon the Closing Date. Instead, TNL Mediagene will grant the holders of Founder Shares the right to receive these deferred TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, (the “Earn-Out Shares”) at the specified times described as below:

• 50% of the Earn-Out Shares shall be issued upon the first to occur of any of the following after the Closing Date: (i) the date that is the 12-month anniversary of the Closing Date (such 12-month period from the Closing Date to the 12-month anniversary thereof, the “First Earn-Out Period”); or (ii) a change of control of TNL Mediagene (or a definitive agreement providing for a change of control has been entered into prior to the expiration of the First Earn-Out Period and such change of control is ultimately consummated, even if such consummation occurs after the expiration of the First Earn-Out Period); and

• 50% of the Earn-Out Shares shall be issued upon the first to occur of any of the following after the Closing Date: (i) the date that is the two-year anniversary of the Closing Date (such two-year period from the Closing Date to the two-year anniversary thereof, the “Second Earn-Out Period”); (ii) a change of control of TNL Mediagene (or a definitive agreement providing for a change of control has been entered into prior to the expiration of the Second Earn-Out Period and such change of control is ultimately consummated, even if such consummation occurs after the expiration of the Second Earn-Out Period); (iii) if revenues reported by TNL Mediagene during any trailing 12-month period equal or exceed $77,500,000 in aggregate (inclusive of any and all acquisitions consummated by TNL Mediagene after the Closing Date).

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Pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, from and after the Closing Date and subject to certain customary exceptions, the holders of Founder Shares agree, severally but not jointly, not to transfer:

• 50% of their Earn-Out Shares until the earlier of: (A) one year after the Closing Date; or (B) (x) if the closing price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and other similar transactions) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Closing Date or (y) the date after the Closing Date on which TNL Mediagene completes a liquidation, merger, capital share exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction that results in all of TNL Mediagene’s shareholders having the right to exchange their TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for cash, securities or other property; and

• the remaining 50% of their Earn-Out Shares until two years after the Closing Date.

Pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement and as part of the agreed consideration for the Merger, the Sponsor agreed to forfeit up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares it owns, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.

Pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement and as part of the agreed consideration for the Merger, (i) the Sponsor and Apollo agreed to forfeit an aggregate of 750,000 of their Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, in a pro rata amount based on the relative number of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by each at the Closing Date, and (ii) the Sponsor agreed to forfeit 50% of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by it at the Closing Date, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, which equals to 3,707,168 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,992,055 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants) as the date of this proxy statement/prospectus.

2023 Sponsor Convertible Note

On June 20, 2023, Blue Ocean issued the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, an unsecured convertible promissory note, which was amended on May 30, 2024 to extend its maturity date from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024, to the Sponsor for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $1,500,000 which may be drawn by Blue Ocean to finance costs incurred in connection with a potential initial business combination and for working capital purposes and/or to finance monthly deposits into the Trust Account for each public share that is not redeemed in connection with the extension of Blue Ocean’s termination date from September 7, 2023 to December 7, 2024. The 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note is interest bearing and is payable on the earlier of (i) December 7, 2024; (ii) the date on which Blue Ocean consummates a business combination or (iii) Blue Ocean liquidates the Trust Account upon the failure to consummate an initial business combination within the requisite time period. Upon consummation of Blue Ocean’s initial business combination, the Sponsor can elect to convert the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, up to the full amount of the principal balance of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, into Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant. Immediately preceding the Effective Time, such Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants will be converted into TNL Mediagene Warrants with the same terms of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (subject to adjustment). As of June 30, 2024, the outstanding principal balance under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note amounted to an aggregate of $1,461,675, consisting of outstanding principal of $1,411,884 and unpaid interest expense of $49,791.

DaEX Conversion Rights

Under certain investment agreements executed by and among DaEX, TNL Mediagene’s subsidiaries, and each of certain of DaEX’s non-controlling shareholders (the “DaEX Conversion Right Holders”) and certain joint venture agreement executed by and between TNL Mediagene, TNL Mediagene’s subsidiaries, and AccuHit AI Technology Taiwan Co., Ltd, each of the DaEX Conversion Right Holders has the right to, before the Merger, convert their shares of DaEX into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (the “DaEx Conversion Rights”). The value of the converted shares of DaEX shall not be in aggregate less than NT$20,690,000 (US$664,419), which was the initial investment amount of the DaEX Conversion Rights Holders, and the conversion price shall be agreed upon by the parties in writing.

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2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes

As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, TNL Mediagene issued convertible promissory notes aggregating $1,216,430 to its existing shareholders and other third parties and $509,041 to terminate the short-term borrowing plus accumulated interest expenses (the “2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes”). The corresponding unpaid interest expenses were $56,175 as of June 30, 2024. The 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes mature on December 7, 2024, and accrue interest at a rate of 10% per annum. The holders of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes have the right to convert all or any part of the outstanding principal and accrued interest into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at a conversion price if TNL Mediagene completes an equity financing under which it raises not less than $5,000,000 (excluding all existing indebtedness under the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes) on or before the date of maturity (such a financing, a “Qualified Financing”). The conversion price is set as 90% of the per share price in a Qualified Financing. In addition, immediately after the closing of de-SPAC transaction, the outstanding principal plus accrued interest will automatically convert into ordinary shares at a 90% of the price per share used in the Merger. Accordingly, the holders of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes will have the right to convert all of any part of the outstanding principal and accrued interest into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at the conversion price of 90% of the per share price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares immediately after the Closing Date or the closing of a Qualified Financing.

2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note

On October 23, 2024, the Company (TNL Mediagene) issued a subordinated unsecured convertible promissory note aggregating $1,000,000 to a third party (the “2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note”). The 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note matures on the second anniversary of the date of issue, and accrues interest at a rate of 10% per annum. All outstanding principal and accrued interest of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note will automatically convert into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares if, on or before the date of maturity, (i) upon the Merger, the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note converts to shares at 90% of the price per share used in the Merger; (ii) TNL Mediagene undergoes a merger with another publicly listed acquisition company or completes an initial public offering, the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note converts at 90% of the price per share used in the initial public offering; (iii) TNL Mediagene raises at least $5,000,000 in financing, and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note converts at 90% of the price per share used in that financing; or (iv) in the event of a Change in Control, defined as a significant change in ownership or control not involving a merger with Blue Ocean or similar public event, the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note will convert to shares at the same share price as the transaction that effected the Change in Control.

2024 Sponsor Promissory Note

On April 5, 2024, Blue Ocean issued the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note to the Sponsor. The 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note is a non-interest bearing, unsecured promissory note which may be drawn down by the Company from time to time to be used for costs and expenses related to the business combination. Pursuant to the terms of the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note, if the initial business combination is not consummated, the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note will be repaid solely to the extent that Blue Ocean has funds available to it outside of its Trust Account, and that all other amounts will be contributed to capital, forfeited, eliminated or otherwise forgiven or eliminated.

The 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note shall be due and payable in full on the earlier of (i) the date on which Blue Ocean consummates its initial business combination; or (ii) the date Blue Ocean liquidates the Trust Account upon the failure of Blue Ocean to consummate the initial business combination within the time period set forth in Blue Ocean Articles.

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Subsequent acquisition of Green Quest Holding Inc.

On August 23, 2024, TNL Mediagene entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with shareholders of Green Quest Holding Inc., a Cayman Islands company, which owns 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Dragon Marketing Inc. Pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, TNL Mediagene will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Green Quest Holding Inc. The total consideration, including the purchase price and earn-out considerations, will be paid by issuance of ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene, and the total value of issued shares shall not exceed approximately NT$ 200,000,000 ($6,163,328). The number of ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene to be issued will be equal to the product of the total consideration divided by US$1.24. As a result, assuming the effect of the Recapitalization using the Split Factor of 0.112503707, TNL Mediagene may issue up to approximately 559,000 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as the Green Quest Consideration.

No unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information of TNL Mediagene and Green Quest Holding Inc. is presented, as the acquisition of Green Quest Holding Inc. was not considered significant for the purposes of presenting pro forma information in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X.

Note 2 — TNL Mediagene Merger

On May 25, 2023, TNL merged with Mediagene through a share exchange with TNL Mediagene, where Mediagene shareholders received TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for their shares of Mediagene. See Note 31 to TNL Mediagene’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 included in this proxy statement/prospectus.

Set forth below are the pro forma effects of the TNL Mediagene Merger on the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2023, as follows:

• increase in depreciation expense on the fair value adjustment of property, plant and equipment;

• increase in amortization expense on the fair value of intangibles assets recognized (software and customer relationship); and

• tax effect on pro forma adjustments;

The TNL Mediagene Merger is accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting under IFRS 3. The pro forma effects of the TNL Mediagene Merger, including the depreciation and amortization of the fair value of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets and the allocation of the consideration transferred are based on our estimates of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The effects of cost savings and operating synergies or revenue enhancements that we may achieve as a result of the merger or the cost to integrate them to our operations or the costs necessary to achieve these cost savings and operating synergies, such as procurement, distribution and administrative structure efficiencies and revenue enhancements, have not been reflected in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operation.

For further detail on the allocation of the consideration transferred for the TNL Mediagene Merger, see Note 31 to TNL Mediagene’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 included elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus.

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Pro forma adjustments to TNL Mediagene’s unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated statement of operation for the year ended December 31, 2023

(in U.S. Dollar)

|  | TNL Mediagene (Historical) |  | Mediagene (Historical)(1) |  | Pro forma adjustments |  | Note |  | Pro forma TNL Mediagene
Revenue |  | 35,838,780 |  |  | 9,368,102 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 45,206,882 |
Cost of revenue |  | (23,187,396 | ) |  | (7,610,046 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (30,797,442 | )
Gross profit |  | 12,651,384 |  |  | 1,758,056 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 14,409,440 |
Sales, General and administrative expenses |  | (16,421,386 | ) |  | (3,302,875 | ) |  | (4,753 | ) |  | a(i) |  | (20,028,414 | )
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (299,400 | ) |  | a(ii) |  |  |
Research and development expenses |  | (3,327,185 | ) |  | (14,551 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3,341,736 | )
Operating loss |  | (7,097,187 | ) |  | (1,559,370 | ) |  | (304,153 | ) |  |  |  | (8,960,710 | )
Interest income |  | 19,340 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 20,453 |
Other income |  | 409,555 |  |  | 8,304 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 417,859 |
Other gains and losses |  | 5,160,379 |  |  | 1,412 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,161,791 |
Finance costs |  | (298,958 | ) |  | (45,382 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |  | (344,340 | )
Loss before income tax |  | (1,806,871 | ) |  | (1,593,923 | ) |  | (304,153 | ) |  |  |  | (3,704,947 | )
Income tax benefit (expenses) |  | 591,082 |  |  | 217,196 |  |  | 105,237 |  |  | a(iii) |  | 913,515 |
Net loss for the year |  | (1,215,789 | ) |  | (1,376,727 | ) |  | (198,916 | ) |  |  |  | (2,791,432 | )
Net loss attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders of the parent |  | (804,977 | ) |  | (1,376,727 | ) |  | (198,916 | ) |  |  |  | (2,380,620 | )
Non-controlling interests |  | (410,812 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (410,812 | )
|  | (1,215,789 | ) |  | (1,376,727 | ) |  | (198,916 | ) |  |  |  | (2,791,432 | )
Weighted average shares of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares Outstanding – Basic and Diluted(2) |  | 166,472,761 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 201,525,865 |
Loss per share – Basic and Diluted |  | (0.00 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.01 | )

____________

(1) Historical unaudited profit or loss data of Mediagene for the pre-acquisition period for the period from January 1, 2023 to May 25, 2023.

(2) Reflect the issuance of 90,740,305 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene to acquire Mediagene assumed to have occurred on January 1, 2023, which represented 55,687,201 of weighted average shares.

The transaction accounting adjustments with respect to the TNL Mediagene Merger are as follows:

Transaction accounting adjustments

(i) Pro forma deprecation adjustment on the fair value of property, plant and equipment

(a) Below is the pro forma deprecation adjustment on the fair value of TNL Mediagene’s property, plant and equipment. The deprecation is calculated using the straight-line method.

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2023
Fair value adjustment (in U.S. dollar) |  | $ | 90,191
Estimated useful life (years) |  |  | 7.40
Pre-acquisition period (years) |  |  | 0.39
Pro forma adjustment (in U.S. dollar) |  | $ | 4,753

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(ii) Pro forma amortization adjustment on the fair value of intangible assets

Below is the pro forma amortization adjustment on the fair value of TNL Mediagene’s intangible assets. The amortization is calculated using the straight-line method.

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2023
|  | Customer relationship |  | Software |  | Total adjustments
Fair value adjustment (in U.S. dollar) |  | $ | 8,496,699 |  | $ | 130,303 |  | $ | 8,627,002
Estimated useful life (years) |  |  | 11.60 |  |  | 3.70 |  |  | —
Pre-acquisition period (years) |  |  | 0.39 |  |  | 0.39 |  |  | —
Pro forma adjustments (in U.S. dollar) |  | $ | 285,665 |  | $ | 13,735 |  | $ | 299,400

No pro forma amortization adjustment on the fair value of the trademark is required as the trademark is an intangible asset with indefinite useful lives.

(iii) Tax Effect on pro forma adjustments

The tax impact on the pro forma adjustments, using the statutory income tax rate in Japan, is 34.6%.

Note 3 — Basis of Presentation

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only. The unaudited pro forma adjustments are based on information currently available to TNL Mediagene, and assumptions and estimates underlying the unaudited pro forma adjustments are described in the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ materially from the assumptions used to present the accompanying unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information. You should not rely on the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information as being indicative of the historical results that would have been achieved had the companies always been combined or of the future results of TNL Mediagene, the combined company, will achieve. Future results may vary significantly from the results reflected due to various factors, including those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors.”

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information assumes that liabilities for the TNL Mediagene Warrants, which may be exercised no earlier than 30 days after the Merger, will be accounted for as liabilities in accordance with IAS 32 following consummation of the Merger and, accordingly, would be subject to ongoing mark-to-market adjustments through the statement of operations.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information assumes that all DaEX Conversion Right Holders elect to convert their shares of DaEX into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at a conversion price of NT$40 or $1.24 per share, and an additional 58,193 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are issued and outstanding after giving effect to the Recapitalization, immediately prior to the Effective Time.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, immediately prior to the Effective Time, each TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share outstanding before the Effective Time will be automatically converted into a number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares computed on the basis of the Split Factor. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information assumes that the Split Factor is 0.112503707.

According to the terms of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes, immediately after the Closing Date, the outstanding principal of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes plus unpaid accrued interest will automatically convert into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at a conversion price which is set as 90% of the per share price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares immediately after the Closing Date. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information assumes that all $1,725,471 of the outstanding principal of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus and $56,175 of unpaid corresponding interest expenses as of June 30, 2024 will convert into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at the conversion price of $10.31, which was determined as 90% of the market price of the Public Shares of $11.46 per share on October 10, 2024, and, as a result, an additional 172,808 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued and outstanding after the Closing Date. The conversion price is preliminary and will change in part based on fluctuations in the market price of the Public Shares through the Closing Date.

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According to the terms of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note, immediately after the Closing Date, the outstanding principal of 2024 the TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note plus unpaid accrued interest will automatically convert into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at a conversion price which is set as 90% of the per share price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares immediately after the Closing Date. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information assumes that all $1,000,000 of the outstanding principal of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus will convert into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at the conversion price of $10.31, which was determined as 90% of the market price of the Public Shares of $11.46 per share on October 10, 2024, excluding accrued interest due to its immaterial amount as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, and, as a result, an additional 96,993 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued and outstanding after the Closing Date. The conversion price is preliminary and will change in part based on fluctuations in the market price of the Public Shares through the Closing Date.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared assuming four alternative scenarios based on the level of redemptions by Blue Ocean Public Shareholders of the Public Shares for cash and the exercise of the conversion options of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note by the Sponsor:

• Scenario 1 — No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash Scenario: This scenario assumes that no Blue Ocean Public Shareholders elect to exercise their redemption rights with respect to their Public Shares for a pro rata share of the funds in the Trust Account, after giving effect to the repayment in cash of $1,411,884 of principal amount and $49,791 of accrued interest of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note.

• Scenario 2 — Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash Scenario: This scenario assumes that 1,841,950 Public Shares subject to redemption are redeemed at the assumed redemption price of $11.30 per share for an aggregate payment of $20,811,005 and the repayment in cash of $1,411,884 of principal amount and $49,791 of accrued interest of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note.

• Scenario 3 — No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants Scenario: This scenario assumes that no Blue Ocean Public Shareholders elect to exercise their redemption rights with respect to their Public Shares for a pro rata share of the funds in the Trust Account, and the Sponsor elects to convert $1,411,884 of principal amount of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note into TNL Mediagene Warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant, with the same terms as Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

• Scenario 4 — Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants Scenario: This scenario assumes that 1,841,950 Blue Ocean Public Shares subject to redemption are redeemed at the assumed redemption price of $11.30 per share for an aggregate payment of $20,811,005, and the Sponsor elects to convert $1,411,884 of principal amount of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note into TNL Mediagene Warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant, with the same terms as Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

Furthermore, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene intend to enter into PIPE investments (the “PIPE Investments”) to provide additional targeted funds in the aggregate of $35 million prior to the Closing. Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene have undertaken an offering process related to the PIPE Investments, which they expect to finalize, if successful, prior to the later of December 2024 and the Closing. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene have not entered into any definitive agreements with respect to the PIPE Investments or other equity financing arrangements with any investor. While Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene intend to pursue the PIPE Investments, there can be no assurance that Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene will complete the PIPE Investments or that any other financing arrangement will be effectuated (other than the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note) with any investor. While TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean intend to pursue the potential PIPE offering, there can be no assurance that TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean will secure any potential PIPE Investments (in the targeted amounts or any amounts) or that any other financing arrangement will be effectuated.

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The pro forma adjustments related to the Merger do not have an income tax effect as they are either (i) incurred by legal entities that are not subject to a corporate income tax, or (ii) permanently nondeductible or nontaxable based on the laws of the relevant jurisdiction.

Note 4 — Accounting Policies

The historical financial information of TNL Mediagene was prepared in accordance with IFRS and the historical financial information of Blue Ocean was prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The historical financial information of Blue Ocean has been adjusted to give effect to certain differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS for the purposes of the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information. The only adjustment required to convert Blue Ocean’s financial statements from U.S. GAAP to IFRS for purposes of the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information was to reclassify the Blue Ocean Class A Shares subject to redemption to non-current financial liabilities under IFRS.

Accounting for the Merger

The Merger will be accounted for as a capital reorganization in accordance with IFRS. Under this method of accounting, Blue Ocean will be treated as the “acquired company” for financial reporting purposes, and TNL Mediagene will be the accounting “acquirer.” This determination was primarily based on the assumption that:

• TNL Mediagene’s current shareholders will hold a majority of the voting power of the combined company after the Merger;

• TNL Mediagene’s operations will substantially comprise the ongoing operations of the combined company;

• pursuant to the Merger Agreement, TNL Mediagene’s current shareholders will have the ability to nominate the majority of the members of the governing body of the combined company; and

• TNL Mediagene’s current senior management team will comprise a majority of the management of the combined company.

Furthermore, Blue Ocean does not meet the definition of a “business” pursuant to IFRS 3, and thus, for accounting purposes, the Merger will be accounted for as a capital reorganization, within the scope of IFRS 2. The net assets of Blue Ocean will be stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Any excess of the fair value of the deemed equity interest issued by TNL Mediagene over the fair value of Blue Ocean’s identifiable net assets acquired will be considered compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for its shares and be expensed as incurred. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information assumes that Blue Ocean Warrants would be expected to be accounted for as liabilities in accordance with IAS 32 following consummation of the Merger and, accordingly, would be subject to ongoing mark-to-market adjustments through the statement of profit or loss.

In connection with the Merger, the holders of Blue Ocean Class B Shares have agreed to defer receipt of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares that they are entitled to receive pursuant to the Merger Agreement for up to 24 months in order to induce TNL Mediagene and Blue Ocean to enter into the Merger Agreement. Such shares are deemed to have been issued in exchange for listing services provided by the holders of Blue Ocean Class B Shares, facilitating TNL Mediagene’s listing on the Nasdaq, and are therefore equity-classified as per IFRS 2 Share-Based Payment.

Note 5 — Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared to illustrate the effect of the Proposed Transactions and has been prepared for informational purposes only. The historical financial statements have been adjusted in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements to give pro forma effect to transaction accounting adjustments for the merger.

The unaudited pro forma combined provision for income taxes does not necessarily reflect the amounts that would have resulted had the combined company filed consolidated income tax returns during the periods presented.

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The unaudited pro forma basic and diluted earnings per share amounts presented in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operation are based upon the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, giving the effect of the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707 and assuming the Transactions occurred on January 1, 2023.

Transaction Accounting Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet

The pro forma notes and adjustments, based on preliminary estimates that could change materially as additional information is obtained, are as follows:

A. Reflects the reclassification of $20.8 million of investments held in the Trust Account that become available to fund the Merger.

B. Reflects the 2,208,859 Founder Shares (2,208,859 Blue Ocean Class A Shares), or in the case of no redemptions scenario, an assumed 1,782,770 Founder Shares (1,782,770 Blue Ocean Class A Shares) based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071, that will be forfeited by the Sponsor immediately prior to the Closing Date and at minimum 2,534,891 Founders Shares (2,534,890 Blue Ocean Class A Shares and 1 Blue Ocean Class B Share), or in the case of no redemptions scenario, an assumed 2,960,980 Founder Shares (2,960,979 Blue Ocean Class A Shares and 1 Blue Ocean Class B Share) based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071, exchanged for the same number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as consideration for listing services provided by the holders of Founder Shares in connection with the Merger. The holders of Founder Shares have agreed to defer receipt of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares until the specified dates up to 24 months after the Closing Date pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, immediately prior to the Effective Time, all Blue Ocean Class B Shares outstanding prior to the Effective Time will be canceled by Blue Ocean in exchange for the issuance of an equal number of Blue Ocean Class A Shares, which in turn will be converted to TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

C. Reflects the elimination of warrant liability after giving effect to the forfeiture of (i) an aggregate of 750,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by Sponsor and Apollo at the Closing Date and (ii) an aggregate of 3,707,168 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, or in the case of no redemptions scenario, the an assumed 2,992,055 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071, held by the Sponsor at the Closing Date, with each warrant having a fair value of $0.0155 per warrant as of June 30, 2024 measured by using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the same as the fair value per warrant of Public Warrants.

D. Under Scenarios 1 and 3, reflects the conversion of 1,841,950 remaining Blue Ocean Class A Shares subject to possible redemption (Public Shares), originally classified as temporary equity under U.S. GAAP and reclassified to non-current financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”) under IFRS to TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and capital surplus, on a one-for-one basis upon the Merger.

Under Scenarios 2 and 4, reflects 1,841,950 remaining Public Shares redeemed in connection with the Merger for aggregate redemption payments of $20.8 million at an assumed redemption price of $11.30 per share.

E. Reflects the settlement of $6.6 million of Blue Ocean’s deferred underwriting fees that become payable at closing of the Merger.

F. Represents the recapitalization of 218,816,761 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time into 24,617,697 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares with par value $0.0001 according to the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

G. Reflects the conversion of 1,814,000 DaEX ordinary shares held by DaEX Conversion Right Holders into 517,250 shares of TNL Mediagene, assuming a conversion price of NT$40 or $1.24 per share, immediately prior to the Effective Time. After giving effect to the Recapitalization, 58,193 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued to DaEX Conversion Right Holders.

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H. Reflects preliminary estimated transaction costs expected to be incurred by Blue Ocean of approximately $7.1 million, for capital raising related to the banking, legal, and accounting fees incurred as part of the Merger. $5.8 million of these fees have been accrued as of the pro forma balance sheet date. The remaining amount of $1.3 million, composed of banking, legal, and accounting fees, is reflected in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as a reduction of cash and an adjustment to pre-acquisition accumulated deficit of Blue Ocean. Blue Ocean’s estimated transaction costs exclude the deferred underwriting commissions described in (E) above.

I. Reflects preliminary estimated transaction costs expected to be incurred by TNL Mediagene of approximately $3.9 million, for banking, legal, and accounting fees incurred as part of the Merger. $2.6 million of these fees have been accrued or paid as of the pro forma balance sheet date. The amount of $3.9 million is allocated between newly issued shares and newly listed but previously existing shares. Under Scenarios 1 and 3, approximately $0.3 million is allocated to newly issued shares and included as adjustment to capital surplus, while approximately $3.6 million is allocated to the newly listed but previously existing shares, of which $2.4 million was recognized as an expense for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The remainder of $1.2 million was included as an adjustment to accumulated deficit. Under Scenarios 2 and 4, $3.9 million of transaction costs is related to the newly listed but previously existing shares, of which $2.4 million was recognized as an expense for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The remainder of $1.5 million was included as an adjustment to accumulated deficit.

J. Reflects repayment of $0.3 million of accounts payable and $0.4 million of promissory notes to Blue Ocean’s related parties.

K. Under Scenarios 1 and 2, reflects the repayment of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, including $1,411,884 of principal and $49,791 of corresponding interest expenses in cash. Under Scenarios 3 and 4, reflects the repayment of the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, including $1,411,884 of principal in TNL Mediagene Warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant, with the same terms as Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, and $49,791 of corresponding interest expenses in cash.

L. Under Scenarios 3 and 4, reflects the adjustment of the fair value of warrant liabilities for warrants assumed to be converted into Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, which will in turn be converted into TNL Mediagene Warrants, under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note as of June 30, 2024. The fair value of warrants was assumed to be $0.0155 per warrant as of June 30, 2024, based on the fair value of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants as of June 30, 2024.

M. Represents the elimination of Blue Ocean’s payables and TNL Mediagene’s receivables with respect to the other.

N. Under Scenarios 1 and 2, represents the elimination of Blue Ocean’s historical accumulated deficit after recording the transaction costs to be incurred by Blue Ocean as described in (H) above.

Under Scenarios 3 and 4, represents the elimination of Blue Ocean’s historical accumulated deficit after recording the transaction costs to be incurred by Blue Ocean as described in (H) above and the fair value adjustment of warrants assuming the conversion as described in (L) above.

O. Represents the preliminary estimated listing service expense recognized in accordance with IFRS 2, for the excess of the fair value of TNL Mediagene shares issued and the fair value of Blue Ocean’s identifiable net assets at the date of the Merger. The fair value of shares issued was estimated based on the market price of Public Shares of $11.46 per share on October 10, 2024. Additionally, the fair value of share-based payments of at minimum 2,534,891 Earn-Out Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, an assumed 2,960,980 Earn-Out Shares based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071) granted by TNL Mediagene to receive TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at specified dates after the Closing Date was estimated based on the market price of Public Shares of $11.46 per share on October 10, 2024. The Earn-Out Shares are a share-based payments arrangement with the holders of Blue Ocean Class B Shares without a link to service and market conditions. Thus, the Earn-Out Shares vest immediately and should be considered as an adjustment to the grant date fair value of the IFRS 2 expense. These fair values are preliminary and will change based on fluctuations in the share price of the Public Shares through the Closing Date. A 1% change in the market price per share

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would result in a change of $0.6 million, $0.3 million, $0.6 million, and $0.3 million in the estimated expense for Scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The actual compensation expense recorded for such Earn-Out Shares may differ from these estimates, and such differences may be material. The stock-based compensation is calculated as follows:

|  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount
Estimated fair value of TNL Mediagene equity consideration issued (pro forma) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public shareholders |  | 1,841,950 |  | $ | 21,108,747 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | 1,841,950 |  | $ | 21,108,747 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |
Initial shareholders(1) |  | 2,960,980 |  |  | 33,932,831 |  |  | 2,534,891 |  |  | 29,049,851 |  |  | 2,960,980 |  |  | 33,932,831 |  |  | 2,534,891 |  |  | 29,049,851 |
Total TNL Mediagene shares to be issued to Blue Ocean shareholders |  |  |  |  | 55,041,578 |  |  |  |  |  | 29,049,851 |  |  |  |  |  | 55,041,578 |  |  |  |  |  | 29,049,851 |
Net assets of Blue Ocean as of June 30, 2024(2) |  |  |  |  | 5,806,322 |  |  |  |  |  | 5,806,322 |  |  |  |  |  | 5,806,322 |  |  |  |  |  | 5,806,322 |
Add: Effect of elimination of warrant liability(3) |  |  |  |  | 58,002 |  |  |  |  |  | 69,086 |  |  |  |  |  | 58,002 |  |  |  |  |  | 69,086 |
Add: Effect of remeasurement of warrant liability under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note(4) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 1,390,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,390,000 |
Less: Blue Ocean transaction costs, net(5) |  |  |  |  | (1,279,507 | ) |  |  |  |  | (1,279,507 | ) |  |  |  |  | (1,279,507 | ) |  |  |  |  | (1,279,507 | )
Less: Effect of illustrative redemption of Blue Ocean Class A Shares |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (20,811,005 | ) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (20,811,005 | )
Adjusted net assets of Blue Ocean as of June 30, 2024 |  |  |  | $ | 4,584,817 |  |  |  |  | $ | (16,215,104 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 5,974,817 |  |  |  |  | $ | (14,825,104 | )
Excess of fair value of TNL Mediagene consideration issued over Blue Ocean net assets acquired (IFRS 2 Charge) |  |  |  | $ | 50,456,761 |  |  |  |  | $ | 45,264,955 |  |  |  |  | $ | 49,066,761 |  |  |  |  | $ | 43,874,955 |

____________

(1) The holders of 4,743,750 Founder Shares agreed in the Sponsor Lock-up and Support Agreement to forfeit up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares and to defer receiving at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, issuable as part of the agreed merger consideration under the Merger Agreement until certain specified dates after the Closing Date. Consequently, no TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued to such shareholders in exchange for the 4,743,750 Founder Shares on the Closing Date. Under the no redemptions scenarios, it is assumed that the holders of the Founder Shares will forfeit 1,782,770 Founder Shares and defer receiving 2,960,980 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071.

(2) Reflects the estimated fair value of the Blue Ocean net assets based on the carrying values of Blue Ocean’s net assets as of June 30, 2024. The 18,712,500 Blue Ocean Warrants, including Public Warrants and Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, but excluding warrants that can be converted under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note, have been reflected as a component of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the Merger, consistent with their expected treatment as a liability (with corresponding adjustment to fair value through the statement of income/(loss)) pursuant to IAS 32 in the post-Merger financial statements of TNL Mediagene.

(3) Reflects the elimination of warrant liability after giving effect to the forfeiture of (i) 750,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by the Sponsor and Apollo at the Closing Date and (ii) 3,707,168 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (or in the case of no redemptions scenarios, an assumed 2,992,055 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071) held by the Sponsor at the Closing Date as described in Note (C).

(4) Reflects the remeasurement of the fair value of warrants liabilities for warrants assumed to be converted under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note as of June 30, 2024 as described in Note (L).

(5) Reflects Blue Ocean transaction costs that are not eligible for capitalization as described in Note (H).

P. Reflects the proceeds of $250,000 from the issuance of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes in August and September 2024. The 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes will be designated at fair value through profit and loss, according to IFRS 9.

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Q. Reflects the conversion of the principal amount and interest of 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes of $1,781,646 with the fair value of $1,788,000 as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, into 172,808 shares of TNL Mediagene, assuming a conversion price of $10.31 per share, which is determined as 90% of the market price of Public Shares of $11.46 per share on October 10, 2024. The conversion price is preliminary and will change based on fluctuations in the share price of the Public Shares through the Closing Date.

R. Reflects additional $1.3 million of bank loans borrowed by TNL Mediagene from July 1, 2024 to October 23, 2024.

S. Reflects the proceeds of $1 million from the issuance of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note on October 23, 2024. The 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note will be designated at fair value through profit and loss, according to IFRS 9.

T. Reflects the conversion of $1 million of 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note, excluding unpaid accrued interest due to its immaterial amount as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, into 96,993 shares of TNL Mediagene, assuming a conversion price of $10.31 per share, which is determined as 90% of the market price of Public Shares of $11.46 per share on October 10, 2024. The conversion price is preliminary and will change based on fluctuations in the share price of the Public Shares through the Closing Date.

U. Reflects reclassification of the negative cash balance of $13.7 million and $12.2 million to other payable for the Scenarios 2 and 4, respectively. TNL Mediagene expects to negotiate with vendors to defer payment or pay these liabilities shortly after the Closing with funds to be raised from the potential PIPE offering or other financing arrangements.

Transaction Accounting Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations

The pro forma notes and adjustments with respect to the Merger, based on preliminary estimates that could change materially as additional information is obtained, are as follows:

AA. Reflects the total estimated transaction costs for Blue Ocean not yet recognized in the statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2023, under each scenario. These costs are a nonrecurring item.

BB. Reflects the total estimated transaction costs for TNL Mediagene not yet recognized in the statement of operations, during the year ended December 31, 2023, under each Scenario as described in Note (I) above. These costs are a nonrecurring item.

CC. Reflects the preliminary estimated listed service expense recognized in accordance with IFRS 2, for the excess of the fair value of TNL Mediagene shares issued and the fair value of Sponsor’s Earn-Out Shares to be issued, and the fair value of Blue Ocean’s identifiable net assets at the date of the Merger under each Scenario as described in (O) above.

DD. Represents the elimination of Blue Ocean’s investment income related to the marketable securities held in the trust account for the year ended December 31, 2023.

EE. Represents the elimination of Blue Ocean’s change in fair value of warrant liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to forfeiture of (i) 750,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by the Sponsor and Apollo at the Closing Date and (ii) 3,707,168 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (or in the case of no redemptions scenarios, an assumed 2,992,055 warrants based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071) held by the Sponsor at the Closing Date.

FF. Under Scenarios 3 and 4, reflects the adjustment of the fair value of warrants liabilities, assumed to be converted by the convertible promissory note at January 1, 2023. The fair value of warrants was assumed to be $0.02 per warrant at December 31, 2023, based on the fair value of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant at December 31, 2023.

GG. Represents the elimination of Blue Ocean’s investment income related to the marketable securities held in the trust account for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

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HH. Represents the elimination of Blue Ocean’s change in fair value of warrant liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 related to forfeiture of (i) 750,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by the Sponsor and Apollo at the Closing Date and (ii) 3,707,168 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (or in the case of no redemptions scenarios, an assumed 2,992,055 warrants based on the estimated pro forma Forfeiture Ratio of 0.8071) held by the Sponsor at the Closing Date.

II. Under Scenarios 3 and 4, reflects the adjustment of the fair value of warrants liabilities, assumed to be converted by the convertible promissory note at January 1, 2023. The fair value of warrants was assumed to be $0.0155 per warrant at June 30, 2024, based on the fair value of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant at June 30, 2024.

JJ. Represents the elimination of TNL Mediagene’s change in fair value of 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes after giving the effect to the conversion of the principal amount and interest of 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes of $1,781,646 at June 30, 2024.

Note 6 — Pro Forma Shares and Earning Per Share Information

The pro forma basic and diluted net income (loss) per share amounts presented in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operation are based upon the historical weighted average shares outstanding, and the issuance of additional shares in connection with the Merger and related transactions, assuming the shares were outstanding since January 1, 2023 and giving effect to the redemption of 4,315,265 Blue Ocean Class A Shares in connection with the Second Blue Ocean Extension on May 29, 2024. As the Merger and related transactions are being reflected as if they had occurred at the beginning of the period presented, the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding for basic and diluted net income (loss) per share assumes that the shares issued in connection with the Merger have been outstanding for the entire period presented.

The weighted average number of outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for pro forma net loss per share for the six months ended June 30, 2024 is as follows:

|  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic and diluted(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TNL Mediagene shareholders(2) |  | 24,617,697 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 24,617,697 |  | 24,617,697
DaEX Convertible Rights Holders |  | 58,193 |  | 58,193 |  | 58,193 |  | 58,193
2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes holders |  | 172,808 |  | 172,808 |  | 172,808 |  | 172,808
2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Notes holders |  | 96,993 |  | 96,993 |  | 96,993 |  | 96,993
Blue Ocean Public Shareholders |  | 1,841,950 |  | — |  | 1,841,950 |  | —
Earn-Out Shares shareholders |  | 2,960,980 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 2,960,980 |  | 2,534,891
|  | 29,748,621 |  | 27,480,582 |  | 29,748,621 |  | 27,480,582

__________

(1) As the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024 is in a loss position, the following anti-dilutive instruments are excluded in the calculation of diluted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding: (i) 591,421 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, reflecting the effect of the Split Factor of 0.112503707 on

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5,256,901 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene underlying TNL Mediagene’s employee stock options, (ii) 1,380 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, reflecting the effect of the Split Factor of 0.112503707 on 12,269 restricted shares of TNL Mediagene granted to employees, (iii) 9,487,500 Public Warrants, (iv) 5,482,945 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants under the Scenario 1 and 3, and 4,767,832 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants under the Scenario 2 and 4, and (v) 1,411,884 TNL Mediagene Warrants if the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note is settled by warrants under the Scenario 3 and 4.

(2) Reflects the effect of the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707, on 218,816,761 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene assumed to be outstanding on January 1, 2024.

The weighted average number of outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for pro forma net loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:

|  | Scenario 1: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 2: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Cash |  | Scenario 3: No Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants |  | Scenario 4: Maximum Redemption with the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note Settled by Warrants
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic and diluted(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TNL Mediagene shareholders(2) |  | 22,672,407 |  | 22,672,407 |  | 22,672,407 |  | 22,672,407
DaEX Convertible Rights Holders |  | 58,193 |  | 58,193 |  | 58,193 |  | 58,193
2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes holders |  | 172,808 |  | 172,808 |  | 172,808 |  | 172,808
2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Notes holders |  | 96,993 |  | 96,993 |  | 96,993 |  | 96,993
Blue Ocean Public Shareholders |  | 1,841,950 |  | — |  | 1,841,950 |  | —
Earn-Out Shares shareholders |  | 2,960,980 |  | 2,534,891 |  | 2,960,980 |  | 2,534,891
|  | 27,803,331 |  | 25,535,292 |  | 27,803,331 |  | 25,535,292

____________

(1) As the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 is in a loss position, the following anti-dilutive instruments are excluded in the calculation of diluted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding: (i) 403,782 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, reflecting the effect of the Split Factor of 0.112503707 on 3,589,056 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene underlying TNL Mediagene’s employee stock options,(ii) 1,564,617 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, reflecting the effect of the Split Factor of 0.112503707 on 13,907,246 convertible preferred shares of TNL Mediagene, (iii) 9,487,500 Public Warrants, (iv) 5,482,945 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants under the Scenario 1 and 3, and 4,767,832 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants under the Scenario 2 and 4, and (v) 1,411,884 TNL Mediagene Warrants if the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note is settled by warrants under the Scenario 3 and 4.

(2) Reflects the effect of Split Factor, which is 0.112503707, on 201,525,865 weighted average number of outstanding ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene, including the issuance of 90,740,305 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene to acquire Mediagene assumed to have occurred on January 1, 2023.

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MANAGEMENT FOLLOWING THE MERGER

The following table provides information about those persons who are expected to serve as directors and executive officers of the combined company following completion of the Merger.

Name |  | Age |  | Position
Joey (Tzu-Wei) Chung |  | 41 |  | Director and Chief Executive Officer
Marcus Brauchli |  | 63 |  | Director
Motoko Imada |  | 57 |  | Director and President
Jim Wu |  | 56 |  | Director and Chief Corporate Affairs Officer
Lauren Zalaznick |  | 61 |  | Director
Takako Masai (Nishida) |  | 59 |  | Director
Priscilla Han |  | 40 |  | Director
Richard Lee |  | 34 |  | Chief Technology Officer
Mario (Shih-Fan) Yang |  | 43 |  | Chief Content Officer – Taiwan
Hiroto Kobayashi |  | 59 |  | Chief Content Officer – Japan
Hiroyuki Terao |  | 53 |  | Chief Financial Officer

Joey (Tzu-Wei) Chung. Mr. Chung served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer at TNL, which he co-founded, prior to its merger with Mediagene and will serve as Director and Chief Executive Officer of the combined company upon consummation of the Merger. Prior to founding TNL, Mr. Chung was the General Manager of Sanrio Co., Ltd. in China and New Business Development Manager at Sanrio, Inc. in the United States. Prior to that, Mr. Chung worked in the Equity Research Department of UBS Securities Pte., Ltd., Taipei Branch, and as a columnist for Business Weekly. Mr. Chung holds a Bachelor of Arts in Foreign Languages and Literature from National Taiwan University and a M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. We believe Mr. Chung is qualified to serve as a director because of the knowledge, operational expertise and continuity he brings to TNL Mediagene as a founder of TNL, as well as his wide-ranging industry experience.

Marcus Brauchli. Mr. Brauchli served as a Director at TNL and is also cofounder and managing partner of North Base Media. Prior to founding North Base Media, he was Vice President of Graham Holdings Company and its predecessor, The Washington Post Co., from July 2008 until December 2013. In that role, he developed digital opportunities for a group that included The Washington Post, the Post-Newsweek television stations, the Cable One group and the news and opinion weblog Slate. From September 2008 to December 2012, he was Executive Editor of The Washington Post, where he oversaw The Washington Post’s budget, its 700-person newsroom, and made improvements in the paper’s digital operation that quadrupled its audience. Mr. Brauchli came to The Washington Post from a 24-year career at Dow Jones & Co. where he rose from an international correspondent to Vice President and editor of The Wall Street Journal, oversaw The Wall Street Journal’s budget and global operations and helped to manage the operations of a number of units including Marketwatch and the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Since January 2018, Mr. Brauchli has served as a member of the supervisory board of Gremi Media, publishers of Poland’s leading business newspaper, Rzeczpospolita as well as other publications and digital platforms. Besides his board and management roles, Mr. Brauchli has served as advisor to Datami Inc., a U.S. telecommunications technology company, and Capital Digital, a Mexican media group. He has been a consultant to Univision Communications Inc., the HT Media Group in India and the Economic Journal of Hong Kong, and an Innovation Fellow at the Lang Center for Entrepreneurship at Columbia Business School. We believe Mr. Brauchli’s extensive experience leading media and global businesses and investing in digital and technology growth companies brings important and valuable skills to our board of directors.

Motoko Imada. Ms. Imada served as a Representative Director and Chief Executive Director at Mediagene prior to its merger with TNL and will serve as Director and President upon consummation of the Merger. Ms. Imada co-founded Mediagene, then INFOBAHN Group, Inc., in 1998 and founded the digital advertising agency INFOBAHN Inc. in 2015. Prior to her career as a founder, Ms. Imada held various roles in the publishing industry, where she helped launch the Japanese edition of WIRED Magazine and served as that publication’s business manager. Ms. Imada holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics from Doshisha University. We believe Ms. Imada is qualified to serve as a Director because of her extensive experience and proven track record in founding and leading successful companies in the media and digital advertising industry, as well as the strategic vision and leadership abilities she has demonstrated throughout her career.

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Jim Wu. Mr. Wu will serve as Director and Chief Corporate Affairs Officer upon consummation of the Merger. He previously served as the Global Vice-President of International Mergers and Acquisitions at Yahoo! Inc., Head of Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer at the Nasdaq-listed company Openwave Systems and served on the management committee of a major American law firm. Currently, Mr. Wu serves as a director for several private and public companies in Taiwan. We believe Mr. Wu is qualified to serve as a Director due to his more than 30 years of experience and success in entrepreneurship, investment, and advisory roles in the Pacific Rim and Greater China regions. His previous legal experience also highlights his strong corporate governance and legal expertise.

Lauren Zalaznick. Ms. Zalaznick has had an illustrious career in media and digital content strategy, serving on the boards of GoPro, RTL Group, and National CineMedia, LLC, where she is Chair. She previously served on the boards of directors of The Nielsen Corporation, Penguin Random House and Shazam. During her tenure at Comcast NBCUniversal from 2002 to December 2013, Ms. Zalaznick held roles including Chair, Entertainment & Digital Networks, where she oversaw the Bravo, Oxygen, Style, and Telemundo networks, as well as the company’s digital portfolio, and ultimately rose to the rank of Executive Vice-President. Ms. Zalaznick is a senior strategic advisor to leading media and digital companies. She is also a senior advisor to The Boston Consulting Group’s Global TMT practice, and to leading content and tech start-ups. We believe her extensive experience and expertise in digital media and content strategy will make her a highly valuable member of our board.

Takako Masai (Nishida). Ms. Masai will serve as Director of TNL Mediagene upon consummation of the Merger. She currently serves as a Partner at Pasona N A, Inc., Director and Chair at SBI Financial and Economic Research Institute, and Director at Tobishima Corp. (TBM). Ms. Masai was previously the Head of Sales and Marketing at Toronto-Dominion Bank for nine years. Her career has also included key roles at Shinsei Bank, including Head of the Capital Markets Division, Head of the Markets Sub-Group, and Executive Officer overseeing the Market Research Department and Financial Research Division. Ms. Masai’s extensive expertise also includes service on the Policy Board of the Bank of Japan from June 2016 to June 2021 and as an Outside Director of the Board of MCG from July 2021 to June 2023. Her significant contributions to the financial industry, particularly in market research and policy development, are widely recognized, and we believe her insights will be invaluable to our board of directors.

Priscilla Han. Ms. Han will serve as Director of TNL Mediagene upon consummation of the Merger. Since March 2019, Ms. Han has served as the Chief Investment Officer of Reapra Pte. Ltd., a Singapore-based investment company with a portfolio that includes companies in a wide range of industries, including education, digital media, real estate, hospitality, healthcare and agriculture across Asia. Before joining Reapra, she worked from April 2014 to July 2017 as an investment manager covering China and Southeast Asia for New Zealand Trade and Enterprise, which focuses on driving Foreign Direct Investment into New Zealand. From May 2014 to July 2017, Ms. Han was an Investment Committee Member for North Base Media where she led financial analysis for the portfolio, a corporate finance manager for Deloitte & Touche from January 2013 to April 2014 and an associate in M&A and investment for Singapore-based investment companies. We believe Ms. Han’s extensive experience in finance, as well as analyzing and advising growth companies in Asia brings important and valuable skills to our board.

Richard Lee. Mr. Lee was the Group Chief Integration Officer at TNL. Following the conclusion of the Merger, he will serve as Chief Technology Officer. Prior to joining the group, Mr. Lee founded and sold INSIDE and iCook to TNL, where he served as Chief Technology Officer and led product development. Mr. Lee holds a Bachelor of Science — Computer Science degree from National Chengchi University.

Mario (Shih-Fan) Yang. Mr. Yang was a cofounder of TNL where he served as Director and Chief Content Officer. Upon consummation of the Merger, Mr. Yang will serve as Chief Content Officer for our Taiwan office. Mr. Yang has served as CNET’s Chief Executive Editor and Business Weekly Taiwan’s Senior Editor. Mr. Yang holds a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from National Tsing Hua University.

Hiroto Kobayashi. Mr. Kobayashi was a cofounder of Mediagene, where he served as Director and Chief Visionary Officer. Upon consummation of the Merger, Mr. Kobayashi will serve as Chief Content Officer for our Japan office. Mr. Kobayashi is a highly regarded pioneer in digital media in Japan who started his career while a teenager by foregoing high school education. Mr. Kobayashi helped launch the Japanese edition of WIRED Magazine in 1994, and cofounded Mediagene in 1998. He has launched a variety of printed and online media outlets over the course of his career, including GIZMODO Japan. Since 2017 he has served as an official Japan partner for TOA, an international tech conference held in Berlin, and currently produces programs and fieldwork projects to co-create innovations focused on circular economy, biodiversity, and local government-private partnerships.

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Hiroyuki Terao. Mr. Terao has served as Chief Financial Officer of Mediagene, then INFOBA HN Gro up, Inc. since 2017, and concurrently as Director of Mediagene since 2018. Upon consummation of the Merger, Mr. Terao will serve as Chief Financial Officer of TNL Mediagene. Before joining Mediagene in 2017, he previously served as a director of Japan Elevator Service Holdings, where he helped the company prepare for its IPO, and as an analyst and certified public accountant at KPMG AZSA, where for fifteen years he audited the financial statements of various listed companies in Japan, advised pre-IPO companies on preparing their financial statements for listing, and assisting external audits of local governments.

None of TNL Mediagene’s officers or directors following the completion of the Merger is expected to be located in mainland China or Hong Kong.

Number and Terms of Office of Officers and Directors

Immediately after Closing, the board will consist of seven directors of a single class. We are not required to hold an annual general meeting until one year after our first fiscal year end following our listing on Nasdaq.

Our officers are appointed by the board and serve at the discretion of the board, rather than for specific terms of office. The board is authorized to appoint persons to the offices set forth in the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles as it deems appropriate.

Committees of the Board

We intend to establish an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee under the board. We intend to adopt a charter for each of the three committees upon consummation of the Merger. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee. Our audit committee is anticipated to consist of Priscilla Han, Takako Masai, and Lauren Zalaznick with Priscilla Han as the chair. Priscilla Han, Takako Masai and Lauren Zalaznick are anticipated to satisfy the “independence” requirements of Nasdaq and the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. It is anticipated that the board will determine that Priscilla Han qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of the SEC rules. The audit committee will oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:

• selecting or replacing our independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm;

• reviewing with our independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response and approving all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K;

• discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and our independent registered public accounting firm;

• periodically reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter;

• meeting periodically with the management, our internal auditor and our independent registered public accounting firm;

• reporting regularly to the board;

• reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and integral control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposure; and

• handling such other matters that are specifically delegated to our audit committee by the board from time to time.

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Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee is anticipated to consist of Jim Wu, Joey (Tzu-Wei) Chung and Motoko Imada, with Jim Wu as the chair. Our compensation committee will assist the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our Chief Executive Officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated upon. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:

• reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers;

• reviewing the compensation program for our employees and recommending any proposed changes to our management;

• reviewing and recommending to the board with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors;

• reviewing annually and administering all long-term incentive compensation or equity plans;

• selecting and receiving advice from compensation consultants, legal counsel or other advisors after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management; and

• reviewing annual bonus programs, employee pension and major welfare benefit plans.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee is anticipated to satisfy Nasdaq requirements and consist of Jim Wu, Lauren Zalaznick and Priscilla Han, with Jim Wu as the chair. Lauren Zalaznick and Priscilla Han are anticipated to satisfy the “independence” requirements of Nasdaq. The nominating and corporate governance committee will assist the board in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee will be responsible for, among other things:

• identifying and recommending nominees for election or reelection to the board or for appointment to fill any vacancy;

• reviewing annually with the board its current composition in light of the characteristics of independence, age, skills, experience and availability of service to us;

• advising the board periodically with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance, including cybersecurity compliance, as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance, including cybersecurity compliance, and on any corrective action to be taken; and

• monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also owe to our company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit, in the performance of their duties, a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of their knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care, and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles, as amended and restated from time to time, and the class rights vested thereunder in the holders of the shares. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In limited exceptional circumstances, a shareholder may have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached.

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The functions and powers of our board include, among others:

• convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings;

• declaring dividends and distributions;

• appointing officers and determining the term of office of officers;

• exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and

• approving the transfer of shares of our company, including the registering of such shares in our register of members.

Director Independence

As a result of our securities being listed on Nasdaq following consummation of the Merger, we will adhere to the rules of such exchange and applicable SEC rules, as applicable to foreign private issuers, in determining whether a director is independent. An “independent director” is defined generally as a person other than an officer or employee of TNL Mediagene or its subsidiaries or any other individual having a relationship which in the opinion of the board, would interfere with the director’s exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. It is anticipated that the board will determine that Priscilla Han, Takako Masai and Lauren Zalaznick are “independent directors” as defined in the Nasdaq listing standards and that Priscilla Han, Takako Masai and Lauren Zalaznick meet the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our independent directors will have regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present.

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

We intend to enter into employment agreements with each of our executive officers prior to the consummation of the Merger. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers will be employed on an “at-will” basis, continuing for an indefinite term, unless terminated by either party at any time and for any reason, with or without cause.

Under the employment agreements, each executive officer will agree to hold, both during and after their employment terminates, in strict confidence and not to use or disclose, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, including whistleblower protection laws, to any person, corporation or other entity without our written consent, any confidential information or trade secrets. Each of the employment agreements will contain provisions relating to the assignment of intellectual property, non-disclosure obligations and restrictive covenants relating to non-competition and non-solicitation that continue for one year post-termination.

We expect to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers, pursuant to which we will agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being such a director or executive officer.

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid an aggregate of $716,231 in cash and benefits to our executive officers and directors, and for the six months ended June 30, 2024, we paid an aggregate of 456,893 in cash and benefits to our executive officers and directors. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors.

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Share-based Compensation

2015 Global Share Plan

In June 2015, TNL’s board of directors originally approved the 2015 Plan, which allows us to provide incentive stock options, within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code, nonstatutory stock options and restricted share awards (each, an “award” and the recipient of such award, a “participant”) to members of the board of directors and eligible employees and consultants of TNL Mediagene and any subsidiary of TNL Mediagene. It is expected that as of one business day prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, the 2015 Plan will be terminated, and we will not grant any additional awards under our 2015 Plan thereafter. However, the 2015 Plan will continue to govern the terms and conditions of the outstanding awards previously granted under the 2015 Plan.

As of June 30, 2024, stock options and restricted share awards were the only outstanding awards under the 2015 Plan. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, there are no stock options granted and outstanding under the 2015 Plan held by our executive officers and directors.

The following paragraphs describe the principal terms of the 2015 Plan.

Plan Administration. The 2015 Plan is administered by TNL Mediagene’s board of directors, or a committee appointed by the board of directors (in either case, the “plan administrator”). The plan administrator has the power to make all determinations deemed necessary or advisable for administering the 2015 Plan, in accordance with applicable law.

Eligibility. Eligible participants in the 2015 Plan consist of key service providers, who may be employees, directors or consultants of TNL Mediagene and its subsidiaries, as selected by the plan administrator.

Stock Options. We have granted stock option awards under the 2015 Plan. Stock option awards are grants of options to purchase our ordinary shares in accordance with the 2015 Plan. Subject to the terms of the 2015 Plan, the plan administrator determines the number of shares subject to stock options granted and other terms and conditions of such awards, which terms and conditions are set forth in an award agreement. The per share exercise price of stock options granted under the 2015 Plan must be equal to at least 100% of the fair market value of our ordinary share on the date of grant. The term of a stock option may not exceed ten years from the date of grant. With respect to any participant who owns more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of our (or any of our parents’ or subsidiaries’) outstanding shares, the term of an incentive stock option granted to such participant must not exceed five years and the per share exercise price must equal at least 110% of the fair market value of our ordinary share on the date of grant. The plan administrator determines the methods of payment of the exercise price of a stock option, which may include payment in cash, delivery of our ordinary shares or other shares of another class of our ordinary shares, or the use of cashless exercise or net exercise procedures, as well as other types of consideration permitted by applicable law. Except as otherwise set forth in an award agreement, after the termination of service of a participant, he or she may exercise his or her stock option, only to the extent that the option was vested and exercisable as of the date of such termination, until the earliest of (i) the expiration date stated in the applicable award agreement, (ii) the thirtieth (30th) day following the termination of the participant’s relationship for any reason other than disability or death, and (iii) the last day of the six-month period following the termination of participant’s relationship by reason of disability or death. Each stock option is subject to all applicable terms and conditions of the 2015 Plan and may be subject to any other terms and conditions that are not inconsistent with the 2015 Plan and that the plan administrator deems appropriate for inclusion in the applicable award agreement, including forfeiture conditions, rights of repurchase or redemption, rights of first refusal, and other transfer restrictions. Until our ordinary shares are issued in the name of the participant (as evidenced by the appropriate entry in our register or on our or our transfer agent’s books), the participant will not have any right to vote or receive dividends or have any other rights as a shareholder with respect to such shares, and no adjustment will be made for a dividend or other right for which the record date is before the date such shares are issued, except as provided in the 2015 Plan.

Non-Transferability of Awards. Unless otherwise determined by the plan administrator and so provided in the applicable award agreement, an award may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred, or disposed of in any manner other than by will or applicable laws of descent and distribution or (except in the case of an incentive stock option) pursuant to a domestic relations order, and shall not be subject to execution, attachment, or similar process.

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Changes in Capitalization. In the event that any dividend or other distribution (whether in the form of cash, shares, other securities, or other property), recapitalization, share split, reverse share split, reorganization, merger, consolidation, split-up, spin-off, combination, repurchase, or exchange of shares or other securities of TNL Mediagene, or other change in the corporate structure of TNL Mediagene affecting shares occurs, the plan administrator shall adjust the number and class of shares that may be delivered under the 2015 Plan and/or the number, class, and price of shares covered by each outstanding award, in order to prevent diminution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended to be made available under the 2015 Plan.

Dissolution or Liquidation. In the event of TNL Mediagene’s proposed dissolution or liquidation, the plan administrator will notify each participant as soon as practicable prior to the effective date of such proposed action. Each outstanding award will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed action.

Merger or Change in Control. In the event of a merger or change in control (as defined in the 2015 Plan), each outstanding award will be treated as the plan administrator determines. The plan administrator’s determination may be made without the consent of any participant and need not treat all outstanding awards (or portion thereof) in an identical manner. Such determination may provide for one or more of the following in the event of a merger or change in control: (A) the assumption or substitution of awards for substantially equivalent awards by the acquiror or successor corporation or an affiliate thereof with appropriate adjustment as to the number of shares and prices; (B) the termination of the participant’s awards upon or immediately prior to the consummation of the merger or change in control subject to prior written notice to the participant; (C) the acceleration of the vesting and exercisability, the realization or payment, or the lapsing of restrictions with respect the participant’s awards, in whole or in part prior to or upon consummation of the merger or change in control, and the termination of the participant’s awards upon or immediately prior to such merger or change in control; (D) the termination of the award in exchange for an amount of cash or property equal to the amount that would have been attained upon the exercise of the award or the realization of the participant’s rights with respect to the award at the date of the transaction (and if the plan administrator determines in good faith that no amount would have been obtained upon the exercise of such award or the realization of the participant’s rights with respect to the award, then termination without payment); (E) replacement of the award with other rights or property selected by the plan administrator in its sole discretion or (F) any combination of the foregoing.

In the event that the successor corporation does not assume or substitute for an award (or portion thereof), then the participant will fully vest in and have the right to exercise the award as to all of the shares subject thereto, including shares as to which it would not otherwise be vested or exercisable, and all restrictions on restricted shares will lapse, and, with respect to awards with performance-based vesting, all performance goals or other vesting criteria will be deemed achieved at one hundred percent of target levels and all other terms and conditions met. In addition, if an option is not assumed or substituted in the event of a merger or change in control, the plan administrator will notify the participant in writing or electronically that the option will be exercisable for a period of time as determined by the plan administrator, and the option will terminate upon expiration of such period. An award shall be considered assumed if, following the merger or change in control, the award confers the right to purchase or receive the consideration (whether shares, cash, or other securities or property) received in the merger or change in control by holders of shares for each share held on the effective date of the transaction (and if holders were offered a choice of consideration, the type of consideration chosen by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares); provided, however, that if the consideration received in the merger or change in control is not solely common stock or ordinary shares of the successor corporation or its parent, the plan administrator may, with the consent of the successor corporation, provide for the consideration to be received upon the exercise of the option or vesting of the restricted shares, for each share subject to the award, to be solely common stock or ordinary shares of the successor corporation or its parent equal in fair market value to the per share consideration received by holders of shares in the merger or change in control.

In connection with the Merger, all outstanding stock options granted under the 2015 Plan (“2015 Plan Options”) shall continue and shall be adjusted as follows to account for the Reverse Share Split applicable to the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares immediately prior to the Effective Time: (i) each 2015 Plan Option shall be exercisable for that number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equal to the product of (a) the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares subject to such 2015 Plan Option immediately prior to the Reverse Share Split (the “Pre-Split Shares”), multiplied by (b) the Split Factor (as defined in the Merger Agreement), with such number of

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TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be rounded down to the nearest whole number, and (ii) the per share exercise price for each TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, as the case may be, issuable upon exercise of the 2015 Plan Options, as adjusted, shall be equal to the quotient (rounded up to the nearest whole cent) obtained by dividing (a) the per share exercise price for each Pre-Split Share subject to such 2015 Plan Option immediately prior to the Effective Time, by (b) the Split Factor.

Amendment and Termination. The plan administrator may at any time amend, alter, suspend, or terminate the 2015 Plan, provided that any amendment to the 2015 Plan shall be subject to approval of shareholders to the extent necessary to comply with applicable law. No amendment, alteration, suspension, or termination of the 2015 Plan will materially and adversely impair the rights of any participant with respect to an outstanding award, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the participant and the plan administrator, which agreement must be in writing and signed by the participant and TNL Mediagene. [As noted above, it is expected that as of one business day prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, the 2015 Plan will be terminated and we will not grant any additional awards under the 2015 Plan thereafter.]

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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Agreements Related to the Merger

In connection with, and pursuant to, the Merger Agreement, certain agreements were entered into or are expected to be entered into between TNL Mediagene, Blue Ocean and certain related parties following the Merger. These agreements include:

• Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement (see “Agreements Entered into in Connection with the Merger — Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement”);

• TNL Mediagene Shareholder Lock-Up and Support Agreement (see “Agreements Entered into in Connection with the Merger — TNL Mediagene Shareholder Lock-Up and Support Agreement”);

• Registration Rights Agreement (see “Agreements Entered into in Connection with the Merger — Registration Rights Agreement”);

• Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement (see “Agreements Entered into in Connection with the Merger — Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement”); and

Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — TNL Mediagene

Employment Agreements

Following the consummation of the Merger, TNL Mediagene intends to enter into written employment agreements with its executive officers and certain directors describing their terms of employment.

Equity Awards and Related Agreements

TNL Mediagene has granted awards of stock options to its executive officers and certain directors under the 2015 Plan. The equity incentive plans are described under “Management Following the Merger — Share-based Compensation.”

Indemnification Agreements

Following the consummation of the Merger, TNL Mediagene expects to enter into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers. Such indemnification agreements and TNL Mediagene A&R Articles, as will be in effect following the Merger, will require TNL Mediagene to indemnify its directors and executive officers to the fullest extent permitted by law.

Related Party Transactions Policy

Following the Merger, TNL Mediagene intends to adopt a related party transaction policy requiring that all related party transactions required to be disclosed by a foreign private issuer pursuant to the Exchange Act be approved by the audit committee or another independent body of our board of directors.

Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Blue Ocean

Founder Shares

On April 7, 2021, Blue Ocean issued to the Sponsor an aggregate of 4,312,500 Founder Shares in exchange for a payment of $25,000, or approximately $0.006 per share, from the Sponsor to cover certain expenses on behalf of Blue Ocean. The Sponsor transferred 30,000 Founder Shares to each of Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, and Priscilla Han, and 25,000 Founder Shares to each of Norman Pearlstine and Dale Mathias, Blue Ocean’s independent directors, at the same price originally paid for such shares. In addition, the Sponsor transferred an aggregate of 100,000 Founder Shares to six advisors at the same price as originally paid for such shares. The Sponsor also surrendered 618,750 Founder Shares to Blue Ocean for no consideration due to the underwriter’s exercise of the over-allotment option. On December 2, 2021, Blue Ocean effected an ordinary share dividend of an additional 431,250 Founder Shares, resulting in an aggregate of 4,743,750 Founder Shares outstanding. On June 21, 2024, the Sponsor, Norman

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Pearlstine, Joel Motley, Matt Goldberg, Priscilla Han, Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and other holders of the Founder Shares converted 4,743,749 Founder Shares into a corresponding number of Blue Ocean Class A Shares in the Conversion. The Sponsor retained one Founder Share.

The Sponsor and Apollo have agreed not to transfer, assign or sell any of its Founder Shares until the earlier to occur of: (A) one year after the completion of an initial business combination or (B) subsequent to our initial business combination (x) if the last reported sale price of Blue Ocean Class A Shares equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for share sub-divisions, share dividends, rights issuances, consolidations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and other similar transactions) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after our initial business combination or (y) the date on which Blue Ocean completes a liquidation, merger, share exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction that results in all of its public shareholders having the right to exchange their ordinary shares for cash, securities or other property.

Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants

Simultaneously with the closing of the Blue Ocean IPO, the Sponsor and Apollo purchased an aggregate of 8,235,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants at a price of $1.00 per Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant, generating gross proceeds to Blue Ocean of $8,235,000. Then, substantially concurrent with the closing of the over-allotment option, Blue Ocean consummated the Additional Private Placement with the Sponsor of an additional 990,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants at a price of $1.00 per Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant, generating gross proceeds of $990,000. Each Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one ordinary share at $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment. The Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants may not, subject to certain limited exceptions, be transferred, assigned or sold until 30 days after the completion of Blue Ocean’s initial business combination.

In the event that the Sponsor deems it necessary in order to facilitate Blue Ocean’s initial business combination for the Sponsor to forfeit, transfer, exchange or amend the terms of all or any portion of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants or to enter into any other arrangements with respect to the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants (including, without limitation, a transfer of the Sponsor’s membership interests representing an interest in the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants) to facilitate the consummation of such business combination, such change shall apply pro rata to Apollo and the Sponsor based on the relative number of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by each. By way of example, in the event 50% of the Sponsor’s Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants are forfeited or transferred by the Sponsor as part of such business combination, Apollo shall forfeit or transfer 50% of its Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants on substantially the same terms and conditions as the Sponsor, in which case the reduction shall equal 50% of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by Apollo at such time.

2023 Sponsor Convertible Note

On June 20, 2023, Blue Ocean issued the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note to the Sponsor, which was amended on May 30, 2024 to extend its maturity date from June 7, 2024 to December 7, 2024, that provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $1,500,000 to be drawn by Blue Ocean to finance costs incurred in connection with the Merger and for working capital purposes and/or to finance the monthly deposits in the Trust Account. The 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note is interest bearing at the relevant applicable federal rate and is payable on the earlier of (i) December 7, 2024; (ii) the date on which Blue Ocean consummates an initial business combination; or (iii) the date on which Blue Ocean liquidates the Trust Account upon the failure to consummate an initial business combination within the requisite time period. Upon consummation of Blue Ocean’s initial business combination, the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note may be converted, at the Sponsor’s discretion, into the warrants of the post-business combination entity at a price of $1.00 per warrant. The terms of any such warrants will be identical to the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants. As of June 30, 2024, the outstanding principal balance under the 2023 Sponsor Convertible Note amounted to an aggregate of $1,411,884.

2024 Sponsor Promissory Note

On April 5, 2024, Blue Ocean issued the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note to the Sponsor which provides for borrowings from time to time of up to an aggregate of $750,000, with a flat repayment rate of 10%, to be drawn down by Blue Ocean to finance costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Merger. The Sponsor Promissory Note is a non-interest bearing, unsecured promissory note. Pursuant to the terms of the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note, if

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the Merger is not consummated, the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note will be repaid solely to the extent that Blue Ocean has funds available to it outside of its Trust Account, and that all other amounts will be contributed to capital, forfeited, eliminated or otherwise forgiven or eliminated. The 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note is subject to events of default, the occurrence of any of which automatically triggers the unpaid principal of the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note and all other sums payable with regard to the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note becoming immediately due and payable. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, the outstanding principal balance under the 2024 Sponsor Promissory Note amounted to an aggregate of $750,000 (and $825,000 owed giving effect to the 10% repayment rate).

Related Party Loans

In order to finance transaction costs in connection with an initial business combination, our Sponsor or an affiliate of our Sponsor or certain of our officers and directors may, but are not obligated to, loan us funds as may be required on a non-interest basis (“Working Capital Loans”). The notes would either be repaid upon consummation of an initial business combination, without interest, or, at the lender’s discretion, up to $1,500,000 of notes may be converted upon consummation of an initial business combination into warrants the post business combination entity at a price of $1.00 per warrant. The warrants would be identical to the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, including as to exercise price, exercisability and exercise period. Except as set forth above, the terms of such loans, if any, have not been determined and no written agreements exist with respect to such loans. In the event that an initial business combination does not close, Blue Ocean may use a portion of the working capital held outside the Trust Account to repay such loaned amounts but no proceeds from Blue Ocean’s Trust Account would be used for such repayment.

Administrative Support Agreement

On December 2, 2021, Blue Ocean entered into an Administrative Support Agreement pursuant to which Blue Ocean may reimburse the Sponsor (and the Sponsor may then reimburse NBM Management LLC, an affiliate of the Sponsor) up to an amount of $10,000 per month for office space and secretarial and administrative support. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there have been $120,000 and $110,000 in charges, respectively, related to this agreement, $10,000 of which have been reimbursed. As of June 30, 2024, there have been $290,000 in charges related to this agreement.

Consulting Agreements

Blue Ocean and Richard Leggett, Blue Ocean’s Chief Executive Officer and a co-manager of the Sponsor, entered into a consulting agreement on October 11, 2022, as amended July 31, 2023 (the “Leggett Consulting Agreement”). Mr. Leggett is entitled to $20,000 per month for certain services Mr. Leggett provides to Blue Ocean and its affiliates from the effective date of the Leggett Consulting Agreement until the earlier of (i) the date on which Blue Ocean completes a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or other similar business combination, or (ii) the redemption of the Public Shares should it not complete such a transaction in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles (the “Leggett Consulting Agreement Term”). Mr. Leggett is further entitled to a success bonus of $250,000 to be paid within ten business days of the close of the initial business combination, reduced by $17,500 for each month in which the consulting fee above has been paid to Mr. Leggett on or after July 31, 2023. If the Leggett Consulting Agreement Term expires prior to the closing of the initial business combination or a similar transaction, no success bonus shall be due or paid to Mr. Leggett. Mr. Leggett has agreed that as of April 1, 2024, he will reduce his monthly service fee under the Leggett Consulting Agreement to $5,000.

Blue Ocean and Matt Lasov, Blue Ocean’s Chief Financial Officer, entered into a consulting agreement on November 22, 2022, as amended July 31, 2023 (the “Lasov Consulting Agreement”). Mr. Lasov is entitled to $32,500 per month for certain services Mr. Lasov provides to Blue Ocean and its affiliates from the effective date of the Lasov Consulting Agreement until the earlier of (i) the date on which Blue Ocean completes a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or other similar business combination, or (ii) the redemption of the Public Shares should it not complete such a transaction in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles (the “Lasov Consulting Agreement Term”). Mr. Lasov is further entitled to a success bonus of $150,000 to be paid within ten business days of the close of the initial business combination, reduced by $32,500 for each month in which the consulting fee above has been paid to Mr. Lasov on or after July 31, 2023. If the Lasov Consulting Agreement Term expires prior to the closing of the initial business combination or a similar transaction, no Success Bonus shall be due or paid to Mr. Lasov. Mr. Lasov has agreed that as of February 1, 2024, he will not be invoicing Blue Ocean for services performed under the Lasov Consulting Agreement.

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Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement

On June 6, 2024, in connection and concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, Blue Ocean, Sponsor, Apollo SPAC Fund I, L.P., Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. (Apollo SPAC Fund I, L.P. and Apollo Credit Strategies Master Fund, Ltd., collectively “Apollo”), the Insiders and Other Investors have entered into an amended and restated letter agreement (the “Original Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement”), pursuant to which Sponsor, Apollo and such Insiders and Other Investors agreed, among other things, to vote their Blue Ocean shares in favor of the Blue Ocean Extension Proposal and the adoption of the Merger Agreement and the Transactions, including the Merger, and each other proposal related to the Merger included on the agenda for the meetings of Blue Ocean shareholders relating to the Blue Ocean Extension Proposal and the Merger (as applicable), to appear at such meeting or otherwise cause their shares to be counted as present for purposes of establishing a quorum at such meeting, to vote against any proposal that would reasonably be expected to result in a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant, obligation or agreement of Blue Ocean contained in the Merger Agreement or impede the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, not to redeem any of their shares, and to waive their respective anti-dilution rights with respect to their Blue Ocean Class B Shares in connection with the consummation of the Transactions. On October 23, 2024, the Sponsor, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene entered into the Amendment No. 1 to Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement (“Sponsor Agreement Amendment” and together with the Original Sponsor Lock-Up and Sponsor Agreement, the “Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement”).

Pursuant to the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, among other things, each of Sponsor, Apollo, the Insiders and the Other Investors agreed that 50% of the Earn-Out Shares will be issued upon the first to occur of any of the following after the Closing: (1) a change of control of TNL Mediagene; or (2) the date that is the 12-month anniversary of the Closing. The remaining 50% of the Earn-Out Shares will be issued upon the first to occur of any of the following after the Closing: (a) a change of control of TNL Mediagene; (b) if revenues reported by TNL Mediagene during any trailing 12-month period equal or exceed $77,500,000 in aggregate (inclusive of any and all acquisitions consummated by TNL Mediagene after the Closing); or (c) the date that is the two-year anniversary of the Closing.

Pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement Amendment, Sponsor, Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene also agreed to forfeit up to 2,208,859 Founder Shares owned by Sponsor, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.

Furthermore, subject to certain customary exceptions, Sponsor, Apollo and each Insider and Other Investor agreed that it will not transfer, to the extent such Earn-Out Shares have been issued, (a) 50% of its Earn-Out Shares until the earlier of (1) one year after the Closing, or (2) (i) if the closing price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $12.00 per share for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Closing or (ii) the date after the Closing on which TNL Mediagene completes a liquidation, merger, capital share exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction that results in all of TNL Mediagene’s shareholders having the right to exchange their TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for cash, securities or other property, and (b) 50% of its Earn-Out Shares, until two years after the Closing.

In addition, pursuant to the Original Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement, Sponsor and Apollo agreed to forfeit an aggregate of 750,000 Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by them (in a pro rata amount based on the relative number held by each) at the Closing and not to transfer any Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrant until 30 days after the Closing. Pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement Amendment, Sponsor also agreed to additionally and separately forfeit 50% of Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants it holds immediately prior to the Closing, subject to the adjustments based on the Forfeiture Ratio and other terms set forth in the Sponsor Lock-Up and Support Agreement.

Registration Rights Agreement

Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene, Sponsor, and certain existing shareholders of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene will enter into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) upon consummation of the Merger, which will contain customary registration rights for Sponsor and other shareholders of Blue Ocean and TNL Mediagene. Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, holders of registrable securities of TNL Mediagene will be entitled to make up to three demands that TNL Mediagene register such securities and an additional two demands that TNL Mediagene register the Earn-Out Shares. In addition, holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the consummation of the Merger. The Registration Rights Agreement also provides that TNL Mediagene will pay certain expenses related to such registrations and indemnify securityholders against certain liabilities.

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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following discussion, to the extent it sets forth legal conclusions regarding the material U.S. federal income tax considerations of the Merger to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and Blue Ocean Warrants is the opinion of Sidley Austin LLP as United States tax counsel to Blue Ocean, based on and subject to the assumptions, qualifications and limitations herein and in the opinion included as Exhibit 8.1 hereto.

The following does not purport to be a complete analysis of all potential tax considerations arising in connection with the Merger, the redemptions of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares or the ownership and disposal of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants. The effects and considerations of other U.S. federal tax laws, such as estate and gift tax laws, alternative minimum or Medicare contribution tax consequences and any applicable state, local or non-U.S. tax laws are not discussed. This discussion is based on the Code, Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, judicial decisions, and published rulings and administrative pronouncements of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), in each case in effect as of the date hereof. These authorities may change or be subject to differing interpretations. Any such change or differing interpretation may be applied retroactively in a manner that could adversely affect the tax consequences discussed below. Neither Blue Ocean nor TNL Mediagene has sought nor will seek any rulings from the IRS regarding the matters discussed below. There can be no assurance the IRS will not take or a court will not sustain a contrary position to that discussed below regarding the tax consequences discussed below. This discussion does not address all U.S. federal income tax consequences relevant to a holder’s particular circumstances. In addition, it does not address consequences relevant to holders subject to special rules, including, without limitation:

• banks, insurance companies, and certain other financial institutions;

• regulated investment companies and real estate investment trusts;

• brokers, dealers or traders in securities;

• traders in securities that elect to mark to market;

• tax-exempt organizations or governmental organizations;

• U.S. expatriates and former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;

• persons holding Blue Ocean securities or TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or TNL Mediagene Warrants, as the case may be, as part of a hedge, straddle, constructive sale, or other risk reduction strategy or as part of a conversion transaction or other integrated investment;

• persons subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to Blue Ocean securities or TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or TNL Mediagene Warrants, as the case may be, being taken into account in an applicable financial statement;

• persons that actually or constructively own 5% or more (by vote or value) of the outstanding Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares or, after the Merger, the issued TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares;

• “controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies,” and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax;

• S corporations, partnerships or other entities or arrangements treated as partnerships or other flow-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes (and investors therein);

• U.S. Holders having a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar;

• persons who hold or received Blue Ocean securities or TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or TNL Mediagene Warrants, as the case may be, pursuant to the exercise of any employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; and

• tax-qualified retirement plans.

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For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is any beneficial owner of shares of Blue Ocean securities and TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, or TNL Mediagene Warrants, as the case may be, that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

• an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

• a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation) created or organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;

• an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or

• a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and the control of one or more “United States persons” (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code), or (2) has a valid election in effect to be treated as a “United States person” (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

If an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds Blue Ocean securities, TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, or TNL Mediagene Warrants, the tax treatment of an owner of such entity will depend on the status of the owners, the activities of the entity or arrangement and certain determinations made at the owner level. Accordingly, entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and the partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to them.

THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF THE MERGER AND THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT TO HOLDERS OF BLUE OCEAN SECURITIES DEPENDS IN SOME INSTANCES ON DETERMINATIONS OF FACT AND INTERPRETATIONS OF COMPLEX PROVISIONS OF U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAW FOR WHICH NO CLEAR PRECEDENT OR AUTHORITY MAY BE AVAILABLE. IN ADDITION, THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF THE MERGER AND THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF OWNING TNL MEDIAGENE ORDINARY SHARES, OR TNL MEDIAGENE WARRANTS TO ANY PARTICULAR HOLDER WILL DEPEND ON THE HOLDER’S PARTICULAR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES. YOU ARE URGED TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL, AND NON-U.S. INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES TO YOU, IN LIGHT OF YOUR PARTICULAR INVESTMENT OR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES, OF ACQUIRING, HOLDING, AND DISPOSING OF BLUE OCEAN SECURITIES, TNL MEDIAGENE ORDINARY SHARES, OR TNL MEDIAGENE WARRANTS.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations of the Merger to U.S. Holders

Characterization of the Merger as a Tax-Free Reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code

The U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger will depend on whether the Merger qualifies as a tax-free reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code (a “reorganization”). To qualify as a reorganization, a transaction must satisfy certain requirements, including, among others, that the acquiring corporation continue, either directly or indirectly through certain controlled corporations, either a significant line of the acquired corporation’s historic business or use a significant portion of the acquired corporation’s historic business assets in a business, in each case, within the meaning of Treasury Regulations Section 1.368-1(d). However, due to the absence of guidance bearing directly on how the above rules apply in the case of an acquisition of a corporation with no active business and only investment-type assets, such as Blue Ocean, we cannot provide guidance on whether the Merger qualifies as a reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code and the IRS or a court could take a different position. In addition, the treatment of the Merger as a reorganization would depend on whether sufficient shareholders of Blue Ocean exchange their Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares rather than redeem them for cash. If a significant number of shareholders of Blue Ocean decide to redeem their Public Shares, the “continuity of business enterprise” requirement that is necessary to qualify as a reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code may not be satisfied. Moreover, qualification of the Merger as a Reorganization is based on facts which will not be known until the closing of the Merger. As a result, legal counsel to Blue Ocean on U.S. federal income tax matters is not able to render an opinion as to the qualification of the Reorganization under

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Section 368(a) of the Code. The closing of the Merger is not conditioned upon the receipt of an opinion of counsel that the Merger will qualify as a reorganization and neither Blue Ocean nor TNL Mediagene intends to request a ruling from the IRS regarding the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the Merger. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge the Merger’s qualification as a reorganization or that a court will not sustain such a challenge by the IRS.

Tax Consequences of the Merger

If the Merger qualifies as a reorganization, subject to the discussion in the section below titled “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”, U.S. Holders will generally not recognize taxable gain or loss, as further described below. If the Merger fails to qualify as a “reorganization” under Section 368(a) of the Code, a U.S. Holder of Blue Ocean securities may recognize taxable gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the fair market value as of the Closing Date of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, or TNL Mediagene Warrants received by such U.S. Holder in the Merger over such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Blue Ocean securities surrendered by such U.S. Holder in the Merger. Any gain or loss so recognized would generally be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder had held the Blue Ocean securities for more than one year (or short-term capital gain or loss otherwise). It is unclear, however, whether certain redemption rights (described above) may suspend the running of the applicable holding period for this purpose. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) currently are eligible for preferential U.S. federal income tax rates. However, the deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants received will be the fair market value of those securities on the date the U.S. Holder receives them. A U.S. Holder’s holding period in the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants received in the Merger, if any, will begin on the day following the Closing Date and would not include the holding period for the Blue Ocean securities surrendered in exchange therefor.

Each U.S. Holder receiving TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants should consult with its own tax advisor as to the particular tax consequence of the Merger to such Holder including the allocation of its tax basis among such securities.

U.S. Holders Exchanging Blue Ocean securities for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or TNL Mediagene Warrants

If the Merger qualifies as a reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code, subject to the discussion in the section below titled “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” a U.S. Holder generally should not recognize taxable gain or loss if, pursuant to the Merger, the U.S. Holder either (i) exchanges only Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares (but not Blue Ocean Warrants) for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, (ii) exchanges Blue Ocean Warrants for TNL Mediagene Warrants, or (iii) both exchanges Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and exchanges its Blue Ocean Warrants for TNL Mediagene Warrants.

In such a case, the aggregate tax basis of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares received by a U.S. Holder in the Merger should be equal to the aggregate adjusted tax basis of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares surrendered in exchange therefor. The tax basis in a TNL Mediagene Warrants received by a U.S. Holder in the Merger should be equal to the adjusted tax basis of a TNL Mediagene Warrants exchanged therefor. The holding period of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or TNL Mediagene Warrants received by a U.S. Holder in the Merger should include the period during which the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and/or warrants exchanged therefor were held by such U.S. Holder.

Application of the PFIC Rules to the Merger

Based upon the composition of its income and assets, Blue Ocean believes that that it would likely be considered a PFIC for its current taxable year which ends as a result of the Merger.

Section 1291(f) of the Code requires that, to the extent provided in Treasury Regulations, a U.S. person who disposes of stock of a PFIC (including for this purpose exchanging warrants for newly issued warrants) recognizes gain notwithstanding any other provision of the Code. No final Treasury Regulations are currently in effect under

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Section 1291(f) of the Code. However, proposed Treasury Regulations under Section 1291(f) of the Code have been promulgated with a retroactive effective date. If finalized in their current form, those proposed Treasury Regulations may require gain recognition to U.S. Holders of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares in connection with the Merger if:

(i) Blue Ocean were classified as a PFIC at any time during such U.S. Holder’s holding period for such Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares; and

(ii) the U.S. Holder had not timely made, effective from the first taxable year of its holding period of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares during which Blue Ocean qualified as a PFIC: (a) a valid election to treat Blue Ocean as a “qualified electing fund” under Section 1295 of the Code (a “QEF election”), or (b) a valid “mark-to-market election” under Section 1296 of the Code, with respect to such Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares.

The application of the PFIC rules to Blue Ocean Warrants is unclear. A proposed Treasury Regulation issued under the PFIC rules generally treats an “option” (which would include a Blue Ocean Warrant) to acquire stock of a PFIC as stock of the PFIC, while a final Treasury Regulation issued under the PFIC rules provides that a QEF election does not apply to options and no mark-to-market election (as described above) is currently available with respect to options. Therefore, if finalized in their current form, these proposed Treasury Regulations may require gain recognition on the exchange of Blue Ocean Warrants for TNL Mediagene Warrants pursuant to the Merger Agreement.

The tax on any such recognized gain would be imposed based on the Excess Distribution Rules, discussed below under “— U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations of Ownership and Disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants to U.S. Holders — Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

It is difficult to predict whether, in what form and with what effective date, final Treasury Regulations under Section 1291(f) of the Code will be adopted. Therefore, U.S. Holders of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares that have not made a timely QEF election and U.S. Holders of Blue Ocean Warrants or a mark-to-market election may, pursuant to the proposed Treasury Regulations, be subject to taxation under the PFIC rules on the Merger to the extent their Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and/or Blue Ocean Warrants have a fair market value in excess of their tax basis therein.

THE RULES DEALING WITH PFICS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MERGER ARE VERY COMPLEX AND ARE IMPACTED BY VARIOUS FACTORS. ALL U.S. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS CONCERNING THE CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF THE PFIC RULES, AND WHETHER A QEF ELECTION, A MARK-TO-MARKET ELECTION OR ANY OTHER ELECTION IS AVAILABLE AND THE CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF ANY SUCH ELECTION, AND THE IMPACT OF ANY PROPOSED OR FINAL PFIC TREASURY REGULATIONS.

U.S. Holders Exercising Redemption Rights with Respect to Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares

Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares that exercises its redemption rights to receive cash from the trust account in exchange for all or a portion of its Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares will depend on whether the redemption qualifies as a sale of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares redeemed under Section 302 of the Code or is treated as a distribution under Section 301 of the Code. If the redemption qualifies as a sale of such U.S. Holder’s Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares redeemed, such U.S. Holder will generally be treated in the same manner as described under “— Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Other Taxable Disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants” below.

Whether a redemption qualifies as a sale of stock under Section 302 of the Code will depend largely on the total number of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares treated as held by the U.S. Holder relative to all of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares outstanding, both before and after the redemption. The redemption of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares generally will be treated as a sale of stock under Section 302 of the Code (rather than a distribution) if the redemption (i) results in a “complete termination” of the U.S. Holder’s interest in Blue Ocean, (ii) is “substantially disproportionate” with respect to the U.S. Holder, or (iii) is “not essentially equivalent to a dividend” with respect to the U.S. Holder. These tests (determined immediately after the Merger) are explained more fully below.

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In determining whether any of the foregoing tests are satisfied, a U.S. Holder generally should take into account not only Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares actually owned by such U.S. Holder but also Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares constructively owned by it. A U.S. Holder may constructively own, in addition to shares owned directly, shares owned by certain related individuals and entities in which the U.S. Holder has an interest or that have an interest in such U.S. Holder, as well as any shares the U.S. Holder has a right to acquire by exercise of an option, which would generally include Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares which could be directly or constructively acquired pursuant to the exercise of Blue Ocean Warrants.

There will be a complete termination of a U.S. Holder’s interest if either (i) all of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares actually and constructively owned by the U.S. Holder is redeemed, or (ii) all of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares actually owned by the U.S. Holder is redeemed and the U.S. Holder is eligible to waive, and effectively waives in accordance with specific rules set forth in the Code and Treasury regulations, the attribution of shares owned by certain family members and the U.S. Holder does not constructively own any other shares. In order to meet the “substantially disproportionate” test, the percentage of outstanding voting stock actually or constructively owned by a U.S. Holder immediately following the redemption generally must be less than 80% of the voting stock actually or constructively owned by such U.S. Holder immediately prior to the redemption. The redemption of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares will not be essentially equivalent to a dividend if a U.S. Holder’s redemption results in a “meaningful reduction” of the U.S. Holder’s proportionate interest in Blue Ocean. Whether the redemption will result in a meaningful reduction in a U.S. Holder’s proportionate interest in Blue Ocean will depend on such U.S. Holder’s particular facts and circumstances. However, the IRS has indicated in a published ruling that even a small reduction in the proportionate interest of a small minority shareholder in a publicly held corporation who exercises no control over corporate affairs may constitute such a “meaningful reduction.” U.S. Holders should consult with their own tax advisors as to the tax consequences of a redemption.

If the redemption qualifies as a sale of stock by the U.S. Holder under Section 302 of the Code, the U.S. Holder would generally be required to recognize taxable gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount of cash received and the tax basis of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares redeemed. Such taxable gain or loss generally would be treated as capital gain or loss if such shares were held as a capital asset on the date of the redemption. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such U.S. Holder’s Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares generally will equal the cost of such shares.

If the redemption does not qualify as a sale of stock under Section 302 of the Code, then the U.S. Holder will be treated as receiving a corporate distribution. Such distribution generally will constitute a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that will be applied against and reduce (but not below zero) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such U.S. Holder’s Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations of Ownership and Disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants to U.S. Holders

Distributions on TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”, if TNL Mediagene makes distributions of cash or property on the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, a U.S. Holder generally will be required to include in gross income, first as a dividend to the extent of TNL Mediagene’s current and accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes), and then as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis, with any excess treated as capital gain from the sale or exchange of the shares. Because TNL Mediagene does not expect to provide calculations of its earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, a U.S. Holder should expect all cash distributions to be reported as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Any dividend will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from U.S. corporations.

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Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) may be “qualified dividend income,” which is taxed at the lower applicable capital gains rate, provided that:

• either (a) the shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, or (b) TNL Mediagene is eligible for the benefits of a qualifying income tax treaty with the United States that includes an exchange of information program;

• TNL Mediagene is neither a PFIC (as discussed below under below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”) nor treated as such with respect to the U.S. Holder for TNL Mediagene’s in any taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year;

• the U.S. Holder satisfies certain holding period requirements; and

• the U.S. Holder is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property.

There also can be no assurance that TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be considered “readily tradable” on an established securities market in the United States in accordance with applicable legal authorities. Furthermore, there can no assurance that TNL Mediagene will not be treated as a PFIC in any taxable year. See discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.” U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

Subject to certain exceptions, dividends on TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will constitute foreign source income for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. If such dividends are qualified dividend income (as discussed above), the amount of the dividend taken into account for purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit limitation will be limited to the gross amount of the dividend, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the reduced rate applicable to qualified dividend income and the denominator of which is the highest rate of tax normally applicable to dividends. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends distributed by TNL Mediagene with respect to the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares generally will constitute “passive category income” but could, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, constitute “general category income.”

Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Other Taxable Disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants.

Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” a U.S. Holder generally will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale, exchange, redemption or other taxable disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants in an amount equal to the difference between (i) the amount realized on the disposition, and (ii) such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or TNL Mediagene Warrants. Any gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder on a taxable disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants generally will be capital gain or loss. A non-corporate U.S. Holder, including an individual, who has held the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or TNL Mediagene Warrants for more than one year generally will be eligible for reduced tax rates for such long-term capital gains. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Any such gain or loss recognized generally will be treated as a U.S. source gain or loss. Accordingly, in the event any non-U.S. tax (including withholding tax) is imposed upon such sale or other disposition, a U.S. Holder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit for such non-U.S. tax is subject to various limitations and restrictions. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisor regarding the ability to claim a foreign tax credit and the application of tax treaty to such U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances.

Exercise or Lapse of TNL Mediagene Warrants

Except as discussed below with respect to the cashless exercise of TNL Mediagene Warrants, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize taxable gain or loss upon the acquisition of a TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share on the exercise of a TNL Mediagene Warrant for cash. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares received upon exercise of the TNL Mediagene Warrants generally should be an amount equal to the sum of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the TNL Mediagene Warrants received therefor and the exercise price. The U.S. Holder’s

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holding period for a TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share received upon exercise of the TNL Mediagene Warrants will begin on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly the date of exercise) of the TNL Mediagene Warrants and will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the TNL Mediagene Warrants. If a TNL Mediagene Warrant is allowed to lapse unexercised, a U.S. Holder that has otherwise received no proceeds with respect to such TNL Mediagene Warrant generally will recognize a capital loss equal to such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the lapsed TNL Mediagene Warrant.

The tax consequences of a cashless exercise of TNL Mediagene Warrants are not clear under current U.S. federal income tax law. A cashless exercise may be tax-deferred, either because the exercise is not a realization event or because the exercise is treated as a recapitalization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In either situation, a U.S. Holder’s basis in the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares received would equal the U.S. Holder’s basis in the TNL Mediagene Warrants exercised therefor. If the cashless exercise is not treated as a realization event, a U.S. Holder’s holding period in the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares would be treated as commencing on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly the date of exercise) of the TNL Mediagene Warrants. If the cashless exercise were treated as a recapitalization, the holding period of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares would include the holding period of the TNL Mediagene Warrants exercised therefor.

It is also possible that a cashless exercise of TNL Mediagene Warrants could be treated in part as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized in the manner set forth above under “— Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Other Taxable Disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants.” In such event, a U.S. Holder could be deemed to have surrendered warrants equal to the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares having an aggregate fair market value equal to the exercise price for the total number of warrants to be exercised. The U.S. Holder would recognize capital gain or loss in an amount generally equal to the difference between (i) the fair market value of the TNL Mediagene Warrants deemed surrendered and (ii) the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such TNL Mediagene Warrants deemed surrendered. In this case, a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares received would equal the sum of (i) U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the TNL Mediagene Warrants deemed exercised and (ii) the exercise price of such TNL Mediagene Warrants. A U.S. Holder’s holding period for the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares received in such case generally would commence on the date following the date of exercise (or possibly the date of exercise) of the TNL Mediagene Warrants.

Due to the absence of authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise of warrants, there can be no assurance which, if any, of the alternative tax consequences and holding periods described above would be adopted by the IRS or a court of law. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of a cashless exercise of TNL Mediagene Warrants.

Adjustment to Exercise Price

Under Section 305 of the Code, if certain adjustments are made (or not made) to the number of shares to be issued upon the exercise of a TNL Mediagene Warrant or to the TNL Mediagene Warrant’s exercise price, a U.S. Holder may be deemed to have received a constructive distribution with respect to the warrant, which could result in adverse consequences for the U.S. Holder, including the inclusion of dividend income (with the consequences generally as described above under the heading “— Distributions on TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares”). The rules governing constructive distributions as a result of certain adjustments with respect to a TNL Mediagene Warrant are complex, and U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors on the tax consequences any such constructive distribution with respect to a TNL Mediagene Warrant.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

The treatment of U.S. Holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and/or TNL Mediagene Warrants could be materially different from that described above, if TNL Mediagene is treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A non-U.S. entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally will be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either:

• at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income; or

• at least 50% of the value of its assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income.

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For this purpose, TNL Mediagene will be treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets and earning its proportionate share of the income of any other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes in which TNL Mediagene owns, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.

[TNL Mediagene believes it was not a PFIC in 2023. Based on the current and anticipated composition of the income, assets and operations of TNL Mediagene and its subsidiaries, TNL Mediagene does not believe it will be treated as a PFIC for the taxable year that includes the Merger or in the foreseeable future. However, there can be no assurances in this regard, nor can there be any assurances that TNL Mediagene will not be treated as a PFIC in any future taxable year. Moreover, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and TNL Mediagene can make no assurances that the IRS will not take a contrary position or that a court will not sustain such a challenge by the IRS.]

Whether TNL Mediagene or any of its subsidiaries is treated as a PFIC is determined on an annual basis. The determination of whether TNL Mediagene or any of its subsidiaries is a PFIC is a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of TNL Mediagene’s income and assets, and the market value of their and their respective subsidiaries’ shares and assets. Changes in the composition of TNL Mediagene’s or any of its respective subsidiaries’ income or composition of TNL Mediagene’s or any of its subsidiaries’ assets may cause it to be or become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. Under the PFIC rules, if TNL Mediagene were considered a PFIC at any time that a U.S. Holder owns TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants, TNL Mediagene would continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such investment unless (i) it ceased to be a PFIC and (ii) the U.S. Holder made a “deemed sale” election under the PFIC rules. If such election is made, a U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold its TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants at their fair market value on the last day of the last taxable year in which TNL Mediagene is classified as a PFIC, and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the consequences described below. After the deemed sale election, TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants with respect to which the deemed sale election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC unless TNL Mediagene subsequently becomes a PFIC.

For each taxable year that TNL Mediagene is treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder’s TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants, the U.S. Holder will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” (as defined below) received and any gain realized from a sale or disposition (including a pledge) of such securities (collectively the “Excess Distribution Rules”), unless the U.S. Holder makes a valid QEF election or mark-to-market election as discussed below. Distributions received by a U.S. Holder in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be treated as excess distributions. Under these special tax rules:

• the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares;

• the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which TNL Mediagene is a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

• the amount allocated to each other taxable year will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable, for each such year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

Under the Excess Distribution Rules, the tax liability for amounts allocated to taxable years prior to the year of disposition or excess distribution cannot be offset by any net operating losses, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants cannot be treated as capital gains, even though the U.S. Holder holds the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants as capital assets.

Certain of the PFIC rules may impact U.S. Holders with respect to equity interests in subsidiaries and other entities which TNL Mediagene may hold, directly or indirectly, that are PFICs (collectively, “Lower-Tier PFICs”). There can be no assurance, however, that TNL Mediagene does not own, or will not in the future acquire, an interest in a subsidiary or other entity that is or would be treated as a Lower-Tier PFIC. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of TNL Mediagene’s subsidiaries.

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If TNL Mediagene is a PFIC, a U.S. Holder of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (but not TNL Mediagene Warrants) may avoid taxation under the Excess Distribution Rules described above by making a “qualified electing fund” (“QEF”) election. However, a U.S. Holder may make a QEF election with respect to its ordinary shares only if TNL Mediagene provides U.S. Holders on an annual basis with certain financial information specified under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. TNL Mediagene will endeavor to provide U.S. Holders with the required information on an annual basis to allow U.S. Holders to make a QEF election with respect to the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in the event TNL Mediagene is treated as a PFIC for any taxable year. There can be no assurance, however, that TNL Mediagene will timely provide such information for the current year or subsequent years. The failure to provide such information on an annual basis could prevent a U.S. Holder from making a QEF election or result in the invalidation or termination of a U.S. Holder’s prior QEF election. In addition, although not free from doubt, U.S. Holders of TNL Mediagene Warrants will not be able to make a QEF election with respect to their warrants under current U.S. federal income tax law.

In the event TNL Mediagene is a PFIC, a U.S. Holder that makes a valid QEF election with respect to its TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares would generally be required to include in income for each year that TNL Mediagene is treated as a PFIC the U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of TNL Mediagene’s ordinary earnings for the year (which would be subject to tax as ordinary income) and net capital gains for the year (which would be subject to tax at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains), without regard to the amount of any distributions made in respect of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. Any net deficits or net capital losses of TNL Mediagene for a taxable year would not be passed through and included on the tax return of the U.S. Holder, however. A U.S. Holder’s basis in the ordinary shares would be increased by the amount of income inclusions under the qualified electing fund rules. Dividends actually paid on the ordinary shares generally would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of prior income inclusions and would reduce the U.S. Holder’s basis in the ordinary shares by a corresponding amount.

If TNL Mediagene owns any interests in a Lower-Tier PFIC, a U.S. Holder generally must make a separate QEF election for each Lower-Tier PFIC, subject to TNL Mediagene’s providing the relevant tax information for each Lower-Tier PFIC on an annual basis.

If a U.S. Holder does not make a QEF election (or a mark-to-market election, as discussed below) effective from the first taxable year of a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in which TNL Mediagene is a PFIC, then the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will generally continue to be treated as an interest in a PFIC, and the U.S. Holder generally will remain subject to the Excess Distribution Rules. A U.S. Holder that first makes a QEF election in a later year may avoid the continued application of the Excess Distribution Rules to its TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by making a “deemed sale” election. In that case, the U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at their fair market value on the first day of the taxable year in which the QEF election becomes effective, and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the Excess Distribution Rules described above. A U.S. Holder that is eligible to make a QEF election with respect to its TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares generally may do so by providing the appropriate information to the IRS in the U.S. Holder’s timely filed tax return for the year in which the election becomes effective. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors as to the availability and desirability of a QEF election.

Alternatively, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) may make a mark-to-market election for its TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to elect out of the Excess Distribution Rules discussed above if TNL Mediagene is treated as a PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market election with respect to its ordinary shares, such U.S. Holder will include in income for each year that TNL Mediagene is treated as a PFIC with respect to such ordinary shares an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ordinary shares as of the close of the U.S. Holder’s taxable year over the adjusted basis in the ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder will be allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of the ordinary shares over their fair market value as of the close of the taxable year. However, deductions will be allowed only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains on the ordinary shares included in the U.S. Holder’s income for prior taxable years. Amounts included in income under a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the actual sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares, will be treated as ordinary income. Ordinary loss treatment will also apply to the deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss on the ordinary shares, as well as to any loss realized on the actual sale or disposition of the ordinary shares, to the extent the amount of such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains for such ordinary shares previously included in income. A U.S. Holder’s basis in the ordinary shares will be adjusted to reflect any mark-to-market income or loss. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, any distributions TNL Mediagene makes

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would generally be subject to the rules discussed above under “— Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Other Taxable Disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants,” except the lower rates applicable to qualified dividend income would not apply. U.S. Holders of TNL Mediagene Warrants will not be able to make a mark-to-market election with respect to their TNL Mediagene Warrants.

The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. The TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are expected to be listed on Nasdaq and are expected to qualify as marketable stock for purposes of the PFIC rules, but there can be no assurance that TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be “regularly traded” for purposes of these rules. Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for equity interests in any Lower-Tier PFICs, a U.S. Holder that does not make the applicable QEF elections generally will continue to be subject to the Excess Distribution Rules with respect to its indirect interest in any Lower-Tier PFICs as described above, even if a mark-to-market election is made for TNL Mediagene.

If a U.S. Holder does not make a mark-to-market election (or a QEF election, as discussed above) effective from the first taxable year of a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in which TNL Mediagene is a PFIC, then the U.S. Holder generally will remain subject to the Excess Distribution Rules. A U.S. Holder that first makes a mark-to-market election with respect to such ordinary shares in a later year will continue to be subject to the Excess Distribution Rules during the taxable year for which the mark-to-market election becomes effective, including with respect to any mark-to-market gain recognized at the end of that year. In subsequent years for which a valid mark-to-mark election remains in effect, the Excess Distribution Rules generally will not apply. A U.S. Holder that is eligible to make a mark-to-market with respect to its TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares may do so by providing the appropriate information on IRS Form 8621 and timely filing that form with the U.S. Holder’s tax return for the year in which the election becomes effective. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors as to the availability and desirability of a mark-to-market election, as well as the impact of such election on interests in any Lower-Tier PFICs.

A U.S. Holder of a PFIC is generally required to file an IRS Form 8621 on an annual basis. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding any reporting requirements that may apply to them if TNL Mediagene is a PFIC. U.S. Holders are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to their particular circumstances.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Information reporting requirements may apply to cash received in redemption of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares, dividends received by U.S. Holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, and the proceeds received on sale or other taxable the disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants effected within the United States (and, in certain cases, outside the United States), in each case other than U.S. Holders that are exempt recipients (such as corporations). Backup withholding may apply to such amounts if the U.S. Holder fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number (generally on an IRS Form W-9 provided to the paying agent of the U.S. Holder’s broker) or is otherwise subject to backup withholding. Any redemptions treated as dividend payments with respect to Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange, redemption or other disposition of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or TNL Mediagene Warrants may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and possible U.S. backup withholding. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding generally may be credited against the taxpayer’s U.S. federal income tax liability, and a taxpayer may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by timely filing the appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information.

EACH HOLDER SHOULD CONSULT ITS TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO SUCH HOLDER.

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DESCRIPTION OF TNL MEDIAGENE’S SHARE CAPITAL AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION

A summary of the material provisions governing the combined company’s share capital immediately following the completion of the Merger is provided below. This summary is not complete and should be read together with TNL Mediagene’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association (“TNL Mediagene A&R Articles”), a copy of which is appended to this proxy statement/prospectus as Annex B. In this section “we,” “us” and “our” refer to TNL Mediagene.

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with limited liability and our affairs will be governed by the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles, the Cayman Companies Law and the common law of the Cayman Islands. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus (and prior to the Share Redesignation), there are 218,816,761 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding. Pursuant to the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles, which will take effect at the Effective Time, the issued share capital of TNL Mediagene will be divided into such number of shares determined by multiplying the number of issued ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene immediately before the Reverse Share Split by a Split Factor provided in the Merger Agreement. All of our outstanding shares are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. The board of directors may determine the issue prices and terms for our shares or other securities, and may further determine any other provision relating to such issue of shares or securities. We may also issue and redeem redeemable securities on such terms and in such manner as the board of directors shall determine.

Ordinary Shares

The following is a description of the material terms of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles that will be in effect upon the closing of the Transactions. The following descriptions are qualified by reference to the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles that will be in effect upon the closing of the Transactions, a copy of which is filed with the SEC as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this proxy statement/prospectus forms a part.

Voting Rights

Each registered holder of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be entitled to one vote for each TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share of which he, she or it is the registered holder, subject to any rights and restrictions for the time being attached to any share. Unless specified in the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles, or as required by applicable provisions of the Cayman Companies Law or applicable stock exchange rules, an ordinary resolution, being, the affirmative vote of shareholders holding a majority of the shares which, being so entitled, are voted thereon in person or by proxy at a quorate general meeting of the company or a unanimous written resolution of all of our shareholders entitled to vote at a general meeting of the company, is required to approve any such matter voted on by our shareholders. Approval of certain actions, such as amending our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, reducing our share capital, registration of our company by way of continuation in a jurisdiction outside the Cayman Islands and merger or consolidation with one or more other constituent companies, will require a special resolution under Cayman Islands law and pursuant to the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles, being the affirmative vote of shareholders holding a majority of no less than two-thirds of the shares which, being so entitled, are voted thereon in person or by proxy at a quorate general meeting of the company or a unanimous written resolution of all of our shareholders entitled to vote at a general meeting of the company.

Dividend Rights

We have not paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. Subject to the foregoing, the payment of cash dividends in the future, if any, will be at the discretion of the board of directors.

Liquidation Rights

On a winding-up or other return of capital, subject to any special rights attaching to any other class of shares, holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be entitled to participate in any surplus assets in proportion to the capital paid up, or which ought to have been paid up, at the commencement of the winding up or the date of the return of capital, as the case may be, on the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares held by them respectively.

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Registration Rights

Following the Merger, certain of our shareholders and the Sponsor will be entitled to certain registration rights under the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement. For a discussion of such rights, see “Agreements Entered Into in Connection with the Merger — Registration Rights Agreement.”

Shareholder Meetings

One or more shareholders holding at least a majority of the paid-up voting share capital of our company present in person or by proxy or if a corporation or other non-natural person by its duly authorized representative or proxy and entitled to vote at that meeting shall form a quorum. In accordance with the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements, we are not required to hold an annual general meeting until one year after our first fiscal year end following our listing on Nasdaq. There is no requirement under the Cayman Companies Law for us to hold annual or extraordinary general meetings.

Warrants

Public Warrants

Each whole warrant will entitle the registered holder to purchase one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, at any time commencing on the later of twelve months from the closing of the Blue Ocean IPO and 30 days after the Closing, except as discussed in the immediately succeeding paragraph. Pursuant to the A&R Warrant Agreement, a warrant holder may exercise its warrants only for a whole number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. The warrants will expire five years after the Closing, at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

We will not be obligated to deliver any TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares pursuant to the exercise of a warrant and will have no obligation to settle such warrant exercise unless a registration statement under the Securities Act with respect to the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the warrants is then effective and a prospectus relating thereto is current, subject to our satisfying our obligations described below with respect to registration, or a valid exemption from registration is available. No warrant will be exercisable and we will not be obligated to issue TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares upon exercise of a warrant unless the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issuable upon such warrant exercise has been registered, qualified or deemed to be exempt under the securities laws of the state of residence of the registered holder of the warrants. In the event that the conditions in the two immediately preceding sentences are not satisfied with respect to a warrant, the holder of such warrant will not be entitled to exercise such warrant and such warrant may have no value and expire worthless. In no event will we be required to net cash settle any warrant.

We have agreed that as soon as practicable, but in no event later than 20 business days after the Closing, we will use our commercially reasonable efforts to file with the SEC a registration statement for the registration, under the Securities Act, of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants, and we will use our commercially reasonable efforts to cause the same to become effective within 60 business days after the Closing, and to maintain the effectiveness of such registration statement and a current prospectus relating to those TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares until the warrants expire or are redeemed, as specified in the A&R Warrant Agreement; provided that, if TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are at the time of any exercise of a warrant not listed on a national securities exchange such that they satisfy the definition of a “covered security” under Section 18(b)(1) of the Securities Act, we may, at our option, require holders of Public Warrants who exercise their warrants to do so on a “cashless basis” in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act and, in the event we so elect, we will not be required to file or maintain in effect a registration statement, but we will use our commercially reasonable efforts to register or qualify the shares under applicable blue sky laws to the extent an exemption is not available.

Redemption of warrants when the price per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share equals or exceeds $18.00.

Once the warrants become exercisable, we may redeem the outstanding warrants (except as described herein with respect to the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by the Sponsor and Apollo):

• in whole and not in part;

• at a price of $0.01 per warrant;

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• upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder; and

• if, and only if, the closing price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for adjustments to the number of shares issuable upon exercise or the exercise price of a warrant as described under the heading “— Anti-dilution Adjustments”) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we send the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

We will not redeem the warrants as described above unless a registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants is then effective and a current prospectus relating to those TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is available throughout the 30-day redemption period. If and when the warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws.

We have established the last of the redemption criteria discussed above to prevent a redemption call unless there is at the time of the call a significant premium to the warrant exercise price. If the foregoing conditions are satisfied and we issue a notice of redemption of the warrants, each warrant holder will be entitled to exercise his, her or its warrant prior to the scheduled redemption date. However, the price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares may fall below the $18.00 redemption trigger price (as adjusted for adjustments to the number of shares issuable upon exercise or the exercise price of a warrant as described under the heading “— Anti-dilution Adjustments”) as well as the $11.50 (for whole shares) warrant exercise price after the redemption notice is issued.

Redemption of warrants when the price per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share equals or exceeds $10.00.

Once the warrants become exercisable, we may redeem the outstanding warrants:

• in whole and not in part;

• at a price of $0.10 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption, provided that holders will be able to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis prior to redemption and receive that number of shares determined by reference to the table below, based on the redemption date and the “fair market value” of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (as defined below) except as otherwise described below;

• if, and only if, the closing price of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $10.00 per share (as adjusted for adjustments to the number of shares issuable upon exercise or the exercise price of a warrant as described under the heading “— Anti-dilution Adjustments”) for any 20 trading days within the 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we send the notice of redemption to the warrant holders; and

• if the closing price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we send the notice of redemption to the warrant holders is less than $18.00 per share (as adjusted for adjustments to the number of shares issuable upon exercise or the exercise price of a warrant as described under the heading “— Anti-dilution Adjustments”), the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held by the Sponsor and Apollo must also be concurrently called for redemption on the same terms as the outstanding Public Warrants, as described above.

Beginning on the date the notice of redemption is given until the warrants are redeemed or exercised, holders may elect to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis. The numbers in the table below represent the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares that a warrant holder will receive upon such cashless exercise in connection with a redemption by us pursuant to this redemption feature, based on the “fair market value” of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares on the corresponding redemption date (assuming holders elect to exercise their warrants and such warrants are not redeemed for $0.10 per warrant), determined for these purposes based on the volume weighted average price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares during the 10 trading days immediately following the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants, and the number of months that the corresponding redemption date precedes the expiration date of the warrants, each as set forth in the table below. We will provide our warrant holders with the final fair market value no later than one business day after the 10-trading day period described above ends.

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Pursuant to the A&R Warrant Agreement, references above to TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares shall include a security other than TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares into which TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares have been converted or exchanged for in the event we are not the surviving company in the initial business combination. The numbers in the table below will not be adjusted when determining the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be issued upon exercise of the warrants if we are not the surviving entity following the initial business combination.

The share prices set forth in the column headings of the table below will be adjusted as of any date on which the number of shares issuable upon exercise of a warrant or the exercise price of a warrant is adjusted as set forth under the heading “— Anti-dilution Adjustments” below. If the number of shares issuable upon exercise of a warrant is adjusted, the adjusted share prices in the column headings will equal the share prices immediately prior to such adjustment, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the exercise price of the warrant after such adjustment and the denominator of which is the exercise price of the warrant immediately prior to such adjustment. In such an event, the number of shares in the table below shall be adjusted by multiplying such share amounts by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of shares deliverable upon exercise of the warrant immediately prior to such adjustment and the denominator of which is the number of shares deliverable upon exercise of the warrant as so adjusted. If the exercise price of a warrant is adjusted, (a) in the case of an adjustment pursuant to the fifth paragraph under the heading “— Anti-dilution Adjustments” below, the adjusted share prices in the column headings will equal the unadjusted share price multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the higher of the Market Value and the Newly Issued Price as set forth under the heading “— Anti-dilution Adjustments” and the denominator of which is $10.00; and (b) in the case of an adjustment pursuant to the second paragraph under the heading “— Anti-dilution Adjustments” below, the adjusted share prices in the column headings will equal the unadjusted share price less the decrease in the exercise price of a warrant pursuant to such exercise price adjustment.

|  | Fair Market Value of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares
Redemption Date (period to expiration of warrants) |  | ≤$10.00 |  | 11.00 |  | 12.00 |  | 13.00 |  | 14.00 |  | 15.00 |  | 16.00 |  | 17.00 |  | ≥18.00
60 months |  | 0.261 |  | 0.281 |  | 0.297 |  | 0.311 |  | 0.324 |  | 0.337 |  | 0.348 |  | 0.358 |  | 0.361
57 months |  | 0.257 |  | 0.277 |  | 0.294 |  | 0.310 |  | 0.324 |  | 0.337 |  | 0.348 |  | 0.358 |  | 0.361
54 months |  | 0.252 |  | 0.272 |  | 0.291 |  | 0.307 |  | 0.322 |  | 0.335 |  | 0.347 |  | 0.357 |  | 0.361
51 months |  | 0.246 |  | 0.268 |  | 0.287 |  | 0.304 |  | 0.320 |  | 0.333 |  | 0.346 |  | 0.357 |  | 0.361
48 months |  | 0.241 |  | 0.263 |  | 0.283 |  | 0.301 |  | 0.317 |  | 0.332 |  | 0.344 |  | 0.356 |  | 0.361
45 months |  | 0.235 |  | 0.258 |  | 0.279 |  | 0.298 |  | 0.315 |  | 0.330 |  | 0.343 |  | 0.356 |  | 0.361
42 months |  | 0.228 |  | 0.252 |  | 0.274 |  | 0.294 |  | 0.312 |  | 0.328 |  | 0.342 |  | 0.355 |  | 0.361
39 months |  | 0.221 |  | 0.246 |  | 0.269 |  | 0.290 |  | 0.309 |  | 0.325 |  | 0.340 |  | 0.354 |  | 0.361
36 months |  | 0.213 |  | 0.239 |  | 0.263 |  | 0.285 |  | 0.305 |  | 0.323 |  | 0.339 |  | 0.353 |  | 0.361
33 months |  | 0.205 |  | 0.232 |  | 0.257 |  | 0.280 |  | 0.301 |  | 0.320 |  | 0.337 |  | 0.352 |  | 0.361
30 months |  | 0.196 |  | 0.224 |  | 0.250 |  | 0.274 |  | 0.297 |  | 0.316 |  | 0.335 |  | 0.351 |  | 0.361
27 months |  | 0.185 |  | 0.214 |  | 0.242 |  | 0.268 |  | 0.291 |  | 0.313 |  | 0.332 |  | 0.350 |  | 0.361
24 months |  | 0.173 |  | 0.204 |  | 0.233 |  | 0.260 |  | 0.285 |  | 0.308 |  | 0.329 |  | 0.348 |  | 0.361
21 months |  | 0.161 |  | 0.193 |  | 0.223 |  | 0.252 |  | 0.279 |  | 0.304 |  | 0.326 |  | 0.347 |  | 0.361
18 months |  | 0.146 |  | 0.179 |  | 0.211 |  | 0.242 |  | 0.271 |  | 0.298 |  | 0.322 |  | 0.345 |  | 0.361
15 months |  | 0.130 |  | 0.164 |  | 0.197 |  | 0.230 |  | 0.262 |  | 0.291 |  | 0.317 |  | 0.342 |  | 0.361
12 months |  | 0.111 |  | 0.146 |  | 0.181 |  | 0.216 |  | 0.250 |  | 0.282 |  | 0.312 |  | 0.339 |  | 0.361
9 months |  | 0.090 |  | 0.125 |  | 0.162 |  | 0.199 |  | 0.237 |  | 0.272 |  | 0.305 |  | 0.336 |  | 0.361
6 months |  | 0.065 |  | 0.099 |  | 0.137 |  | 0.178 |  | 0.219 |  | 0.259 |  | 0.296 |  | 0.331 |  | 0.361
3 months |  | 0.034 |  | 0.065 |  | 0.104 |  | 0.150 |  | 0.197 |  | 0.243 |  | 0.286 |  | 0.326 |  | 0.361
0 months |  | — |  | — |  | 0.042 |  | 0.115 |  | 0.179 |  | 0.233 |  | 0.281 |  | 0.323 |  | 0.361

The exact fair market value and redemption date may not be set forth in the table above, in which case, if the fair market value is between two values in the table or the redemption date is between two redemption dates in the table, the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be issued for each warrant exercised will be determined by a straight-line interpolation between the number of shares set forth for the higher and lower fair market values and the earlier and later redemption dates, as applicable, based on a 365 or 366-day year, as applicable. For example, if the volume weighted average price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares during the 10 trading days immediately

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following the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of the warrants is $11.00 per share, and at such time there are 57 months until the expiration of the warrants, holders may choose to, in connection with this redemption feature, exercise their warrants for 0.277 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for each whole warrant. For an example where the exact fair market value and redemption date are not as set forth in the table above, if the volume weighted average price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares during the 10 trading days immediately following the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of the warrants is $13.50 per share, and at such time there are 38 months until the expiration of the warrants, holders may choose to, in connection with this redemption feature, exercise their warrants for 0.298 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for each whole warrant. In no event will the warrants be exercisable on a cashless basis in connection with this redemption feature for more than 0.361 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares per warrant (subject to adjustment). Finally, as reflected in the table above, if the warrants are out of the money and about to expire, they cannot be exercised on a cashless basis in connection with a redemption by us pursuant to this redemption feature, since they will not be exercisable for any TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

This redemption feature differs from the typical warrant redemption features used in some other initial business combinations, which only provide for a redemption of warrants for cash (other than the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants) when the trading price for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares exceeds $18.00 per share for a specified period of time. This redemption feature is structured to allow for all of the outstanding warrants to be redeemed when TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are trading at or above $10.00 per Public Share, which may be at a time when the trading price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is below the exercise price of the warrants. We have established this redemption feature to provide us with the flexibility to redeem the warrants without the warrants having to reach the $18.00 per share threshold set forth above under “— Redemption of warrants when the price per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share equals or exceeds $18.00.” Holders choosing to exercise their warrants in connection with a redemption pursuant to this feature will, in effect, receive a number of shares for their warrants based on an option pricing model with a fixed volatility input as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus. This redemption right provides us with an additional mechanism by which to redeem all of the outstanding warrants, and therefore have certainty as to our capital structure as the warrants would no longer be outstanding and would have been exercised or redeemed. We will be required to pay the applicable redemption price to warrant holders if we choose to exercise this redemption right and it will allow us to quickly proceed with a redemption of the warrants if we determine it is in our best interests to do so. As such, we would redeem the warrants in this manner when we believe it is in our best interests to update our capital structure to remove the warrants and pay the redemption price to the warrant holders.

As stated above, we can redeem the warrants when TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are trading at a price starting at $10.00, which is below the exercise price of $11.50, because it will provide certainty with respect to our capital structure and cash position while providing warrant holders with the opportunity to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis for the applicable number of shares. If we choose to redeem the warrants when TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are trading at a price below the exercise price of the warrants, this could result in the warrant holders receiving fewer TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares than they would have received if they had chosen to wait to exercise their warrants for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares if and when such TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares were trading at a price higher than the exercise price of $11.50.

No fractional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be issued upon exercise. If, upon exercise, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will round down to the nearest whole number of the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be issued to the holder. If, at the time of redemption, the warrants are exercisable for a security other than TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares pursuant to the A&R Warrant Agreement (for instance, if we are not the surviving company in our initial business combination), the warrants may be exercised for such security. At such time as the warrants become exercisable for a security other than TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, our company (or the surviving company) will use its commercially reasonable efforts to register under the Securities Act the security issuable upon the exercise of the warrants.

Redemption Procedures.

A holder of a warrant may notify us in writing in the event it elects to be subject to a requirement that such holder will not have the right to exercise such warrant, to the extent that after giving effect to such exercise, such person (together with such person’s affiliates), to the warrant agent’s actual knowledge, would beneficially own in excess of 9.8% (or such other amount as a holder may specify) of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise.

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Anti-dilution Adjustments.

If the number of outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is increased by a capitalization or share dividend paid in TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to all or substantially all holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, or by a split-up of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or other similar event, then, on the effective date of such capitalization or share dividend, split-up or similar event, the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issuable on exercise of each warrant will be increased in proportion to such increase in the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. A rights offering made to all or substantially all holders of ordinary shares entitling holders to purchase TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares at a price less than the “historical fair market value” (as defined below) will be deemed a share dividend of a number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equal to the product of (i) the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares actually sold in such rights offering (or issuable under any other equity securities sold in such rights offering that are convertible into or exercisable for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares); and (ii) one, minus the quotient of (x) the price per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share paid in such rights offering, and (y) the historical fair market value. For these purposes, (i) if the rights offering is for securities convertible into or exercisable for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, in determining the price payable for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, there will be taken into account any consideration received for such rights, as well as any additional amount payable upon exercise or conversion; and (ii) “historical fair market value” means the volume weighted average price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares as reported during the 10 trading day period ending on the trading day prior to the first date on which TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares trade on the applicable exchange or in the applicable market, regular way, without the right to receive such rights.

In addition, if we, at any time while the warrants are outstanding and unexpired, pay a dividend or make a distribution in cash, securities or other assets to all or substantially all of the holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares on account of such TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (or other securities into which the warrants are convertible), other than (a) as described above; (b) any cash dividends or cash distributions which, when combined on a per share basis with all other cash dividends and cash distributions paid on TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares during the 365-day period ending on the date of declaration of such dividend or distribution does not exceed $0.50 per share (as adjusted to appropriately reflect any other adjustments and excluding cash dividends or cash distributions that resulted in an adjustment to the exercise price or to the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issuable on exercise of each warrant) but only with respect to the amount of the aggregate cash dividends or cash distributions equal to or less than $0.50 per share; (c) to satisfy the redemption rights of the holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in connection with a proposed initial business combination; (d) to satisfy the redemption rights of the holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in connection with a shareholder vote to amend our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association (A) to modify the substance or timing of our obligation to provide holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares the right to have their shares redeemed in connection with our initial business combination or to redeem 100% of our Public Shares if we do not complete our initial business combination within 24 months from the closing of the Blue Ocean IPO, or (B) with respect to any other provision relating to the rights of holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares; or (e) in connection with the redemption of our Public Shares upon our failure to complete our initial business combination, then the warrant exercise price will be decreased, effective immediately after the effective date of such event, by the amount of cash and/or the fair market value of any securities or other assets paid on each TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share in respect of such event.

If the number of outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares is decreased by a consolidation, combination or reclassification of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or other similar event, then, on the effective date of such consolidation, combination, reclassification or similar event, the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issuable on exercise of each warrant will be decreased in proportion to such decrease in outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

Whenever the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares purchasable upon the exercise of the warrants is adjusted, as described above, the warrant exercise price will be adjusted by multiplying the warrant exercise price immediately prior to such adjustment by a fraction (x) the numerator of which will be the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares purchasable upon the exercise of the warrants immediately prior to such adjustment, and (y) the denominator of which will be the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares so purchasable immediately thereafter.

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In addition, if (i) we issue additional TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or equity-linked securities for capital raising purposes in connection with the Closing at an issue price or effective issue price of less than $9.20 per ordinary share (with such issue price or effective issue price to be determined in good faith by the board of directors and, in the case of any such issuance to the Sponsor or its affiliates, without taking into account any Founder Shares, as applicable, prior to such issuance) (the “Newly Issued Price”); (ii) the aggregate gross proceeds from such issuances represent more than 60% of the total equity proceeds, and interest thereon, available for the funding of our initial business combination on the date of the consummation of our initial business combination (net of redemptions); and (iii) the volume weighted average trading price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares during the 20 trading day period starting on the trading day prior to the day on which we consummate our initial business combination (such price, the “Market Value”) is below $9.20 per share, the exercise price of the warrants will be adjusted (to the nearest cent) to be equal to 115% of the higher of the Market Value and the Newly Issued Price, the $18.00 per share redemption trigger price described above under “— Redemption of warrants when the price per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share equals or exceeds $18.00” and “— Redemption of warrants when the price per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $10.00” will be adjusted (to the nearest cent) to be equal to 180% of the higher of the Market Value and the Newly Issued Price, and the $10.00 per share redemption trigger price described above under “— Redemption of warrants when the price per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share equals or exceeds $10.00” will be adjusted (to the nearest cent) to be equal to the higher of the Market Value and the Newly Issued Price.

In case of any reclassification or reorganization of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (other than those described above or that solely affects the par value of such TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares), or in the case of any merger or consolidation of us with or into another corporation or entity (other than a consolidation or merger in which we are the continuing corporation or company and that does not result in any reclassification or reorganization of our outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares), or in the case of any sale or conveyance to another corporation or entity of the assets or other property of us as an entirety or substantially as an entirety in connection with which we are dissolved, the holders of the warrants will thereafter have the right to purchase and receive, upon the basis and upon the terms and conditions specified in the warrants and in lieu of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares immediately theretofore purchasable and receivable upon the exercise of the rights represented thereby, the kind and amount of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares or other securities or property (including cash) receivable upon such reclassification, reorganization, merger or consolidation, or upon a dissolution following any such sale or transfer, that the holder of the warrants would have received if such holder had exercised their warrants immediately prior to such event. However, if such holders were entitled to exercise a right of election as to the kind or amount of securities, cash or other assets receivable upon such consolidation or merger, then the kind and amount of securities, cash or other assets for which each warrant will become exercisable will be deemed to be the weighted average of the kind and amount received per share by such holders in such consolidation or merger that affirmatively make such election, and if a tender, exchange or redemption offer has been made to and accepted by such holders (other than a tender, exchange or redemption offer made by the company in connection with redemption rights held by shareholders of the company as provided for in the company’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association or as a result of the redemption of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the company if a proposed initial business combination is presented to the shareholders of the company for approval) under circumstances in which, upon the completion of such tender or exchange offer, the maker thereof, together with members of any group (within the meaning of Rule 13d-5(b)(1) under the Exchange Act) of which such maker is a part, and together with any affiliate or associate of such maker (within the meaning of Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act) and any members of any such group of which any such affiliate or associate is a part, own beneficially (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) more than 50% of the issued and outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, the holder of a warrant will be entitled to receive the highest amount of cash, securities or other property to which such holder would actually have been entitled as a shareholder if such warrant holder had exercised the warrant prior to the expiration of such tender or exchange offer, accepted such offer and all of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares held by such holder had been purchased pursuant to such tender or exchange offer, subject to adjustment (from and after the consummation of such tender or exchange offer) as nearly equivalent as possible to the adjustments provided for in the A&R Warrant Agreement. If less than 70% of the consideration receivable by the holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in such a transaction is payable in the form of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares in the successor entity that is listed for trading on a national securities exchange or is quoted in an established over-the-counter market, or is to be so listed for trading or quoted immediately following such event, and if the registered holder of the warrant properly exercises the warrant within thirty days following public disclosure of such transaction, the warrant exercise price will be reduced as specified in the A&R Warrant Agreement based on

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the Black-Scholes value (as defined in the A&R Warrant Agreement) of the warrant. The purpose of such exercise price reduction is to provide additional value to holders of the warrants when an extraordinary transaction occurs during the exercise period of the warrants pursuant to which the holders of the warrants otherwise do not receive the full potential value of the warrants.

The warrants will be issued in registered form under an A&R Warrant Agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and us. The A&R Warrant Agreement provides that the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder for the purpose of (i) curing any ambiguity or correcting any mistake, including to conform the provisions of the A&R Warrant Agreement to the description of the terms of the warrants and the A&R Warrant Agreement set forth in this proxy statement/prospectus, or defective provision, (ii) amending the provisions relating to cash dividends on ordinary shares as contemplated by and in accordance with the A&R Warrant Agreement or (iii) adding or changing any provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the A&R Warrant Agreement as the parties to the A&R Warrant Agreement may deem necessary or desirable and that the parties deem to not adversely affect the rights of the registered holders of the warrants, provided that the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants is required to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of Public Warrants. You should review a copy of the A&R Warrant Agreement, which will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this proxy statement/prospectus is a part, for a complete description of the terms and conditions applicable to the warrants.

The warrant holders do not have the rights or privileges of holders of ordinary shares and any voting rights until they exercise their warrants and receive TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares. After the issuance of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares upon exercise of the warrants, each holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares.

No fractional warrants will be issued upon separation of the units and only whole warrants will trade. If, upon exercise of the warrants, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon exercise, round down to the nearest whole number the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be issued to the warrant holder.

We have agreed that, subject to applicable law, any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the A&R Warrant Agreement will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction will be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. This provision applies to claims under the Securities Act but does not apply to claims under the Exchange Act or any claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum.

Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants

Except as described below, the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants have terms and provisions that are identical to those of the Public Warrants. The Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants, including the underlying shares, will not be transferable, assignable or salable until 30 days after the Closing, except pursuant to limited exceptions, and they will not be redeemable by us (except as described under “— Public Warrants — Redemption of warrants when the price per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share equals or exceeds $10.00”) so long as they are held by the Sponsor, Apollo or their permitted transferees (except as otherwise set forth herein). Sponsor, Apollo and their permitted transferees have the option to exercise the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants on a cashless basis. If the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants are held by holders other than the Sponsor, Apollo or its permitted transferees, the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by us in all redemption scenarios and exercisable by the holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants. Any amendment to the terms of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants or any provision of the A&R Warrant Agreement with respect to the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants will require a vote of holders of at least 50% of the number of the then-outstanding Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants.

Except as described above under “— Public Warrants — Redemption of warrants when the price per TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share equals or exceeds $10.00,” if holders of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants elect to exercise them on a cashless basis, they would pay the exercise price by surrendering his, her or its warrants for that number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares underlying the warrants, multiplied by the excess of the “sponsor

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fair market value” (defined below) over the exercise price of the warrants by (y) the sponsor fair market value. For these purposes, the “sponsor fair market value” shall mean the average last reported closing price of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of warrant exercise is sent to the warrant agent or on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants, as applicable. The reason that we have agreed that these warrants will be exercisable on a cashless basis so long as they are held by the Sponsor and its permitted transferees is because it is not known at this time whether they will be affiliated with us following a business combination. If they remain affiliated with us, their ability to sell our securities on the open market will be significantly limited. We expect to have policies in place that restrict insiders from selling our securities except during specific periods of time. Even during such periods of time when insiders will be permitted to sell our securities, an insider cannot trade in our securities if he or she is in possession of material non-public information. Accordingly, unlike public shareholders who could exercise their warrants and sell the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares received upon such exercise freely in the open market in order to recoup the cost of such exercise, the insiders could be significantly restricted from selling such securities. As a result, we believe that allowing the holders to exercise such warrants on a cashless basis is appropriate.

Certain Differences in Corporate Law

Cayman Islands companies are governed by the Cayman Companies Law. The Cayman Companies Law is modeled on English law but does not follow recent English law statutory enactments, and differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the material differences between the provisions of the Cayman Companies Law applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders.

Statutory Mergers and Similar Arrangements (sections 233 to 239A of the Cayman Companies Law). In certain circumstances, the Cayman Companies Law allows for mergers or consolidations between two Cayman Islands companies, or between a Cayman Islands company and a company incorporated in another jurisdiction (provided that it is permitted or not prohibited by the laws of that other jurisdiction and the constitutional documents of the foreign company).

Where the merger or consolidation is between two Cayman Islands companies, the directors of each company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation containing certain prescribed information. That plan of merger or consolidation must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution (a majority of at least two-thirds (or such higher majority as specified in the articles of association of the company) of the votes which are cast in person or by proxy by those shareholders who, being entitled to do so, attend and vote at a quorate general meeting of the relevant company or a unanimous written resolution of all of the shareholders entitled to vote at a general meeting of the relevant company) of the shareholders of each company; and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in each constituent company’s articles of association. No special resolution is required for a merger between a parent company (i.e., a company that owns at least 90% of the votes represented by the issued shares in a subsidiary company) and its subsidiary company where the parent and subsidiary company are both incorporated under the Cayman Companies Law. The consent of each holder of a fixed or floating security interest of a constituent company must be obtained unless the court waives such requirement. If the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies is satisfied that the requirements of the Cayman Companies Law (which includes certain other formalities) have been complied with, the Registrar of Companies will register the plan of merger or consolidation.

Where the merger or consolidation involves a foreign company, the procedure is similar, save that with respect to the foreign company, the directors of the Cayman Islands company are required to make a declaration to the effect that, having made due enquiry, they are of the opinion that the requirements set out below have been met: (i) that the merger or consolidation is permitted or not prohibited by the constitutional documents of the foreign company and by the laws of the jurisdiction in which the foreign company is incorporated, and that those laws and any requirements of those constitutional documents have been or will be complied with; (ii) that no petition or other similar proceeding has been filed and remains outstanding, and no order has been made or resolution adopted to wind up or liquidate the foreign company in the jurisdiction in which the foreign company is existing; (iii) that no receiver, trustee, administrator or other similar person has been appointed in any jurisdiction and is acting in respect of the foreign company, its affairs or its property or any part thereof; and (iv) that no scheme, order, compromise or other similar arrangement has been entered into or made in any jurisdiction whereby the rights of creditors of the foreign company are and continue to be suspended or restricted.

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Where the surviving company is the Cayman Islands company, the directors of the Cayman Islands company are further required to make a declaration to the effect that, having made due enquiry, they are of the opinion that the requirements set out below have been met: (i) that the foreign company is able to pay its debts as they fall due and that the merger or consolidation is bona fide and not intended to defraud unsecured creditors of the foreign company; (ii) that in respect of the transfer of any security interest granted by the foreign company to the surviving or consolidated company (a) consent or approval to the transfer has been obtained, released or waived, (b) the transfer is permitted by and has been approved in accordance with the constitutional documents of the foreign company, and (c) the laws of the jurisdiction of the foreign company with respect to the transfer have been or will be complied with; and (iii) that the foreign company will, upon the merger or consolidation becoming effective, cease to be incorporated, registered or exist under the laws of the relevant foreign jurisdiction.

The Registrar of Companies must also be satisfied that there is no other reason why it would be against the public interest to permit the merger or consolidation.

The Cayman Companies Law provides for a right of dissenting shareholders to be paid a payment of the fair value of their shares upon their dissenting to the merger or consolidation if they follow a prescribed statutory procedure. In essence, that procedure is as follows: (a) the shareholder must give his written objection to the merger or consolidation to the constituent company before the vote on the merger or consolidation, including a statement that the shareholder proposes to demand payment for his shares if the merger or consolidation is authorized by the vote; (b) within 20 days following the date on which the merger or consolidation is approved by the shareholders, the constituent company must give written notice to each shareholder who made a written objection; (c) a shareholder must within 20 days following receipt of such notice from the constituent company, give the constituent company a written notice of his intention to dissent including, among other details, a demand for payment of the fair value of his shares; (d) within seven days following the date of the expiration of the period set out in paragraph (c) above or seven days following the date on which the plan of merger or consolidation is filed, whichever is later, the constituent company, the surviving company or the consolidated company must make a written offer to each dissenting shareholder to purchase his shares at a price that the company determines is the fair value and if the company and the shareholder agree the price within 30 days following the date on which the offer was made, the company must pay the shareholder such amount; and (e) if the company and the shareholder fail to agree on a price within such 30 day period, within 20 days following the date on which such 30 day period expires, the company must (and any dissenting shareholder may) file a petition with the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands to determine the fair value and such petition by the company must be accompanied by a list of the names and addresses of the dissenting shareholders who have filed a notice under paragraph (c) and with whom agreements as to the fair value of their shares have not been reached by the company. At the hearing of that petition, the court has the power to determine the fair value of the shares together with a fair rate of interest, if any, to be paid by the company upon the amount determined to be the fair value. Any dissenting shareholder whose name appears on the list filed by the company and who the court finds are involved may participate fully in all proceedings until the determination of fair value is reached. These rights of a dissenting shareholder are not available in certain circumstances, for example, to dissenters holding shares of any class in respect of which an open market exists on a recognized stock exchange or recognized interdealer quotation system at the relevant date or where the consideration for such shares are shares of any company listed on a national securities exchange or shares of the surviving or consolidated company.

Schemes of Arrangement (sections 86 and 87 of the Cayman Companies Law). Moreover, Cayman Islands law has separate statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction or amalgamation of companies in certain circumstances, by way of schemes of arrangement, which will generally be more suited for complex mergers or other transactions involving widely held companies, commonly referred to in the Cayman Islands as a “scheme of arrangement.” In the event that a scheme of arrangement is sought as between a company and its members or any class of members (the procedures for which are more rigorous and take longer to complete than the procedures typically required to consummate a merger in the United States), the arrangement in question must be approved by a majority representing three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a general meeting, or meeting summoned for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the terms of the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder would have the right to express to the court the view that the transaction should not be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it satisfies itself that:

• the proposed scheme is a scheme of arrangement within the meaning of section 86 of the Cayman Companies Law;

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• the scheme document provided all the material information reasonably required to enable the scheme shareholders to come to an informed view on the merits of the scheme;

• the court meeting was properly held and the statutory majorities were achieved;

• there is no reason to believe that the views of the overwhelming majority of those who voted in favor of the scheme did not fairly represent the views of the scheme shareholders as a whole, that they were not acting bona fide or that they were subject to coercion;

• the scheme of arrangement is fair in the sense that an intelligent and honest person acting in respect of his relevant interest might reasonably approve of it; and

• there is no good reason for the court not to sanction the scheme.

If a scheme of arrangement or takeover offer (as described below) is approved, any dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights (providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares), which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of United States corporations. Note however that such appraisal rights may be available to dissenting shareholders where the merger procedure pursuant to sections 233 to 239A of the Cayman Companies Law is adopted (see above).

Tender Offers and Squeeze-out Provisions (section 88 of the Cayman Companies Law). Separately, when a takeover offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares to whom the offer relates within four months, the offeror may, within a two-month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, but this is unlikely to succeed unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith, collusion or inequitable treatment of the shareholders.

Further, transactions similar to a merger, reconstruction and/or an amalgamation may in some circumstances be achieved through means other than these statutory provisions, such as a share capital exchange, asset acquisition or control, or through contractual arrangements of an operating business.

Shareholders’ Suits. Walkers, our Cayman Islands legal counsel, is not aware of any reported class action having been brought in a Cayman Islands court. Derivative actions have been brought in the Cayman Islands courts, and the Cayman Islands courts have confirmed the availability for such actions. In most cases, we will be the proper plaintiff in any claim based on a breach of duty owed to us, and a claim against (for example) our officers or directors usually may not be brought by a shareholder. However, based both on Cayman Islands authorities and on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority and be applied by a court in the Cayman Islands, exceptions to the foregoing principle apply in circumstances in which:

• a company is acting, or proposing to act, illegally or beyond the scope of its authority; or

• those who control the company are perpetrating a “fraud on the minority.”

In relation to the second exception (fraud on the minority), it is necessary to demonstrate that (i) a wrong has been done to the company; (ii) the wrongdoers are in control of the company (such that they can prevent the company from pursuing a claim against them); and (iii) the wrongdoers have obtained a benefit as a result of their actions.

In addition, a shareholder may have a direct right of action against us where the individual rights of that shareholder have been infringed or are about to be infringed.

Enforcement of Civil Liabilities. The Cayman Islands has a different body of securities laws as compared to the United States and provides less protection to investors. Additionally, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to sue before the federal courts of the United States.

We have been advised by Walkers, our Cayman Islands legal counsel, that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state; and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are

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penal in nature. Although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, and or be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

Special Considerations for Exempted Companies. We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Cayman Companies Law. The Cayman Companies Law distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except for the exemptions and privileges listed below:

• an exempted company (other than an exempted company holding a license to carry on business in the Cayman Islands) does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

• an exempted company’s register of members is not open to inspection;

• an exempted company does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

• an exempted company may issue shares with no par value;

• an exempted company may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation;

• an exempted company may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

• an exempted company may register as a limited duration company; and

• an exempted company may register as a segregated portfolio company.

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shares of the company (except in exceptional circumstances, such as involving fraud, the establishment of an agency relationship or an illegal or improper purpose or other circumstances in which a court may be prepared to pierce or lift the corporate veil).

Anti-Money Laundering — Cayman Islands

If any person in the Cayman Islands knows or suspects, or has reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting, that another person is engaged in criminal conduct or money laundering or is involved with terrorism or terrorist financing and property and the information for that knowledge or suspicion came to their attention in the course of business in the regulated sector or other trade, profession, business or employment, the person will be required to report such knowledge or suspicion to (i) the Financial Reporting Authority of the Cayman Islands, pursuant to the Proceeds of Crime Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands if the disclosure relates to criminal conduct or money laundering or (ii) a police officer of the rank of constable or higher, or the Financial Reporting Authority, pursuant to the Terrorism Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, if the disclosure relates to involvement with terrorism or terrorist financing and property or (iii) the Financial Reporting Authority of the Cayman Islands if the disclosure relates to involvement with proliferation financing pursuant to the Proliferation Financing (Prohibition) Act (as amended). Such a report shall not be treated as a breach of confidence or of any restriction upon the disclosure of information imposed by any enactment or otherwise.

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Sanctions — Cayman Islands

Should a shareholder be, or become (or is believed by TNL Mediagene or our duly authorised delegates or agents (“TNL Mediagene Agents”) to be or become) at any time while it owns or holds an interest in TNL Mediagene, (a) an individual or entity named on any sanctions list maintained by the United Kingdom (including as extended to the Cayman Islands by Orders in Council) or the Cayman Islands or any similar list maintained under applicable law or is otherwise subject to applicable sanctions in the Cayman Islands (a “Sanctions Subject”) or (b) an entity owned or controlled directly or indirectly by a Sanctions Subject, as determined by TNL Mediagene in its sole discretion, then (i) TNL Mediagene or TNL Mediagene Agents may immediately and without notice to the shareholder cease any further dealings with the shareholder or freeze any dealings with the interests or accounts of the shareholder (e.g., by prohibiting payments by or to the shareholder or restricting or suspending dealings with the interests or accounts) or freeze the assets of TNL Mediagene (including interests or accounts of other shareholders who are not Sanctions Subjects), until the relevant person ceases to be a Sanctions Subject or a licence is obtained under applicable law to continue such dealings (a “Sanctioned Persons Event”), (ii) TNL Mediagene and TNL Mediagene Agents may be required to report such action or failure to comply with information requests and to disclose the shareholder’s identity (and/or the identity of the shareholder’s beneficial owners and control persons) to the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority, the Cayman Islands Financial Reporting Authority, or other applicable governmental or regulatory authorities (without notifying the shareholder that such information has been so provided) and (iii) TNL Mediagene and TNL Mediagene Agents will have no liability whatsoever for any liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and/or losses (including but not limited to any direct, indirect or consequential losses, loss of profit, loss of revenue, loss of reputation and all interest, penalties and legal costs and all other professional costs and expenses) incurred by the shareholder as a result of a Sanctioned Persons Event.

Data Protection — Cayman Islands

We have certain duties under the Data Protection Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands (the “DPA”) based on internationally accepted principles of data privacy. Shareholders must promptly provide the following privacy notice (or any updated version thereof as may be provided from time to time) to each individual (such as any individual directors, shareholders, beneficial owners, authorised signatories, trustees or others) whose personal data the shareholder provides to us or any of our affiliates or delegates.

Privacy Notice

Introduction

This privacy notice puts our shareholders on notice that through your investment in the company you will provide us with certain personal information which constitutes personal data within the meaning of the DPA (“personal data”). In the following discussion, the “company” refers to us and our affiliates and/or delegates, except where the context requires otherwise.

Investor Data

We will collect, use, disclose, retain and secure personal data to the extent reasonably required only and within the parameters that could be reasonably expected during the normal course of business. We will only process, disclose, transfer or retain personal data to the extent legitimately required to conduct our activities on an ongoing basis or to comply with legal and regulatory obligations to which we are subject. We will only transfer personal data in accordance with the requirements of the DPA, and will apply appropriate technical and organizational information security measures designed to protect against unauthorized or unlawful processing of the personal data and against the accidental loss, destruction or damage to the personal data.

In our use of this personal data, we will be characterized as a “data controller” for the purposes of the DPA, while our affiliates and service providers who may receive this personal data from us in the conduct of our activities may either act as our “data processors” for the purposes of the DPA or may process personal information for their own lawful purposes in connection with services provided to us.

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We may also obtain personal data from other public sources. Personal data includes, without limitation, the following information relating to a shareholder and/or any individuals connected with a shareholder as an investor: name, residential address, email address, contact details, corporate contact information, signature, nationality, place of birth, date of birth, tax identification, credit history, correspondence records, passport number, bank account details, source of funds details and details relating to the shareholder’s investment activity.

Whom This Affects

If you are a natural person, this will affect you directly. If you are a corporate investor (including, for these purposes, legal arrangements such as trusts or exempted limited partnerships) that provides us with personal data on individuals connected to you for any reason in relation your investment in the company, this will be relevant for those individuals and you should transmit the content of this Privacy Notice to such individuals or otherwise advise them of its content.

How the Company May Use a Shareholder’s Personal Data

The company, as the data controller, may collect, store and use personal data for lawful purposes, including, in particular:

a) where this is necessary for the performance of our rights and obligations under any purchase agreements;

b) where this is necessary for compliance with a legal and regulatory obligation to which we are subject (such as compliance with anti-money laundering and FATCA/CRS requirements); and/or

c) where this is necessary for the purposes of our legitimate interests and such interests are not overridden by your interests, fundamental rights or freedoms.

Should we wish to use personal data for other specific purposes (including, if applicable, any purpose that requires your consent), we will contact you.

Why We May Transfer Your Personal Data

In certain circumstances we may be legally obliged to share personal data and other information with respect to your shareholding with the relevant regulatory authorities such as the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority or the Tax Information Authority. They, in turn, may exchange this information with foreign authorities, including tax authorities.

We anticipate disclosing personal data to persons who provide services to us and their respective affiliates (which may include certain entities located outside the United States, the Cayman Islands or the European Economic Area), who will process your personal data on our behalf.

The Data Protection Measures We Take

Any transfer of personal data by us or our duly authorized affiliates and/or delegates outside of the Cayman Islands shall be in accordance with the requirements of the DPA, which may include having appropriate contractual undertakings in legal agreements with service providers who process personal data on our behalf.

We and our duly authorized affiliates and/or delegates shall apply appropriate technical and organizational information security measures designed to protect against unauthorized or unlawful processing of personal data, and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data.

We shall notify you of any personal data breach that is reasonably likely to result in a risk to your interests, fundamental rights or freedoms or those data subjects to whom the relevant personal data relates.

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Retention of the Personal Data We Collect

We retain the personal data we collect for no longer than is reasonably necessary to fulfill the purposes for which we collect the personal data and to comply with our legal obligations. We expect to delete your personal data (at the latest) once there is no longer any legal or regulatory requirement or legitimate business purpose for retaining your personal data.

Your Choices and Rights

Under the DPA you have certain rights regarding your personal data that we have collected. You may have the right to request (i) access to your personal data, (ii) rectification or erasure of personal data, (iii) restriction of processing concerning you, and (iv) objection to processing that is based upon our legitimate interests. Your ability to exercise these rights will depend on a number of factors and, in some instances, we will not be able to comply with your request, for example because we have legitimate grounds for not doing so or where the right doesn’t apply to the particular information we hold on you. If you would like to discuss or exercise the rights you may have, you can contact us through the methods stated below.

How to Contact Us

If you would like to contact us regarding this Notice, please send us an email to [ ]. In each case, to ensure your query is dealt with as swiftly as possible, please include as the subject or heading line “Privacy Notice.”

Complaints

We are committed to working with you to obtain a fair resolution of any complaint or concern about your privacy. If you would like to contact us, please use the methods stated above.

If, however, you believe that we have not been able to assist with your complaint or concern, you may have the right to complain to the Cayman Islands Ombudsman or the relevant data protection authority in your jurisdiction.

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COMPARISON OF RIGHTS OF TNL MEDIAGENE SHAREHOLDERS AND BLUE OCEAN SHAREHOLDERS

General

Blue Ocean is incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company and the rights of Blue Ocean shareholders are governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands, including the Cayman Companies Law, and by the Blue Ocean Articles. TNL Mediagene is incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company and the rights of TNL Mediagene shareholders will be governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands, including the Cayman Companies Law, and by the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles. Following the Merger, the rights of Blue Ocean shareholders who become TNL Mediagene shareholders will continue to be governed by Cayman Islands law but will no longer be governed by the Blue Ocean Articles and instead will be governed by the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles.

Comparison of Shareholders’ Rights

Blue Ocean |  | TNL Mediagene
Authorized Share Capital
The authorized share capital of Blue Ocean is US$22,100 divided into 200,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of a par value of US$0.0001 each, 20,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of a par value of US$0.0001 each and 1,000,000 preference shares of a par value of US$0.0001 each. Blue Ocean’s board of directors is authorized to issue preference shares in one or more series without shareholder approval. |  | The authorized share capital of TNL Mediagene as of the effective time of the Merger will be US$50,000 divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each. As of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, no preference shares are outstanding. The board of directors is authorized to issue preference shares in one or more series without shareholder approval. The board of directors has the discretion to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences of its authorized but unissued shares.
Number of Directors
Blue Ocean shareholders may by ordinary resolution (simple majority standard) fix the maximum and minimum number of directors to be appointed but unless such numbers are fixed, the minimum number of directors is one. |  | TNL Mediagene shareholders may by ordinary resolution (simple majority standard) fix the maximum and minimum number of directors to be appointed but unless such numbers are fixed, the minimum number of directors is one and the maximum number of directors is unlimited.

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Blue Ocean |  | TNL Mediagene
Classified Board of Directors
Blue Ocean’s directors shall be divided into three classes: Class I, Class II and Class III. The number of directors in each class shall be as nearly equal as possible. The Class I directors shall stand appointed for a term expiring at Blue Ocean’s first annual general meeting, the Class II directors shall stand appointed for a term expiring at Blue Ocean’s second annual general meeting and the Class III directors shall stand appointed for a term expiring at Blue Ocean’s third annual general meeting. Commencing at Blue Ocean’s first annual general meeting, and at each annual general meeting thereafter, directors appointed to succeed those directors whose terms expire shall be appointed for a term of office to expire at the third succeeding annual general meeting after their appointment. In the interim between annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings called for the appointment of directors and/or the removal of one or more directors and the filling of any vacancy in that connection, additional directors and any vacancies in the board of directors, including unfilled vacancies resulting from the removal of directors for cause, may be filled by the vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office or by the sole remaining director. All directors shall hold office until the expiration of their respective terms of office and until their successors shall have been appointed and qualified. Blue Ocean’s board of directors is responsible for assigning directors to each class. |  | No such provision is in the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles.
Nomination Rights
Shareholders do not have any nomination rights. Prior to the closing of the initial business combination, only holders of Blue Ocean Class B Shares will have the right to vote on the appointment of directors. |  | TNL Mediagene shareholders may by ordinary resolution (simple majority standard) appoint any person to be a director.
Alternate Directors
A director may be represented at any meetings of Blue Ocean’s board of directors by a proxy appointed in writing by that director. The proxy shall count toward the quorum and the vote of the proxy shall for all purposes be deemed to be that of the appointing director. |  | Any director may in writing appoint another person to be such director’s alternate and, save to the extent provided otherwise in the form of appointment, such alternate shall have authority to sign written resolutions on behalf of the appointing director, but shall not be authorized to sign such written resolutions where they have been signed by the appointing director, and to act in such director’s place at any meeting of the directors. Every such alternate shall be entitled to attend and vote at meetings of the board of directors as the alternate of the director appointing them and where they are director to have a separate vote in addition to their own vote. A director may at any time in writing revoke the appointment of an alternate appointed by them.

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Blue Ocean |  | TNL Mediagene
Filling Vacancies on the Board of Directors
Blue Ocean’s directors may appoint any person to be a director to fill a vacancy or as an additional director provided that the appointment does not cause the number of directors to exceed any number fixed by or in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles as the maximum number of directors. Blue Ocean shareholders may appoint any person to be a director by ordinary resolution (simple majority standard) provided that, prior to the closing of the initial business combination, only holders of Blue Ocean Class B Shares will have the right to vote on the appointment of directors. |  | The directors may appoint any person to be a director to fill a vacancy provided that the appointment does not cause the number of directors to exceed any number fixed by or in accordance with the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles as the maximum number of directors. TNL Mediagene shareholders may appoint any person to be a director by ordinary resolution (simple majority standard).
Removal of Directors by Shareholders
Blue Ocean shareholders may remove any director, with or without cause, by ordinary resolution (simple majority standard) provided that, prior to the closing of the initial business combination, only holders of Blue Ocean Class B Shares will have the right to vote on the removal of directors. |  | Directors may be removed by an ordinary resolution (simple majority standard) of the shareholders or by all of the remaining directors (not being less than two in number).
Shareholder Meeting Quorum
The quorum required for a general meeting of Blue Ocean shareholders consists of shareholders of one-third of the shares being present in person or by proxy or if a corporation or other non-natural person by its duly authorized representative or proxy. If Blue Ocean’s board of directors proposes to materially and adversely vary the rights of a specific class of shares, the necessary quorum for such class meeting shall be a least one person holding or representing by proxy at least one-third of the issued shares of the class. |  | The quorum required for a general meeting of TNL Mediagene shareholders consists of one or more shareholders holding at least a majority of the shares entitled to vote, present in person or by proxy or if a corporation or other non-natural person by its duly authorized representative or proxy. If the board of directors proposes to materially and adversely vary the rights of a specific class of shares, the necessary quorum for such class meeting shall be one or more shareholders holding or representing by proxy at least one-third of the issued shares of the class.
Calling a Special Meeting of Shareholders
All general meetings other than annual general meetings shall be called extraordinary general meetings. Blue Ocean’s directors, chief executive officer or the chairperson of the board of directors may call general meetings. Shareholders do not have the ability to call general meetings. |  | General meetings may be convened on the requisition in writing of any shareholder or shareholders holding at least 33% of the paid-up voting share capital.

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Blue Ocean |  | TNL Mediagene
Advance Notice of Shareholder Proposal or Nomination
Blue Ocean shareholders seeking to bring business before the annual general meeting or to nominate candidates for appointment as directors at the annual general meeting must deliver notice to Blue Ocean’s principal executive offices not less than 120 calendar days before the date of Blue Ocean’s proxy statement released to shareholders in connection with the previous year’s annual general meeting or, if Blue Ocean did not hold an annual general meeting the previous year, or if the date of the current year’s annual general meeting has been changed by more than 30 days from the date of the previous year’s annual general meeting, then the deadline shall be set by Blue Ocean’s board of directors with such deadline being a reasonable time before Blue Ocean begins to print and send its related proxy materials. |  | No advance notice provisions to bring business or nominate directors under the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles.
Advance Notice of Meetings
A director, or other officer at the direction of the director, may call a meeting of Blue Ocean’s board of directors by providing at least two days’ notice in writing to every director. At least five clear days’ notice must be given of any general meeting of Blue Ocean shareholders. The accidental omission to give notice of a general meeting to, or the non-receipt of notice of a general meeting by, any person entitled to receive such notice shall not invalidate the proceedings of that general meeting. |  | No notice of meetings of the directors is required. At least seven clear days’ notice must be given of any general meeting of TNL Mediagene shareholders.
Restrictions on Outside Compensation of Directors
No restrictions on outside compensation of directors. |  | No restrictions on outside remuneration of directors.
Shareholder Action by Written Consent
Unanimous written consent required to pass a resolution without a meeting. |  | Unanimous written consent required to pass a resolution without a meeting.

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Blue Ocean |  | TNL Mediagene
Voting Requirements for Amendments to Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association
Special resolution (at least two-thirds of shareholders who vote at a general meeting where there is a quorum or a unanimous written resolution) is required to: (a) change Blue Ocean’s name; (b) alter or add to the Blue Ocean Articles or alter or add to the amended and restated memorandum of association of Blue Ocean with respect to any objects, powers or other matters specified therein; (c) reduce Blue Ocean’s share capital or any capital redemption reserve fund. Prior to the consummation of a business combination, provisions in the Blue Ocean Articles relating to the appointment and removal of directors may only be amended by a special resolution passed by not less than 90% of such shareholders of Blue Ocean (who attend and vote by proxy or at the general meeting of Blue Ocean) or by way of unanimous written resolution. Blue Ocean Public Shareholders will have the right to redeem their Public Shares for a pro rata portion of the funds held in the Trust Account if any amendment is made to the Blue Ocean Articles that would modify the substance or timing of Blue Ocean’s obligation to provide holders of Blue Ocean Class A Shares the right to have their shares redeemed in connection with an initial business combination or to redeem 100% of the Public Shares if Blue Ocean does not complete its initial business combination within the prescribed timeframe or any amendment is made with respect to any other provision of the Blue Ocean Articles relating to the rights of holders of Blue Ocean Class A Shares. |  | Special resolution (66⅔% of shareholders who vote at a general meeting where there is a quorum or a unanimous written resolution) required to amend the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles. If the board of directors proposes to materially and adversely vary the rights of a specific class of shares, such variation requires the consent in writing of the holders of not less than two-thirds of the issued shares of that class or the approval of a resolution passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the votes cast at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. Holders of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares do not have any redemption rights with respect to amendments to the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles.
Indemnification of Directors and Officers
The Blue Ocean Articles provide for indemnification of the officers and directors of Blue Ocean and former officers and former directors of Blue Ocean for any liability, action, proceeding, claim, demand, costs, damages or expenses incurred in carrying out their functions, other than such liability that they may incur by reason of their own actual fraud, willful neglect or willful default. |  | Every director, alternate director, secretary, assistant secretary, officer, and their personal representatives is indemnified other than in cases of dishonesty, willful default or fraud, including costs and expenses of defense.
Approval of Certain Transactions
Blue Ocean has the power to merge or consolidate with one or more other constituent companies upon such terms as the board of directors of Blue Ocean may determine and with the approval of a special resolution (at least two-thirds of shareholders who vote at a general meeting where there is a quorum or a unanimous written resolution). |  | Any merger or consolidation of TNL Mediagene with one (1) or more constituent companies shall require the approval of a special resolution (66⅔% of shareholders who vote at a general meeting where there is a quorum).

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Blue Ocean |  | TNL Mediagene
Forum Selection Provision
There is no provision requiring disputes brought on behalf of Blue Ocean or against Blue Ocean to be brought in a particular forum. |  | Cayman Islands is set as the forum for any dispute arising out of or in connection with the Articles, including derivative actions.
Waiver of Corporate Opportunity
Except to the extent expressly assumed by contract, to the fullest extent permitted by law, Blue Ocean’s directors and officers have no duty to provide business opportunities to Blue Ocean. |  | No such waiver.

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BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus by:

• each person known by Blue Ocean to be the beneficial owner of 5% or more of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares;

• each of Blue Ocean’s current officers and directors; and

• all of Blue Ocean’s current officers and directors, as a group.

Beneficial ownership for the purposes of the following table is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. A person is a “beneficial owner” of a security if that person has or shares “voting power,” which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting of the security, or “investment power,” which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of the security or has the right to acquire such powers within 60 days. Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares (of the applicable type) beneficially owned by them.

The percentage of beneficial ownership of Blue Ocean in the table below is calculated based on 6,585,700 Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares outstanding as of the date of this proxy statement/prospectus, consisting of (i) 6,585,699 Blue Ocean Class A Shares and (ii) one Blue Ocean Class B Share, issued and outstanding after the Blue Ocean IPO, the Blue Ocean Extension, the redemption of 4,315,265 Blue Ocean Class A Shares in connection with the Second Blue Ocean Extension, and the Conversion.

|  | Blue Ocean Class A Shares |  | Blue Ocean Class B Shares |  |
Name and Address Beneficial Owner(1) |  | Number of Class A Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned |  | Percentage of Outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares |  | Number of Class B Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned |  | Percentage of Outstanding Class B Ordinary Shares |  | Approximate Percentage of Outstanding Ordinary Shares
Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC(2) |  | 4,353,749 |  | 66.1 | % |  | 1 |  | 100.0 | % |  | 66.1 | %
Marcus Brauchli(2) |  | 4,353,749 |  | 66.1 | % |  | 1 |  | 100.0 | % |  | 66.1 | %
Richard Leggett(2) |  | 4,353,749 |  | 66.1 | % |  | 1 |  | 100.0 | % |  | 66.1 | %
Norman Pearlstine |  | 25,000 |  | * |  |  | — |  | * |  |  | — |
Joel Motley |  | 30,000 |  | * |  |  | — |  | * |  |  | * |
Matt Goldberg |  | 30,000 |  | * |  |  | — |  | * |  |  | * |
Priscilla Han |  | 30,000 |  | * |  |  | — |  | * |  |  | * |
All executive officers and directors as a group (six individuals) |  | 4,468,749 |  | 66.1 | % |  | 1 |  | 100.0 | % |  | 67.9 | %
Other 5% Shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Glazer Capital LLC(3) |  | 372,270 |  | 5.7 | % |  | — |  | — |  |  | 5.7 | %

____________

* Less than one percent.

(1) Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each of our shareholders is 2 Wisconsin Circle, 7th Floor Chevy Chase, MD 20815.

(2) Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC is the record holder of the shares reported herein. Each of Marcus Brauchli and Richard Leggett is a manager of Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC. As such, each of Marcus Brauchli and Richard Leggett may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of the Blue Ocean Class B Shares held directly by Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC. Each of Marcus Brauchli and Richard Leggett disclaims beneficial ownership over any securities owned by Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC in which he does not have any pecuniary interest.

(3) According to a Schedule 13G/A filed on June 10, 2024, Glazer Capital, LLC (“Glazer Capital”) and Mr. Paul Glazer beneficially own and share voting and dispositive powers over the reported shares. Certain funds and managed accounts (the “Glazer Funds”) to which Glazer Capital serves as investment manager holds the reported shares. Mr. Glazer serves as the managing member of Glazer Capital with respect to the shares held by the Glazer Funds. The business address of each such reporting person is 250 West 55th Street, Suite 30A, New York, New York, 10019.

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The table above does not include the ordinary shares underlying the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants held or to be held by the Sponsor because these securities are not exercisable within 60 days of the record date for the extraordinary general meeting.

The percentage of beneficial ownership of TNL Mediagene in the table below is calculated based on 218,816,761 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene and 10,776,867 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene underlying the stock options granted, each outstanding as of June 30, 2024.

Name of Beneficial Owner |  | Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership |  | Percentage of Outstanding Shares
5% of Greater Shareholders: |  |  |  |  |
Joey (Tzu-Wei) Chung |  | 30,970,385 |  | 13.5 | %
Motoko Imada |  | 17,204,815 |  | 7.5 | %
Mario (Shih-Fan) Yang |  | 16,500,000 |  | 7.2 | %
Yen-Ting Chuang |  | 13,903,016 |  | 6.1 | %
NBM Taiwan Ltd.(1) |  | 13,494,133 |  | 5.9 | %
Directors and Executive Officers: |  |  |  |  |
Joey (Tzu-Wei) Chung |  | 30,970,385 |  | 13.5 | %
Motoko Imada |  | 17,204,815 |  | 7.5 | %
Mario (Shih-Fan) Yang |  | 16,500,000 |  | 7.2 | %
Marcus Brauchli(1) |  | 13,494,133 |  | 5.9 | %
​Hiroyuki Terao |  | 743,964 |  | 0.3 | %

____________

(1) NBM Taiwan Ltd. is the record holder of the shares reported herein. NBM Taiwan Ltd. is managed by North Base Media, one of its minority equity holders. Marcus Brauchli is a director of TNL Mediagene and a founder and managing partner of North Base Media. As such, Marcus Brauchli may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of the ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene held by NBM Taiwan Ltd. Marcus Brauchli disclaims beneficial ownership over any securities owned by NBM Taiwan Ltd. in which he does not have any pecuniary interest.

The following table sets forth information regarding the expected beneficial ownership of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares immediately following the consummation of the Merger by:

• each person known by TNL Mediagene who will be the beneficial owner of 5% or more of the outstanding TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares immediately following the consummation of the Merger;

• each person who will become an executive officer or a director of TNL Mediagene upon consummation of the Merger; and

• all of the executive officers and directors of TNL Mediagene as a group, upon consummation of the Merger.

Except as otherwise noted herein, the number and percentage of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares beneficially owned is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act, and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under such rule, beneficial ownership includes any TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share as to which the holder has sole or shared voting power or investment power and also any TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares which the holder has the right to acquire within 60 days of through the exercise of any option, warrant or any other right.

The expected beneficial ownership percentages set forth in the table below are based on the total number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding, immediately following the consummation of the Merger, ranging from 27,480,582 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (assuming maximum redemptions of Public Shares) to 29,748,621 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (assuming no redemption of Public Shares), which have been determined based on the following assumptions: (i) immediately prior to the Effective Time, 218,816,761 ordinary shares of TNL Mediagene issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be automatically converted into 24,617,697 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares by the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707, (ii) 58,193 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are issued to the holders of the DaEX Conversion Rights, (iii) 172,808 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are issued to the holders of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Convertible Notes, (iv) 96,993 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares are issued to the holder of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note (v) the Earn-Out Shares, representing an aggregate of at minimum 2,534,891 TNL Mediagene

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Ordinary Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 2,960,980 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares) issuable in the next 24 months as part of the agreed merger consideration, are fully issued immediately following the consummation of the Merger without any further adjustments.

The expected beneficial ownership percentages set forth in the table below do not take into account: (i) the exercise of the stock options granted under the 2015 Plan that will be outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, which are expected to be represent an aggregate of 729,933 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, (ii) the exchange of the restricted shares granted to certain employees to an aggregate of 4,688 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, (iii) the exercise of the Public Warrants assumed by TNL Mediagene to purchase 9,487,500 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares and (iv) the exercise of the Blue Ocean Private Placement Warrants assumed by TNL Mediagene to purchase at minimum 6,179,716 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares (or in the case of no redemptions scenario, 6,894,829 TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares, without any further adjustments, that will remain outstanding immediately following the Merger.

If the actual facts are different from these assumptions, the percentage ownership retained by the shareholders in the combined company will be different.

|  | Assuming No Redemptions of Public Shares |  | Assuming Maximum Redemption of Public Shares
Name and Address Beneficial Owner |  | Number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned(1) |  | Number of Earn-Out Shares Beneficially Owned |  | Total Shares Outstanding at Closing and Deferred Shares |  | Percentage of Outstanding and Deferred Shares |  | Number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned(1) |  | Number of Earn-Out Shares Beneficially Owned |  | Total Shares Outstanding at Closing and Deferred Shares |  | Percentage of Outstanding and Deferred Shares
Directors and Officers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Joey (Tzu-Wei) Chung |  | 3,482,375 |  | — |  | 3,482,375 |  | 11.7 | % |  | 3,482,375 |  | — |  | 3,482,375 |  | 12.7 | %
Marcus Brauchli(2)(3) |  | 1,517,309 |  | 2,620,980 |  | 4,138,289 |  | 13.9 | % |  | 1,517,309 |  | 2,194,891 |  | 3,712,200 |  | 13.5 | %
Motoko Imada |  | 1,934,546 |  | — |  | 1,934,546 |  | 6.5 | % |  | 1,934,546 |  | — |  | 1,934,546 |  | 7.0 | %
Jim Wu |  | 56,866 |  | — |  | 56,866 |  | 0.2 | % |  | 56,866 |  | — |  | 56,866 |  | 0.2 | %
Lauren Zalaznick |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.0 | % |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.0 | %
Takako Masai (Nishida) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.0 | % |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.0 | %
Priscilla Han |  | — |  | 30,000 |  | 30,000 |  | 0.1 | % |  | — |  | 30,000 |  | 30,000 |  | 0.1 | %
Richard Lee |  | 158,471 |  | — |  | 158,471 |  | 0.5 | % |  | 158,471 |  | — |  | 158,471 |  | 0.6 | %
Mario (Shih-Fan) Yang |  | 1,855,295 |  | — |  | 1,855,295 |  | 6.2 | % |  | 1,855,295 |  | — |  | 1,855,295 |  | 6.8 | %
Hiroto Kobayashi |  | 1,259,004 |  | — |  | 1,259,004 |  | 4.2 | % |  | 1,259,004 |  | — |  | 1,259,004 |  | 4.6 | %
Hiroyuki Terao |  | 83,653 |  | — |  | 83,653 |  | 0.3 | % |  | 83,653 |  | — |  | 83,653 |  | 0.3 | %
All executive officers and directors as a group (11 individuals): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | 10,347,519 |  | 2,650,980 |  | 12,998,499 |  | 43.7 | % |  | 10,347,519 |  | 2,224,891 |  | 12,572,410 |  | 45.8 | %
Other 5% Shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Yen-Ting Chuang |  | 1,563,284 |  | — |  | 1,563,284 |  | 5.3 | % |  | 1,563,284 |  | — |  | 1,563,284 |  | 5.7 | %
NBM Taiwan Ltd.(2) |  | 1,517,309 |  | — |  | 1,517,309 |  | 5.1 | % |  | 1,517,309 |  | — |  | 1,517,309 |  | 5.5 | %
Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC(3) |  | — |  | 2,620,980 |  | 2,620,980 |  | 8.8 | % |  | — |  | 2,194,891 |  | 2,194,891 |  | 8.0 | %

____________

(1) Share figures under “Number of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned” are calculated as of immediately before the Effective Time taking into account the effect of the Split Factor, which is 0.112503707.

(2) NBM Taiwan Ltd. is the record holder of the shares reported herein. NBM Taiwan Ltd. is managed by North Base Media, one of its minority equity holders. Marcus Brauchli is a director of TNL Mediagene and a founder and managing partner of North Base Media. As such, Marcus Brauchli may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be held by NBM Taiwan Ltd. Marcus Brauchli disclaims beneficial ownership over any securities owned by NBM Taiwan Ltd. in which he does not have any pecuniary interest.

(3) Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC is the record holder of the shares reported herein. Marcus Brauchli is a manager of Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC and a director of TNL Mediagene. As such, Marcus Brauchli may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares to be held directly by Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC. Marcus Brauchli disclaims beneficial ownership over any securities owned by Blue Ocean Sponsor LLC in which he does not have any pecuniary interest.

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FUTURE SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS AND NOMINATIONS

If the Merger is completed, TNL Mediagene shareholders will be entitled to attend and participate in TNL Mediagene’s annual general meetings of shareholders. TNL Mediagene will provide notice of the date on which its annual general meeting will be held in accordance with the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles and the Cayman Companies Law.

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APPRAISAL RIGHTS UNDER THE CAYMAN COMPANIES LAW

Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares may have appraisal rights in connection with the Merger under the Cayman Companies Law. In this proxy statement/prospectus, these appraisal or dissent rights are sometimes referred to as “Dissent Rights.”

Holders of record of Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares wishing to exercise such statutory dissenter rights and make a demand for payment of the fair value for his, her or its Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares must give written objection to the Merger to Blue Ocean prior to the shareholder vote to approve the Merger and follow the procedures set out in Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law. These statutory appraisal rights are separate from and mutually exclusive of the right of Blue Ocean Public Shareholders to demand that their Public Shares be redeemed for cash for a pro rata share of the funds on deposit in the Trust Account in accordance with the Blue Ocean Articles. It is possible that if a Blue Ocean shareholder exercises appraisal rights, the fair value of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares determined under Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law could be more than, the same as, or less than such holder would obtain if he, she, or it exercised his, her or its redemption rights as described herein. Blue Ocean believes that such fair value would equal the amount that Blue Ocean shareholders would obtain if they exercised their redemption rights as described herein.

Blue Ocean shareholders need not vote against any of the proposals at the extraordinary general meeting in order to exercise appraisal rights under the Cayman Companies Law. A Blue Ocean shareholder which elects to exercise appraisal rights must do so in respect of all of the Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares that person holds and that person will lose their right to exercise their redemption rights as described herein.

At the Effective Time, the Dissenting Blue Ocean Shares will automatically be cancelled by virtue of the Merger, and each Dissenting Blue Ocean Shareholder will thereafter cease to have any rights with respect to such shares, except the right to be paid the fair value of such shares and such other rights as are granted by the Cayman Companies Law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any such holder shall have failed to perfect or prosecute or shall have otherwise waived, effectively withdrawn or lost his, her or its rights under Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law (including in the circumstances described in the immediately following paragraph) or a court of competent jurisdiction shall determine that such holder is not entitled to the relief provided by Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law, then the right of such holder to be paid the fair value of such holder’s Dissenting Blue Ocean Shares under Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law will cease, the shares will no longer be considered Dissenting Blue Ocean Shares and such holder’s former Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares will thereupon be deemed to have been converted as of the Effective Time into the right to receive the merger consideration comprising one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share for each Blue Ocean Ordinary Share, without any interest thereon. As a result, such Blue Ocean shareholder would not receive any cash for their Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and would become a shareholder of TNL Mediagene.

In the event that any Blue Ocean shareholder delivers notice of their intention to exercise Dissent Rights, Blue Ocean, TNL Mediagene and Merger Sub may, in their sole discretion, elect to delay the consummation of the Merger in order to invoke the limitation on dissenter rights under Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law. Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law states that no such dissenter rights shall be available in respect of shares of any class for which an open market exists on a recognized stock exchange or recognized interdealer quotation system at the expiry date of the period allowed for written notice of an election to dissent, provided that the merger consideration constitutes inter alia shares of any company which, at the effective date of the merger, are listed on a national securities exchange. In circumstances where the limitation under Section 239 of the Cayman Companies Law is invoked, no Dissent Rights would be available to Blue Ocean shareholders, including those Blue Ocean shareholders who previously delivered a written objection to the Merger prior to the extraordinary general meeting and followed the procedures set out in Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law in full up to such date, and such holder’s former Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares will thereupon be deemed to have been converted as of the Effective Time into the right to receive the merger consideration comprising one TNL Mediagene Ordinary Share for each Blue Ocean Ordinary Share, without any interest thereon. Accordingly, Blue Ocean shareholders are not expected to ultimately have any appraisal or dissent rights in respect of their Blue Ocean Ordinary Shares and the certainty provided by the redemption process may be preferable for Blue Ocean Public Shareholders wishing to exchange their Public Shares for cash.

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SHAREHOLDER COMMUNICATIONS

Shareholders and interested parties may communicate with Blue Ocean’s board of directors, any committee chairperson or the non-management directors as a group by writing to the board or committee chairperson in care of Blue Ocean, 2 Wisconsin Circle, 7th Floor, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, or (240) 235-5049. Following the Merger, such communications should be sent in care of TNL Mediagene, 23-2 Maruyamacho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0044, Japan or 4F. or +81-(0)3-5784-6742, or No. 88, Yanchang Rd., Xinyi District, Taipei City 110, Taiwan or +866-2-6638-5108. Each communication will be forwarded, depending on the subject matter, to the board of directors, the appropriate committee chairperson or all non-management directors.

LEGAL MATTERS

The legality of the TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares offered by this proxy statement/prospectus and certain other Cayman Islands legal matters will be passed upon for TNL Mediagene by Walkers. Certain legal matters relating to U.S. law will be passed upon for TNL Mediagene by Morrison & Foerster LLP. Certain legal matters relating to U.S. law will be passed upon for Blue Ocean by Sidley Austin LLP. Certain Cayman Islands matters will be passed upon for Blue Ocean by Maples and Calder (Cayman) LLP.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of TNL Mediagene as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023 included in this proxy statement/prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report (which contains an explanatory paragraph relating to TNL Mediagene’s ability to continue as a going concern as described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements) of PricewaterhouseCoopers Taiwan, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

The consolidated financial statements of Mediagene Inc. as of February 28, 2022 and 2023, and for the years then ended, have been included herein and in this proxy statement/prospectus in reliance upon the report of Mazars Audit LLC, independent accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

The financial statements of Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the years then ended, included in this proxy statements/prospectus, have been audited by Marcum LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon (which contains an explanatory paragraph relating to substantial doubt about the ability of Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp to continue as a going concern as described in Note 1 to the financial statements), appearing elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus, and are included in reliance on the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in auditing and accounting.

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CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Resignation of Grant Thornton and Engagement of PricewaterhouseCoopers, Taiwan

On September 1, 2023, TNL Mediagene received a letter of resignation from Grant Thornton as its new independent registered public accounting firm, which was engaged on July 19, 2023 to perform the audit of TNL Mediagene’s predecessor’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the subsequent interim period through September 1, 2023, there were no disagreements with Grant Thornton on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements, if not resolved to the satisfaction of Grant Thornton, would have caused them to make reference thereto in their reports on the financial statements for such years.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the subsequent interim period through September 1, 2023, there were no “reportable events,” as defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F.

Grant Thornton did not provide an audit opinion on TNL Mediagene’s predecessor’s financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 by the time of its resignation.

TNL Mediagene provided Grant Thornton with a copy of the above disclosures and requested that Grant Thornton furnish us with a letter addressed to the SEC stating whether or not it agrees with the statements made above.

On December 10, 2023, TNL Mediagene engaged PricewaterhouseCoopers Taiwan as its new independent registered public accounting firm for the audit of TNL Mediagene’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the subsequent interim period through December 10, 2023, TNL Mediagene did not consult with PricewaterhouseCoopers Taiwan regarding any of the matters described in Item 16F(a)(2)(i) or Item 16F(a)(2)(ii) of Form 20-F.

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DELIVERY OF DOCUMENTS TO SHAREHOLDERS

Pursuant to the rules of the SEC, Blue Ocean and service providers that it employs to deliver communications to its shareholders are permitted to deliver to two or more shareholders sharing the same address a single copy of Blue Ocean’s proxy statement. Upon written or oral request, Blue Ocean will deliver a separate copy of the proxy statement to any shareholder at a shared address to which a single copy of such document was delivered and who wishes to receive separate copies of such document. Shareholders receiving multiple copies of such document may likewise request that Blue Ocean delivers single copies of such document in the future. Shareholders may notify Blue Ocean of their requests by writing or calling Blue Ocean at its principal executive offices at 2 Wisconsin Circle, 7th Floor, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, or (240) 235-5049.

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ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITY

TNL Mediagene is incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Service of process upon TNL Mediagene and upon its directors and officers named in this proxy statement/prospectus may be difficult to obtain within the United States. Furthermore, because substantially all of TNL Mediagene’s assets are located outside the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States against TNL Mediagene may not be collectible within the United States.

Substantially all of our assets are located in Japan and Taiwan. In addition, the majority of our directors and officers are nationals or residents of Japan and Taiwan. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

TNL Mediagene has irrevocably appointed Cogency Global Inc. as its agent to receive service of process in any action against TNL Mediagene in any U.S. federal or state court arising out of the Transactions. The address of TNL Mediagene’s agent is 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168.

TNL Mediagene has been advised by its Cayman Islands legal counsel that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state; and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. Although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, and or be of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands.

TNL Mediagene has also been advised by its Japanese legal counsel that there is doubt as to the enforceability in Japan, in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. federal or state courts brought before Japanese courts, as to the enforceability of liabilities based solely on U.S. federal and state securities laws.

TNL Mediagene has also been advised by its Taiwan legal counsel that any United States judgments obtained against TNL Mediagene will be enforced by courts in Taiwan without further review of the merits only if the court of Taiwan in which enforcement is sought is satisfied with the following: (i) the court rendering the judgment has jurisdiction over the subject matter according to the laws of Taiwan; (ii) if the judgment was rendered by default by the court rendering the judgment, (a) TNL Mediagene was duly served within a reasonable period of time within the jurisdiction of such court in accordance with the laws and regulations of such jurisdiction, or (b) process was served on TNL Mediagene with judicial assistance of Taiwan; (iii) the judgment and the court procedures resulting in the judgment are not contrary to the public order or good morals of Taiwan; and (iv) judgments of the courts of Taiwan are recognized in the jurisdiction of the court rendering the judgment on a reciprocal basis.

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TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR

The transfer agent for TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares will be [ ].

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WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

TNL Mediagene has filed a registration statement on Form F-4 to register the issuance of securities described elsewhere in this proxy statement/prospectus. This proxy statement/prospectus is a part of that registration statement.

Blue Ocean files reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC as required by the Exchange Act. You may access information on Blue Ocean at the SEC website containing reports, proxy statements and other information at: http://www.sec.gov.

Information and statements contained in this proxy statement/prospectus or any annex to this proxy statement/prospectus are qualified in all respects by reference to the copy of the relevant contract or other annex filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this proxy statement/prospectus forms a part.

If you would like additional copies of this proxy statement/prospectus or if you have questions about the Merger, you should contact via phone or in writing:

Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp
2 Wisconsin Circle, 7th Floor,
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
Telephone: (240)-235-5049

To obtain timely delivery of the documents, you must request them no later than five business days before the date of the extraordinary general meeting, or no later than , 2024.

All information contained in this proxy statement/prospectus relating to TNL Mediagene has been supplied by TNL Mediagene, and all such information relating to Blue Ocean has been supplied by Blue Ocean. Information provided by one another does not constitute any representation, estimate or projection of the other.

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INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Page
TNL MEDIAGENE
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements |  |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  | F-2
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 |  | F-3
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 |  | F-5
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 |  | F-6
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 |  | F-7
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |  | F-9
Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  |
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 |  | F-74
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 |  | F-76
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 |  | F-77
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 |  | F-78
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  | F-80
MEDIAGENE INC.
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements |  |
Independent Auditor’s Report |  | F-129
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of February 28, 2023 and 2022 |  | F-131
Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss and Comprehensive Income for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2023 and 2022 |  | F-132
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2023 and 2022 |  | F-134
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2023 and 2022 |  | F-135
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |  | F-136
BLUE OCEAN ACQUISITION CORP
Audited Financial Statements |  |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID #688) |  | F-193
Balance Sheets as Of December 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | F-194
Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | F-195
Statements of Changes In Shareholders’ Deficit for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | F-196
Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | F-197
Notes to Financial Statements |  | F-198
Unaudited Financial Statements |  |
Condensed Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2024 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2023 |  | F-216
Condensed Statements of Operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, and the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited) |  | F-217
Condensed Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Deficit for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited) |  | F-218
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited) |  | F-219
Notes to Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | F-220

F-1

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of TNL Mediagene

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of TNL Mediagene and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Substantial Doubt about the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred recurring losses from operations, negative working capital and net cash outflows from operating activities that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers, Taiwan
Taipei, Taiwan
Republic of China
June 12, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023.

F-2

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  | Notes |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 5 |  | $ | 3,734,316 |  | $ | 3,030,298
Current financial assets at amortized cost |  | 35 |  |  | 179,095 |  |  | 47,216
Current contract assets |  | 21 |  |  | 3,093,020 |  |  | 3,153,022
Notes receivable, net |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 132,403
Accounts receivable, net |  | 6 |  |  | 3,219,540 |  |  | 8,848,384
Other receivables |  |  |  |  | 32,073 |  |  | 348,514
Current income tax assets |  |  |  |  | 185,432 |  |  | 288,581
Inventories |  |  |  |  | 1,306 |  |  | 115,624
Prepayments |  |  |  |  | 589,568 |  |  | 866,205
Other current assets |  |  |  |  | 38,027 |  |  | 24,515
|  |  |  |  | 11,072,377 |  |  | 16,854,762
Non-current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 40,071
Non-current financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 116,703
Non-current financial assets at amortized cost |  | 35 |  |  | 113,969 |  |  | 289,808
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 7 |  |  | 77,467 |  |  | 537,014
Right-of-use assets |  | 8 |  |  | 704,246 |  |  | 6,140,815
Intangible assets |  | 9 |  |  | 14,169,015 |  |  | 94,147,756
Deferred tax assets |  | 28 |  |  | 60,285 |  |  | 647,048
Other non-current assets |  |  |  |  | 336,806 |  |  | 842,290
|  |  |  |  | 15,461,788 |  |  | 102,761,505
Total assets |  |  |  | $ | 26,534,165 |  | $ | 119,616,267
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | 11,33 |  | $ | 976,880 |  | $ | 5,250,233
Current financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | 12 |  |  | 32,798,524 |  |  | 60,664
Current financial liabilities at amortized cost |  | 13 |  |  | 1,953,761 |  |  | 771,410
Current contract liabilities |  | 21 |  |  | 680,723 |  |  | 988,753
Accounts payable |  |  |  |  | 2,048,688 |  |  | 4,933,412
Accounts payable – related parties |  | 34 |  |  | 10,990 |  |  | 3,730
Income tax payable |  | 28 |  |  | 10,799 |  |  | —
Other payables |  | 14 |  |  | 3,007,723 |  |  | 6,905,026
Other payables – related parties |  | 34 |  |  | 1,071,435 |  |  | 589,237
Long-term borrowings, current portion |  | 15,33 |  |  | 2,148,476 |  |  | 2,370,305
Long-term bonds payable, current portion |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 313,189
Current lease liabilities |  | 33 |  |  | 371,335 |  |  | 948,466
Other current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 794,884 |  |  | 1,763,663
|  |  |  |  | 45,874,218 |  |  | 24,898,088

F-3

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Financial Position — (Continued) (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  | Notes |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | 12 |  |  | 54,800 |  |  |  | — |
Non-current financial liabilities at amortized cost |  | 13 |  |  | 673,722 |  |  |  | 1,856,073 |
Long-term borrowings |  | 15,33 |  |  | 2,876,523 |  |  |  | 3,122,376 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 28 |  |  | 852,504 |  |  |  | 10,942,844 |
Non-current lease liabilities |  | 33 |  |  | 338,982 |  |  |  | 5,012,323 |
Provisions |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 444,668 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 972,147 |
|  |  |  |  | 4,796,531 |  |  |  | 22,350,431 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  | 50,670,749 |  |  |  | 47,248,519 |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company Ordinary share |  | 18 |  |  | 8,329 |  |  |  | 21,882 |
Advance receipts for share capital |  |  |  |  | 361,897 |  |  |  | — |
Capital surplus |  | 19 |  |  | 6,487,913 |  |  |  | 105,605,811 |
Accumulated deficit |  | 20 |  |  | (31,398,349 | ) |  |  | (32,203,326 | )
Other equity interest |  |  |  |  | (762,728 | ) |  |  | (803,913 | )
Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company |  |  |  |  | (25,302,938 | ) |  |  | 72,620,454 |
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | 1,166,354 |  |  |  | (252,706 | )
Total equity |  |  |  |  | (24,136,584 | ) |  |  | 72,367,748 |
Total liabilities and equity |  |  |  | $ | 26,534,165 |  |  | $ | 119,616,267 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-4

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  | Notes |  | 2022 |  | 2023
Revenue |  | 21,41 |  | $ | 20,009,994 |  |  | $ | 35,838,780 |
Cost of revenue |  | 26,27 |  |  | (12,268,798 | ) |  |  | (23,187,396 | )
Gross profit |  |  |  |  | 7,741,196 |  |  |  | 12,651,384 |
Sales, general and administrative expenses |  | 26,27 |  |  | (8,648,811 | ) |  |  | (16,421,386 | )
Research and development expenses |  | 26,27 |  |  | (2,509,069 | ) |  |  | (3,327,185 | )
Operating loss |  | 41 |  |  | (3,416,684 | ) |  |  | (7,097,187 | )
Interest income |  | 22,41 |  |  | 10,994 |  |  |  | 19,340 |
Other income |  | 23 |  |  | 75,576 |  |  |  | 409,555 |
Other gains and losses |  | 24 |  |  | (8,174,802 | ) |  |  | 5,160,379 |
Finance costs |  | 25,41 |  |  | (137,029 | ) |  |  | (298,958 | )
Loss before income tax |  |  |  |  | (11,641,945 | ) |  |  | (1,806,871 | )
Income tax benefit |  | 28 |  |  | 247,177 |  |  |  | 591,082 |
Loss for the year |  |  |  | $ | (11,394,768 | ) |  | $ | (1,215,789 | )
Components of other comprehensive income (loss) that will be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations |  |  |  | $ | (717,130 | ) |  | $ | (41,644 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of income tax |  |  |  | $ | (717,130 | ) |  | $ | (41,644 | )
Total comprehensive loss for the year |  |  |  | $ | (12,111,898 | ) |  | $ | (1,257,433 | )
LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of the parent |  |  |  | $ | (11,014,131 | ) |  | $ | (804,977 | )
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  | $ | (380,637 | ) |  | $ | (410,812 | )
|  |  |  | $ | (11,394,768 | ) |  | $ | (1,215,789 | )
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of the parent |  |  |  | $ | (11,675,449 | ) |  | $ | (837,737 | )
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  | $ | (436,449 | ) |  | $ | (419,696 | )
|  |  |  | $ | (12,111,898 | ) |  | $ | (1,257,433 | )
Loss per share – basic |  | 29 |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | )
Loss per share – diluted |  | 29 |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  |  |  | Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Retained earnings |  | Other equity interest |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Notes |  | Ordinary share |  | Advance receipts for share capital |  | Capital surplus |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Financial statements translation differences of foreign operations |  | Total |  | Non- controlling interest |  | Total equity
Year 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2022 |  |  |  | $ | 8,329 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,162,157 |  | $ | (20,384,218 | ) |  | $ | (101,410 | ) |  | $ | (14,315,142 | ) |  | $ | 1,002,755 |  |  | $ | (13,312,387 | )
Loss for the year |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (11,014,131 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,014,131 | ) |  |  | (380,637 | ) |  |  | (11,394,768 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (661,318 | ) |  |  | (661,318 | ) |  |  | (55,812 | ) |  |  | (717,130 | )
Total comprehensive loss for the year |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (11,014,131 | ) |  |  | (661,318 | ) |  |  | (11,675,449 | ) |  |  | (436,449 | ) |  |  | (12,111,898 | )
Advance receipts for share capital |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 361,897 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 361,897 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 361,897 |
Share-based payments |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 237,301 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 237,301 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 237,301 |
Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 88,455 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 88,455 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 88,455 |
Changes in non-controlling interests |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 600,048 |  |  |  | 600,048 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  | $ | 8,329 |  | $ | 361,897 |  |  | $ | 6,487,913 |  | $ | (31,398,349 | ) |  | $ | (762,728 | ) |  | $ | (25,302,938 | ) |  | $ | 1,166,354 |  |  | $ | (24,136,584 | )
Year 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  |  |  | $ | 8,329 |  |  | 361,897 |  |  |  | 6,487,913 |  | $ | (31,398,349 | ) |  | $ | (762,728 | ) |  | $ | (25,302,938 | ) |  | $ | 1,166,354 |  |  | $ | (24,136,584 | )
Loss for the year |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (804,977 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (804,977 | ) |  |  | (410,812 | ) |  |  | (1,215,789 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (32,760 | ) |  |  | (32,760 | ) |  |  | (8,884 | ) |  |  | (41,644 | )
Total comprehensive loss for the year |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (804,977 | ) |  |  | (32,760 | ) |  |  | (837,737 | ) |  |  | (419,696 | ) |  |  | (1,257,433 | )
Issuance of ordinary shares |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  | (299,814 | ) |  |  | 600,952 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 301,203 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 301,203 |
Share-based payments |  | 17 |  |  | 53 |  |  | (62,083 | ) |  |  | 280,829 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 218,799 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 218,799 |
Preferred shares conversion |  | 12,13 |  |  | 3,575 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,907,495 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,911,070 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,911,070 |
Acquisition of subsidiaries |  | 18,31 |  |  | 9,108 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70,619,903 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70,629,011 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70,629,011 |
Changes in non-controlling interests |  | 30 |  |  | 752 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 708,719 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,425 | ) |  |  | 701,046 |  |  |  | (999,364 | ) |  |  | (298,318 | )
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  |  | $ | 21,882 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 105,605,811 |  | $ | (32,203,326 | ) |  | $ | (803,913 | ) |  | $ | 72,620,454 |  |  | $ | (252,706 | ) |  | $ | 72,367,748 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  | Notes |  | 2022 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss before income tax |  |  |  | $ | (11,641,945 | ) |  | $ | (1,806,871 | )
Adjustments to reconcile profit (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expenses |  | 7,26,41 |  |  | 433,262 |  |  |  | 1,025,783 |
Amortization expenses |  | 26 |  |  | 1,058,392 |  |  |  | 1,809,774 |
Expected credit losses (gain) |  | 40 |  |  | 72,808 |  |  |  | (44,725 | )
Interest expense |  | 8,25,41 |  |  | 137,029 |  |  |  | 298,958 |
Interest income |  | 22,42 |  |  | (10,994 | ) |  |  | (19,340 | )
(Gain) loss on valuation of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | 12,24 |  |  | 8,054,506 |  |  |  | (5,480,914 | )
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment, net |  | 24 |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (3,732 | )
Impairment loss on Intangible assets |  | 9,24 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 298,424 |
Share-based payment transactions |  | 17,19 |  |  | 237,301 |  |  |  | 118,800 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current contract assets |  |  |  |  | 261,717 |  |  |  | (60,002 | )
Accounts and notes receivable |  |  |  |  | 2,480,429 |  |  |  | (3,121,238 | )
Other receivables |  |  |  |  | (9,928 | ) |  |  | (188,073 | )
Inventories |  |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | 14,714 |
Prepayments |  |  |  |  | (146,141 | ) |  |  | 91,899 |
Other current assets |  |  |  |  | 9,261 |  |  |  | 13,512 |
Other non-current assets |  |  |  |  | 86,146 |  |  |  | 214,448 |
Current contract liabilities |  |  |  |  | 124,699 |  |  |  | (54,194 | )
Accounts and notes payable |  |  |  |  | (1,964,807 | ) |  |  | 1,974,808 |
Other payables |  |  |  |  | (92,958 | ) |  |  | 3,795,566 |
Other current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 722,065 |  |  |  | 236,682 |
Provisions |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (213,270 | )
Other non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 114,463 |
Cash used in operations |  |  |  |  | (189,213 | ) |  |  | (984,528 | )
Interest received |  |  |  |  | 10,994 |  |  |  | 19,340 |
Interest paid |  |  |  |  | (114,266 | ) |  |  | (330,829 | )
Income tax paid |  |  |  |  | (467,621 | ) |  |  | (128,465 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  |  | $ | (760,106 | ) |  | $ | (1,424,482 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of financial assets at amortized cost |  |  |  | $ | (100,506 | ) |  | $ | (44,901 | )
Proceeds from repayments of financial assets at amortized cost |  |  |  |  | 9,046 |  |  |  | 1,604 |
Payment of contingent consideration |  |  |  |  | (300,000 | ) |  |  | (400,000 | )
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment |  | 32 |  |  | (52,481 | ) |  |  | (87,179 | )
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 4,863 |
Acquisition of intangible assets |  | 32 |  |  | (229,174 | ) |  |  | (171,541 | )
Proceeds from disposal of intangible assets |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,888 |
Net cash flow from acquisition of subsidiaries |  | 31 |  |  | (1,691,768 | ) |  |  | 942,007 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  |  |  | (2,364,873 | ) |  |  | 252,741 |

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — (Continued) (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  | Notes |  | 2022 |  | 2023
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in short-term borrowings |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,076,897 |
Increase in long-term borrowings |  | 33 |  |  | 4,001,688 |  |  |  | 3,083,996 |
Repayments of long-term borrowings |  | 33 |  |  | (1,739,984 | ) |  |  | (2,827,853 | )
Payments on bonds payable |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (149,547 | )
Payment on lease liabilities |  | 33 |  |  | (373,901 | ) |  |  | (782,117 | )
Proceeds from issuance of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  | 2,199,999 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares |  |  |  |  | 299,814 |  |  |  | 301,203 |
Share-based payment |  |  |  |  | 62,083 |  |  |  | 99,999 |
Increase (decrease) in guarantee deposits |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,171 |
Increase (decrease) in non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  | (125,741 | ) |  |  | — |
Acquisition of ownership interest in subsidiaries |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (298,318 | )
Changes in non-controlling interests |  | 30 |  |  | 669,869 |  |  |  | (459 | )
Net cash (used in) generated from financing activities |  |  |  |  | 4,993,827 |  |  |  | 530,972 |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes |  |  |  |  | (314,199 | ) |  |  | (63,249 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  | 1,554,649 |  |  |  | (704,018 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 5 |  |  | 2,179,667 |  |  |  | 3,734,316 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | 5 |  | $ | 3,734,316 |  |  | $ | 3,030,298 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 202 3

1. Corporate and group information

The News Lens Co., Ltd. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Cayman Island with limited liability under the International Business Companies Act on January 20, 2015. On July 3, 2023, the company’s shareholders approved the resolution to change its name from The News Lens Co., Ltd. to TNL Mediagene. The Company and its subsidiaries (collectively referred herein as the “Group”) are primarily engaged in digital advertising, integrated marketing, marketing survey, artificial intelligence technology, data analysis, content service platform and production of audio-visual programs.

Since inception, the Company has successively acquired Neptune Internet Media Technology Co., Ltd., Easy Key 2 Asia Co., Ltd., AD2iction Co., Ltd., S.C. Integrated Marketing Communication Co., Ltd., and STAR Communication Consultant Co., Ltd.. In 2022 and 2023, the Company acquired Polydice Inc. and TNL Mediagene Japan Inc, respectively. Through the integration of the Company and its subsidiaries’ resources, the Group continues to develop its online media advertising business.

Going concern

As of December 31, 2023, the Group has recurring losses from operations, negative working capital, net operating cash outflow and accumulated deficit of $32,203,326. However, the Group has strong commitment to improve its operational performance. The Group intends to adopt the following measures to improve future operating and financial conditions:

i) Improve operating conditions:

The Group expects to actively expand new customers and prudently control various expenses and costs. As of April 2024, the Company’s subsidiary — S.C. Integrated Marketing Communication Co., Ltd. has successfully secured over $7 million service contracts.

ii) Financial Soundness Program:

a. The Company has been maintaining its reputation and banking credit to obtain refinancing lines as needed. As of the date of the issuance of the consolidated financial statements, the Company has increased around $2.5 million facilities from financial institutions, please see Note 38 for further information.

b. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company issued convertible promissory notes aggregating $716,430 to its existing shareholders and other third parties, please see Note 38 for further information.

The Group’s business plans, consider, among others, the cost management, the issuance of promissory notes and renewal of its loan facilities with the financial institutions. Although management continues to pursue these plans, there can be no assurance that the Group will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to the Group to fund continuing operations. A material uncertainty exists that may cast significant doubt and raise substantial doubt as contemplated by PCAOB standards on the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern and that the Group may be unable to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business.

2. The authorization of the consolidated financial statements

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on May 20, 2024.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

3. Application of new and revised IFRS® Accounting Standards, International Accounting Standards (“IAS”), International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC®”) Interpretations and Standing Interpretations Committee (“SIC®”) Interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), (collectively, “IFRSs”)

a) Amendments to IFRSs and the new interpretation that are mandatorily effective for the current year

New Standards, Interpretations and Amendments |  | Effective date issued by IASB
Amendments to IAS 1, “Disclosure of Accounting Policies” |  | January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 8, “Definition of Accounting Estimates” |  | January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 12, “Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction” |  | January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 12, “International Tax Reform — Pillar Two Model Rules” |  | May 23, 2023
IFRS 17, “Insurance Contracts” |  | January 1, 2023
Amendments to IFRS 17, “Insurance Contracts” |  | January 1, 2023
Amendment to IFRS 17, “Initial Application of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 – Comparative Information” |  | January 1, 2023

Based on the Group’s assessment, the above standards and interpretations have no significant impact on the Group’s financial position and financial performance.

b) New standards, interpretations and amendments in issue but not yet effective

New Standards, Interpretations and Amendments |  | Effective date issued by IASB
Amendments to IFRS 16, “Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback” |  | January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 1, “Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current” |  | January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 1, “Non-current Liabilities with Covenants” |  | January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7, “Supplier Finance Arrangements” |  | January 1, 2024
Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28, “Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture” |  | To be determined by IASB
Amendments to IAS 21, “Lack of Exchangeability” |  | January 1, 2025
IFRS 18, “Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements” |  | January 1, 2027

Except for the following, the above standards and interpretations are not currently expected to have a significant impact to the Group’s financial condition and financial performance based on the Group’s assessment. The quantitative impact will be disclosed when the assessment is complete.

IFRS 18, “Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements”

IFRS 18, “Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements” replaces IAS 1 and updates the structure of the statement of profit or loss, requires disclosures for certain profit or loss performance measures and enhanced principles on aggregation and disaggregation to the primary financial statements and notes.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

4. Summary of material accounting policies

The significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these accompanying consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied during the reported periods, unless otherwise stated.

a) Statement of compliance

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

b) Basis of preparation

(a) Except for the following items, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention:

iii) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (including derivative instruments).

iv) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income.

(b) The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRSs requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note 4 z).

(c) These consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollar (USD), which is the Company’s functional currency.

c) Basis of consolidation

(a) Basis for preparation of consolidated financial statements:

i) All subsidiaries are included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. Subsidiaries are all entities controlled by the Group. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Consolidation of subsidiaries begins from the date the Group obtains control of the subsidiaries and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiaries.

ii) Transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses on transactions between companies within the Group are eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

iii) Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income are attributed to the owners of the parent and to the non-controlling interests. Total comprehensive income is attributed to the owners of the parent and to the non-controlling interests even if this results in a deficit balance in the non-controlling interests.

iv) Changes in a parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary that do not result in the parent losing control of the subsidiary (transactions with non-controlling interests) are accounted for as equity transactions, i.e. transactions with owners in their capacity as owners. Any difference between the amount by which the non-controlling interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received is recognized directly in equity.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

(b) Subsidiaries included in the consolidated financial statements:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Ownership (%) December 31, |  |
|  | Name of investee |  | Main business |  | Location |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Note
The Company |  | The News Lens Co., Ltd. (“TNL TW”) |  | Digital advertising, SAAS technology, artificial intelligence technology, data analysis, member management content service platform and audio-visual program production |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
The Company |  | Inside Co., Ltd. (“Inside”) |  | Digital advertising, display network and content service platform |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
The Company |  | The News Lens Hong Kong Ltd. (“TNL HK”) |  | Digital advertising and content service platform |  | Hong Kong |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
The Company |  | TNLMG (“TNL MG”) |  | Special purpose entity for merger |  | Cayman |  | — |  | 100% |  | Note 1
The Company |  | TNL Mediagene Japan Inc. (“MG”) |  | Holding Company |  | Japan |  | — |  | 100% |  | Note 2
TNL TW |  | Neptune Internet Media Technology Co., Ltd. (“SV”) |  | Ticket service, e-commerce and shopping guide, digital advertising and content service platform |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
TNL TW |  | Easy Key 2 Asia Co., Ltd. (“EK2A”) |  | Market survey and marketing strategy consultant |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
TNL TW |  | AD2iction Co., Ltd. (“AD2”) |  | Digital interactive advertising, advertising technology services and web platform technology |  | Taiwan |  | 51% |  | 100% |  | Note 3
TNL TW |  | S.C. Integrated Marketing Communication Co., Ltd. (“SC”) |  | Planning and execution services for Integrated marketing solutions |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
TNL TW |  | STAR Communication Consultant Co., Ltd. (“ST”) |  | Planning and execution services for Integrated marketing solutions |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
TNL TW |  | DaEx Intelligent Co., Inc. (“DaEx”) |  | Artificial intelligence technology and customer data platform service |  | Taiwan |  | 50.66% |  | 50.66% |  | Note 7
TNL TW |  | TNL Media 株式會社 (“TNL JP”) |  | Digital advertising and content service platform |  | Japan |  | 61.72% |  | 61.72% |  | Note 4
SC |  | Polydice Inc. (“POLYDICE”) |  | E-commerce and digital advertising |  | Taiwan |  | 50.56% |  | 100% |  | Note 5
MG |  | Mediagene Inc. 株式会社メディアジーン |  | Media consulting business, E-commerce and digital advertising |  | Japan |  | — |  | 100% |  | Note 6
MG |  | INFOBAHN Inc. 株式会社インフォバーン |  | Media consulting business |  | Japan |  | — |  | 100% |  | Note 6

____________

Note 1: TNLMG was established in June 2, 2023 and registered in Cayman Island with a registered capital of $50,000.

Note 2: TNL Mediagene Japan Inc. was established in April 4, 2023 in Japan with a registered capital of JPY100.

Note 3: TNL TW acquired the remaining 49% of AD2 from non-controlling interests on June 1, 2023 with consideration totaled $4,204,907, and AD2 became a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL TW. Please refer to Note 30 to details.

Note 4: TNL TW disposed 15% of TNL JP to third party for $2,370 on December 12, 2022. On December 28, 2022, TNL TW did not participate in TNL JP’s capital raise $105,888 and further dilute its ownership interests to 61.72%,

Note 5: SC acquired 50.56% of POLYDICE on October 1, 2022 with consideration totaled $2,954,575, and acquired the remaining 49.44% on March 1, 2023 with consideration totaled $1,722,595. Please refer to Note 30 for details.

Note 6: Through the holding company — TNL Mediagene Japan Inc., the Company acquired 100% of Mediagene Inc. 株式会社メディアジーン and INFOBAHN Inc. 株式会社インフォバーン from third party with 90,740,305 ordinary shares of the Company on May 25, 2023.

Note 7: TNL TW participated in DaEx’s capital raise totaled $578,772 on December 29, 2022. Total capital raised by DaEx was $1,142,249.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

(c) Subsidiaries not included in the consolidated financial statements: None.

(d) Adjustments for subsidiaries with different statements of financial position dates: Not applicable.

(e) No significant restrictions on the ability of subsidiaries to transfer funds to parent company.

(f) Subsidiaries that have non-controlling interests that are material to the Group:

As of December 31, 2022, the non-controlling interest amounted to $1,166,354. The information of material non-controlling interest and respective subsidiaries is as follows:

Name of subsidiary |  | Principal place of business |  | Non-controlling interest
December 31, 2022
Amount |  | Ownership(%)
AD2 |  | Taiwan |  | 661,920 |  | 51.00 | %
POLYDICE |  | Taiwan |  | 663,731 |  | 50.56 | %

Summarized financial information of the subsidiaries:

Balance sheets

|  | AD2
|  | December 31, 2022
Current assets |  | $ | 3,067,979 |
Non-current assets |  |  | 3,104,470 |
Current liabilities |  |  | (2,531,023 | )
Non-current liabilities |  |  | (408,169 | )
Total net assets |  | $ | 3,233,257 |

|  | POLYDICE
|  | December 31, 2022
Current assets |  | $ | 1,273,566 |
Non-current assets |  |  | 3,833,988 |
Current liabilities |  |  | (1,077,921 | )
Non-current liabilities |  |  | (325,714 | )
Total net assets |  | $ | 3,703,919 |

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

Statements of comprehensive income

|  | AD2
|  | Year ended December 31, 2022
Revenue |  | $ | 7,888,826 |
Profit before income tax |  |  | (225,591 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | 60,256 |
Loss for the period |  |  | (165,334 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | (160,828 | )
Total comprehensive loss for the period |  |  | (326,162 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | (159,819 | )
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest |  | $ | — |

|  | POLYDICE
|  | Year ended December 31, 2022
Revenue |  | $ | 780,446 |
Loss before income tax |  |  | (49,523 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | 8,517 |
Loss for the period |  |  | (41,006 | )
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | 48,923 |
Total comprehensive income for the period |  |  | 7,917 |
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | 3,914 |
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest |  | $ | — |

Statements of cash flows

|  | AD2
|  | Year ended December 31, 2022
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | (53,394 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (84,755 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 39,903 |
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (62,968 | )
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (161,214 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 786,851 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 625,637 |

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

|  | POLYDICE
|  | Year ended December 31, 2022
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | (92,014 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 8,028 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | (8,253 | )
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 4,307 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (87,932 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 841,060 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 753,128 |

d) Foreign currency translation

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the “functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars, which is the Company’s functional currency and the Group’s presentation currency. The subsidiaries’ functional currencies are National Taiwan dollars and Japanese Yen.

(a) Foreign currency transactions and balances

i) Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates on the trade date or measurement date. Therefore, foreign exchange differences resulting from the settlement of such transactions are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.

ii) Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the period end are re-translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the statements of financial position date. Exchange differences arising upon re-translation are recognized in profit or loss on the statements of financial position date.

iii) Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies held at fair value through profit or loss are re-translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the statements of financial position date; their exchange differences are recognized in profit or loss. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies held at fair value through other comprehensive income are re-translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the statements of financial position date; their exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income. However, non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are not measured at fair value are translated using the historical exchange rates at the initial dates of the transactions.

iv) All foreign exchange differences are presented in the statement of comprehensive income under “Other gains and losses” by the nature of transactions.

(b) Translation of foreign operations

The operating results and financial position of all the group entities, associates that have different functional currency and presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

i) Assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position are translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the statements of financial position date;

ii) Income and expenses for each statement of comprehensive income are translated at average exchange rates of that period; and

iii) All exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

e) Classification of current and non-current assets and liabilities

(a) Assets that meet one of the following criteria are classified as current assets:

i) Assets arising from operating activities that are expected to be realized, or are intended to be sold or consumed within the normal operating cycle;

ii) Assets held mainly for trading purposes;

iii) Assets that are expected to be realized within 12 months from the statements of financial position date;

iv) Cash and cash equivalents, excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents and those that are to be exchanged or used to pay off liabilities more than 12 months after the statements of financial position date.

All assets that do not meet the above criteria are classified as non-current assets.

(b) Liabilities that meet one of the following criteria are classified as current liabilities:

i) Liabilities that are expected to be settled within the normal operating cycle;

ii) Liabilities arising mainly from trading activities;

iii) Liabilities that are to be settled within 12 months from the statements of financial position date;

iv) Liabilities for which the repayment date cannot be unconditionally extended to more than 12 months after the statements of financial position date. Liabilities bearing terms that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

All liabilities that do not meet the above criteria are classified as non-current liabilities.

f) Cash equivalents

Cash equivalents refer to short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value (including time deposits with less than 3 months contract period). Time deposits that meet the above definition and are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments in operations are classified as cash equivalents.

g) Accounts and notes receivable

(a) Accounts and notes receivable entitle the Group a legal right to receive consideration in exchange for transferred goods or rendered services.

(b) The short-term accounts and notes receivable without bearing interest are subsequently measured at initial invoice amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

h) Impairment of financial assets

For financial assets at amortized cost, at each reporting date, the Group recognizes the impairment provision for 12 months expected credit losses if there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition or recognizes the impairment provision for the lifetime expected credit losses if such credit risk has increased since

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

initial recognition after taking into consideration all reasonable and verifiable information that includes forecasts. On the other hand, for accounts receivable or contract assets that do not contain a significant financing component, the Group recognizes the impairment provision for lifetime expected credit losses.

i) Derecognition of financial assets

The Group derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to receive the cash flows from the financial asset have expired.

j) Property, plant and equipment

(a) Property, plant and equipment are initially recorded at cost, which includes capitalized borrowing costs, less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

(b) Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the financial period in which they are incurred.

(c) Property, plant and equipment apply cost model and are depreciated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost over their estimated useful lives. Each part of an item of property, plant and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item must be depreciated separately.

(d) The assets’ residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at each financial year-end. If expectations for the assets’ residual values and useful lives differ from previous estimates or the patterns of consumption of the assets’ future economic benefits embodied in the assets have changed significantly, any change is accounted for as a change in estimate under IAS 8 “Accounting Policies, Change in Accounting Estimates and Errors”, from the date of the change. The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment are as follows:

Office equipment |  | 2 to 5 years
Leasehold improvements |  | 2 to 5 years
Others |  | 2 to 15 years

k) Leasing arrangements (lessee)–right-of-use assets / lease liabilities

(a) Leases are recognized as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability at the date at which the leased asset is available for use by the Group. For short-term leases or leases of low value assets, lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(b) Lease liabilities include the net present value of the remaining lease payments at the commencement date, discounted using the incremental borrowing interest rate. Lease payments are comprised of fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable.

The Group subsequently measures the lease liability at amortized cost using the interest method and recognizes interest expense over the lease term. The lease liability is remeasured and the amount of remeasurement is recognized as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset when there are changes in the lease term or lease payments and such changes do not arise from contract modifications.

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

(c) At the commencement date, the right-of-use asset is stated at the amount of the initial measurement of lease liability. The right-of-use asset is measured subsequently using the cost model and is depreciated from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the asset’s useful life or the end of the lease term. When the lease liability is remeasured, the amount of remeasurement is recognized as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset.

l) Intangible assets

(a) Recognition and measurement

Goodwill arising on the acquisition of subsidiaries is measured at cost, less accumulated impairment losses.

Other intangible assets, including trademarks, website platform, customer relationships and computer software, that are acquired by the Group and have finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.

Internally generated intangible assets are recognized as below:

i) Research expenditures are recognized as an expense as incurred.

ii) Development expenditures that do not meet the following criteria are recognized as expenses as incurred, but are recognized as intangible assets when the following criteria are met:

1. It is technically feasible to complete the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;

2. An entity intends to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

3. An entity has the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

4. It can be demonstrated how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

5. Adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset are available; and

6. The expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development can be reliably measured.

iii) Upon being available for use, internally generated intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life of 3~5 years.

(b) Subsequent expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalized only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates. All other expenditure is recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

(c) Amortization

Amortization is calculated over the cost of the asset and is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets, other than goodwill, from the date that they are available for use.

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

The estimated useful lives for current and comparative periods are as follows:

Trademark |  | 11 years to indefinite
Customer relationships |  | 4 to 12 years
Website platform |  | 3 to 9 years
Computer software |  | 3 to 5 years

Amortization methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.

m) Impairment of non-financial assets

(a) The Group assesses at each balance sheet date the recoverable amounts of those assets where there is an indication that they are impaired. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs to sell or value in use. Except for goodwill, when the circumstances or reasons for recognizing impairment loss for an asset in prior years no longer exist or diminish, the impairment loss is reversed. The increased carrying amount due to reversal should not be more than what the depreciated or amortized historical cost would have been if the impairment had not been recognized.

(b) The recoverable amounts of goodwill, intangible assets with an indefinite useful life and intangible assets that have not yet been available for use are evaluated annually or more frequently if there is an indication that they are impaired. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset group’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment loss of goodwill previously recognized in profit or loss shall not be reversed in the following years.

(c) For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each of the cash-generating units, or groups of cash-generating units, that is/are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination. Each unit or group of units to which the goodwill is allocated represents the lowest level within the entity at which the goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. Goodwill is monitored at the cash-generating units level.

n) Borrowings

Borrowings comprise long-term and short-term bank borrowings and other long-term and short-term loans. Borrowings are recognized initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortized cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized as interest expense in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

o) Accounts and notes payable

(a) Accounts payable are liabilities for purchases of goods or services and notes payable are those resulting from operating and non-operating activities.

(b) The short-term accounts and notes payable without bearing interest are subsequently measured at initial invoice amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

p) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

(a) Derivatives (contingent consideration and call options) are categorized as financial liabilities held for trading unless they are designated as hedges. Financial liabilities that meet one of the following criteria are designated as at fair value through profit or loss at initial recognition:

i) Hybrid (combined) contracts; or

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

ii) They eliminate or significantly reduce a measurement or recognition inconsistency; or

iii) They are managed and their performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with a documented risk management policy.

(b) At initial recognition, the Group measures the financial liabilities at fair value. All related transaction costs are recognized in profit or loss. The Group subsequently measures these financial liabilities at fair value with any gain or loss recognized in profit or loss.

(c) If the credit risk results in fair value changes in financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss, they are recognized in other comprehensive income in the circumstances other than avoiding accounting mismatch or recognizing in profit or loss for loan commitments or financial guarantee contracts.

q) Preference shares

(a) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

The issuance of the preference shares with the redemption option or contingent settlement provisions by the Group was recognized under “financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss” on initial recognition due to their compound instrument feature. The Group subsequently measures these financial liabilities at fair value with any gain or loss recognized in profit or loss.

(b) Financial liabilities at amortized cost

The preference shares issued by the Group’s subsidiary, which the subsidiary is obligated to re-purchase the preference shares in cash equal to the initial investment amount plus accumulated dividends based on pre-determined payment schedule, are classified as financial liabilities. The shares are recognized initially at fair value plus transaction costs. Dividend is recognized in profit or loss over the contract period.

r) Derecognition of financial liabilities

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation specified in the contract is either discharged or cancelled or expires.

s) Employee benefits

(a) Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in respect of service rendered by employees and should be recognized as expenses when the employees render service.

(b) Defined contribution plans

For defined contribution plans, the contributions are recognized as pension expenses when they are due on an accrual basis. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent of a cash refund or a reduction in future payments.

(c) Employees’ compensation and directors’ remuneration

Employees’ compensation and directors’ remuneration are recognized as expenses and liabilities, provided that such recognition is required under legal obligation or constructive obligation and those amounts can be reliably estimated. Any difference between the resolved amounts and the subsequently actual distributed amounts is accounted for as changes in estimates.

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

t) Employee share-based payment

(a) For the equity-settled share-based payment arrangements, the employee services received are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments granted at the grant date, and are recognized as compensation cost over the vesting period, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. The fair value of the equity instruments granted shall reflect the impact of market vesting conditions and non-vesting conditions. Compensation cost is subject to adjustment based on the service conditions that are expected to be satisfied and the estimates of the number of equity instruments that are expected to vest under the non-market vesting conditions at each balance sheet date. Ultimately, the amount of compensation cost recognized is based on the number of equity instruments that eventually vest.

u) Income tax

(a) The income tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax is recognized in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or items recognized directly in equity, in which cases the income tax is recognized in other comprehensive income or equity.

(b) The current income tax expense is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the statements of financial position date in the countries where the Group and its subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in accordance with applicable tax regulations. It establishes provisions where appropriate based on the amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities. An additional income tax is levied on the unappropriated retained earnings and is recorded as income tax expense in the year the profit generated.

(c) Deferred tax is recognized, using the balance sheet liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated statements of financial position. However, the deferred tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred tax is provided on temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries and associates, except where the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Group and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted at the statements of financial position date and are expected to apply when the related deferred tax asset is realized or the deferred tax liability is settled.

(d) Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. At each statements of financial position date, unrecognized and recognized deferred tax assets are reassessed.

(e) A deferred tax asset shall be recognized for the carryforward of unused tax credits resulting from equity investments to the extent that it is possible that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax credits can be utilized.

v) Capital stock

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares in net proceeds of tax are shown in equity as a deduction.

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

w) Revenue recognition

(a) Revenue is measured based on the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. The Group recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a good or a service to a customer. Different revenue types can be divided into three revenue sources: (1) Digital studio; (2) Media and branded content; and (3) Technology. The accounting policies for the Group’s major revenue streams in each business are explained below.

i) Digital studio

The Group provides marketing strategy services including target insight, branding, creative marketing, media communication, data analysis, and public relation. For the marketing strategy contracts (generally for one-year or less), a Master Agreement with a budget is agreed upon with the customers. Throughout the contractual period, individual marketing service will be requested and confirmed by various sales orders. The Group considered each sales order as a separate performance obligation and the related consideration is based on the stand-alone selling price. As customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by the marketing service, revenue is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied over time based on progress towards completion. Costs incurred, including labor, material, production costs and media suppliers, are used as an objective input measure of performance. The progress towards completion is determined based on actual input costs relative to the total estimated input costs.

The Group provides consulting services to assist customers in creating and implementing their marketing plans. For fixed price contracts, revenue is recognized in the reporting period in which the services are rendered and based on progress towards completion. Typically, costs incurred are used as an objective input measure of performance and costs mainly consist of labor and subcontracting costs. Progress towards completion is determined based on the actual input cost incurred relative to the total estimated input costs.

ii) Media and branded content

The Group sells advertisement space and provides customers a suite of advertising services supported by its proprietary technologies. The services include composing articles, videos, banners, social media, and other online advertising media. These advertising contracts are usually short-term with fixed considerations. As customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by the advertising service, revenue is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied over time based on progress towards completion. Costs incurred, including labor, material, production, and subcontracting costs, are used as an objective input measure of performance. The progress towards completion is determined based on actual input costs relative to the total estimated input costs.

The Group provides sponsored content service by writing branded reviews, advertorials and other content to promote brands or products on its websites for the customers. These contracts are usually short-term with fixed considerations. As the Group owns the sponsored content and the publication will be on its website permanently at the Group’s discretion. Revenue is recognized at a point in time when the articles are published.

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

iii) Technology

The Group provides advertising technology services through its own or third-party broadcast networks. Contract price for such service is the total advertising budget, which can be calculated into total impressions or total clicks based on the pre-determined cost per impression or cost per click. Through the broadcasting of advertisement, customers simultaneously receive and consume benefits when the ads are shown to its audience, the performance obligation is satisfied over time and completed when the total impressions or clicks are fulfilled. Revenue is recognized using the output method based on the actual impressions or clicks broadcasted at the end of the reporting period as a proportion of the total impressions or clicks per the contract.

The Group provides e-commerce sites as a sales channel for vendors to sell their products. Revenue is based on commission derived from the actual sales quantity on a monthly basis. Commission is calculated based on the percentage in accordance with the terms of the contractual arrangement.

On certain Group’s websites, the Group offer affiliate links to other e-commerce sites for customers to browse and purchase products. When the customer purchase products through these affiliate links, the Group receives a commission revenue from other e-commerce sites. Commission is calculated based on the percentage in accordance with the terms of the contractual arrangement and derived from monthly external performance reports.

(b) The Group receive payment from customer at the time specified in the payment schedule, usually after delivery of the services or quarterly payments based on services rendered up to date. All contracts are fixed price with no variable considerations or refunds obligations. If the services rendered exceed the payment, a contract asset is recognized. If the payments exceed the services rendered, a contract liability is recognized.

(c) Principal vs. Agent:

The amount of revenue recognized depends on whether the Group act as an agent or as a principal. Certain arrangements with customers are such that the Group’s responsibility is to arrange for a third party to provide a specified good or service to the customer. In these cases the Group is acting as an agent as the Group do not control the relevant good or service before it is transferred to the customer. When the Group act as an agent, the revenue recorded is the net amount retained. The Group acts as principal when the Group control the specified good or service prior to transfer. For marketing strategy services, the Group is considered as a principal to customers given that the Group is obliged to provide services to its customers and the Group has the right to determine the selling price of the service. For advertising technology services using third-party broadcast networks, the Group is considered as a principal given that the Group provides a bundle of services that represent the combined output (total impression or clicks), of which the services are highly interrelated and the Group has control over the broadcasting process and right to determine the selling price of the service. When the Group acts as a principal, the revenue recorded is the gross amount billed. Billings related to out-of-pocket costs such as travel are also recognized at the gross amount billed with a corresponding amount recorded as an expense.

x) Business combinations

(a) The Group uses the acquisition method to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred for an acquisition is measured as the fair value of the assets transferred, liabilities incurred or assumed and equity instruments issued at the acquisition date, plus the fair value of any assets and liabilities resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. All acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. For each business combination, the Group measures at the acquisition date components of non-controlling interests in the acquiree that are present ownership interests and entitle their holders to the proportionate share of the entity’s net assets in the event of liquidation at either fair value or the present ownership instruments’ proportionate share in the recognized amounts of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. All other non-controlling interests should be measured at the acquisition-date fair value.

(b) The excess of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and the fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquiree over the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill at the acquisition date. If the total of consideration transferred, non-controlling interest in the acquiree recognized and the fair value of previously held equity interest in the acquiree is less than the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, the difference is recognized directly in profit or loss on the acquisition date.

(c) The Group recognizes the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration as part of the consideration transferred. The cost of the acquisition and measuring goodwill will retrospectively be adjusted when some changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that the Group recognizes have been made after the acquisition date. Measurement period adjustments is the result of additional information that the Group obtained after that date about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date. The measurement period will not exceed one year from the acquisition date. The Group accounts for the changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that are not measurement period adjustments based on the classification of contingent consideration. Contingent consideration classified as equity shall not be remeasured and its subsequent settlement will be accounted for within equity. Others will be measured at fair value at each reporting date and changes in fair value will be recognized in profit or loss or other comprehensive income.

y) Operating segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker. The Group’s chief operating decision maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer that makes strategic decisions.

z) Critical accounting judgments, estimates and key sources of assumption uncertainty

The preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements requires management to make critical judgments in applying the Group’s accounting policies and make critical assumptions and estimates concerning future events. Assumptions and estimates may differ from the actual results and are continually evaluated and adjusted based on historical experience and other factors. Such assumptions and estimates have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year; and the related information is addressed below:

(a) Critical judgements in applying the Group’s accounting policies

i) Preference shares

the classification of preference shares is determined based on its nature and rights which is described in the Shareholders Agreement. Preference shares are classified as liabilities when it is convertible to a variable number of its equity instruments or has an unconditional obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset exist. Pursuant to the Shareholders Agreement, for all the Company’s preferred shares and TNL TW’s Class A preferred shares, the Group has no unconditional right to avoid delivering cash to settle its contractual obligations. In the event of

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

either deemed liquidation event or execution of redemption rights are not controllable by the Group, the Group has no unconditional right to avoid delivering cash to settle its contractual obligations. As a result, the preference shares are classified as financial liabilities.

ii) Revenue recognition at a point in time or over time

The Group recognizes the revenue by determining whether the performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time or over time. For most advertising and marketing services, as customer simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by the service, revenue is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied over time based on progress towards completion.

(b) Critical accounting estimates and assumptions

i) Revenue recognition — progress towards completion

Revenues from marketing strategy contracts are recognized by reference to the stage of completion of the services. The stage of completion of a contract is measured based on the proportion of contract costs incurred for work performed to date relative to the estimated total contract costs. Estimated total contract costs of contracted items are assessed and determined by the management based on the nature, contract period, marketing service items, execution method and estimated outsourcing amount of each marketing service contract. Changes in these estimates might affect the calculation of the percentage of completion and related profits from service contracts.

ii) Impairment assessment of goodwill

The impairment assessment of goodwill relies on the Group’s subjective judgement, including identifying cash-generating units, allocating assets and liabilities as well as goodwill to related cash-generating units, and determining the recoverable amounts of related cash-generating units. Please refer to Note 10 for the information of goodwill impairment.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group recognized goodwill, net of impairment loss, amounting to $9,672,476 and $60,741,929, respectively.

iii) Impairment assessment of intangible assets (excluding goodwill)

The Group assesses impairment based on its subjective judgement and determines the separate cash flows of a specific group of assets, useful lives of assets and the future possible income and expenses arising from the assets depending on how assets are utilized and industrial characteristics. Any changes of economic circumstances or estimates due to the change of Group strategy might cause material impairment on assets in the future.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group recognized intangible assets, net of impairment loss, amounting to $4,496,539 and $33,405,827, respectively.

iv) Fair value measurement of convertible preference shares

The issuance of convertible preference shares by the Group was recognized under “financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss” on initial recognition due to their redemption feature. The fair value of convertible preference shares is determined considering those companies’ recent funding raising activities and technical development status, fair value assessment of other companies of the same type, market conditions and other economic indicators existing on balance sheet date. Any changes in these judgements and estimates will impact the fair value measurement of these convertible preference shares. Please refer to Note 40 b) for the financial instruments fair value information.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the carrying amounts of the Group’s convertible preference shares were $32,347,853 and $0, respectively.

v) Fair value measurement of equity consideration for business combination

The fair value of equity consideration for a business combination is estimated using the discounted cash flow method. The main assumptions are the probability of occurrence of earnings before interest and tax, depreciation and amortization under various scenarios to estimate the price to be paid, and the discounted present value estimated by the risk-adjusted discount rate. In addition, supplemented with the market approach used to estimate its fair value, any changes in these judgements and estimates will impact the fair value measurement of the equity consideration. Please refer to Note 31 for the equity instrument used as purchase consideration for business combination.

5. Cash and cash equivalents

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Cash on hand and petty cash |  | $ | 4,074 |  | $ | 11,775
Checking accounts and demand deposits |  |  | 3,730,242 |  |  | 3,018,523
|  | $ | 3,734,316 |  | $ | 3,030,298

a) The Group transacts with a variety of financial institutions all with high credit quality to disperse credit risk, so it expects that the probability of counterparty default is remote.

b) No cash and cash equivalents of the Group were pledged to others.

6. Accounts receivable

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 3,326,726 |  |  | $ | 8,914,322 |
Less: Loss allowance |  |  | (107,186 | ) |  |  | (65,938 | )
|  | $ | 3,219,540 |  |  | $ | 8,848,384 |

a) The aging analysis of accounts receivable based on past due date are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Not past due |  | $ | 3,132,417 |  | $ | 8,617,498
Past due |  |  |  |  |  |
Within 1 month |  |  | 136,093 |  |  | 89,953
31 to 90 days |  |  | 1,176 |  |  | 35,925
91 to 180 days |  |  | 779 |  |  | 138,592
181 to 270 days |  |  | 17,377 |  |  | 247
Over 270 days |  |  | 38,884 |  |  | 32,107
|  | $ | 3,326,726 |  | $ | 8,914,322

b) As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, accounts receivable were all from contracts with customers. And as of January 1, 2022, the balance of accounts receivable from contracts with customers was $5,159,252.

c) Without taking into account of any collateral held or other credit enhancements, the amount that best reflects the Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk in respect of the accounts receivable is the carrying amount at the end of each reporting period.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

6. Accounts receivable (cont.)

d) No accounts receivable of the Group were pledged to others.

e) Information relating to credit risk is provided in Note 40 a).

7. Property, plant and equipment, net

|  | 2022
|  | Office equipment |  | Leasehold improvements |  | Others |  | Total
January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 50,332 |  |  | $ | 105,966 |  |  | $ | 92,214 |  |  | $ | 248,512 |
Accumulated depreciation and impairment |  |  | (31,936 | ) |  |  | (67,574 | ) |  |  | (91,618 | ) |  |  | (191,128 | )
|  | $ | 18,396 |  |  | $ | 38,392 |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | 57,384 |
January 1 |  | $ | 18,396 |  |  | $ | 38,392 |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | 57,384 |
Acquisition through business combination |  |  | 12,278 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,278 |
Additions |  |  | 52,481 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52,481 |
Depreciation expenses |  |  | (18,856 | ) |  |  | (19,670 | ) |  |  | (552 | ) |  |  | (39,078 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | (2,317 | ) |  |  | (3,237 | ) |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  | (5,598 | )
December 31 |  | $ | 61,982 |  |  | $ | 15,485 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77,467 |
December 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 109,955 |  |  | $ | 89,005 |  |  | $ | 83,116 |  |  | $ | 282,076 |
Accumulated depreciation and impairment |  |  | (47,973 | ) |  |  | (73,520 | ) |  |  | (83,116 | ) |  |  | (204,609 | )
|  | $ | 61,982 |  |  | $ | 15,485 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77,467 |

|  | 2023
|  | Office equipment |  | Leasehold improvements |  | Others |  | Total
January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 109,955 |  |  | $ | 89,005 |  |  | $ | 83,116 |  |  | $ | 282,076 |
Accumulated depreciation and impairment |  |  | (47,973 | ) |  |  | (73,520 | ) |  |  | (83,116 | ) |  |  | (204,609 | )
|  | $ | 61,982 |  |  | $ | 15,485 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77,467 |
January 1 |  | $ | 61,982 |  |  | $ | 15,485 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 77,467 |
Acquisition through business combination |  |  | 306,218 |  |  |  | 219,573 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 525,791 |
Additions |  |  | 88,490 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,607 |  |  |  | 100,097 |
Depreciation expenses |  |  | (109,797 | ) |  |  | (47,763 | ) |  |  | (2,433 | ) |  |  | (159,993 | )
Disposals |  |  | (974 | ) |  |  | (157 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,131 | )
Reclassifications |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,090 | ) |  |  | 5,090 |  |  |  | — |
Exchange difference |  |  | (2,261 | ) |  |  | (3,174 | ) |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | (5,217 | )
December 31 |  | $ | 343,658 |  |  | $ | 178,874 |  |  | $ | 14,482 |  |  | $ | 537,014 |
December 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 1,030,893 |  |  | $ | 518,320 |  |  | $ | 93,906 |  |  | $ | 1,643,119 |
Accumulated depreciation and impairment |  |  | (687,235 | ) |  |  | (339,446 | ) |  |  | (79,424 | ) |  |  | (1,106,105 | )
|  | $ | 343,658 |  |  | $ | 178,874 |  |  | $ | 14,482 |  |  | $ | 537,014 |

No property, plant and equipment were pledged to others.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

8. Leasing arrangements — lessee

a) The Group leases offices and multifunctional business machines located in Taiwan and Japan. Lease agreements are typically made for periods of 2 to 5 years. Lease terms are negotiated on an individual basis and contain a wide range of different terms and conditions. The lease agreements do not impose covenants, but leased assets may not be used as security for borrowing purposes.

b) Short-term leases with a lease term of 12 months or less comprise multifunctional printers.

c) The carrying amount of right-of-use assets and the depreciation expenses are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Carrying amount |  | Carrying amount
Buildings |  | $ | 704,246 |  | $ | 6,121,258
Machinery and equipment |  |  | — |  |  | 19,557
|  | $ | 704,246 |  | $ | 6,140,815

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2023
|  | Depreciation expenses |  | Depreciation expenses
Buildings |  | $ | 394,184 |  | $ | 862,258
Machinery and equipment |  |  | — |  |  | 3,532
|  | $ | 394,184 |  | $ | 865,790

d) For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, additions to right-of-use assets were $345,130 and $6,396,201 (including $6,371,979 acquired from MG at the acquisition date), respectively.

e) The information on profit or loss accounts relating to lease contracts is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2023
Items affecting profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense on lease liabilities |  | $ | 12,586 |  | $ | 42,419
Expense on short-term lease contracts |  |  | 11,545 |  |  | 41,766

f) For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group’s total cash outflow for leases were $398,032 and $866,302, respectively.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

9. Intangible assets

|  | 2022
|  | Goodwill |  | Trademarks |  | Customer relationships |  | Website platform |  | Computer software |  | Total
January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 8,111,362 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,083,092 |  |  | $ | 386,561 |  |  | $ | 381,807 |  |  | $ | 13,962,822 |
Accumulated amortization and impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,359,018 | ) |  |  | (71,169 | ) |  |  | (26,478 | ) |  |  | (1,456,665 | )
|  | $ | 8,111,362 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,724,074 |  |  | $ | 315,392 |  |  | $ | 355,329 |  |  | $ | 12,506,157 |
January 1 |  | $ | 8,111,362 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,724,074 |  |  | $ | 315,392 |  |  | $ | 355,329 |  |  | $ | 12,506,157 |
Acquisition through business combination |  |  | 2,279,812 |  |  |  | 572,159 |  |  |  | 685,334 |  |  |  | 210,630 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,747,935 |
Additions |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44,648 |  |  |  | 44,648 |
Amortization expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13,571 | ) |  |  | (903,515 | ) |  |  | (60,388 | ) |  |  | (80,918 | ) |  |  | (1,058,392 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | (718,698 | ) |  |  | 20,862 |  |  |  | (317,571 | ) |  |  | (21,885 | ) |  |  | (34,041 | ) |  |  | (1,071,333 | )
December 31 |  | $ | 9,672,476 |  |  | $ | 579,450 |  |  | $ | 3,188,322 |  |  | $ | 443,749 |  |  | $ | 285,018 |  |  | $ | 14,169,015 |
December 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 9,672,476 |  |  | $ | 595,256 |  |  | $ | 5,291,436 |  |  | $ | 566,591 |  |  | $ | 387,532 |  |  | $ | 16,513,291 |
Accumulated amortization and impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,806 | ) |  |  | (2,103,114 | ) |  |  | (122,842 | ) |  |  | (102,514 | ) |  |  | (2,344,276 | )
|  | $ | 9,672,476 |  |  | $ | 579,450 |  |  | $ | 3,188,322 |  |  | $ | 443,749 |  |  | $ | 285,018 |  |  | $ | 14,169,015 |

|  | 2023
|  | Goodwill |  | Trademarks (Note) |  | Customer relationships |  | Website platform |  | Computer software |  | Total
January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 9,672,476 |  | $ | 595,256 |  |  | $ | 5,291,436 |  |  | $ | 566,591 |  |  | $ | 387,532 |  |  | $ | 16,513,291 |
Accumulated amortization and impairment |  |  | — |  |  | (15,806 | ) |  |  | (2,103,114 | ) |  |  | (122,842 | ) |  |  | (102,514 | ) |  |  | (2,344,276 | )
|  | $ | 9,672,476 |  | $ | 579,450 |  |  | $ | 3,188,322 |  |  | $ | 443,749 |  |  | $ | 285,018 |  |  | $ | 14,169,015 |
January 1 |  | $ | 9,672,476 |  | $ | 579,450 |  |  | $ | 3,188,322 |  |  | $ | 443,749 |  |  | $ | 285,018 |  |  | $ | 14,169,015 |
Acquisition through business combination |  | $ | 51,069,453 |  |  | 21,486,396 |  |  |  | 8,496,699 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 977,732 |  |  |  | 82,030,280 |
Additions |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 93,347 |  |  |  | 93,347 |
Amortization expenses |  |  | — |  |  | (52,205 | ) |  |  | (1,402,133 | ) |  |  | (111,530 | ) |  |  | (243,906 | ) |  |  | (1,809,774 | )
Disposal |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,888 | ) |  |  | (7,888 | )
Impairment |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (298,424 | ) |  |  | (298,424 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | — |  |  | (819 | ) |  |  | (14,920 | ) |  |  | (1,707 | ) |  |  | (11,354 | ) |  |  | (28,800 | )
December 31 |  | $ | 60,741,929 |  | $ | 22,012,822 |  |  | $ | 10,267,968 |  |  |  | 330,512 |  |  | $ | 794,525 |  |  | $ | 94,147,756 |
December 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 60,741,929 |  | $ | 22,083,887 |  |  | $ | 13,788,135 |  |  |  | 566,591 |  |  | $ | 2,139,623 |  |  | $ | 99,320,165 |
Accumulated amortization and impairment |  |  | — |  |  | (71,065 | ) |  |  | (3,520,167 | ) |  |  | (236,079 | ) |  |  | (1,345,098 | ) |  |  | (5,172,409 | )
|  | $ | 60,741,929 |  | $ | 22,012,822 |  |  | $ | 10,267,968 |  |  | $ | 330,512 |  |  | $ | 794,525 |  |  | $ | 94,147,756 |

____________

Note: The trademarks acquired through business combination include $21,484,644 of trademarks with indefinite useful lives.

a) Acquisition of intangible assets through business combination please refer to Note 31 for details.

b) The impairment loss recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023 was related to computer software, please refer to Note 10 b) for details.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

10. Impairment of non-financial assets

a) Impairment for goodwill

Goodwill is monitored by management at the level of entities. Summary of the goodwill allocation is presented below:

2022 |  | AD2 |  | SC+ST |  | POLYDICE |  | MG |  | Total
Goodwill |  | 1,882,400 |  | 5,428,655 |  | 2,361,421 |  | — |  | 9,672,476

2023 |  | AD2 |  | SC+ST |  | POLYDICE |  | MG |  | Total
Goodwill |  | 1,882,400 |  | 5,428,655 |  | 2,361,421 |  | 51,069,453 |  | 60,741,929

The Group tests whether goodwill has suffered any impairment on an annual basis at year end. For year 2022 and 2023, the recoverable amount of the cash-generating units (CGUs) was determined based on value in use calculations which require the use of assumptions. The calculations use cash flow projections based on financial budgets approved by management covering a 5 to 10 year period.

Cash flows beyond the 5 to 10 year are extrapolated using the estimated growth rates stated below. These growth rates are consistent with forecasts included in industry reports specific to the industry in which each CGU operates.

The following table sets out the key assumptions for those CGUs that have significant goodwill allocated to them:

2022 |  | AD2 |  | SC + ST |  | POLYDICE
Sales (annual growth rate) |  | 9% |  | 1%~11% |  | 11%
Budgeted gross margin |  | 52% |  | 20% |  | 85%
Operating expense |  | 41%~50% |  | 4% |  | 49.3%~70.5%
Annual capital expenditure |  | $29,306~$39,075 |  | $18,377~$19,538 |  | $12,647~$14,653
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50% |  | 1.50% |  | 1.50%
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.40% |  | 14.40% |  | 14.40%

2023 |  | AD2 |  | SC + ST |  | POLYDICE |  | MG
Sales (annual growth rate) |  | 12% |  | 1%~12% |  | 11% |  | 5%~33%
Budgeted gross margin |  | 50% |  | 20% |  | 85% |  | 30%~43%
Operating expense |  | 32%~44% |  | 4%~5% |  | 49%~71% |  | 24%~28%
Annual capital expenditure |  | $29,306~$39,075 |  | $19,538 |  | $14,653 |  | $488,000~$1,830,000
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50% |  | 1.50% |  | 1.50% |  | 1.50%
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.90% |  | 14.90% |  | 14.90% |  | 14.30%

Management has determined the values assigned to each of the above key assumptions as follows:

Assumption |  | Approach used to determine values
Sales |  | Average annual growth rate over the five to ten year forecast period; based on past performance, management’s expectations of market development, current industry trends and including long-term inflation forecasts for each territory.
Budgeted gross margin |  | Based on past performance and management’s expectations for the future.
Operating expense |  | Management forecasts these costs based on the current structure of the business, adjusting for inflationary increases but not reflecting any future restructurings or cost saving measures.
Annual capital expenditure |  | Expected cash costs in the CGUs. This is based on the historical experience of management, and the planned refurbishment expenditure. No incremental revenue or cost savings are assumed in the value in use model as a result of this expenditure.
Long-term growth rate |  | This is the weighted average growth rate used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the budget period. The rates are consistent with forecasts included in industry reports.
Pre-tax discount rates |  | Reflect specific risks relating to the relevant segments and the countries in which they operate.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

10. Impairment of non-financial assets (cont.)

Significant estimate: impact of possible changes in key assumptions

There was no impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

AD2 CGU

The recoverable amount of the AD2 CGU is estimated to exceed the carrying amount of the CGU as of December 31, 2023 by $1,680,801 (2022: $337,464).

The recoverable amount of this CGU would equal its carrying amount if the key assumptions were to change as follows:

|  | 2022 |  | 2023
From |  | To |  | From |  | To
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.40 | % |  | 16.90 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 38.90 | %
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.00 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 0.50 | %

Management have considered and assessed reasonably possible changes for other key assumptions and have not identified any instances that could cause the carrying amount of the AD2 CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

SC + ST CGU

The recoverable amount of the SC + ST CGU is estimated to exceed the carrying amount of the CGU as of December 31, 2023 by $654,531 (2022: $409,712)

The recoverable amount of this CGU would equal its carrying amount if the key assumptions were to change as follows:

|  | 2022 |  | 2023
From |  | To |  | From |  | To
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.40 | % |  | 16.90 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 19.40 | %
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.00 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 0.50 | %

The directors and management have considered and assessed reasonably possible changes for other key assumptions and have not identified any instances that could cause the carrying amount of the SC + ST CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

POLYDICE CGU

The recoverable amount of the POLYDICE CGU is estimated to exceed the carrying amount of the CGU as of December 31, 2023 by $801,308 (2022: $618,659).

The recoverable amount of this CGU would equal its carrying amount if the key assumptions were to change as follows:

|  | 2022 |  | 2023
From |  | To |  | From |  | To
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.40 | % |  | 18.90 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 24.40 | %
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.00 | %

The directors and management have considered and assessed reasonably possible changes for other key assumptions and have not identified any instances that could cause the carrying amount of the POLYDICE CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

10. Impairment of non-financial assets (cont.)

MG CGU

The recoverable amount of the MG CGU is estimated to exceed the carrying amount of the CGU at 31 December 2023 by $12,905,913.

The recoverable amount of this CGU would equal it’s carrying amount if the key assumptions were to change as follows:

|  | 2023
From |  | To
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.30 | % |  | 15.30 | %
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.00 | %

The directors and management have considered and assessed reasonably possible changes for other key assumptions and have not identified any instances that could cause the carrying amount of the MG CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

b) Impairment for computer software

In 2023, MG has ceased operation for its CoSTORY business due to lack of performance from its original plans, and the software that were developed internally for the CoSTORY business was no longer recoverable, that resulted in an impairment for the related computer software. As of December 31, 2023, the Group wrote down the carrying amount of the asset to $0 and recognized an impairment loss of $298,424 accordingly.

11. Short-term borrowings

Type of loans |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
| Bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Secured bank loans |  | $ | 976,880 |  |  | $ | 1,269,945
| Unsecured bank loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,103,473
| Other loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 876,815
|  |  | $ | 976,880 |  |  | $ | 5,250,233
| Interest rate range |  |  | 2.32 | % |  |  | 0.53%~8%
| Unused credit lines of short-term bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US$ |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | —

The table below summarizes the maturity profile of the short-term borrowings excluding the current portion of long-term borrowings (see Note 15 for further information) as of December 31, 2023 based on the contractual due date:

|  | 1 to 3 months |  | 4~6 months |  | Over 6 months |  | Total
Type of loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured bank loans |  | $ | 325,627 |  | $ | 944,318 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,269,945
Unsecured bank loans |  |  | 2,042,578 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,060,895 |  |  | 3,103,473
Other loans |  |  | 176,815 |  |  | 700,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 876,815
|  | $ | 2,368,205 |  | $ | 1,644,318 |  | $ | 1,060,895 |  | $ | 5,250,233

Information relating to interest rate risk and liquidity risk are provided in Note 40 a).

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

12. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Current item: |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration of acquisition of subsidiaries |  | $ | 418,834 |  | $ | 53,166
Add: Valuation adjustment and net exchange differences |  |  | 31,837 |  |  | 7,498
|  |  | 450,671 |  |  | 60,664
Preference shares liabilities |  |  | 17,961,604 |  |  | —
Add: Valuation adjustment |  |  | 14,386,249 |  |  | —
|  |  | 32,347,853 |  |  | —
Total current item; |  | $ | 32,798,524 |  | $ | 60,664
Non-current item: |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration of acquisition of subsidiaries |  | $ | 53,166 |  | $ | —
Add: Valuation adjustment and net exchange differences |  |  | 1,634 |  |  | —
|  | $ | 54,800 |  | $ | —

a) Amounts recognized in profit of loss in relation to the financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are listed below:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Call option of acquisition of subsidiaries |  | $ | 285,202 |  |  | $ | —
Contingent consideration of acquisition of subsidiaries |  |  | (74,249 | ) |  |  | 44,131
Preference shares liabilities |  |  | (8,265,459 | ) |  |  | 5,436,783
|  | $ | (8,054,506 | ) |  | $ | 5,480,914

b) Buy-back (call) option was granted to AD2’s shareholders when the Group acquired 51% shares of AD2 in year 2020. The original shareholders of AD2 (non-controlling shareholders holding 49% of the interest) may purchase the 51% equity of AD2 (255,000 shares) held by the Group at the original transfer consideration before the two-year anniversary from the grant date if any of the following circumstances occur:

i) If the Group fails to make the second payment for transaction price within the date specified in the shares purchase agreement; or

ii) If the Group cannot complete the initial public offering (IPO) within two years, the IPO may be extended for one year upon mutual consent.

The original shareholders of AD2 may exercise the call option within 30 days after the occurrence of the above circumstances. On December 31, 2022, the call option is expired, and the financial liabilities was reversed and recognized in “other gains and losses”.

c) In accordance with the share purchase agreements for the acquisition of POLYDICE in year 2022 and the acquisition of SC in year 2020, the Group shall give additional acquisition consideration and recognize relevant contingent consideration at fair value on the acquisition date if the acquired company achieves specific performance conditions within a certain period after the acquisition. The

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

12. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (cont.)

contingent consideration that will be liquidated in cash or other financial assets is recognized as financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit and loss, and the subsequent achievement are as follows:

i) Contingent consideration for the acquisition of POLYDICE is available from year 2022 to 2024. For the year 2022, POLYDICE met the performance target and the Group paid out part of the contingent consideration in cash totaled $400,000 in 2023. For the year 2023, POLYDICE failed to meet the performance target, therefore, the relevant contingent consideration was written off and recognized in “other gains and losses”. The remaining contingent consideration totaled $60,664 is available for the year 2024.

ii) Contingent consideration for the acquisition of SC is available from year 2021 to 2022. For the year 2021, SC met the performance target and the Group paid out the contingent consideration of cash $150,000 in 2022 and 201,939 ordinary shares in 2023. For the year 2022, SC met the performance target and the Group paid out the contingent consideration of cash $150,000 in 2022 and 134,626 ordinary shares in 2023.

d) As shown in the table below, the Company issued series of convertible preference shares, which was assessed as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss due to either its redemption option or contingent settlement provisions feature. On May 12, 2022, the Company issued 2,804 thousand of Series D-2 shares at $0.7845 per share totaled $2,199,999. On May 22, 2023, all series of preferred shares had been converted to ordinary shares at a 1:1 conversion ratio totaled $26,911,070. The decrease in fair value prior to conversion was mainly due to the probability of liquidation and redemption have decreased and the probability of mandatory conversion has increased under the option pricing model that was used for valuation. Information related to the methods and assumptions used for the fair value estimates are provided in Note 40 b) (b).

|  | Authorized shares (in thousands of shares) |  | Issuance date |  | Shares issued (in thousands of shares) |  | Total issuance amount |  | December 31, 2022 |  | May 22, 2023
Share price |  | Total amount |  | Share price |  | Total amount
Series A |  | 6,070 |  | 2015.5.20~2016.7.20 |  | 6,069 |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  | 0.720842 |  | $ | 4,374,631 |  | 0.725968 |  | $ | 4,405,739
Series B |  | 6,000 |  | 2016.10.31~2017.4.11 |  | 5,917 |  |  | 1,869,000 |  | 0.848454 |  |  | 5,020,231 |  | 0.745331 |  |  | 4,410,061
Series B-1 |  | 410 |  | 2017.11.9~2017.11.27 |  | 408 |  |  | 180,000 |  | 0.907989 |  |  | 370,820 |  | 0.752824 |  |  | 307,451
Series C |  | 7,152 |  | 2018.2.1~2019.3.14 |  | 7,152 |  |  | 3,500,000 |  | 0.931615 |  |  | 6,662,455 |  | 0.755296 |  |  | 5,401,508
Series C-1 |  | 4,375 |  | 2019.3.14~2019.10.2 |  | 4,374 |  |  | 2,217,055 |  | 0.893186 |  |  | 3,906,631 |  | 0.750359 |  |  | 3,282,230
Series C-2 |  | 1,770 |  | 2019.6.13~2019.10.2 |  | 1,767 |  |  | 1,103,300 |  | 0.940657 |  |  | 1,662,560 |  | 0.756533 |  |  | 1,337,131
Series D-1 |  | 4,207 |  | 2020.6.25 |  | 4,207 |  |  | 3,300,000 |  | 1.069958 |  |  | 4,500,779 |  | 0.783391 |  |  | 3,295,335
Series D-2 |  | 11,100 |  | 2020.11.19~2022.5.12 |  | 5,854 |  |  | 4,592,249 |  | 0.999320 |  |  | 5,849,746 |  | 0.763892 |  |  | 4,471,615
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,961,604 |  |  |  | $ | 32,347,853 |  |  |  | $ | 26,911,070

According to the Company’s Article of Association, the rights, preferences, and privileges of the above preference shareholders are as follows:

Dividend:

i) Series D-1: 10% of non-cumulative dividends should be declared by the Board of Directors at its discretion.

ii) All Series except Series D-1: 8% of non-cumulative dividends should be declared by the Board of Directors at its discretion.

The ranking of claims are holders of the Series D-1, Series D-2, Series C-2, Series C-1, Series C, Series B-1, Series B, Series A preferred shares and ordinary shares of the Company.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

12. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (cont.)

Conversion rights:

The contractual conversion price is the initial subscription price (i.e., the conversion ratio is 1:1). The conversion price of the ordinary share is subject to adjustments if the condition of the anti-dilution provision occurs subsequently. The conversion price will be adjusted based on the pricing model specified in the Articles of Association.

The shareholders of preferred shares may request the conversion to ordinary shares at any time. The remaining unconverted preferred shares will automatically be converted into ordinary shares of the Group if:

i) The Series D-1 preferred shares exceeds 80%, and more than two-thirds of the shareholders of the other preferred stocks issued and outstanding by the Group converted into ordinary shares; or

ii) The Group meets the conditions or qualifications for listing under the Articles of Association.

Liquidation preferences:

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or any deemed liquidation event, the assets of the Company or the consideration of the deemed liquidation event available for distribution to its shareholders, as the case may be, should be distributed among the shareholders.

The Series D-1 preferred shares shall be repaid first before any other class of shares at amount per share limited to the greater of 150.95% of the issuing price or at the conversion price if the shares have been converted into common shares.

If a merger or reorganization of the Company occurred (unless existing shareholders retain more than 50% of the total voting power), such events shall be deemed as Deemed Liquidation Event. unless:

i) the holders of at least two-thirds of all outstanding preferred shares, and

ii) the holders of at least eighty percent (80%) of the Series D-1 preferred shares then outstanding, each voting as a separate class on an as converted to ordinary shares basis, may elect not to apply the process of liquidation in the event of a Deemed Liquidation Event. Thus, if an uncertain event occurred in the future, the Company has a contractual obligation to deliver cash to convertible preference shareholders.

Voting rights:

Each preferred shareholder shall be entitled to one vote for each ordinary share then-issuable upon conversion of the preferred shares as of the record date for such vote or, if no record date is specified, as of the date of such vote.

Redemption rights (Series D-1 only):

Unless prohibited by Cayman law governing distributions to shareholders, the shareholders of Series D-1 preferred shares may make a written request to the Group for redemption within one month of the expiration date on June 24, 2023, at the higher amounts of 130% of the issue price; or fair market value.

Subscription right (Series D-1 only):

A stock warrant (“Series D-1 warrant”) was granted to Series D-1 preferred shareholders to purchase a total of additional 6,309,752 common shares at the subscription ratio of 1:1.5 at the initial subscription price. The Series D-1 warrant had an expiry date on June 24, 2022, and no additional common shares were subscribed before the warrant expired.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

13. Financial liabilities at amortized cost

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Subsidiary’s preference shares liabilities |  | $ | 1,953,761 |  | $ | 97,688
Non-controlling shareholders’ conversion right |  |  | — |  |  | 673,722
|  | $ | 1,953,761 |  | $ | 771,410
Non-current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Subsidiary’s preference shares liabilities |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,856,073
Non-controlling shareholders’ conversion right |  |  | 673,722 |  |  | —
|  | $ | 673,722 |  | $ | 1,856,073

a) Amounts recognized in profit or loss in relation to financial liabilities at amortized cost are listed below:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Finance costs |  | $ | (30,152 | ) |  | $ | (27,543 | )

b) On August 15, 2020, TNL TW, a subsidiary of the Company, issued Class A preferred shares to the National Development Fund of the Executive Yuan. The Class A preferred shares of TNL TW are assessed as liabilities in accordance with the rights of the shareholders, the conditions of issuance of Class A preferred shares are as follows:

i) Shares issued: 500 thousand shares of TNL TW

ii) Issue price: NT$60,000,000 (US$ 1,953,761)/NT$120 (US$3.907) per share

iii) Expiration date Initially on August 11, 2022 (allowed to withdrawal in advance in certain circumstances), which is extended to August 13, 2023 by the National Development Fund of the Executive Yuan in a letter dated April 17, 2023. Upon expiration, the shares shall be retired in 20 equal quarterly installments in cash. (see note (viii)).

iv) Dividend: 1.5% per year, cumulative, no participation in ordinary shares and other preferred shares in respect of distributions of earnings and capital surplus.

v) Liquidation preference: The shareholders of the Class A preferred shares take precedence over the shareholders of the ordinary shares and other preferred shares in the order of distribution of residual property of TNL TW. However, it shall not exceed the total subscription amount plus the dividends not yet received during the issued period.

vi) The Class A preferred shares does not have the right to vote and vote for the distribution of excess dividends, however, the shareholders of the Class A preferred shares may vote on matters related to their rights.

vii) The Class A preferred shares has no right to be converted into the ordinary shares.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

13. Financial liabilities at amortized cost (cont.)

viii) Despite of the fact that the pandemic has slowed down domestically, TNL TW still need funds to rebuild the operating scale. In order to ease the financial pressure of the post-pandemic recovery, the National Development Fund of the Executive Yuan has agreed to adjust the method of retiring the preferred shares in a letter dated April 17, 2023 as follow:

1. The issuance period of the preferred shares of this project may be extended for one year after the payment of historical dividends, and the dividend yield rate for the extended period would be calculated at the original agreed interest rate of 1.5% per year.

2. Upon expiration of the preferred shares, the shares shall be retired in 20 equal quarterly installments and dividends shall be paid during the period or agree to be retired in advance.

c) In accordance with the investment agreements by DaEX and each of certain DaEX’s non-controlling shareholders, and the joint venture agreement by TNL TW and AccuHit AI Technology Taiwan Co., Ltd (a DaEX’s non-controlling shareholders), each of certain DaEX non-controlling shareholders (the “DaEX Conversion Right Holders”) has the right to, before de-SPAC of the Company, convert their shares of DaEX into the shares of the Company. The value of the DaEX converted shares shall not be less than NT$20,690,000 (US$673,722), which was the initial investment amount of certain DaEX non-controlling shareholders, and the actual conversion price shall be agreed upon by the parties in writing. As DaEX’s fair value in proportion to the shareholding percentage has dropped below the initial investment amount of certain DaEX non-controlling shareholders as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, no valuation adjustments was recorded.

14. Other payables

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Salaries and bonuses payable |  | $ | 2,157,290 |  | $ | 2,248,023
Brand promotion/advertising fees payable |  |  | 134,822 |  |  | 161,368
Labor and health insurance payable |  |  | 114,405 |  |  | 303,092
Sales tax payable |  |  | 66,720 |  |  | 603,336
Professional fee payable |  |  | 208,384 |  |  | 2,746,599
Other expense payable |  |  | 326,102 |  |  | 842,608
|  | $ | 3,007,723 |  | $ | 6,905,026

Professional fee payable is for legal, accounting and consulting services related to the acquisition of MG and annual audit.

15. Long-term borrowings

Type of borrowings |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured loans |  | $ | 4,119,760 |  |  | $ | 4,900,044 |
Unsecured loans |  |  | 905,239 |  |  |  | 592,637 |
|  |  | 5,024,999 |  |  |  | 5,492,681 |
Less: Current portion |  |  | (2,148,476 | ) |  |  | (2,370,305 | )
|  | $ | 2,876,523 |  |  | $ | 3,122,376 |

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

15. Long-term borrowings (cont.)

a) Refer to table below for details of long-term borrowing.

Lender A refers to First Commercial Bank;

Lender B refers to Taishin International Bank;

Lender C refers to Taiwan Business Bank;

Lender D refers to Chailease Holding Company Ltd.;

Lender E refers to Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank Ltd,;

Lender F refers to Chang Hwa Commercial Bank, Ltd.;

Lender G refers to Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation.

As of December 31, 2022
Lender |  | Facility period |  | Credit facility |  | Type |  | Outstanding amount |  | Undrawn amount |  | Interest rate |  | Guarantor |  | Collateral
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  | $ | 293,064 |  | Secured |  | $ | 245,564 |  | — |  | 2.355 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | $ | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 54,571 |  | — |  | 2.355 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2023.10.25 |  |  | 488,440 |  | Secured |  |  | 409,469 |  | — |  | 2.575 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung, Yen-Ting Chuang |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2023.10.25 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 54,571 |  | — |  | 2.355 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.09.29 – 2025.09.29 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 59,865 |  | — |  | 2.355 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.12.12 – 2025.12.12 |  |  | 162,814 |  | Secured |  |  | 162,814 |  | — |  | 2.450 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 54,571 |  | — |  | 2.335 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
B |  | 2022.09.23 – 2024.09.23 |  |  | 488,440 |  | Secured |  |  | 427,385 |  | — |  | 2.510 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 97,688
B |  | 2021.06.30 – 2023.06.30 |  |  | 651,254 |  | Secured |  |  | 162,813 |  | — |  | 2.310 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung, Yen-Ting Chuang |  |  | —
C |  | 2018.12.20 – 2023.12.20 |  |  | 97,688 |  | Secured |  |  | 25,796 |  | — |  | 2.625 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
C |  | 2020.08.24 – 2025.08.24 |  |  | 97,688 |  | Secured |  |  | 57,206 |  | — |  | 2.625 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
C |  | 2021.09.30 – 2026.09.30 |  |  | 162,813 |  | Secured |  |  | 153,333 |  | — |  | 3.625 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
D |  | 2022.08.31 – 2024.08.31 |  |  | 1,139,694 |  | Unsecured |  |  | 905,239 |  | — |  | 2.746 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2021.06.07 – 2026.06.07 |  |  | 976,880 |  | Secured |  |  | 726,011 |  | — |  | 3.125 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2021.10.20 – 2026.10.20 |  |  | 846,630 |  | Secured |  |  | 652,339 |  | — |  | 3.125 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2021.09.06 – 2024.09.06 |  |  | 130,251 |  | Secured |  |  | 75,979 |  | — |  | 3.375 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2022.01.05 – 2025.01.05 |  |  | 130,251 |  | Secured |  |  | 90,452 |  | — |  | 3.375 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2022.11.25 – 2028.01.25 |  |  | 1,302,507 |  | Secured |  |  | 461,330 |  | 837,382 |  | 3.125 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
F |  | 2021.06.28 – 2026.06.28 |  |  | 325,627 |  | Secured |  |  | 245,691 |  | — |  | 3.125 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,024,999 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

As of December 31, 2023
Lender |  | Facility period |  | Credit facility |  | Type |  | Outstanding amount |  | Undrawn amount |  | Interest rate |  | Guarantor |  | Collateral
A |  | 2022.12.12 – 2025.12.12 |  | $ | 162,813 |  | Secured |  | $ | 109,889 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | $ | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 293,064 |  | Secured |  |  | 149,148 |  | — |  | 2.480 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 33,144 |  | — |  | 2.480 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.12.28 – 2026.12.27 |  |  | 146,532 |  | Secured |  |  | 146,532 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 14,653
A |  | 2023.10.17 – 2026.10.16 |  |  | 195,376 |  | Secured |  |  | 184,932 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.10.17 – 2026.10.17 |  |  | 146,532 |  | Secured |  |  | 138,699 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.09.27 – 2026.09.26 |  |  | 195,376 |  | Secured |  |  | 179,692 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.09.29 – 2025.09.29 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 38,561 |  | — |  | 2.480 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 33,144 |  | — |  | 2.480 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.12.28 – 2026.12.27 |  |  | 146,532 |  | Secured |  |  | 146,532 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 14,653
B |  | 2022.09.23 – 2024.09.23 |  |  | 488,440 |  | Secured |  |  | 183,165 |  | — |  | 2.510 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 97,688

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

15. Long-term borrowings (cont.)

As of December 31, 2023
Lender |  | Facility period |  | Credit facility |  | Type |  | Outstanding amount |  | Undrawn amount |  | Interest rate |  | Guarantor |  | Collateral
B |  | 2023.07.27 – 2025.07.27 |  | 488,440 |  | Secured |  |  | 386,682 |  | — |  | 2.910 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | 146,532
C |  | 2021.09.30 – 2026.09.30 |  | 162,813 |  | Secured |  |  | 114,694 |  | — |  | 3.750 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
C |  | 2020.08.24 – 2025.08.24 |  | 97,688 |  | Secured |  |  | 36,238 |  | — |  | 2.750 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
C |  | 2023.11.08 – 2028.11.08 |  | 325,627 |  | Secured |  |  | 192,510 |  | 132,107 |  | 2.095 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
D |  | 2022.08.31 – 2024.08.31 |  | 1,139,694 |  | Unsecured |  |  | 253,985 |  | — |  | 2.746 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
D |  | 2023.06.08 – 2025.06.08 |  | 455,878 |  | Unsecured |  |  | 338,652 |  | — |  | 3.500 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
E |  | 2021.06.07 – 2026.06.07 |  | 976,880 |  | Secured |  |  | 530,632 |  | — |  | 3.250 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
E |  | 2021.10.20 – 2026.10.20 |  | 846,630 |  | Secured |  |  | 483,013 |  | — |  | 3.000 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
E |  | 2021.09.06 – 2024.09.06 |  | 130,251 |  | Secured |  |  | 32,562 |  | — |  | 3.500 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
E |  | 2022.01.05 – 2025.01.05 |  | 130,251 |  | Secured |  |  | 47,034 |  | — |  | 3.500 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
E |  | 2023.07.26 – 2028.07.26 |  | 325,627 |  | Secured |  |  | 298,491 |  | — |  | 2.095 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
E |  | 2022.11.25 – 2027.11.25 |  | 1,302,507 |  | Secured |  |  | 1,059,319 |  | — |  | 3.250 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
F |  | 2021.06.28 – 2026.06.28 |  | 325,627 |  | Secured |  |  | 182,292 |  | — |  | 3.250 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
G |  | 2020.09.28 – 2030.09.27 |  | 282,905 |  | Secured |  |  | 193,139 |  | — |  | 1.000 | % |  | — |  | —
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,492,681 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

b) Information about the items that are pledged to others as collaterals for long-term bank loans is provided in Note 35.

c) Information relating to interest rate risk and liquidity risk are provided in Note 40 a).

16. Pensions_ Defined Contribution Plans

Effective from July 1, 2005, the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan established a defined contribution pension plan (“New Plan”) under the Labor Pension Act, covering all regular employees with ROC nationality. Under the New Plan, the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan contributes monthly an amount based on 6% of the employees’ monthly salaries and wages to the employees’ individual pension accounts at the Bureau of Labor Insurance. The benefits accrued are paid monthly or in lump sum upon termination of employment. The pension costs under defined contribution pension plans of the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 were $332,403 and $378,041, respectively.

The Company’s subsidiaries in Japan and Hong Kong adopted a defined contribution pension plan in accordance with the local regulations, and contributions are based on a certain percentage of employees’ salaries and wages. Other than the yearly contribution, the subsidiary has no further obligations. The pension costs of the subsidiaries for Hong Kong for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $2,149. The pension costs of the subsidiaries for Japan and Hong Kong for the year ended December 31, 2023, were $546,680 and 1,794.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

17. Share-based payment

a) For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group’s share-based payment arrangements were as follows:

Type of arrangement |  | Grant date |  | Quantity granted |  | Contract period |  | Vesting conditions
Employee stock options |  | May 14, 2015 |  | 2,872,556 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | May 14, 2015 |  | 1,508,094 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | April 14, 2016 |  | 71,814 |  | 10 years |  | Note 2
Employee stock options |  | April 14, 2016 |  | 430,883 |  | 10 years |  | Note 3
Employee stock options |  | April 7, 2017 |  | 324,764 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | October 4, 2019 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | January 9, 2020 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | March 9, 2020 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | April 27, 2020 |  | 15,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2020 |  | 600,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | November 2, 2020 |  | 450,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | May 3, 2021 |  | 300,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | September 1, 2021 |  | 15,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 3
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 96,662 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 66,284 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 299,808 |  | 10 years |  | Note 4
Employee stock options |  | June 10, 2022 |  | 96,546 |  | 10 years |  | Note 3
Employee stock options |  | June 10, 2022 |  | 118,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 3
Employee stock options |  | June 21, 2022 |  | 316,582 |  | 10 years |  | Note 4
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 27,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 91,662 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 95,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 135,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 50,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 245,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | August 21,2023 |  | 100,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1

____________

Note 1: Twenty-five percent of the shares subject to the option shall vest on the one-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date. For the remaining seventy five percent, one forty-eighth of the shares subject to the option shall vest each month thereafter on the same day of the month as the vesting commencement date, subject to participant continuing to be a service provider through each such date.

Note 2: All of the shares subject to the option shall vest on the one-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date, subject to participant continuing to be a service provider through each such date.

Note 3: One-third of the shares subject to the option shall vest on the one-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date, and one-third of the shares subject to the option shall vest each year thereafter on the anniversary of the vesting commencement date, subject to participant continuing to be a service provider through each such date.

Note 4: All shares subject to the option shall vest immediately.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

17. Share-based payment (cont.)

The share-based payment arrangements above are settled by equity.

b) Details of the share-based payment arrangements are as follows:

Stock options |  | 2022
No. of options |  | Weighted-average exercise price
Options outstanding at beginning of the period |  | 5,298,335 |  | 0.239484
Options granted |  | 1,027,213 |  | 0.527082
Options outstanding at the end of the period |  | 6,325,548 |  | 0.286188
Options exercisable at the end of the period |  | 5,522,283 |  |

Stock options |  | 2023
No. of options |  | Weighted-average exercise price
Options outstanding at beginning of the period |  | 6,325,548 |  |  | 0.286188
Options granted |  | 743,662 |  |  | 0.961903
Options exercised |  | (531,128 | ) |  | 0.305167
Options forfeited |  | (15,000 | ) |  | 0.784500
Options outstanding at the end of the period |  | 6,523,082 |  |  | 0.360531
Options exercisable at the end of the period |  | 5,637,908 |  |  |

c) The expiry date and exercise price of stock options outstanding at balance sheet date are as follows:

|  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2023
Grant date |  | Expiration Date |  | Quantity |  | Exercise price |  | Quantity |  | Exercise price
May 14, 2015 |  | May 13, 2025 |  | 2,872,556 |  | 0.019773 |  | 2,872,556 |  | 0.019773
May 14, 2015 |  | May 13, 2025 |  | 430,884 |  | 0.019773 |  | 430,884 |  | 0.019773
April 14, 2016 |  | April 13, 2026 |  | 71,814 |  | 0.019773 |  | 71,814 |  | 0.019773
April 7, 2017 |  | April 6, 2027 |  | 324,764 |  | 0.315874 |  | 324,764 |  | 0.315874
March 11, 2019 |  | March 10, 2029 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407
March 11, 2019 |  | March 10, 2029 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407
October 4, 2019 |  | October 3, 2029 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.624234 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.624234
January 9, 2020 |  | January 8, 2030 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407
July 31, 2020 |  | July 30, 2030 |  | 600,000 |  | 0.742800 |  | 600,000 |  | 0.742800
November 2, 2020 |  | November 1, 2030 |  | 450,000 |  | 0.624234 |  | 450,000 |  | 0.624234
May 3, 2021 |  | May 2, 2031 |  | 300,000 |  | 0.742800 |  | 300,000 |  | 0.742800
July 1, 2021 |  | June 30, 2031 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.784500 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.784500
July 1, 2021 |  | June 30, 2031 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.784500 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.784500
July 1, 2021 |  | June 30, 2031 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407
September 1, 2021 |  | August 31, 2031 |  | 15,000 |  | 0.784500 |  | — |  | —
February 10, 2022 |  | February 9, 2032 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407
February 10, 2022 |  | February 9, 2032 |  | 96,662 |  | 0.784500 |  | 96,662 |  | 0.784500
February 10, 2022 |  | February 9, 2032 |  | 66,284 |  | 0.784500 |  | 66,284 |  | 0.784500
February 10, 2022 |  | February 9, 2032 |  | 299,808 |  | 0.784500 |  | 299,808 |  | 0.784500
June 10, 2022 |  | June 9, 2032 |  | 96,546 |  | 0.489407 |  | — |  | —
June 10, 2022 |  | June 9, 2032 |  | 118,000 |  | 0.125700 |  | — |  | —
June 21, 2022 |  | June 20, 2032 |  | 316,582 |  | 0.315874 |  | — |  | —

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

17. Share-based payment (cont.)

|  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2023
Grant date |  | Expiration Date |  | Quantity |  | Exercise price |  | Quantity |  | Exercise price
May 31, 2023 |  | May 30, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  | 27,000 |  | 0.742800
May 31, 2023 |  | May 30, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  | 91,662 |  | 0.784500
May 31, 2023 |  | May 30, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  | 95,000 |  | 0.784500
July 31, 2023 |  | July 30, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  | 135,000 |  | 0.997300
July 31, 2023 |  | July 30, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  | 50,000 |  | 0.997300
July 31, 2023 |  | July 30, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  | 245,000 |  | 0.997300
August 21, 2023 |  | August 20, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  | 100,000 |  | 1.200000

d) The fair value of stock options granted on grant date is measured using the binomial model. Relevant information is as follow:

Type of Arrangement |  | Grant date |  | Stock price |  | Exercise price |  | Expected price volatility |  | Expect option life |  | Expected dividend |  | Risk-free interest rate |  | Fair value per unit
Employee stock options |  | May 14, 2015 |  | 0.044072 |  | 0.019773 |  | 40 | % |  | 9.38 |  | — |  | 2.231 | % |  | 0.024321~0.027843
Employee stock options |  | May 14, 2015 |  | 0.044072 |  | 0.019773 |  | 40 | % |  | 7.80 |  | — |  | 2.231 | % |  | 0.026463~0.029335
Employee stock options |  | April 14, 2016 |  | 0.047936 |  | 0.019773 |  | 44 | % |  | 10.00 |  | — |  | 1.793 | % |  | 0.028181
Employee stock options |  | April 14, 2016 |  | 0.047936 |  | 0.019773 |  | 44 | % |  | 8.79 |  | — |  | 1.793 | % |  | 0.028907~0.031912
Employee stock options |  | April 7, 2017 |  | 0.030749 |  | 0.315874 |  | 42 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 2.383 | % |  | 0.001962~0.002115
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 0.168912 |  | 0.489407 |  | 39 | % |  | 8.26 |  | — |  | 2.640 | % |  | 0.034102~0.036723
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 0.168912 |  | 0.489407 |  | 39 | % |  | 8.93 |  | — |  | 2.640 | % |  | 0.034102~0.036588
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 0.168912 |  | 0.489407 |  | 39 | % |  | 8.12 |  | — |  | 2.640 | % |  | 0.034694~0.037433
Employee stock options |  | October 4, 2019 |  | 0.225590 |  | 0.624234 |  | 39 | % |  | 8.82 |  | — |  | 1.530 | % |  | 0.043204~0.046574
Employee stock options |  | January 9, 2020 |  | 0.269944 |  | 0.489407 |  | 40 | % |  | 7.28 |  | — |  | 1.856 | % |  | 0.076964~0.083400
Employee stock options |  | March 9, 2020 |  | 0.263308 |  | 0.624234 |  | 40 | % |  | 7.75 |  | — |  | 0.543 | % |  | 0.058246~0.063081
Employee stock options |  | April 27, 2020 |  | 0.262649 |  | 0.624234 |  | 45 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 0.661 | % |  | 0.069520~0.076383
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2020 |  | 0.170858 |  | 0.742800 |  | 47 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 0.529 | % |  | 0.031166~0.033836
Employee stock options |  | November 2, 2020 |  | 0.170151 |  | 0.624234 |  | 49 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 0.845 | % |  | 0.039559~0.043161
Employee stock options |  | May 3, 2021 |  | 0.408217 |  | 0.742800 |  | 52 | % |  | 7.88 |  | — |  | 1.600 | % |  | 0.152527~0.173071
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 0.408281 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 8.84 |  | — |  | 1.459 | % |  | 0.144797~0.162561
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 0.408281 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 1.459 | % |  | 0.148691~0.170598
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 0.408281 |  | 0.489407 |  | 53 | % |  | 8.84 |  | — |  | 1.459 | % |  | 0.172465~0.199497
Employee stock options |  | September 1, 2021 |  | 0.407608 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 9.00 |  | — |  | 1.295 | % |  | 0.143720~0.153251
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 0.411875 |  | 0.489407 |  | 53 | % |  | 9.48 |  | — |  | 2.032 | % |  | 0.176189~0.192541
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 0.411875 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 8.84 |  | — |  | 2.032 | % |  | 0.148457~0.167435
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 0.411875 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 8.20 |  | — |  | 2.032 | % |  | 0.151112~0.172537
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 0.411875 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 9.40 |  | — |  | 2.032 | % |  | 0.150891
Employee stock options |  | June 10, 2022 |  | 0.481541 |  | 0.489407 |  | 56 | % |  | 10.00 |  | — |  | 3.158 | % |  | 0.216576
Employee stock options |  | June 10, 2022 |  | 0.481541 |  | 0.125700 |  | 56 | % |  | 10.00 |  | — |  | 3.158 | % |  | 0.356039
Employee stock options |  | June 21, 2022 |  | 0.482136 |  | 0.315874 |  | 56 | % |  | 10.00 |  | — |  | 3.278 | % |  | 0.250119
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 0.769100 |  | 0.742800 |  | 57 | % |  | 9.06 |  | — |  | 3.646 | % |  | 0.367543~0.433078
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 0.769100 |  | 0.784500 |  | 57 | % |  | 8.85 |  | — |  | 3.646 | % |  | 0.349450~0.426505
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 0.769100 |  | 0.784500 |  | 57 | % |  | 7.85 |  | — |  | 3.646 | % |  | 0.367891~0.451201
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 0.767300 |  | 0.997300 |  | 57 | % |  | 8.85 |  | — |  | 3.962 | % |  | 0.331284~0.394347
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 0.767300 |  | 0.997300 |  | 57 | % |  | 7.85 |  | — |  | 3.962 | % |  | 0.344164~0.418457
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 0.767300 |  | 0.997300 |  | 57 | % |  | 9.48 |  | — |  | 3.962 | % |  | 0.331337~0.368537
Employee stock options |  | August 21, 2023 |  | 0.767200 |  | 1.200000 |  | 57 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 4.341 | % |  | 0.315225~0.389374

____________

Note: The volatility factor estimated was based on the historical share price movement of the comparable companies for the period of time close to the expected time to exercise.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

17. Share-based payment (cont.)

e) Expenses incurred on share-based payment transactions are shown below:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2023
Equity-settled |  | $ | 237,301 |  | $ | 118,800

18. Capital stock

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s authorized capital was $50,000, and the issued and outstanding capital was $21,882, consisting of 218,817 thousand shares of ordinary shares with a par value of $ 0.0001 per share. All proceeds from shares issued have been collected.

Movements in the number of the Company’s ordinary shares outstanding are as follows (Unit: thousand shares):

|  | Note |  | 2022 |  | 2023
At January 1 |  |  |  | 83,292 |  | 83,292
Issuance of ordinary shares |  | A |  | — |  | 651
Share-based payments |  | Note 17 |  | — |  | 531
Preferred shares conversion |  | B |  | — |  | 35,747
Acquisition of subsidiaries |  | C |  | — |  | 91,077
Changes in non-controlling interests |  | D |  | — |  | 7,519
At December 31 |  |  |  | 83,292 |  | 218,817

____________

Note:

A. In 2022, the Company raise additional capital through private placement by issuing 300,626 shares at a subscription price of $0.997299 per share for a total of $299,814, the alteration registration was completed on May 21, 2023.

In 2023, the Company raise additional capital through private placement by issuing 221,732 shares at a subscription price of $0.997305 per share and 128,263 shares at subscription price of $0.624256 per share for a total of $221,134 and $80,069, respectively, and the alteration registration was completed on May 21, and June 2, 2023, respectively.

B. On May 22, 2023, all series of preferred shares had been converted to ordinary shares at a 1:1 conversion ratio totaled $26,911,070. Please refer to Note 12 d) for details.

C. The Company issued shares as equity consideration to acquire SC and MG. Please refer to Note 12 c) and 31 for details.

D. The Company issued shares to acquire interests of subsidiaries from non-controlling interests, please refer to Note 30 for details.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

19. Capital surplus

Except as required by the Company’s Articles of Association or Cayman’s law, capital surplus shall not be used for any other purpose but covering accumulated deficit. Capital surplus should not be used to cover accumulated deficit unless the legal reserve is insufficient.

|  | 2022
|  | Share premium |  | Employee stock options |  | Employee stock options- expired |  | Changes in ownership interest in subsidiaries |  | Total
January 1 |  | $ | 5,998,682 |  | $ | 109,305 |  | $ | 6,997 |  | $ | 47,173 |  | $ | 6,162,157
From share of changes in equities of subsidiaries |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88,455 |  |  | 88,455
Share-based payments |  |  | — |  |  | 237,301 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 237,301
December 31 |  | $ | 5,998,682 |  | $ | 346,606 |  | $ | 6,997 |  | $ | 135,628 |  | $ | 6,487,913

|  | 2023
|  | Share premium |  | Employee stock options |  | Employee stock options- expired |  | Changes in ownership interest in subsidiaries |  | Total
January 1 |  | $ | 5,998,682 |  | $ | 346,606 |  |  | $ | 6,997 |  | $ | 135,628 |  | $ | 6,487,913
Issuance of ordinary shares |  |  | 600,952 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 600,952
Preferred shares conversion |  |  | 26,907,495 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,907,495
Acquisition of subsidiaries |  |  | 70,619,903 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70,619,903
Changes in non-controlling interests |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 708,719 |  |  | 708,719
Share-based payments |  |  | 162,029 |  |  | 118,800 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 280,829
Employee stock options exercised |  |  | 62,923 |  |  | (62,923 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Employee stock options forfeited |  |  | — |  |  | (1,482 | ) |  |  | 1,482 |  |  | — |  |  | —
December 31 |  | $ | 104,351,984 |  | $ | 401,001 |  |  | $ | 8,479 |  | $ | 844,347 |  | $ | 105,605,811

20. Retained earnings

a) Subject to the Statute and provisions of the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, the Directors may from time to time declare dividends (including interim dividends) and distributions on shares of the Company outstanding and authorize payment of the same out of the funds of the Company lawfully available therefor.

b) The Group was in a net loss position for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, and no earnings distribution was resolved by the Board of Directors.

21. Revenue

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Revenue from contracts with customers |  | $ | 20,009,994 |  | $ | 35,838,780

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

21. Revenue (cont.)

a) Disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers

The Group derives revenue from the transfer of goods and services over time and at a point in time in the following revenue sources:

2022 |  | Digital studio |  | Media and branded content |  | Technology |  | Total
Revenue from external customer contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TNL Group |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At a point in time |  | $ | — |  | $ | 403,977 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 403,977
Over time |  |  | 9,284,911 |  |  | 2,854,724 |  |  | 7,466,382 |  |  | 19,606,017
|  | $ | 9,284,911 |  | $ | 3,258,701 |  | $ | 7,466,382 |  | $ | 20,009,994

2023 |  | Digital studio |  | Media and branded content |  | Technology |  | Total
Revenue from external customer contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TNL Group |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At a point in time |  | $ | — |  | $ | 636,262 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 636,262
Over time |  |  | 9,535,853 |  |  | 2,705,481 |  |  | 7,830,627 |  |  | 20,071,961
MG Group |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At a point in time |  |  | — |  |  | 6,015,726 |  |  | 2,782,809 |  |  | 8,798,535
Over time |  |  | 5,910,518 |  |  | 421,504 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,332,022
|  | $ | 15,446,371 |  | $ | 9,778,973 |  | $ | 10,613,436 |  | $ | 35,838,780

____________

Note: the segment information please refer to Note 41 for details.

b) Contract assets and liabilities

The Group has recognized the following contract assets and liabilities in relation to revenue from contracts with customers:

|  | January 1, 2022 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Contract assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service contracts |  | $ | 3,354,737 |  | $ | 3,093,020 |  | $ | 3,153,022
Contract liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advance sales receipts |  | $ | 426,295 |  | $ | 680,723 |  | $ | 988,753

The information relating to loss allowance for contract assets is provided in Note 40 a).

c) Significant changes in contract assets

The increase in contract assets during the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributed to progress of projects towards contract activities and is ahead of the agreed payment schedule.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

21. Revenue (cont.)

d) Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liabilities balance at the beginning of the period |  |  |  |  |  |
Advance sales receipts |  | $ | 462,295 |  | $ | 680,723

e) All of the service contracts are for periods of one year or less. As permitted under IFRS 15, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, the transaction price allocated to these unsatisfied contracts is not disclosed.

22. Interest income

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Bank deposits |  | $ | 9,642 |  | $ | 16,604
Financial assets at amortized cost |  |  | 755 |  |  | 1,960
Other interest income |  |  | 597 |  |  | 776
|  | $ | 10,994 |  | $ | 19,340

23. Other income

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Grant income |  | $ | 56,842 |  | $ | 26,600
Sales tax refund |  |  | 10,766 |  |  | 61,359
Gain on reversal of asset retirement obligations |  |  | — |  |  | 215,637
Other income |  |  | 7,968 |  |  | 105,959
|  | $ | 75,576 |  | $ | 409,555

24. Other gains and losses

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Gain (loss) on disposal of property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 3,732 |
Gain (loss) on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | (8,054,506 | ) |  |  | 5,480,914 |
Foreign exchange losses, net |  |  | (119,293 | ) |  |  | (5,877 | )
Impairment loss on intangible assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | (298,424 | )
Others |  |  | (1,013 | ) |  |  | (19,966 | )
|  | $ | (8,174,802 | ) |  | $ | 5,160,379 |

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

25. Finance costs

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank loans |  | $ | 93,915 |  | $ | 195,235
Other loans |  |  | — |  |  | 28,439
Preferred shares liabilities (recognized as “Financial liabilities at amortized cost”) |  |  | 30,152 |  |  | 27,543
Lease liabilities |  |  | 12,586 |  |  | 42,419
Other |  |  | 376 |  |  | 5,322
|  | $ | 137,029 |  | $ | 298,958

26. Expenses by nature

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Employee benefit expenses |  | $ | 9,736,015 |  | $ | 17,638,494
Media cost in cost of revenue |  |  | 6,900,142 |  |  | 8,120,698
Depreciation expenses on property, plant and equipment |  |  | 39,078 |  |  | 159,993
Depreciation expenses on right-of-use assets |  |  | 394,184 |  |  | 865,790
Amortization expenses |  |  | 1,058,392 |  |  | 1,809,774
Professional fees |  |  | 2,407,919 |  |  | 7,309,660

27. Employee benefit expenses

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Salaries |  | $ | 8,241,179 |  | $ | 14,736,022
Directors’ remuneration |  |  | — |  |  | 442,555
Labor and health insurance |  |  | 659,463 |  |  | 1,027,287
Pension |  |  | 334,552 |  |  | 926,515
Others |  |  | 500,821 |  |  | 506,115
|  | $ | 9,736,015 |  | $ | 17,638,494

28. Income tax expense

a) Income tax expense

(a) Components of income tax expense:

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Current income tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current income tax on profits for the period |  | $ | 11,110 |  |  | $ | 4,457 |
Total current income tax |  |  | 11,110 |  |  |  | 4,457 |
Deferred income tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Relating to origination and reversal of temporary differences |  |  | (258,287 | ) |  |  | (595,539 | )
Income tax benefit |  | $ | (247,177 | ) |  | $ | (591,082 | )

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

28. Income tax expense (cont.)

b) Reconciliation of income tax expense and the accounting profit:

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Tax calculated based on profit before tax and statutory tax rate |  | $ | (655,823 | ) |  | $ | (1,108,602 | )
Expenses disallowed by tax regulation |  |  | 67,065 |  |  |  | 78,538 |
Tax exempt income by tax regulation |  |  | (5,823 | ) |  |  | (8,826 | )
Taxable loss not recognized as deferred tax assets |  |  | 369,439 |  |  |  | 447,808 |
Use of loss carryforward not recognized deferred tax assets from prior years |  |  | (22,035 | ) |  |  | — |
Income tax benefit |  | $ | (247,177 | ) |  | $ | (591,082 | )

____________

Note: The basis for computing the applicable tax rate are the rates applicable in the respective countries where the Group entities operate (Taiwan: 20%, Japan: 34.59%, Hong Kong: 16.5%, Cayman: 0%).

c) The amounts of deferred tax assets or liabilities resulting from temporary differences and investment tax credits are as follows:

|  | 2022
January 1 |  | Recognized in profit or loss |  | Business combination |  | Exchange Differences |  | December 31
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful debts |  | $ | 1,840 |  |  | $ | 16,118 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (634 | ) |  | $ | 17,324 |
Unrealized exchange losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33,234 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (931 | ) |  |  | 32,303 |
Accrued paid absences |  |  | 10,519 |  |  |  | 1,211 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,072 | ) |  |  | 10,658 |
Total |  | $ | 12,359 |  |  | $ | 50,563 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,637 | ) |  | $ | 60,285 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  | $ | (807,893 | ) |  | $ | 195,457 |  | $ | (292,713 | ) |  | $ | 63,753 |  |  | $ | (841,396 | )
Unrealized exchange gain |  |  | (25,552 | ) |  |  | 12,267 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,177 |  |  |  | (11,108 | )
Total |  | $ | (833,445 | ) |  | $ | 207,724 |  | $ | (292,713 | ) |  | $ | 65,930 |  |  | $ | (852,504 | )
Information presented on statements of financial position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax assets |  | $ | 12,359 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 60,285 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (833,445 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (852,504 | )

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

28. Income tax expense (cont.)

|  | 2023
January 1 |  | Recognized in profit or loss |  | Business combination |  | Exchange Differences |  | December 31
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful debts |  | $ | 17,324 |  |  | $ | (162 | ) |  | $ | 979 |  |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 18,128 |
Unrealized exchange losses |  |  | 32,303 |  |  |  | (30,475 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (468 | ) |  |  | 1,360 |
Other long-term employee benefits |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,679 |  |  |  | 109,512 |  |  |  | (1,683 | ) |  |  | 125,508 |
Accrued paid absences |  |  | 10,658 |  |  |  | 12,947 |  |  |  | 106,839 |  |  |  | (1,462 | ) |  |  | 128,982 |
Share based payment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 50,506 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 773 |  |  |  | 51,279 |
Loss carried forward |  |  | — |  |  |  | 122,398 |  |  |  | 163,087 |  |  |  | (3,103 | ) |  |  | 282,382 |
Deferred gain of government subsidy |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,100 | ) |  |  | 8,529 |  |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | 7,314 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19,012 |  |  |  | 3,479 |  |  |  | (168 | ) |  |  | 22,323 |
Unrealized gain in intercompany transactions by consolidation |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,110 | ) |  |  | 11,033 |  |  |  | (151 | ) |  |  | 9,772 |
Total |  | $ | 60,285 |  |  | $ | 189,695 |  |  | $ | 403,458 |  |  | $ | (6,390 | ) |  | $ | 647,048 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  | $ | (841,396 | ) |  | $ | 403,015 |  |  | $ | (10,464,889 | ) |  | $ | 3,481 |  |  | $ | (10,899,789 | )
Unrealized exchange gain |  |  | (11,108 | ) |  |  | 9,981 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | (973 | )
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,227 |  |  |  | (19,354 | ) |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | (15,869 | )
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,299 | ) |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | (14,094 | )
Other non-current assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (1,832 | ) |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (1,843 | )
Right-of-use assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,341 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | (10,276 | )
Total |  | $ | (852,504 | ) |  | $ | 405,844 |  |  | $ | (10,500,374 | ) |  | $ | 4,190 |  |  | $ | (10,942,844 | )
Information presented on statements of financial position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax assets |  | $ | 60,285 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 647,048 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (852,504 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (10,942,844 | )

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

28. Income tax expense (cont.)

d) Expiration dates of unused taxable losses and amounts of unrecognized deferred income tax assets are as follows:

December 31, 2022
Year incurred |  | Amount filed/ assessed |  | Unused amount |  | Unrecognized deferred tax assets |  | Expiry year
2013 |  | $ | 58,807 |  | $ | 58,807 |  | $ | 58,807 |  | 2023
2014 |  |  | 395,842 |  |  | 395,842 |  |  | 395,842 |  | 2024
2015 |  |  | 772,710 |  |  | 772,710 |  |  | 772,710 |  | 2025
2016 |  |  | 703,436 |  |  | 702,166 |  |  | 702,166 |  | 2026
2017 |  |  | 1,435,815 |  |  | 1,270,740 |  |  | 1,270,740 |  | 2027
2018 |  |  | 1,038,026 |  |  | 973,963 |  |  | 973,963 |  | 2028
2019 |  |  | 1,020,392 |  |  | 938,628 |  |  | 938,628 |  | 2029
2020 |  |  | 1,397,935 |  |  | 1,397,935 |  |  | 1,397,935 |  | 2030
2021 |  |  | 1,444,725 |  |  | 1,213,442 |  |  | 1,213,442 |  | 2031
2022 |  |  | 3,386,984 |  |  | 1,713,738 |  |  | 1,713,738 |  | 2032
|  | $ | 11,654,672 |  | $ | 9,437,971 |  | $ | 9,437,971 |  |

December 31, 2023
Year incurred |  | Amount filed/ assessed |  | Unused amount |  | Unrecognized deferred tax assets |  | Expiry year
2014 |  | $ | 395,842 |  | $ | 395,842 |  | $ | 395,842 |  | 2024
2015 |  |  | 772,710 |  |  | 772,710 |  |  | 772,710 |  | 2025
2016 |  |  | 702,197 |  |  | 702,197 |  |  | 702,197 |  | 2026
2017 |  |  | 1,270,776 |  |  | 1,270,776 |  |  | 1,270,776 |  | 2027
2018 |  |  | 2,343,360 |  |  | 1,217,336 |  |  | 973,999 |  | 2028
2019 |  |  | 1,640,432 |  |  | 1,541,734 |  |  | 1,322,884 |  | 2029
2020 |  |  | 1,743,853 |  |  | 1,743,853 |  |  | 1,743,853 |  | 2030
2021 |  |  | 3,115,008 |  |  | 2,343,174 |  |  | 2,343,174 |  | 2031
2022 |  |  | 3,473,641 |  |  | 1,692,838 |  |  | 1,692,838 |  | 2032
2023 |  |  | 7,113,019 |  |  | 5,796,947 |  |  | 5,445,297 |  | 2033
|  | $ | 22,570,838 |  | $ | 17,477,407 |  | $ | 16,663,570 |  |

e) The amounts of deductible temporary difference that are not recognized as deferred tax assets are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Deductible temporary differences |  | $ | 9,437,971 |  | $ | 20,521,572

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

29. Losses per share

|  | Year ended December 31, 2022
Amount after income tax |  | Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding |  | Losses per share
Basic losses per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss attributable to equity holders of the Company |  | $ | (11,014,131 | ) |  | 83,291,679 |  | $ | (0.13 | )
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company plus assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares |  | $ | (11,014,131 | ) |  | 83,291,679 |  | $ | (0.13 | )

____________

Note: For the year ended December 31, 2022, there was 39,786,543 potential shares derived from employee stock options (3,702,489 shares), convertible preferred shares (35,747,489 shares) and contingent consideration (336,565 shares) outstanding to be issued, which were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per shares as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

|  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Amount after income tax |  | Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding |  | Losses per share
Basic losses per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss attributable to equity holders of the Company |  | $ | (804,977 | ) |  | 166,472,761 |  | $ | (0.01 | )
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company plus assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares |  | $ | (804,977 | ) |  | 166,472,761 |  | $ | (0.01 | )

____________

Note: For the year ended December 31, 2023, there was 17,496,302 potential shares derived from employee stock options (3,589,056 shares), and convertible preferred shares (13,907,246 shares) outstanding to be issued, which were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per shares as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

30. Transactions with non-controlling interest

a) The Group did not participate in the capital increase raised by a subsidiary proportionally to its interest to the subsidiary.

Subsidiary TNL JP of the Group increased its capital by issuing new shares on December 28, 2022. The Group did not acquire shares proportionally to its interest. As a result, the Group decreased its share interest by 3.28%. The transaction increased non-controlling interest by $27,400 and increased the equity attributable to owners of parent by $78,488. The effect of changes in interests in TNL JP on the equity attributable to owners of the parent for the year ended December 31, 2022 is shown below:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2022
Cash |  | $ | 105,888
Increase in carrying amount of non-controlling interest |  |  | 27,400
Capital surplus |  |  |
– Recognition of changes in ownership interest in subsidiaries |  | $ | 78,488

b) Acquisition of additional equity interest in a subsidiary:

i) On March 1, 2023, the Group acquired the remaining 49.44% of shares of its subsidiary — POLYDICE for a total cash and equity consideration of $218,617 and $1,503,978 (2,153 thousand of shares), respectively. The carrying amount of non-controlling interest in POLYDICE was $627,330 at the acquisition date. This transaction resulted in a decrease in the non-controlling interest by $627,330 and an increase in the equity attributable to owners of the parent by $408,713. The effect of changes in interests in POLYDICE on the equity attributable to owners of the parent for the year ended December 31, 2023 is shown below:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Carrying amount of non-controlling interest acquired |  | $ | 598,647
Consideration paid to non-controlling interest |  |  | 1,722,595
Other equity (such as translation differences) |  |  | 28,683
Capital surplus |  |  |
– From difference between consideration paid and the carrying amount of subsidiaries’ net assets. |  | $ | 1,095,265

ii) On June 1, 2023, the Group acquired the remaining 49% of shares of its subsidiary — AD2 for a total cash and equity consideration of $79,701 and $4,125,206 (5,366 thousand of shares), respectively. The carrying amount of non-controlling interest in AD2 was $380,459 at the acquisition date. This transaction resulted in a decrease in the non-controlling interest by $380,459 and an increase in the equity attributable to owners of the parent by $300,758. The effect of changes in interests in AD2 on the equity attributable to owners of the parent for the year ended December 31, 2023 is shown below:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Carrying amount of non-controlling interest acquired |  | $ | 400,717 |
Consideration paid to non-controlling interest |  |  | 4,204,907 |
Other equity (such as translation differences) |  |  | (20,258 | )
Capital surplus |  |  |  |
– From difference between consideration paid and the carrying amount of subsidiaries’ net assets. |  | $ | 3,824,448 |

iii) For other changes in non-controlling interest in 2022 and 2023, please refer to Note 4 c) (b) note 4 and note 7 for further information.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

31. Business combinations

Acquisition of POLYDICE:

a) The Group acquired control of POLYDICE on October 1, 2022 through the acquisition of a 50.56% shares in POLYOICE, which provides e-commerce and digital advertising including online social marketing. The total consideration transferred for the acquisition of POLYDICE by the Group is as follows:

|  | October 1, 2022
Purchase consideration |  |  |
Cash paid |  | $ | 2,482,575
Contingent consideration (Cash consideration) |  |  | 472,000
|  | $ | 2,954,575

b) The following table summarizes the recognized amounts of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

|  | October 1, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 841,060 |
Accounts receivables |  |  | 631,720 |
Inventories |  |  | 1,261 |
Prepayments |  |  | 68,856 |
Other current assets |  |  | 1,345 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 12,278 |
Refundable deposits |  |  | 11,273 |
Intangibles assets-Trademark |  |  | 572,159 |
Other intangible assets |  |  | 895,964 |
Accounts payable |  |  | (904,380 | )
Current contract liabilities |  |  | (129,729 | )
Other Payable |  |  | (265,028 | )
Other current liabilities |  |  | (18,232 | )
Long-term borrowings |  |  | (91,255 | )
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (292,713 | )
Fair value of identifiable net assets |  | $ | 1,334,579 |

c) Additional consideration that may be paid if the subsidiary achieves the following performance from 2022 to 2024:

i) In the event that the Net Profit for the fiscal year 2022 have reached the “Aggressive” level as set forth in the Forecast, then the total contingent consideration would equal to USD$400,000 paid in cash.

ii) In the event that the Net Profit for the fiscal year 2023 have reached the “Achievable” level but not the “Aggressive” level as set forth in the Forecast, then the total contingent consideration would equal to USD$200,000 paid in cash.

iii) In the event that the Net Profit for the fiscal year 2023 have reached the “Aggressive” level as set forth in the Forecast, then the total contingent consideration would equal to USD$300,000 paid in cash.

iv) In the event that the Net Profit for the fiscal year 2024 have reached the “Achievable” level but not the “Aggressive” level as set forth in the Forecast, then the total contingent consideration would equal to USD$200,000 paid in cash.

v) In the event that the Net Profit for the fiscal year 2024 have reached the “Aggressive” level as set forth in the Forecast, then the total contingent consideration would equal to USD$300,000 paid in cash.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

31. Business combinations (cont.)

The fair value of contingent consideration was calculated based on the present value of expected value derived from multiplying each of the possible outcomes by the probability of each outcome, them summing all those values and applying the POLYDICE cost of equity as of the dates. The cost of equity as of October 1, 2022, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023, was estimated to be 11.6%,11.9% and 12.0%, respectively.

The outstanding contingent consideration recognized in financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss on December 31, 2022 and 2023, are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Contingent consideration |  | $ | 505,471 |  | $ | 60,664

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the contingent consideration has been paid, as the actual performance reached “Aggressive” level. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the contingent consideration has been derecognized, as the actual performance did not reach “Achievable” level. Please refer to Note 12 c) for the initial recognition and subsequent evaluation of the contingent consideration.

d) The fair value of acquired trade receivables is 631,720. The gross contractual amount for trade receivables due is 664,171, with a loss allowance of 32,451 recognized on acquisition.

e) The group recognizes non-controlling interests in an acquired entity either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets. This decision is made on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis. For the non-controlling interests in POLYDICE, the group elected to recognize the non-controlling interests at its proportionate share of the acquired net identifiable assets. See Note 4 x) for the group’s accounting policies for business combinations.

f) The goodwill recognized by the Group as a result of the acquisition is as follows:

|  | October 1, 2022
Purchase Consideration |  | $ | 2,954,575 |
Add: Non-controlling interests (measured by the proportional share of non-controlling interests in identifiable net assets) |  |  | 659,816 |
Less: Fair value of identifiable net assets |  |  | (1,334,579 | )
Goodwill |  | $ | 2,279,812 |

The goodwill is attributable to the workforce and the profitability of the acquired business. It will not be deductible for tax purposes.

g) Purchase consideration — cash outflow

|  | December 31, 2023
Outflow of cash to acquire subsidiary, net of cash acquired |  |  |  |
Cash consideration |  | $ | 2,482,575 |
Less: Balances acquired |  |  |  |
Cash |  |  | (841,060 | )
Net outflow of cash – investing activities |  |  | 1,641,515 |

h) The operating revenue included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for three months ended December 31, 2022 contributed by POLYDICE was $780,446. POLYDICE also contributed profit before income tax of $20,835 over the same period. Had POLYDICE been consolidated from January 1, 2022, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income would show operating revenue of $22,217,645 and loss before income tax of ($11,373,354).

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

31. Business combinations (cont.)

Acquisition of MG:

a) The Group acquired control of MG on May 25, 2023 through the acquisition of a 100% shares in MG, which provides e-commerce and digital advertising services including consultation and online social marketing. The total consideration transferred for the acquisition of MG by the Group is as follows:

|  | May 25, 2023
Purchase consideration |  |  |
Equity instruments (90,740,305 ordinary shares of the Company) |  | $ | 70,629,011

b) The following table summarizes the recognized amounts of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

|  | May 25, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,903,424 |
Accounts receivables and notes receivables |  |  | 2,633,089 |
Other receivables |  |  | 130,238 |
Inventories |  |  | 130,150 |
Prepayments |  |  | 373,905 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 525,791 |
Right-of-use assets |  |  | 6,371,979 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 30,960,827 |
Non-current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | 40,654 |
Non-current financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  | 118,400 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 403,458 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 729,435 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | (3,239,093 | )
Contract liabilities |  |  | (367,500 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | (915,805 | )
Income tax payable |  |  | (10,207 | )
Other payables |  |  | (697,286 | )
Other current liabilities |  |  | (742,761 | )
Bonds payable |  |  | (469,476 | )
Long-term borrowings |  |  | (210,333 | )
Lease liabilities |  |  | (6,098,825 | )
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (10,500,374 | )
Provision |  |  | (667,522 | )
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | (842,610 | )
Fair value of identifiable net assets |  | $ | 19,559,558 |

c) The fair value of the Company’s 90,740,305 shares was derived from the Discounted Cash Flow method supplemented with three conventional approaches used to estimate its fair value: (i) Income approach; (ii) Cost approach; and (iii) Market approach. The main assumptions are the probability of occurrence of earnings before interest and tax, depreciation and amortization under various scenarios to estimate the price to be paid, and the discounted present value estimated by the risk-adjusted discount rate.

d) The fair value of acquired trade receivables is 2,633,089. The gross contractual amount for trade receivables due is 2,637,301, with a loss allowance of 4,212 recognized on acquisition.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

31. Business combinations (cont.)

e) The goodwill recognized by the Group as a result of the acquisition is as follows:

|  | May 25, 2023
Transfer Considerations |  | $ | 70,629,011 |
Less: Fair value of identifiable net assets |  |  | (19,559,558 | )
Goodwill |  | $ | 51,069,453 |

The goodwill is attributable to the workforce and potential synergy of the acquired business. It will not be deductible for tax purposes.

f) The operating revenue included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income Since May 25, 2023 contributed by MG was $15,130,557. MG also contributed profit before income tax of $94,864 over the same period. Had MG been consolidated from January 1, 2023, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income would show operating revenue of $45,206,882 and loss before income tax of ($3,400,794).

32. Supplementary cash flow information

Partial cash paid for investing activities

Property, plant and equipment

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 52,481 |  | $ | 100,097 |
Less: Ending balance of payable to equipment suppliers |  |  | — |  |  | (12,918 | )
Cash paid during the year |  | $ | 52,481 |  | $ | 87,179 |
Intangible asset |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  | Year ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2023
Purchase of intangible asset |  | $ | 44,648 |  |  | $ | 93,347 |
Add: Beginning balance of payable to equipment suppliers |  |  | 289,017 |  |  |  | 81,149 |
Less: Ending balance of payable to equipment suppliers |  |  | (81,149 | ) |  |  | (1,758 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | (23,342 | ) |  |  | (1,197 | )
Cash paid during the year |  | $ | 229,174 |  |  | $ | 171,541 |

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

33. Changes in liabilities from financing activities

Note: presented in cashflows from operating activities.

|  | 2022
|  | Short-term borrowings |  | Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | Long-term borrowings (including current portion) |  | Lease liabilities |  | Total liabilities from financing activities
January 1 |  | $ | 1,083,815 |  |  | $ | 22,454,885 |  |  | $ | 3,031,264 |  |  | $ | 819,098 |  |  | $ | 27,389,062 |
Changes in cash flow from financing activities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,199,999 |  |  |  | 2,261,704 |  |  |  | (373,901 | ) |  |  | 4,087,802 |
Interest paid (Note 1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,586 | ) |  |  | (12,586 | )
Payment of contingent consideration (Note 2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (300,000 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (300,000 | )
Loss on valuation of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,054,506 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,054,506 |
Acquisition through business combinations |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 91,255 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 91,255 |
Changes in other non-cash items |  |  | — |  |  |  | 472,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 357,716 |  |  |  | 829,716 |
Effects of foreign currency exchange |  |  | (106,935 | ) |  |  | (28,066 | ) |  |  | (359,224 | ) |  |  | (80,010 | ) |  |  | (574,235 | )
December 31 |  | $ | 976,880 |  |  | $ | 32,853,324 |  |  | $ | 5,024,999 |  |  | $ | 710,317 |  |  | $ | 39,565,520 |

|  | 2023
|  | Short-term borrowings |  | Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | Long-term borrowings (including current portion) |  | Guarantee deposits |  | Lease liabilities |  | Total liabilities from financing activities
January 1 |  | $ | 976,880 |  |  | $ | 32,853,324 |  |  | $ | 5,024,999 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 710,317 |  |  | $ | 39,565,520 |
Changes in cash flow from financing activities |  |  | 1,076,897 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 256,143 |  |  | 27,171 |  |  |  | (782,117 | ) |  |  | 578,094 |
Interest paid (Note1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42,419 | ) |  |  | (42,419 | )
Payment of contingent consideration (Note 2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (400,000 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (400,000 | )
Gain on valuation of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,480,914 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,480,914 | )
Preferred shares conversion |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,911,070 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,911,070 | )
Acquisition through business combinations |  |  | 3,239,093 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 210,333 |  |  | 105,957 |  |  |  | 6,098,825 |  |  |  | 9,654,208 |
Changes in other non-cash items |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 66,641 |  |  |  | 66,641 |
Effects of foreign currency exchange |  |  | (42,637 | ) |  |  | (676 | ) |  |  | 1,206 |  |  | (1,521 | ) |  |  | (90,458 | ) |  |  | (134,086 | )
December 31 |  | $ | 5,250,233 |  |  | $ | 60,664 |  |  | $ | 5,492,681 |  | $ | 131,607 |  |  | $ | 5,960,789 |  |  | $ | 16,895,974 |

____________

Note 1: presented in cashflows from operating activities.

Note 2: presented in cashflows from investing activities.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

34. Related party transactions

a) Names of related parties and relationship

Name |  | Relationship
Ad Hu Tung Co., Ltd. (“Ad Hu”) |  | Other related parties
AccuHit AI Technology Taiwan Co., Ltd. (“AccuHit”) |  | Other related parties
Yen-Ting Chuang (Note) |  | General manager of SC
Yasuyoshi Yanagisawa |  | Director of MG
Yi Chuan |  | Director of the Company
Tzu-Wei Chung |  | Chairman of the Company

____________

Note: Yen-Ting Chung was retired from SC on May 18, 2023, and was no longer a related party since then.

b) Significant related party transactions

(a) Service costs

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2023
Ad Hu |  | $ | 499,197 |  | $ | 322,906
AccuHit |  |  | 75,402 |  |  | 42,370
|  | $ | 574,599 |  | $ | 365,276

Service costs are negotiated with related parties based on agreed-upon agreement and the conditions and payment terms are the same as third parties.

(b) Payables to related parties:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Accounts payable: |  |  |  |  |  |
AccuHit |  | $ | 10,990 |  | $ | 3,730

The payables to related parties arise mainly from purchase of labor services and are due 1 to 2 months after the date of purchase. The payables bear no interest.

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Other payables |  |  |  |  |  |
AccuHit |  | $ | 102,044 |  | $ | —

The Group purchased data platform and service cost, acquisition of intangible assets from related parties.

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Other payables – Shares payable: |  |  |  |  |  |
Yen-Ting Chuang |  | $ | 969,391 |  | $ | —

The Group purchased SC and ST shares and non-controlling interests in 2020. The share payables was paid in full totaled $961,417 in 2023 with difference due to foreign exchange.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

34. Related party transactions (cont.)

(c) Guarantee

The Group’s key management personnel Tzu-Wei Chung and Yen-Ting Chuang jointly and separately provided guarantees for the Group’s short-term and long-term bank loans. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, details of loans are described in Note 15.

(d) Loans from related parties

Outstanding balance:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Yasuyoshi Yanagisawa |  | $ | — |  | $ | 176,816
Yi Chuan |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000
|  | $ | — |  | $ | 576,816

Interest expense and other payables — interest payable:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Yasuyoshi Yanagisawa |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,228
Yi Chuan |  |  | — |  |  | 10,193
|  | $ | — |  | $ | 12,421

The loans from related parties carry interest at 5%~8%.

(e) Key management personnel compensation

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2023
Salaries and other short-term employee benefits |  | $ | 66,334 |  | $ | 707,931
Post-employment benefits |  |  | 3,618 |  |  | 8,300
|  | $ | 69,952 |  | $ | 716,231

35. Pledged assets

|  |  |  | Carrying amount
Assets |  | Purpose |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Financial assets at amortized cost |  | Bank loans and credit card deposits |  | $ | 293,064 |  | $ | 337,024

36. Significant contingent liabilities and unrecognized contract commitments

On August 3, 2023, the Company agreed to loan Blue Ocean an aggregate principal amount of up to $400,000 in the form of a working capital note. The note is a non-interest bearing, unsecured promissory note that will not be repaid in the event the Agreement and Plan of Merger is terminated prior to the consummation of the Merger. The note is to be paid on the date Blue Ocean consummates the Merger. As of December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance amounted to $149,946 and $249,906, respectively, which was recognized under “Other receivables”.

37. Significant disaster loss

None.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

38. Significant events after the reporting period

a) Convertible Promissory Notes

During the first quarter of 2024, the Company issued convertible promissory notes aggregating $716,430 to its existing shareholders and other third parties. Further, the Company issued convertible promissory notes in exchange to terminate the short-term borrowing plus accumulated interest totaled $509,041. Both promissory notes issued above have the same terms and conditions (refer as the “2024 Convertible Promissory Notes”). The 2024 Convertible Promissory Notes mature on December 7, 2024, and accrue interest at a rate of 10% per annum. The holders of the 2024 Convertible Promissory Notes have the right to convert all or any part of the outstanding principal and accrued interest into ordinary shares of the Company at a conversion price equal to 90% of the per share price if the Company completes an equity financing (refer as the “Conversion Price”) under which it raises not less than $5,000,000 (excluding all existing indebtedness under the 2024 Convertible Promissory Notes) on or before the mature day. In addition, immediately after the closing of de-SPAC transaction, the outstanding principal plus accrued interest will automatically convert into ordinary shares at the Conversion Price.

b) New Bank Loan Facility

As of the date of the issuance of the consolidated financial statements, the Company has entered four loan agreements with the following amounts and terms:

(a) CTBC Bank: loan facilities of $953,289 (NTD 30,000,000); three-year term with 2.8% annual interest rate; all facilities have been drawn down in April 2024.

(b) Shanghai Commercial & Savings Bank: loan facilities of $826,184 (NTD 26,000,000); one-year term with 3.235% annual interest rate; $69,509 have been drawn down in April 2024.

(c) Chang Hwa Commercial Bank: loan facilities of $47,664 (NTD 1,500,000); five-year term with a 3.0% annual interest rate; all facilities have been drawn down in February 2024.

(d) Chailease Holding Company Ltd.: loan facilities of $667,302 (NTD 21,000,000); two-year term with 3.625% annual interest rate; all facilities have been drawn down in April 2024.

c) De-SPAC Agreement with Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp

On June 6, 2023, TNL Mediagene, TNLMG (“Merger Sub”), and Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp’s (“Blue Ocean”) entered into the Agreement and Plan of Merger (“Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean, with Blue Ocean surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, immediately prior to the effective time, TNL Mediagene will complete the Recapitalization including adopting the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles and effecting the reverse share split to cause the value of the outstanding TNL Mediagene ordinary shares to equal $10.00 per share.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, immediately prior to the Effective Time, (i) all outstanding Blue Ocean Class B Shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, will be converted into Blue Ocean Class A shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, at a conversion ratio of 1.00, (ii) all outstanding public shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, will be exchanged with TNL Mediagene for the right to receive TNL Mediagene ordinary shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, at an conversion ratio of 1.00, and (3) each Blue Ocean warrant will become a warrant exercisable for TNL Mediagene ordinary shares on an conversion ratio of 1.00 and on the same terms as the original Blue Ocean warrant.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

38. Significant events after the reporting period (cont.)

At the closing of the Merger, Blue Ocean outstanding Class A shares and public warrants will be canceled and converted into the right to receive equivalent TNL Mediagene ordinary shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants, and TNL Mediagene is expected to be the publicly traded company with its TNL Mediagene ordinary shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants listed on NASDAQ.

39. Capital management

The Group’s objectives for managing capital to ensure that it has the necessary financial resources to meet working capital, capital expenditure and debt repayment requirements for the next 12 months, taking into account debt ratios to maintain the confidence of investors, creditors and the market. The Group monitors capital on the basis of the liabilities to assets ratio. Total capital is shown as “Equity” in the consolidated statements of financial position, which is also equal to total assets minus total liabilities. The Group’s liabilities to assets ratio at December 31, 2022 and 2023 was 191% and 40% respectively. The high level of liabilities to assets ratio at December 31, 2022 was mainly due to preferred shares liabilities.

40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments

a) Financial instruments

(a) Financial instruments by category

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition |  | $ | — |  | $ | 40,071
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Designation of equity instruments |  |  | — |  |  | 116,703
Financial assets at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 3,734,316 |  |  | 3,030,298
Financial assets at amortized cost |  |  | 293,064 |  |  | 337,024
Notes receivable |  |  | — |  |  | 132,403
Accounts receivable |  |  | 3,219,540 |  |  | 8,848,384
Other receivables |  |  | 32,073 |  |  | 348,514
Refundable deposits |  |  | 336,155 |  |  | 809,646
|  | $ | 7,615,148 |  | $ | 13,663,043
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss |  | $ | 32,853,324 |  | $ | 60,664
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 976,880 |  |  | 5,250,233
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  |  | 2,627,483 |  |  | 2,627,483
Accounts payable (including related parties) |  |  | 2,059,678 |  |  | 4,937,142
Other payables (including related parties) |  |  | 4,079,158 |  |  | 7,494,263
Bonds payable |  |  | — |  |  | 313,189
Long-term borrowings (including current portion) |  |  | 5,024,999 |  |  | 5,492,681
Guarantee deposits |  |  | — |  |  | 131,607
|  | $ | 47,621,522 |  | $ | 26,307,262
3 Lease liabilities (including current portion) |  | $ | 710,317 |  | $ | 5,960,789

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40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

(b) Risk management policies

i) The Group’s risk management objective is to manage the market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk related to its operating activities. The Group identifies, measures, and manages such risks by its policies and preferences.

ii) Risk management policies and systems are reviewed regularly to reflect changes in market conditions and the Group’s activities. The Group, through its training and management standards and procedures, aims to develop a disciplined and constructive control environment in which all employees understand their roles and obligations.

iii) In order to minimize and manage financial risks, the Group’s overall risk management program focuses on analyzing, identifying, and evaluating financial risk factors that may potentially have adverse effects on the Group’s financial position, and provide feasible solutions to avoid those factors.

(c) Significant financial risks and degrees of financial risks

i) Market risk

The Group’s market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risks comprise foreign currency risk, interest rate risk, and other price risks.

In practice, the risk variable rarely changes individually, and the change of each risk variable is usually correlative. The following sensitivity analysis did not consider the interaction of each risk variable.

Foreign exchange risk

1. Group’s businesses involve some non-functional currency operations (the Groups’ functional currency: USD; the subsidiaries’ functional currencies: NTD, and JPY.). The information on assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies whose values would be materially affected by the exchange rate fluctuations is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Foreign currency |  | Exchange rate |  | Carrying amount (USD)
(Foreign currency: functional currency) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | $ | 137,805 |  | 30.71 |  | $ | 137,805
JPY:NTD |  |  | 3,430,784 |  | 0.2324 |  |  | 25,963
HKD:NTD |  |  | 292 |  | 3.938 |  |  | 37
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | $ | 2,520 |  | 30.71 |  | $ | 2,520

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40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Foreign currency |  | Exchange rate |  | Carrying amount (USD)
(Foreign currency: functional currency) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | $ | 155,260 |  | 30.71 |  | $ | 155,260
JPY:NTD |  |  | 3,319,600 |  | 0.2172 |  |  | 23,478
HKD:NTD |  |  | 356 |  | 3.929 |  |  | 46
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | $ | 112,679 |  | 30.71 |  | $ | 112,679
USD:JPY |  |  | 553,948 |  | 141.39 |  |  | 553,948

2. The total exchange losses, including realized and unrealized losses arising from significant foreign exchange variations on monetary items held by the Group for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, amounted to ($119,293) and ($5,877), respectively.

3. Analysis of foreign currency market risk arising from significant foreign exchange variations:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2022
Sensitivity analysis
|  | Change in exchange rate |  | Effect on profit (loss) |  | Effect on other comprehensive income
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,378 |  | $ | —
JPY:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | 260 |  |  | —
HKD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | — |  |  | —
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | 25 |  |  | —

|  | Year ended December 31, 2023
|  | Sensitivity analysis
|  | Change in exchange rate |  | Effect on profit (loss) |  | Effect on other comprehensive income
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,553 |  | $ | —
JPY:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | 235 |  |  | —
HKD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | — |  |  | —
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,127 |  | $ | —
USD:JPY |  | 1 | % |  |  | 5,539 |  |  | —

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2022 and 2023

40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

Price risk

1. The Group’s financial instruments, which are exposed to price risk, are the financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income. To manage its price risk arising from investments in financial instruments, the Group diversifies its portfolio. Diversification of the portfolio is in accordance with the limits set by the Group.

2. The Group invests in common shares, preferred shares, and stock acquisition rights issued by unlisted companies and the prices of equity securities would change due to change of the future value of investee companies. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, it is estimated that the prices of equity securities increase or decrease by 1%, with all other variables held constant, would increase or decrease the Group’s profit before income tax by $557,626 and $969, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, other components of equity would have increased or decreased by $2,238, as a result of other comprehensive income classified as equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Interest rate risk on cash flow and fair value

1. Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Group’s exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to the Group’s bank loans with floating interest rates. The Group manages its interest rate risk by having a balanced portfolio of fixed and variable rate loans. The Group reassesses the hedge management periodically to make sure it complies with the cost effectiveness.

2. The sensitivity analysis depends on the exposure of interest rate risk at the end of the reporting period.

3. Analysis of debt with floating interest rates is based on the assumption that the outstanding debt at the end of the reporting period is outstanding throughout the period. The degree of variation the Group used to report to internal management is increase or decrease of 1% in interest rates which is assessed as the reasonable degree of variation by the management.

4. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, it is estimated that a general increase or decrease of 1% in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would decrease or increase the Group’s profit before income tax approximately by $79,556 and $130,099, respectively, mainly due to the Group’s floating rate on borrowings.

ii) Credit risk

1. Credit risk is the risk that a counterparty will not meet its obligations under a financial instrument or customer contract, leading to a financial loss, mainly resulted from its operating activities (primarily notes and accounts receivable) and from its financing activities (primarily deposits with banks and financial instruments). The Group is exposed to credit risk arising from the carrying amount of the financial assets recognized in the consolidated statements of financial position.

2. Each business unit performs ongoing credit evaluations of its debtors’ financial conditions according to the Group’s established policies, procedures and controls relating to customer credit risk management. The Group maintains an account for loss allowance based upon the available facts and circumstances, history of collection, forecastability and write-off experiences of all trade and other receivables which consequently minimize the Group’s exposure to bad debts.

3. The Group adopts following assumptions under IFRS 9 to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk on that instrument since initial recognition: If the contract payments were past due over 90 days based on the terms, there has been a significant increase in credit risk on that instrument since initial recognition.

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40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

4. The Group adopts the assumptions under IFRS 9, the default occurs when the contract payments are past due over 270 days.

5. The following indicators are used to determine whether the credit impairment of debt instruments has occurred:

i) It becomes probable that the issuer will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization due to their financial difficulties;

ii) The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties;

iii) Default or delinquency in interest or principal repayments;

6. The Group categorized contract assets and accounts receivable by characteristics of credit risk and applied the simplified approach using loss rate methodology to estimate expected credit loss.

7. The Group wrote-off the financial assets, which cannot be reasonably expected to be recovered, after initiating recourse procedures. However, the Group will continue executing the recourse procedures to secure their rights. On December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group’s written-off financial assets that are still under recourse procedures amounted to $0 and $0, respectively.

8. The Group referred to the forecastability of business monitoring indicators published by the National Development Council to adjust the loss rate which is based on historical and current information when assessing the future default possibility of accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023 the loss rate methodologies are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Contract assets |  | Accounts receivable
Expected loss rate |  |  | — |  |  | 3.3 | %
Total carrying amount |  | $ | 3,093,020 |  | $ | 3,219,540 |
Loss allowance |  |  | — |  |  | 107,186 |

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Contract assets |  | Accounts receivable
Expected loss rate |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 | %
Total carrying amount |  | $ | 3,153,022 |  | $ | 8,848,384 |
Loss allowance |  |  | — |  |  | 65,938 |

9. Under the simplified approach, movements in relation to loss allowance for contract assets and accounts receivable are as follows:

|  | 2022
|  | Contract assets |  | Accounts receivable
January 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 18,195 |
Acquisition through business combination |  |  | — |  |  | 32,452 |
Provision for impairment loss |  |  | — |  |  | 72,808 |
Write off |  |  | — |  |  | (13,676 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | — |  |  | (2,593 | )
December 31 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 107,186 |

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40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  | 2023
|  | Contract assets |  | Accounts receivable (including related parties)
January 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 107,186 |
Acquisition through business combination |  |  | — |  |  | 4,212 |
Reversal for impairment loss |  |  | — |  |  | (44,725 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | — |  |  | (735 | )
December 31 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 65,938 |

10. The loss amounts of contract assets allowance using simplified method were not significant, thus, the loss was not recognized as at December 31, 2022 and 2023.

11. The Group’s recorded financial assets at amortized cost include time deposits with contract period over 3 months, restricted bank deposits and other receivables. Because of the low credit risk, expected credit losses for the period are measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit losses. There is no significant provision for the losses.

iii) Liquidity risk

1. The Group manages and maintains adequate cash and cash equivalents to finance the Group’s operations and minimize the impact from cash flow fluctuations. The Group also monitors its debt financing plans to ensure it is in compliance with the financial covenants required under its loan agreements.

2. The primary source of liquidity for the Group is from bank loans. See Notes 11 and 15 for details of the unused credit lines of the Group as of December 31, 2022 and 2023.

3. The contractual undiscounted cash flows of notes payable, accounts payable and other payables due within one year and is equivalent to its carrying amount. Except for the aforementioned, the table below summarizes the maturity profile of the Group’s non-derivative financial liabilities based on the earliest repayment dates and contractual undiscounted payments, including principal and interest. The Group does not consider the probability of early repayments requested by the banks.

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Within 1 year |  | 1 to 3 years |  | 3 to 5 years |  | Over 5 years |  | Total
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 976,880 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 976,880
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 2,259,045 |  |  | 2,415,720 |  |  | 558,682 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,233,447
Lease liabilities |  |  | 392,275 |  |  | 355,539 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 747,814
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  |  | 1,953,761 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,953,761
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration |  |  | 450,671 |  |  | 54,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 505,471
Preference shares |  |  | 32,347,853 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,347,853
|  | $ | 38,380,485 |  | $ | 2,826,059 |  | $ | 558,682 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 41,765,226

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40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Within 1 year |  | 1 to 3 years |  | 3 to 5 years |  | Over 5 years |  | Total
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 5,250,233 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,250,233
Bonds payable |  |  | 313,189 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 313,189
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 2,492,776 |  |  | 2,675,634 |  |  | 492,608 |  |  | 51,404 |  |  | 5,712,422
Lease liabilities |  |  | 1,011,259 |  |  | 1,311,439 |  |  | 1,311,439 |  |  | 2,568,638 |  |  | 6,202,775
Guarantee deposits |  |  | 131,607 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 131,607
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  |  | 134,392 |  |  | 826,907 |  |  | 803,478 |  |  | 295,255 |  |  | 2,060,032
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration |  |  | 60,664 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60,664
Preference shares |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
|  | $ | 9,394,120 |  | $ | 4,813,980 |  | $ | 2,607,525 |  | $ | 2,915,297 |  | $ | 19,730,922

The difference between the floating interest rates and estimated interest rates will affect the non-derivative financial liabilities stated above.

b) Fair value information

(a) The different levels of inputs used in valuation techniques to measure fair value of financial and non-financial instruments are defined as follows:

|  | Level 1: |  | Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that can be accessed at the measurement date. An active market is a market in which trading for the asset or liability takes place with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
|  | Level 2: |  | Inputs other than quoted prices from Level 1 that are observable information for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
|  | Level 3: |  | Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The fair value of the Group’s investment in equity investment without active market is included in Level 3.

(b) The related information of financial and non-financial instruments measured at fair value by level based on the nature, characteristics and risks of the assets and liabilities are as follows:

i) The related information of natures of the assets and liabilities are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Contingent considerations |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (505,471 | ) |  | $ | (505,471 | )
– Series A, B, B-1, C, C-1, C-2, D-1, D-2 preference shares |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,347,853 | ) |  |  | (32,347,853 | )
|  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (32,853,324 | ) |  | $ | (32,853,324 | )

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40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Stock acquisition right |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 40,071 |  |  | $ | 40,071 |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Unlisted common stocks |  |  | — |  |  | 7,073 |  |  | 71,051 |  |  |  | 78,124 |
– Unlisted preferred stocks |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,579 |  |  |  | 38,579 |
|  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,073 |  | $ | 149,701 |  |  | $ | 156,774 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Contingent considerations |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (60,664 | ) |  | $ | (60,664 | )
|  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (60,664 | ) |  | $ | (60,664 | )

ii) The methods and assumptions the Group used to measure fair value are as follows:

1. The fair value measurement of the series A, B, B-1, C, C-1, C-2, D-1, D-2 preference shares liabilities takes the following 2 methods into account:

a. The recent fund raising prices.

b. Using market approach to calculate total equity value first, and conduct equity value allocation via option pricing model under different scenarios (redemption, liquidation and mandatory conversion) to calculate probability weighted value of all classes of equities (including preference shares).

2. The fair value of the contingent consideration for a business combination is estimated using the discounted cash flow method. The main assumptions are the probability of occurrence of earnings before interest and tax, depreciation and amortization under various scenarios to estimate the price to be paid, and the discounted present value estimated by the risk-adjusted discount rate.

3. The fair value of the Group’s derivative instruments is measured by using valuation techniques or by reference to counterparty quotes. The fair value of financial instruments measured by using valuation techniques can be referred to current fair value of instruments with similar terms and characteristics in substance, discounted cash flow method or other valuation methods, including calculated by applying model using market information available at the consolidated statement of financial position date.

4. The Group’s financial instruments issued by foreign companies are measured by the market method, income method and cost method (Volatility, Discount for lack of marketability, Weighted average cost of capital).

5. The Group takes into account adjustments for credit risks to measure the fair value of financial and non-financial instruments to reflect credit risk of the counterparty and the Group’s credit quality.

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40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

iii) The following table shows the movements of Level 3 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Debt instruments |  | Compound instruments |  | Total
January 1 |  | $ | (572,490 | ) |  | $ | (21,882,395 | ) |  | $ | (22,454,885 | )
Gains or losses recognized in profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recorded as non-operating expenses |  |  | 210,953 |  |  |  | (8,265,459 | ) |  |  | (8,054,506 | )
Issued in the period |  |  | (472,000 | ) |  |  | (2,199,999 | ) |  |  | (2,671,999 | )
Settled in the period |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 300,000 |
Effect of exchange rate changes |  |  | 28,066 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28,066 |
December 31 |  | $ | (505,471 | ) |  | $ | (32,347,853 | ) |  | $ | (32,853,324 | )

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Debt instruments |  | Compound instruments |  | Equity instruments |  | Derivative instrument |  | Total
January 1 |  | $ | (505,471 | ) |  | $ | (32,347,853 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (32,853,324 | )
Gains or losses recognized in profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recorded as non-operating expenses |  |  | 44,131 |  |  |  | 5,436,783 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,480,914 |
Acquired from business combinations |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 111,224 |  |  |  | 40,654 |  |  |  | 151,878 |
Settled in the period |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | 26,911,070 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,311,070 |
Effect of exchange rate changes |  |  | 676 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,594 | ) |  |  | (583 | ) |  |  | (1,501 | )
December 31 |  | $ | (60,664 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 109,630 |  |  | $ | 40,071 |  |  | $ | 89,037 |

(c) The Group performs the fair value measurements being categorized within Level 3 with assistance from specialist. Such assessment is to ensure the valuation results are reasonable by applying independent information to make results close to current market conditions, confirming the resource of information is independent, reliable and in line with other resources and represented as the exercisable price, and frequently calibrating valuation model, updating inputs used to the valuation model and making any other necessary adjustments to the fair value.

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40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

(d) The following is the qualitative information and sensitivity analysis of changes in significant unobservable inputs under valuation model used in Level 3 fair value measurement:

|  | Fair value as of December 31, 2022 |  | Valuation technique |  | Significant unobservable input |  | Range |  | Relationship of inputs to fair value
Non-derivative debt instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent considerations |  | 505,471 |  | Discounted cash flow method |  | Discount rate |  | 11.90% |  | The higher the discount rate, the lower the fair value
Compound instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A, B, B-1, C, C-1, C-2, D-1, D-2 preferred shares |  | 32,347,853 |  | Market method, Income method |  | Volatility |  | 53% – 57% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 0% – 51% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value

|  | Fair value as of December 31, 2023 |  | Valuation technique |  | Significant unobservable input |  | Range |  | Relationship of inputs to fair value
Non-derivative debt instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent considerations |  | 60,664 |  | Discounted cash flow method |  | Discount rate |  | 11.95% |  | The higher the discount rate, the lower the fair value
Non-derivative equity instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unlisted common stocks |  | 71,051 |  | Market method, Income method, Cost method |  | Volatility |  | 62% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 44% – 51% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Unlisted Preferred stocks |  | 3,353 |  | Cost method, Income method |  | Volatility |  | 55% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 44% – 45% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
|  | 35,226 |  | Market method, Income method |  | Volatility |  | 51% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 27% – 41% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Derivative instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock acquisition right |  | 40,071 |  | Income method |  | Weighted average cost of capital |  | 24.80% |  | The higher the weighted average cost of capital, the lower the fair value

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40. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

a. The Group has carefully assessed the valuation models and assumptions used to measure fair value. However, use of different valuation models or assumptions may result in different measurement. The following is the effect of profit or loss or of other comprehensive income from financial assets and liabilities categorized within Level 3 if the inputs used to valuation models have changed:

|  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2022
Input |  | Change |  | Recognized in profit or loss |  | Recognized in other comprehensive income
Favorable change |  | Unfavorable change |  | Favorable change |  | Unfavorable change
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A, B, B-1, C, C-1, C-2, D-1, D-2 preferred shares |  | Volatility |  | ±1% |  | $ | 253,216 |  | $ | 81,550 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
|  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | ±1% |  |  | 387,534 |  |  | 387,534 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Contingent considerations |  | Discount rate |  | ±1% |  |  | 2,680 |  |  | 2,737 |  |  | — |  |  | —
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 643,430 |  | $ | 471,821 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —

|  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2023
Input |  | Change |  | Recognized in profit or loss |  | Recognized in other comprehensive income
Favorable change |  | Unfavorable change |  | Favorable change |  | Unfavorable change
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unlisted common stocks |  | Volatility |  | ±1% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 68 |  | $ | 66
|  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | ±1% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,423 |  |  | 1,423
Unlisted Preferred stocks |  | Volatility |  | ±1% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 198
|  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | ±1% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 551 |  |  | 551
Stock acquisition right |  | Weighted average cost of capital |  | ±1% |  |  | 304 |  |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | —
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 304 |  | $ | 300 |  | $ | 2,238 |  | $ | 2,238
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent considerations |  | Discount rate |  | ±1% |  | $ | 660 |  | $ | 673 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 660 |  | $ | 673 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —

41. Segment information

a) General information

The Group is primarily engaged in digital advertising, integrated marketing, marketing survey, artificial intelligence technology, data analysis, content service platform and production of audio-visual programs.

b) Measurement of segment information

The Group’s reportable segments are strategic business units which provide different products and services. The accounting policies adopted by the operating segments are the same as the accounting policies described in Note 4 y).

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41. Segment information (cont.)

c) Information about segment profit or loss, and assets

The segment information provided to the chief operating decision maker for the reportable segments is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2022
|  | TNL Group (Note 1)
Revenue |  |  |  |
External customers |  | $ | 20,009,994 |
Inter-segment |  |  | — |
Total revenue |  | $ | 20,009,994 |
Operating profit (loss) |  | $ | (3,416,684 | )
Depreciation and Amortization |  | $ | (1,491,654 | )
Interest income |  | $ | 10,994 |
Interest expense |  | $ | (137,029 | )
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 52,481 |
Segment asset |  | $ | 26,534,165 |

|  | Year ended December 31, 2023
|  | TNL Group (Note 1) |  | MG Group (Note 2) |  | Total
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
External customers |  | $ | 20,708,223 |  |  | $ | 15,130,557 |  |  | $ | 35,838,780 |
Inter-segment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total revenue |  | $ | 20,708,223 |  |  | $ | 15,130,557 |  |  | $ | 35,838,780 |
Operating profit (loss) |  | $ | (7,331,667 | ) |  | $ | 234,480 |  |  | $ | (7,097,187 | )
Depreciation and Amortization |  | $ | (1,646,899 | ) |  | $ | (1,188,658 | ) |  | $ | (2,835,557 | )
Impairment loss |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (298,424 | ) |  | $ | (298,424 | )
Interest income |  | $ | 18,131 |  |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 19,340 |
Interest expense |  | $ | (239,216 | ) |  | $ | (59,742 | ) |  | $ | (298,958 | )
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 76,767 |  |  | $ | 23,330 |  |  | $ | 100,097 |
Segment asset |  | $ | 53,508,676 |  |  | $ | 66,107,591 |  |  | $ | 119,616,267 |

____________

Note 1: TNL Group includes The News Lens Co., Ltd and all its subsidiaries, Inside Co., Ltd, The News Lens Hong Kong Ltd. and TNL MG.

Note 2: The Company acquired 100% of MG Group (including TNL Mediagene Japan Inc., Mediagene Inc. and INFOBAHN Inc.) on May 25, 2023, please refer to Note 31 for details.

d) Reconciliation for segment income (loss)

Revenue from external customers and segment income (loss) reported to the chief operating decision maker are measured using the same method as for revenue and operating profit in the financial statements. Thus, no reconciliation is needed.

e) Information on products and services

Please refer to Note 21 for the disclosure by products and services.

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41. Segment information (cont.)

f) Geographical information

Geographical information for each of the December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023 is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
|  | Revenue |  | Non-current assets (Note1) |  | Revenue |  | Non-current Assets (Note1)
Taiwan |  | $ | 19,995,068 |  | $ | 15,287,534 |  | $ | 20,683,925 |  | $ | 13,699,720
Japan |  |  | 14,926 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,154,855 |  |  | 87,968,155
|  | $ | 20,009,994 |  | $ | 15,287,534 |  | $ | 35,838,780 |  | $ | 101,667,875

____________

Note 1: Excluding financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, financials assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, financial assets at amortized costs and deferred tax assets.

g) Major customer information

The information on the major customers which constituted more than 10% of the Group’s total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2023
|  | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | %
Customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer A |  | $ | 3,750,144 |  | 19 |  | $ | 1,307,996 |  | 4

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (unaudited) (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  | Notes |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 5 |  | $ | 3,030,298 |  | $ | 3,136,555
Current financial assets at amortized cost |  | 36 |  |  | 47,216 |  |  | 63,003
Current contract assets |  | 21 |  |  | 3,153,022 |  |  | 1,096,096
Notes receivable, net |  |  |  |  | 132,403 |  |  | 453
Accounts receivable, net |  | 6 |  |  | 8,848,384 |  |  | 5,579,150
Other receivables |  |  |  |  | 348,514 |  |  | 403,389
Current income tax assets |  |  |  |  | 288,581 |  |  | 14,751
Inventories |  |  |  |  | 115,624 |  |  | 135,672
Prepayments |  |  |  |  | 866,205 |  |  | 654,129
Other current assets |  |  |  |  | 24,515 |  |  | 26,148
|  |  |  |  | 16,854,762 |  |  | 11,109,346
Non-current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  | 40,071 |  |  | 35,216
Non-current financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 116,703 |  |  | 102,596
Non-current financial assets at amortized cost |  | 36 |  |  | 289,808 |  |  | 318,952
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 7 |  |  | 537,014 |  |  | 455,988
Right-of-use assets |  | 8 |  |  | 6,140,815 |  |  | 5,172,772
Goodwill |  | 9 |  |  | 60,741,929 |  |  | 60,223,282
Intangible assets |  | 9 |  |  | 33,405,827 |  |  | 32,276,724
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  | 647,048 |  |  | 619,773
Other non-current assets |  |  |  |  | 842,290 |  |  | 715,132
|  |  |  |  | 102,761,505 |  |  | 99,920,435
Total assets |  |  |  | $ | 119,616,267 |  | $ | 111,029,781
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | 11,33 |  | $ | 5,250,233 |  | $ | 3,348,183
Current financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | 12,33 |  |  | 60,664 |  |  | 1,538,000
Current financial liabilities at amortized cost |  | 13 |  |  | 771,410 |  |  | 673,722
Current contract liabilities |  | 21 |  |  | 988,753 |  |  | 572,168
Accounts payable |  |  |  |  | 4,933,412 |  |  | 1,944,948
Accounts payable – related parties |  | 35 |  |  | 3,730 |  |  | 3,812
Other payables |  | 14 |  |  | 6,905,026 |  |  | 8,280,337
Other payables – related parties |  | 35 |  |  | 589,237 |  |  | 672,580
Long-term borrowings, current portion |  | 15,33 |  |  | 2,370,305 |  |  | 3,108,936
Long-term bonds payable, current portion |  |  |  |  | 313,189 |  |  | 143,370
Current lease liabilities |  | 33 |  |  | 948,466 |  |  | 724,152
Other current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 1,763,663 |  |  | 1,746,424
|  |  |  |  | 24,898,088 |  |  | 22,756,632

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (unaudited) — (Continued) (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  | Notes |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current financial liabilities at amortized cost |  | 13 |  |  | 1,856,073 |  |  |  | 1,848,998 |
Long-term borrowings |  | 15,33 |  |  | 3,122,376 |  |  |  | 3,577,325 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  | 10,942,844 |  |  |  | 10,731,119 |
Non-current lease liabilities |  | 33 |  |  | 5,012,323 |  |  |  | 4,263,679 |
Provisions |  |  |  |  | 444,668 |  |  |  | 391,467 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 972,147 |  |  |  | 1,026,246 |
|  |  |  |  | 22,350,431 |  |  |  | 21,838,834 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  | 47,248,519 |  |  |  | 44,595,466 |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary share |  | 18 |  |  | 21,882 |  |  |  | 21,882 |
Advance receipts for share capital |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,260 |
Capital surplus |  | 19 |  |  | 105,605,811 |  |  |  | 105,829,295 |
Accumulated deficit |  | 20 |  |  | (32,203,326 | ) |  |  | (38,123,550 | )
Other equity interest |  |  |  |  | (803,913 | ) |  |  | (1,047,288 | )
Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company |  |  |  |  | 72,620,454 |  |  |  | 66,684,599 |
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | (252,706 | ) |  |  | (250,284 | )
Total equity |  |  |  |  | 72,367,748 |  |  |  | 66,434,315 |
Total liabilities and equity |  |  |  | $ | 119,616,267 |  |  | $ | 111,029,781 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited) (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  |  |  | Six months ended June 30
|  | Notes |  | 2023 |  | 2024
Revenue |  | 21,42 |  | $ | 9,011,729 |  |  | $ | 20,605,425 |
Cost of revenue |  | 26,27 |  |  | (5,059,575 | ) |  |  | (12,418,454 | )
Gross profit |  |  |  |  | 3,952,154 |  |  |  | 8,186,971 |
Sales, general and administrative expenses |  | 26,27 |  |  | (7,043,014 | ) |  |  | (12,257,199 | )
Research and development expenses |  | 26,27 |  |  | (1,520,408 | ) |  |  | (1,503,392 | )
Operating loss |  | 42 |  |  | (4,611,268 | ) |  |  | (5,573,620 | )
Interest income |  | 22,42 |  |  | 10,003 |  |  |  | 9,530 |
Other income |  | 23 |  |  | 20,296 |  |  |  | 12,956 |
Other gains and losses |  | 24 |  |  | 5,433,744 |  |  |  | (142,598 | )
Finance costs |  | 25,42 |  |  | (111,278 | ) |  |  | (181,531 | )
Profit (loss) before income tax |  |  |  |  | 741,497 |  |  |  | (5,875,263 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) |  | 28 |  |  | 269,900 |  |  |  | (58,864 | )
Profit (loss) for the period |  |  |  | $ | 1,011,397 |  |  | $ | (5,934,127 | )
Components of other comprehensive income (loss) that will be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations |  |  |  | $ | (1,967 | ) |  | $ | (204,478 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of income tax |  |  |  | $ | (1,967 | ) |  | $ | (204,478 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the period |  |  |  | $ | 1,009,430 |  |  | $ | (6,138,605 | )
PROFIT (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of the parent |  |  |  | $ | 1,410,026 |  |  | $ | (5,920,224 | )
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  | $ | (398,629 | ) |  |  | (13,903 | )
|  |  |  | $ | 1,011,397 |  |  | $ | (5,934,127 | )
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of the parent |  |  |  | $ | 1,410,552 |  |  | $ | (6,141,027 | )
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  | $ | (401,122 | ) |  | $ | 2,422 |
|  |  |  | $ | 1,009,430 |  |  | $ | (6,138,605 | )
Profit (loss) per share – basic |  | 29 |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | (0.03 | )
Profit (loss) per share – diluted |  | 29 |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | (0.03 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (unaudited) (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  |  |  | Equity attributable to equity holders of the Company |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other equity interest |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Notes |  | Ordinary share |  | Advance receipts for share capital |  | Capital surplus |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Financial statements translation differences of foreign operations |  | Unearned compensation |  | Total |  | Non- controlling interest |  | Total equity
Year 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  |  |  | $ | 8,329 |  | $ | 361,897 |  |  |  | 6,487,913 |  | $ | (31,398,349 | ) |  | $ | (762,728 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25,302,938 | ) |  | $ | 1,166,354 |  |  | $ | (24,136,584 | )
Profit (loss) for the six months ended June 30 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,410,026 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,410,026 |  |  |  | (398,629 | ) |  |  | 1,011,397 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 526 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 526 |  |  |  | (2,493 | ) |  |  | (1,967 | )
Total comprehensive income for the year |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,410,026 |  |  |  | 526 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,410,552 |  |  |  | (401,122 | ) |  |  | 1,009,430 |
Issuance of ordinary shares |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  | (299,814 | ) |  |  | 600,952 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 301,203 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 301,203 |
Share-based payments |  | 17 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (62,083 | ) |  |  | 87,937 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,875 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,875 |
Preferred shares conversion |  | 12 |  |  | 3,575 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,907,495 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,911,070 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,911,070 |
Acquisition of subsidiaries |  | 18,31 |  |  | 9,108 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70,619,903 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70,629,011 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70,629,011 |
Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries |  | 30 |  |  | 752 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 708,719 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,871 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 694,600 |  |  |  | (992,918 | ) |  |  | (298,318 | )
Balance at June 30, 2023 |  |  |  | $ | 21,850 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 105,412,919 |  | $ | (29,988,323 | ) |  | $ | (777,073 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 74,669,373 |  |  | $ | (227,686 | ) |  | $ | 74,441,687 |
Year 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2024 |  |  |  | $ | 21,882 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 105,605,811 |  | $ | (32,203,326 | ) |  | $ | (803,913 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,620,454 |  |  | $ | (252,706 | ) |  | $ | 72,367,748 |
Loss for the six months ended June 30 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (5,920,224 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,920,224 | ) |  |  | (13,903 | ) |  |  | (5,934,127 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (220,803 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (220,803 | ) |  |  | 16,325 |  |  |  | (204,478 | )
Total comprehensive loss for the year |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (5,920,224 | ) |  |  | (220,803 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,141,027 | ) |  |  | 2,422 |  |  |  | (6,138,605 | )
Share-based payments |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,260 |  |  |  | 191,492 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 195,752 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 195,752 |
Restricted stocks |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,992 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22,572 | ) |  |  | 9,420 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,420 |
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  |  |  | $ | 21,882 |  | $ | 4,260 |  |  | $ | 105,829,295 |  | $ | (38,123,550 | ) |  | $ | (1,024,716 | ) |  | $ | (22,572 | ) |  | $ | 66,684,599 |  |  | $ | (250,284 | ) |  | $ | 66,434,315 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  |  |  | Six months ended June 30
|  | Notes |  | 2023 |  | 2024
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit (loss) before income tax |  |  |  | $ | 741,497 |  |  | $ | (5,875,263 | )
Adjustments to reconcile profit (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expenses |  | 7,8,26,42 |  |  | 370,920 |  |  |  | 564,701 |
Amortization expenses |  | 9,26,42 |  |  | 702,121 |  |  |  | 1,044,365 |
Expected credit losses (gain) |  | 41 |  |  | (331 | ) |  |  | 67,291 |
Interest expense |  | 8,25,42 |  |  | 111,278 |  |  |  | 181,531 |
Interest income |  | 22,42 |  |  | (10,003 | ) |  |  | (9,530 | )
(Gain) loss on valuation of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | 12,24 |  |  | (5,476,181 | ) |  |  | 4,146 |
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment, net |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (39 | )
Share-based payment transactions |  | 17,19 |  |  | 25,875 |  |  |  | 200,912 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current contract assets |  |  |  |  | 2,850,763 |  |  |  | 2,056,926 |
Accounts and notes receivable |  |  |  |  | 495,112 |  |  |  | 3,333,893 |
Other receivables |  |  |  |  | (95,753 | ) |  |  | (54,875 | )
Inventories |  |  |  |  | 46,418 |  |  |  | (20,048 | )
Prepayments |  |  |  |  | 254,625 |  |  |  | 2,419,253 |
Other current assets |  |  |  |  | (159,935 | ) |  |  | (1,633 | )
Other non-current assets |  |  |  |  | 97,037 |  |  |  | 47,954 |
Current contract liabilities |  |  |  |  | 277,822 |  |  |  | (416,585 | )
Accounts and notes payable |  |  |  |  | (738,617 | ) |  |  | (2,988,382 | )
Other payables |  |  |  |  | 101,712 |  |  |  | (742,603 | )
Other current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 9,122 |  |  |  | (17,239 | )
Provisions |  |  |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | (53,201 | )
Other non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  | (1,370 | ) |  |  | (483,551 | )
Cash used in operations |  |  |  |  | (397,677 | ) |  |  | (741,977 | )
Interest received |  |  |  |  | 10,003 |  |  |  | 9,530 |
Interest paid |  |  |  |  | (96,675 | ) |  |  | (170,743 | )
Income tax paid |  |  |  |  | (103,097 | ) |  |  | (12,876 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  |  |  | (587,446 | ) |  |  | (916,066 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of financial assets at amortized cost |  |  |  |  | (16,361 | ) |  |  | (64,069 | )
Proceeds from repayments of financial assets at amortized cost |  |  |  |  | 1,636 |  |  |  | — |
Payment of contingent consideration |  | 33 |  |  | (400,000 | ) |  |  | — |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment |  | 32 |  |  | (30,157 | ) |  |  | (52,536 | )
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 575 |
Acquisition of intangible assets |  | 32 |  |  | (80,553 | ) |  |  | (143,207 | )
Proceeds from disposal of intangible assets |  | 9 |  |  | 8,219 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash flow from acquisition of subsidiaries |  | 31 |  |  | 922,502 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash generated from (used in) investing activities |  |  |  |  | 405,286 |  |  |  | (259,237 | )

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) — (Continued) (Expressed in United States dollars)

|  |  |  | Six months ended June 30
|  | Notes |  | 2023 |  | 2024
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings |  | 33 |  |  | 281,156 |  |  |  | (571,070 | )
Increase in long-term borrowings |  | 33 |  |  | 1,299,607 |  |  |  | 2,242,463 |
Repayments of long-term borrowings |  | 33 |  |  | (1,232,342 | ) |  |  | (1,625,230 | )
Payments on bonds payable |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (169,819 | )
Payment on lease liabilities |  | 33 |  |  | (351,210 | ) |  |  | (517,250 | )
Proceeds from issuance of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,475,471 |
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares |  |  |  |  | 301,203 |  |  |  | — |
Share-based payments |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,260 |
Payment of transaction costs |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,490 | )
Proceeds from guarantee deposits |  | 33 |  |  | 13,172 |  |  |  | 565,008 |
Acquisition of ownership interest in subsidiaries |  | 30 |  |  | (298,318 | ) |  |  | — |
Net cash generated from financing activities |  |  |  |  | 13,268 |  |  |  | 1,399,343 |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes |  |  |  |  | 1,074 |  |  |  | (117,783 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  | (167,818 | ) |  |  | 106,257 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 5 |  |  | 3,734,316 |  |  |  | 3,030,298 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | 5 |  | $ | 3,566,498 |  |  | $ | 3,136,555 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 202 4

1. Corporate and group information

The News Lens Co., Ltd. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Cayman Island with limited liability under the International Business Companies Act on January 20, 2015. On July 3, 2023, the company’s shareholders approved the resolution to change its name from The News Lens Co., Ltd. to TNL Mediagene. The Company and its subsidiaries (collectively referred herein as the “Group”) are primarily engaged in digital advertising, integrated marketing, marketing survey, artificial intelligence technology, data analysis, content service platform and production of audio-visual programs.

Since inception, the Company has successively acquired Neptune Internet Media Technology Co., Ltd., Easy Key 2 Asia Co., Ltd., AD2iction Co., Ltd., S.C. Integrated Marketing Communication Co., Ltd., and STAR Communication Consultant Co., Ltd.. In 2022 and 2023, the Company acquired Polydice Inc. and TNL Mediagene Japan Inc, respectively. Through the integration of the Company and its subsidiaries’ resources, the Group continues to develop its online media advertising business.

Going concern

As of June 30, 2024, the Group has recurring losses from operations, negative working capital, net operating cash outflow and accumulated deficit of $38,123,550. However, the Group has strong commitment to improve its operational performance. The Group intends to adopt the following measures to improve future operating and financial conditions:

i) Improve operating conditions:

The Group plans to actively expand its customer base while prudently controlling various expenses and costs. As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s subsidiary, S.C. Integrated Marketing Communication Co., Ltd., has secured service contracts exceeding $6.8 million, but not yet recognize revenue.

ii) Financial Soundness Program:

a. The Company has consistently maintained a good reputation and banking credit to secure refinancing lines as needed. As of the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements, the Company has obtained approximately $1.3 million in long-term financing from financial institutions. For details, please refer to Note 39.

b. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company issued additional convertible promissory notes totaling $1,250,000 to the third parties. For terms and conditions, please refer to Note 39 a) and f).

The Group’s business plans, consider, among others, the cost management, the issuance of promissory notes and renewal of its loan facilities with the financial institutions. Although management continues to pursue these plans, there can be no assurance that the Group will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to the Group to fund continuing operations. A material uncertainty exists that may cast significant doubt and raise substantial doubt as contemplated by PCAOB standards on the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern and that the Group may be unable to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business.

2. The authorization of the consolidated financial statements

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on October 29, 2024.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

3. Application of new and revised IFRS® Accounting Standards, International Accounting Standards (“IAS”), International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC®”) Interpretations and Standing Interpretations Committee (“SIC®”) Interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), (collectively, “IFRSs”)

a) Amendments to IFRSs and the new interpretation that are mandatorily effective for the current year

New Standards, Interpretations and Amendments |  | Effective date issued by IASB
Amendments to IFRS 16, “Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback” |  | January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 1, “Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current” |  | January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 1, “Non-current Liabilities with Covenants” |  | January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7, “Supplier Finance Arrangements” |  | January 1, 2024

Based on the Group’s assessment, the above standards and interpretations have no significant impact on the Group’s financial position and financial performance.

b) New standards, interpretations and amendments in issue but not yet effective

New Standards, Interpretations and Amendments |  | Effective date issued by IASB
Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28, “Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture” |  | To be determined by IASB
Amendments to IAS 21, “Lack of Exchangeability” |  | January 1, 2025
Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7, “Amendments to the Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments” |  | January 1, 2026
IFRS 18, “Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements” |  | January 1, 2027
IFRS 19, “Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures” |  | January 1, 2027

Except for the following, the above standards and interpretations are not currently expected to have a significant impact to the Group’s financial condition and financial performance based on the Group’s assessment. The quantitative impact will be disclosed when the assessment is complete.

IFRS 18, “Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements”

IFRS 18, “Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements” replaces IAS 1 and updates the structure of the statement of profit or loss, requires disclosures for certain profit or loss performance measures and enhanced principles on aggregation and disaggregation to the primary financial statements and notes.

4. Summary of material accounting policies

The unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair statement of the results of operations for the interim period. All such adjustments to the financial information are of a normal, recurring nature. Accordingly, these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements are to be read in conjunction with the annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements are disclosed in financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and have been consistently applied to all the periods presented, except for the adoption of new and amended standards as set out below and Note 3a).

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

a) Statement of compliance

These condensed consolidated interim financial statements for the six-month period ended June 30, 2024 have been prepared in accordance with IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting. The interim report does not include all of the notes normally included in an annual consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, this report should be read in conjunction with the annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.

b) Basis of preparation

(a) Except for the following items, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention:

i) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (including derivative instruments).

ii) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income.

(b) The preparation of unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements in conformity with IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note 4 f).

(c) These consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollar (USD), which is the Company’s functional currency.

c) Basis of consolidation

(a) Basis for preparation of consolidated financial statements:

i) All subsidiaries are included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. Subsidiaries are all entities controlled by the Group. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Consolidation of subsidiaries begins from the date the Group obtains control of the subsidiaries and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiaries.

ii) Transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses on transactions between companies within the Group are eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

iii) Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income are attributed to the owners of the parent and to the non-controlling interests. Total comprehensive income is attributed to the owners of the parent and to the non-controlling interests even if this results in a deficit balance in the non-controlling interests.

iv) Changes in a parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary that do not result in the parent losing control of the subsidiary (transactions with non-controlling interests) are accounted for as equity transactions, i.e. transactions with owners in their capacity as owners. Any difference between the amount by which the non-controlling interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received is recognized directly in equity.

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

(b) Subsidiaries included in the consolidated financial statements:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage of Ownership (%) |  |
|  | Name of investee |  | Main business |  | Location |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | Note
The Company |  | The News Lens Co., Ltd. (“TNL TW”) |  | Digital advertising, SAAS technology, artificial intelligence technology, data analysis, member management content service platform and audio-visual program production |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
The Company |  | Inside Co., Ltd. (“Inside”) |  | Digital advertising, display network and content service platform |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
The Company |  | The News Lens Hong Kong Ltd. (“TNL HK”) |  | Digital advertising and content service platform |  | Hong Kong |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
The Company |  | TNLMG (“TNL MG”) |  | Special purpose entity for merger |  | Cayman |  | 100% |  | 100% |  | Note 1
The Company |  | TNL Mediagene Japan Inc. (“MG”) |  | Holding Company |  | Japan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  | Note 2
TNL TW |  | Neptune Internet Media Technology Co., Ltd. (“SV”) |  | Ticket service, e-commerce and shopping guide, digital advertising and content service platform |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
TNL TW |  | Easy Key 2 Asia Co., Ltd. (“EK2A”) |  | Market survey and marketing strategy consultant |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
TNL TW |  | AD2iction Co., Ltd. (“AD2”) |  | Digital interactive advertising, advertising technology services and web platform technology |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  | Note 3
TNL TW |  | S.C. Integrated Marketing Communication Co., Ltd. (“SC”) |  | Planning and execution services for Integrated marketing solutions |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
TNL TW |  | STAR Communication Consultant Co., Ltd. (“ST”) |  | Planning and execution services for Integrated marketing solutions |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  |
TNL TW |  | DaEx Intelligent Co., Inc. (“DaEx”) |  | Artificial intelligence technology and customer data platform service |  | Taiwan |  | 50.66% |  | 50.66% |  |
TNL TW |  | TNL Media 株式會社(“TNL JP”) |  | Digital advertising and content service platform |  | Japan |  | 61.72% |  | 61.72% |  |
SC |  | Polydice Inc. (“POLYDICE”) |  | E-commerce and digital advertising |  | Taiwan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  | Note 4
MG |  | Mediagene Inc. 株式会社メディアジーン |  | Media consulting business, E-commerce and digital advertising |  | Japan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  | Note 5
MG |  | INFOBAHN Inc. 株式会社インフォバーン |  | Media consulting business |  | Japan |  | 100% |  | 100% |  | Note 5

____________

Note 1: TNLMG was established in June 2, 2023 and registered in Cayman Island with a registered capital of $50,000.

Note 2: TNL Mediagene Japan Inc. was established in April 4, 2023 in Japan with a registered capital of JPY100.

Note 3: TNL TW acquired the remaining 49% of AD2 from non-controlling interests on June 1, 2023 with consideration totaled $4,204,907, and AD2 became a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL TW. Please refer to Note 30 to details.

Note 4: SC acquired the remaining 49.44% on March 1, 2023 with consideration totaled $1,722,595. Please refer to Note 30 for details.

Note 5: Through the holding company — TNL Mediagene Japan Inc., the Company acquired 100% of Mediagene Inc. 株式会社メディアジーン and INFOBAHN Inc. 株式会社インフォバーン from third party with 90,740,305 ordinary shares of the Company on May 25, 2023.

(c) Subsidiaries not included in the consolidated financial statements: None.

(d) Adjustments for subsidiaries with different statements of financial position dates: Not applicable.

(e) No significant restrictions on the ability of subsidiaries to transfer funds to parent company.

(f) Subsidiaries that have non-controlling interests that are material to the Group: None.

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4. Summary of material accounting policies (cont.)

d) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

(a) The issuance of the promissory notes with the conversion options by the Group was recognized under “financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss” on initial recognition due to their hybrid contracts feature. Derivatives (contingent consideration, and call options) are categorized as financial liabilities held for trading unless they are designated as hedges. Financial liabilities that meet one of the following criteria are designated as at fair value through profit or loss at initial recognition:

i) Hybrid (combined) contracts; or

ii) They eliminate or significantly reduce a measurement or recognition inconsistency; or

iii) They are managed and their performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with a documented risk management policy.

(b) At initial recognition, the Group measures the financial liabilities at fair value. All related transaction costs are recognized in profit or loss. The Group subsequently measures these financial liabilities at fair value with any gain or loss recognized in profit or loss.

(c) If the credit risk results in fair value changes in financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss, they are recognized in other comprehensive income in the circumstances other than avoiding accounting mismatch or recognizing in profit or loss for loan commitments or financial guarantee contracts.

e) Employee share-based payment

(a) For the equity-settled share-based payment arrangements, the employee services received are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments granted at the grant date, and are recognized as compensation cost over the vesting period, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. The fair value of the equity instruments granted shall reflect the impact of market vesting conditions and non-vesting conditions. Compensation cost is subject to adjustment based on the service conditions that are expected to be satisfied and the estimates of the number of equity instruments that are expected to vest under the non-market vesting conditions at each balance sheet date. Ultimately, the amount of compensation cost recognized is based on the number of equity instruments that eventually vest.

(b) Restricted stocks:

i) Restricted stocks issued to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments granted at the grant date, and are recognised as compensation cost over the vesting period.

ii) For restricted stocks where those stocks do not restrict distribution of dividends to employees and employees are not required to return the dividends received if they resign during the vesting period, the Group recognises the fair value of the dividends received by the employees who are expected to resign during the vesting period as compensation cost at the date of dividends declared.

f) Critical accounting judgments, estimates and key sources of assumption uncertainty

There have been no significant changes as of June 30, 2024. Please refer to Note 4 z) in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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5. Cash and cash equivalents

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Cash on hand and petty cash |  | $ | 11,775 |  | $ | 25,941
Checking accounts and demand deposits |  |  | 3,018,523 |  |  | 3,110,614
|  | $ | 3,030,298 |  | $ | 3,136,555

a) The Group transacts with a variety of financial institutions all with high credit quality to disperse credit risk, so it expects that the probability of counterparty default is remote.

b) No cash and cash equivalents of the Group were pledged to others.

6. Accounts receivable

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 8,914,322 |  |  | $ | 5,707,752 |
Less: Loss allowance |  |  | (65,938 | ) |  |  | (128,602 | )
|  | $ | 8,848,384 |  |  | $ | 5,579,150 |

a) The aging analysis of accounts receivable based on past due date are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Not past due |  | $ | 8,617,498 |  |  | 5,387,032
Past due |  |  |  |  |  |
Within 1 month |  |  | 89,953 |  |  | 193,712
31 to 90 days |  |  | 35,925 |  |  | 16,647
91 to 180 days |  |  | 138,592 |  |  | 2,964
181 to 270 days |  |  | 247 |  |  | 107
Over 270 days |  |  | 32,107 |  |  | 107,290
|  | $ | 8,914,322 |  | $ | 5,707,752

b) As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, accounts receivable were all from contracts with customers.

c) Without taking into account of any collateral held or other credit enhancements, the amount that best reflects the Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk in respect of the accounts receivable is the carrying amount at the end of each reporting period.

d) No accounts receivable of the Group were pledged to others.

e) Information relating to credit risk is provided in Note 41 a).

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7. Property, plant and equipment, net

|  | 2024
|  | Office equipment |  | Leasehold improvements |  | Others |  | Total
January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 1,030,893 |  |  | $ | 518,320 |  |  | $ | 93,906 |  |  | $ | 1,643,119 |
Accumulated depreciation and impairment |  |  | (687,235 | ) |  |  | (339,446 | ) |  |  | (79,424 | ) |  |  | (1,106,105 | )
|  | $ | 343,658 |  |  | $ | 178,874 |  |  | $ | 14,482 |  |  | $ | 537,014 |
January 1 |  | $ | 343,658 |  |  | $ | 178,874 |  |  | $ | 14,482 |  |  | $ | 537,014 |
Additions |  |  | 40,911 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 40,911 |
Depreciation expenses |  |  | (59,499 | ) |  |  | (13,623 | ) |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  |  | (76,122 | )
Disposal |  |  | (536 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (536 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | (23,627 | ) |  |  | (20,926 | ) |  |  | (726 | ) |  |  | (45,279 | )
June 30 |  | $ | 300,907 |  |  | $ | 144,325 |  |  | $ | 10,756 |  |  | $ | 455,988 |
June 30 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 968,398 |  |  | $ | 455,528 |  |  | $ | 88,871 |  |  | $ | 1,512,797 |
Accumulated depreciation and impairment |  |  | (667,491 | ) |  |  | (311,203 | ) |  |  | (78,115 | ) |  |  | (1,056,809 | )
|  | $ | 300,907 |  |  | $ | 144,325 |  |  | $ | 10,756 |  |  | $ | 455,988 |

No property, plant and equipment were pledged to others.

8. Leasing arrangements — lessee

a) The Group leases offices and multifunctional business machines located in Taiwan and Japan. Lease agreements are typically made for periods of 2 to 5 years. Lease terms are negotiated on an individual basis and contain a wide range of different terms and conditions. The lease agreements do not impose covenants, but leased assets may not be used as security for borrowing purposes.

b) Short-term leases with a lease term of 12 months or less comprise multifunctional printers.

c) The carrying amount of right-of-use assets and the depreciation expenses are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
|  | Carrying amount |  | Carrying amount
Buildings |  | $ | 6,121,258 |  | $ | 5,158,229
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 19,557 |  |  | 14,543
|  | $ | 6,140,815 |  | $ | 5,172,772

|  | Year ended December 31, 2023 |  | Six months ended June 30, 2024
|  | Depreciation expenses |  | Depreciation expenses
Buildings |  | $ | 862,258 |  | 485,782
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 3,532 |  | 2,797
|  | $ | 865,790 |  | 488,579

d) For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, additions to right-of-use assets were $6,396,692 (including $6,371,979 acquired from MG at the acquisition date) and $345,050, respectively.

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8. Leasing arrangements — lessee (cont.)

e) The information on profit or loss accounts relating to lease contracts is as follows:

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Items affecting profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense on lease liabilities |  | $ | 10,572 |  | $ | 31,212
Expense on short-term lease contracts |  |  | 19,579 |  |  | 21,161

f) For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, the Group’s total cash outflow for leases were $381,361 and $569,623, respectively.

9. Goodwill and intangible assets

|  | 2024
|  | Goodwill |  | Trademarks |  | Customer relationships |  | Website platform |  | Computer software |  | Total
January 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 60,741,929 |  |  | $ | 22,083,887 |  |  | $ | 13,788,135 |  |  |  | 566,591 |  |  | $ | 2,139,623 |  |  | $ | 99,320,165 |
Accumulated amortization and impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (71,065 | ) |  |  | (3,520,167 | ) |  |  | (236,079 | ) |  |  | (1,345,098 | ) |  |  | (5,172,409 | )
|  | $ | 60,741,929 |  |  | $ | 22,012,822 |  |  | $ | 10,267,968 |  |  | $ | 330,512 |  |  | $ | 794,525 |  |  | $ | 94,147,756 |
January 1 |  | $ | 60,741,929 |  |  | $ | 22,012,822 |  |  | $ | 10,267,968 |  |  | $ | 330,512 |  |  | $ | 794,525 |  |  | $ | 94,147,756 |
Additions |  |  | — |  |  |  | 877 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 142,330 |  |  |  | 143,207 |
Amortization expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | (25,604 | ) |  |  | (842,516 | ) |  |  | (54,490 | ) |  |  | (121,755 | ) |  |  | (1,044,365 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | (518,647 | ) |  |  | (28,004 | ) |  |  | (109,962 | ) |  |  | (16,815 | ) |  |  | (73,164 | ) |  |  | (746,592 | )
June 30 |  | $ | 60,223,282 |  |  | $ | 21,960,091 |  |  | $ | 9,315,490 |  |  | $ | 259,207 |  |  | $ | 741,936 |  |  | $ | 92,500,006 |
June 30 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 60,223,282 |  |  | $ | 22,052,348 |  |  | $ | 13,504,403 |  |  | $ | 536,210 |  |  | $ | 1,938,426 |  |  | $ | 98,254,699 |
Accumulated amortization and impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (92,257 | ) |  |  | (4,188,913 | ) |  |  | (277,003 | ) |  |  | (1,196,490 | ) |  |  | (5,754,663 | )
|  | $ | 60,223,282 |  |  | $ | 21,960,091 |  |  | $ | 9,315,490 |  |  | $ | 259,207 |  |  | $ | 741,936 |  |  | $ | 92,500,006 |

10. Impairment of non-financial assets

a) Impairment for goodwill

Goodwill is monitored by management at the level of entities. Summary of the goodwill allocation is presented below:

December 31, 2023 |  | AD2 |  | SC+ST |  | POLYDICE |  | MG |  | Total
Goodwill |  | 1,882,400 |  | 5,428,655 |  | 2,361,421 |  | 51,069,453 |  | 60,741,929

June 30, 2024 |  | AD2 |  | SC+ST |  | POLYDICE |  | MG |  | Total
Goodwill |  | 1,781,464 |  | 5,137,566 |  | 2,234,799 |  | 51,069,453 |  | 60,223,282

The Group tests whether goodwill has suffered any impairment at least once on an annual basis. For year 2023 and the six months ended June 30, 2024, the recoverable amount of the cash-generating units (CGUs) was determined based on value in use calculations which require the use of assumptions. The calculations use cash flow projections based on financial budgets approved by management covering a 5 to 10 year period.

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10. Impairment of non-financial assets (cont.)

Cash flows beyond the 5 to 10 year are extrapolated using the estimated growth rates stated below. These growth rates are consistent with forecasts included in industry reports specific to the industry in which each CGU operates.

There was no impairment loss for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024.

The following table sets out the key assumptions for those CGUs that have significant goodwill allocated to them:

2023 |  | AD2 |  | SC + ST |  | POLYDICE |  | MG
Sales (annual growth rate) |  | 12 | % |  | 1 | %~12% |  | 11 | % |  | 5 | %~33%
Budgeted gross margin |  | 50 | % |  | 20 | % |  | 85 | % |  | 30 | %~43%
Operating expense |  | 32 | %~44% |  | 4 | %~5% |  | 49 | %~71% |  | 24 | %~28%
Annual capital expenditure |  | $29,306~$39,075 |  |  | $19,538 |  |  | $14,653 |  |  | $488,000,~$1,830,000 |
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | %
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.90 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 14.30 | %

2024 |  | AD2 |  | SC + ST |  | POLYDICE |  | MG
Sales (annual growth rate) |  | 10 | % |  | 11 | % |  | 11 | % |  | 5 | %~33%
Budgeted gross margin |  | 47 | % |  | 22 | % |  | 82 | % |  | 30 | %~43%
Operating expense |  | 39 | %~51% |  | 8 | %~10% |  | 54 | %~79% |  | 24 | %~28%
Annual capital expenditure |  | $36,980 |  |  | $18,490 |  |  | $13,867 |  |  | $428,953~$1,608,211 |
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.50 | %
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.90 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 14.30 | %

Management has determined the values assigned to each of the above key assumptions as follows:

Assumption |  | Approach used to determine values
Sales |  | Average annual growth rate over the five to ten year forecast period; based on past performance, management’s expectations of market development, current industry trends and including long-term inflation forecasts for each territory.
Budgeted gross margin |  | Based on past performance and management’s expectations for the future.
Operating expense |  | Management forecasts these costs based on the current structure of the business, adjusting for inflationary increases but not reflecting any future restructurings or cost saving measures.
Annual capital expenditure |  | Expected cash costs in the CGUs. This is based on the historical experience of management, and the planned refurbishment expenditure. No incremental revenue or cost savings are assumed in the value in use model as a result of this expenditure.
Long-term growth rate |  | This is the weighted average growth rate used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the budget period. The rates are consistent with forecasts included in industry reports.
Pre-tax discount rates |  | Reflect specific risks relating to the relevant segments and the countries in which they operate.

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10. Impairment of non-financial assets (cont.)

b) For significant estimate: impact of possible changes in key assumptions

Ad2 CGU

The recoverable amount of the AD2 CGU is estimated to exceed the carrying amount of the CGU as of June 30, 2024 by $2,406,804 (December 31, 2023: $7,673,909).

The recoverable amount of this CGU would equal its carrying amount if the key assumptions were to change as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
|  | From |  | To |  | From |  | To
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.90 | % |  | 38.90 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 24.40 | %
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 0.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 0.50 | %

Management have considered and assessed reasonably possible changes for other key assumptions and have not identified any instances that could cause the carrying amount of the AD2 CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

SC + ST CGU

The recoverable amount of the SC + ST CGU is estimated to exceed the carrying amount of the CGU as of June 30, 2024 by $2,610,375 (December 31, 2023: $3,033,011).

The recoverable amount of this CGU would equal its carrying amount if the key assumptions were to change as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
|  | From |  | To |  | From |  | To
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.90 | % |  | 19.40 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 18.90 | %
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 0.50 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 0.50 | %

The directors and management have considered and assessed reasonably possible changes for other key assumptions and have not identified any instances that could cause the carrying amount of the SC + ST CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

POLYDICE CGU

The recoverable amount of the POLYDICE CGU is estimated to exceed the carrying amount of the CGU as of June 30, 2024 by $4,262,601 (December 31, 2023: $3,701,927).

The recoverable amount of this CGU would equal its carrying amount if the key assumptions were to change as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
|  | From |  | To |  | From |  | To
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.90 | % |  | 24.40 | % |  | 14.90 | % |  | 27.40 | %
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.00 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.00 | %

The directors and management have considered and assessed reasonably possible changes for other key assumptions and have not identified any instances that could cause the carrying amount of the POLYDICE CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

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10. Impairment of non-financial assets (cont.)

MG CGU

The recoverable amount of the MG CGU is estimated to exceed the carrying amount of the CGU at June 30, 2024 by $4,613,545 (December 31, 2023: $12,905,913).

The recoverable amount of this CGU would equal it’s carrying amount if the key assumptions were to change as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
From |  | To |  | From |  | To
Pre-tax discount rate |  | 14.30 | % |  | 15.30 | % |  | 14.30 | % |  | 14.75 | %
Long-term growth rate |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.00 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 1.00 | %

The directors and management have considered and assessed reasonably possible changes for other key assumptions and have not identified any instances that could cause the carrying amount of the MG CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.

11. Short-term borrowings

Type of loans |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured bank loans |  | $ | 1,269,945 |  |  | $ | 938,443 |
Unsecured bank loans |  |  | 3,103,473 |  |  |  | 2,054,345 |
Other loans |  |  | 876,815 |  |  |  | 355,395 |
|  | $ | 5,250,233 |  |  | $ | 3,348,183 |
Interest rate range |  |  | 0.53 | %~8% |  |  | 0.70 | %~8%
Unused credit lines of short-term bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US$ |  |  | — |  |  |  | 844,169 |

As of June 30, 2024, the Company issued convertible promissory notes aggregating to $1,475,471 to its existing shareholders and other third parties, of which, part of the convertible promissory notes is issued in exchange to terminate the short-term borrowing plus accumulated interest totaled $509,041 (classified as “Other loans”), please see Note 12d) for the terms and conditions of the convertible promissory notes.

The table below summarizes the maturity profile of the short-term borrowings excluding the current portion of long-term borrowings (see Note 15 for further information) as of June 30, 2024 based on the contractual due date:

|  | 1 to 3 months |  | 4~6 months |  | Over 6 months |  | Total
Type of loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured bank loans |  | $ | — |  | $ | 275,039 |  | $ | 663,404 |  | $ | 938,443
Unsecured bank loans |  |  | 1,864,141 |  |  | 33,565 |  |  | 156,639 |  |  | 2,054,345
Other loans |  |  | 355,395 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 355,395
|  | $ | 2,219,536 |  | $ | 308,604 |  | $ | 820,043 |  | $ | 3,348,183

Information relating to interest rate risk and liquidity risk are provided in Note 41 a).

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12. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Current item: |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration of acquisition of subsidiaries |  | $ | 53,166 |  | $ | —
Add: Valuation adjustment and net exchange differences |  |  | 7,498 |  |  | —
|  |  | 60,664 |  |  | —
Convertible promissory note |  |  | — |  |  | 1,475,471
Add: Valuation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  | 62,529
|  |  | — |  |  | 1,538,000
Total current item |  | $ | 60,664 |  | $ | 1,538,000

a) Amounts recognized in profit of loss in relation to the financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are listed below:

|  | Six months ended June 30 2023 |  | Six months ended June 30 2024
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration of acquisition of subsidiaries |  | $ | 39,398 |  | $ | 58,383 |
Preference shares liabilities |  |  | 5,436,783 |  |  | — |
Convertible promissory note |  |  | — |  |  | (62,529 | )
|  | $ | 5,476,181 |  | $ | (4,146 | )

b) In accordance with the share purchase agreements for the acquisition of POLYDICE in year 2022 and the acquisition of SC in year 2020, the Group shall give additional acquisition consideration and recognize relevant contingent consideration at fair value on the acquisition date if the acquired company achieves specific performance conditions within a certain period after the acquisition. The contingent consideration that will be liquidated in cash or other financial assets is recognized as financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit and loss, and the subsequent achievement are as follows:

i) Contingent consideration for the acquisition of POLYDICE is available from year 2022 to 2024. For the year 2022, POLYDICE met the performance target and the Group paid out part of the contingent consideration in cash totaled $400,000 in 2023. For the year 2023, POLYDICE failed to meet the performance target, therefore, the relevant contingent consideration was written off and recognized in “other gains and losses”. The remaining contingent consideration totaled $60,664 is expected to fail to meet the performance target, therefore, the relevant contingent consideration was written off and recognized in “other gains and loss’’ for the year 2024.

ii) Contingent consideration for the acquisition of SC is available from year 2021 to 2022. For the year 2021, SC met the performance target and the Group paid out the contingent consideration of cash $150,000 in 2022 and 201,939 ordinary shares in 2023. For the year 2022, SC met the performance target and the Group paid out the contingent consideration of cash $150,000 in 2022 and 134,626 ordinary shares in 2023.

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12. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (cont.)

c) As shown in the table below, the Company issued series of convertible preference shares, which was assessed as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss due to either its redemption option or contingent settlement provisions feature. On May 12, 2022, the Company issued 2,804 thousand of Series D-2 shares at $0.7845 per share totaled $2,199,999. On May 22, 2023, all series of preferred shares had been converted to ordinary shares at a 1:1 conversion ratio totaled $26,911,070. The decrease in fair value prior to conversion was mainly due to the probability of liquidation and redemption have decreased and the probability of mandatory conversion has increased under the option pricing model that was used for valuation. Information related to the methods and assumptions used for the fair value estimates are provided in Note 41 b) (b).

|  | Authorized shares (in thousands of shares) |  | Issuance date |  | Shares issued (in thousands of shares) |  | Total issuance amount |  | December 31, 2022 |  | May 22, 2023
Share price |  | Total amount |  | Share price |  | Total amount
Series A |  | 6,070 |  | 2015.5.20~2016.7.20 |  | 6,069 |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  | 0.720842 |  | $ | 4,374,631 |  | 0.725968 |  | $ | 4,405,739
Series B |  | 6,000 |  | 2016.10.31~2017.4.11 |  | 5,917 |  |  | 1,869,000 |  | 0.848454 |  |  | 5,020,231 |  | 0.745331 |  |  | 4,410,061
Series B-1 |  | 410 |  | 2017.11.9~2017.11.27 |  | 408 |  |  | 180,000 |  | 0.907989 |  |  | 370,820 |  | 0.752824 |  |  | 307,451
Series C |  | 7,152 |  | 2018.2.1~2019.3.14 |  | 7,152 |  |  | 3,500,000 |  | 0.931615 |  |  | 6,662,455 |  | 0.755296 |  |  | 5,401,508
Series C-1 |  | 4,375 |  | 2019.3.14~2019.10.2 |  | 4,374 |  |  | 2,217,055 |  | 0.893186 |  |  | 3,906,631 |  | 0.750359 |  |  | 3,282,230
Series C-2 |  | 1,770 |  | 2019.6.13~2019.10.2 |  | 1,767 |  |  | 1,103,300 |  | 0.940657 |  |  | 1,662,560 |  | 0.756533 |  |  | 1,337,131
Series D-1 |  | 4,207 |  | 2020.6.25 |  | 4,207 |  |  | 3,300,000 |  | 1.069958 |  |  | 4,500,779 |  | 0.783391 |  |  | 3,295,335
Series D-2 |  | 11,100 |  | 2020.11.19~2022.5.12 |  | 5,854 |  |  | 4,592,249 |  | 0.999320 |  |  | 5,849,746 |  | 0.763892 |  |  | 4,471,615
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,961,604 |  |  |  | $ | 32,347,853 |  |  |  | $ | 26,911,070

According to the Company’s Article of Association, the rights, preferences, and privileges of the above preference shareholders are as follows:

Dividend:

i) Series D-1: 10% of non-cumulative dividends should be declared by the Board of Directors at its discretion.

ii) All Series except Series D-1: 8% of non-cumulative dividends should be declared by the Board of Directors at its discretion.

The ranking of claims are holders of the Series D-1, Series D-2, Series C-2, Series C-1, Series C, Series B-1, Series B, Series A preferred shares and ordinary shares of the Company.

Conversion rights:

The contractual conversion price is the initial subscription price (i.e., the conversion ratio is 1:1). The conversion price of the ordinary share is subject to adjustments if the condition of the anti-dilution provision occurs subsequently. The conversion price will be adjusted based on the pricing model specified in the Articles of Association.

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12. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (cont.)

The shareholders of preferred shares may request the conversion to ordinary shares at any time. The remaining unconverted preferred shares will automatically be converted into ordinary shares of the Group if:

i) The Series D-1 preferred shares exceeds 80%, and more than two-thirds of the shareholders of the other preferred stocks issued and outstanding by the Group converted into ordinary shares; or

ii) The Group meets the conditions or qualifications for listing under the Articles of Association.

Liquidation preferences:

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or any deemed liquidation event, the assets of the Company or the consideration of the deemed liquidation event available for distribution to its shareholders, as the case may be, should be distributed among the shareholders.

The Series D-1 preferred shares shall be repaid first before any other class of shares at amount per share limited to the greater of 150.95% of the issuing price or at the conversion price if the shares have been converted into common shares.

If a merger or reorganization of the Company occurred (unless existing shareholders retain more than 50% of the total voting power), such events shall be deemed as Deemed Liquidation Event. unless:

i) the holders of at least two-thirds of all outstanding preferred shares, and

ii) the holders of at least eighty percent (80%) of the Series D-1 preferred shares then outstanding, each voting as a separate class on an as converted to ordinary shares basis, may elect not to apply the process of liquidation in the event of a Deemed Liquidation Event. Thus, if an uncertain event occurred in the future, the Company has a contractual obligation to deliver cash to convertible preference shareholders.

Voting rights:

Each preferred shareholder shall be entitled to one vote for each ordinary share then-issuable upon conversion of the preferred shares as of the record date for such vote or, if no record date is specified, as of the date of such vote.

Redemption rights (Series D-1 only):

Unless prohibited by Cayman law governing distributions to shareholders, the shareholders of Series D-1 preferred shares may make a written request to the Group for redemption within one month of the expiration date on June 24, 2023, at the higher amounts of 130% of the issue price; or fair market value.

Subscription right (Series D-1 only):

A stock warrant (“Series D-1 warrant”) was granted to Series D-1 preferred shareholders to purchase a total of additional 6,309,752 common shares at the subscription ratio of 1:1.5 at the initial subscription price. The Series D-1 warrant had an expiry date on June 24, 2022, and no additional common shares were subscribed before the warrant expired.

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12. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (cont.)

d) As of June 30, 2024, the Company issued convertible promissory notes to its existing shareholders and other third parties as follows:

June 30, 2024
Holder |  | Issuance date |  | Issuance amount |  | Interest rate |  | Note
A |  | 2024.1.2 |  | $ | 509,041 |  | 10 | % |  | 1
B |  | 2024.1.4 |  |  | 300,000 |  | 10 | % |  | 2
A |  | 2024.3.6 |  |  | 250,000 |  | 10 | % |  | 2
C |  | 2024.3.19 |  |  | 100,000 |  | 10 | % |  | 2
D |  | 2024.3.20 |  |  | 66,430 |  | 10 | % |  | 2
E |  | 2024.5.16 |  |  | 100,000 |  | 10 | % |  | 2
F |  | 2024.6.3 |  |  | 150,000 |  | 10 | % |  | 2
|  |  |  | $ | 1,475,471 |  |  |  |  |

____________

Note 1: This convertible promissory note is issued in exchange to terminate the short-term borrowing plus accumulated interest totaled $509,041, please see Note 11 for details.

Note 2: The convertible promissory notes are issued for cash.

The promissory notes (refer as the “2024 Convertible Promissory Notes”) issued have terms and conditions as follows:

i) Maturity date: December 7, 2024. Upon maturity, all amounts outstanding and accrued but unpaid interest shall become due and payable in cash.

ii) Interest: 10% per annum.

iii) Voluntary conversion: The holders of the 2024 Convertible Promissory Notes have the right to convert all or any part of the outstanding principal and accrued interest into ordinary shares of the Company at a conversion price equal to 90% of the per share price if the Company completes an equity financing (refer as the “Conversion Price”) under which it raises not less than $5,000,000 on or before the mature day.

iv) Automatic conversion: Immediately after the closing of de-SPAC transaction, the outstanding principal plus accrued interest will automatically convert into ordinary shares at the Conversion Price.

13. Financial liabilities at amortized cost

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subsidiary’s preferred shares liabilities |  | $ | 97,688 |  | $ | — |
Non-controlling shareholders’ conversion right |  |  | 673,722 |  |  | 673,722 |
|  | $ | 771,410 |  | $ | 673,722 |
Non-current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subsidiary’s preferred shares liabilities |  | $ | 1,856,073 |  | $ | 1,953,761 |
Add: Net exchange differences |  |  | — |  |  | (104,763 | )
|  | $ | 1,856,073 |  | $ | 1,848,998 |

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13. Financial liabilities at amortized cost (cont.)

a) Amounts recognized in profit or loss in relation to financial liabilities at amortized cost are listed below:

|  | Six months ended June 30, 2023 |  | Six months ended June 30, 2024
Finance costs |  | $ | 14,604 |  | $ | 14,102

b) On August 15, 2020, TNL TW, a subsidiary of the Company, issued Class A preferred shares to the National Development Fund of the Executive Yuan. The Class A preferred shares of TNL TW are assessed as liabilities in accordance with the rights of the shareholders, the conditions of issuance of Class A preferred shares are as follows:

i) Shares issued: 500 thousand shares of TNL TW

ii) Issue price: NT$60,000,000 (US$ 1,953,761)/NT$120 (US$3.907) per share

iii) Expiration date: Initially on August 13, 2023 (allowed to withdrawal in advance in certain circumstances), which is extended to February 13, 2026 in June 2024 by the National Development Fund of the Executive Yuan. Upon expiration, the shares shall be retired in 15 equal quarterly installments in cash.

iv) Dividend: 1.5% per year, cumulative, no participation in ordinary shares and other preferred shares in respect of distributions of earnings and capital surplus.

v) Liquidation preference: The shareholders of the Class A preferred shares take precedence over the shareholders of the ordinary shares and other preferred shares in the order of distribution of residual property of TNL TW. However, it shall not exceed the total subscription amount plus the dividends not yet received during the issued period.

vi) The Class A preferred shares does not have the right to vote and vote for the distribution of excess dividends, however, the shareholders of the Class A preferred shares may vote on matters related to their rights.

vii) The Class A preferred shares has no right to be converted into the ordinary shares.

c) In accordance with the investment agreements by DaEX and each of certain DaEX’s non-controlling shareholders, and the joint venture agreement by TNL TW and AccuHit AI Technology Taiwan Co., Ltd (a DaEX’s non-controlling shareholders), each of certain DaEX non-controlling shareholders (the “DaEX Conversion Right Holders”) has the right to, before de-SPAC of the Company, convert their shares of DaEX into the shares of the Company. The value of the DaEX converted shares shall not be less than NT$20,690,000 (US$673,722), which was the initial investment amount of certain DaEX non-controlling shareholders, and the actual conversion price shall be agreed upon by the parties in writing. As DaEX’s fair value in proportion to the shareholding percentage has dropped below the initial investment amount of certain DaEX non-controlling shareholders as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, no valuation adjustments was recorded.

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14. Other payables

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Salaries and bonuses payable |  | $ | 2,248,023 |  | $ | 1,788,553
Brand promotion/advertising fees payable |  |  | 161,368 |  |  | 148,563
Labor and health insurance payable |  |  | 303,092 |  |  | 311,315
Sales tax payable |  |  | 603,336 |  |  | 281,672
Professional fee payable |  |  | 2,746,599 |  |  | 5,176,181
Other expense payable |  |  | 842,608 |  |  | 574,053
|  | $ | 6,905,026 |  | $ | 8,280,337

Professional fee payable is for legal, accounting and consulting services related to the acquisition of MG and the de-SPAC transaction.

15. Long-term borrowings

Type of borrowings |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured loans |  | $ | 4,900,044 |  |  | $ | 5,824,930 |
Unsecured loans |  |  | 592,637 |  |  |  | 861,331 |
|  |  | 5,492,681 |  |  |  | 6,686,261 |
Less: Current portion |  |  | (2,370,305 | ) |  |  | (3,108,936 | )
|  | $ | 3,122,376 |  |  | $ | 3,577,325 |

a) Refer to table below for details of long-term borrowing.

Lender A refers to First Commercial Bank;

Lender B refers to Taishin International Bank;

Lender C refers to Taiwan Business Bank;

Lender D refers to Chailease Holding Company Ltd.;

Lender E refers to Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank Ltd,;

Lender F refers to Chang Hwa Commercial Bank, Ltd.;

Lender G refers to Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation;

Lender H refers to DBS Bank (Taiwan) Ltd.;

Lender I refers to CTBC Bank Co., Ltd.;

Lender J refers to E.SUN Commercial Bank, Ltd.

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15. Long-term borrowings (cont.)

As of December 31, 2023
Lender |  | Facility period |  | Credit facility |  | Type |  | Outstanding amount |  | Undrawn amount |  | Interest rate |  | Guarantor |  | Collateral
A |  | 2022.12.12 – 2025.12.12 |  | $ | 162,813 |  | Secured |  | $ | 109,889 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | $ | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 293,064 |  | Secured |  |  | 149,148 |  | — |  | 2.480 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 33,144 |  | — |  | 2.480 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.12.28 – 2026.12.27 |  |  | 146,532 |  | Secured |  |  | 146,532 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 14,653
A |  | 2023.10.17 – 2026.10.16 |  |  | 195,376 |  | Secured |  |  | 184,932 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.10.17 – 2026.10.17 |  |  | 146,532 |  | Secured |  |  | 138,699 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.09.27 – 2026.09.26 |  |  | 195,376 |  | Secured |  |  | 179,692 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.09.29 – 2025.09.29 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 38,561 |  | — |  | 2.480 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 65,125 |  | Secured |  |  | 33,144 |  | — |  | 2.480 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.12.28 – 2026.12.27 |  |  | 146,532 |  | Secured |  |  | 146,532 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 14,653
B |  | 2022.09.23 – 2024.09.23 |  |  | 488,440 |  | Secured |  |  | 183,165 |  | — |  | 2.510 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 97,688
B |  | 2023.07.27 – 2025.07.27 |  |  | 488,440 |  | Secured |  |  | 386,682 |  | — |  | 2.910 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 146,532
C |  | 2021.09.30 – 2026.09.30 |  |  | 162,813 |  | Secured |  |  | 114,694 |  | — |  | 3.750 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
C |  | 2020.08.24 – 2025.08.24 |  |  | 97,688 |  | Secured |  |  | 36,238 |  | — |  | 2.750 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
C |  | 2023.11.08 – 2028.11.08 |  |  | 325,627 |  | Secured |  |  | 192,510 |  | 132,107 |  | 2.095 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
D |  | 2022.08.31 – 2024.08.31 |  |  | 1,139,694 |  | Unsecured |  |  | 253,985 |  | — |  | 2.746 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
D |  | 2023.06.08 – 2025.06.08 |  |  | 455,878 |  | Unsecured |  |  | 338,652 |  | — |  | 3.500 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2021.06.07 – 2026.06.07 |  |  | 976,880 |  | Secured |  |  | 530,632 |  | — |  | 3.250 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2021.10.20 – 2026.10.20 |  |  | 846,630 |  | Secured |  |  | 483,013 |  | — |  | 3.000 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2021.09.06 – 2024.09.06 |  |  | 130,251 |  | Secured |  |  | 32,562 |  | — |  | 3.500 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2022.01.05 – 2025.01.05 |  |  | 130,251 |  | Secured |  |  | 47,034 |  | — |  | 3.500 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2023.07.26 – 2028.07.26 |  |  | 325,627 |  | Secured |  |  | 298,491 |  | — |  | 2.095 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2022.11.25 – 2027.11.25 |  |  | 1,302,507 |  | Secured |  |  | 1,059,319 |  | — |  | 3.250 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
F |  | 2021.06.28 – 2026.06.28 |  |  | 325,627 |  | Secured |  |  | 182,292 |  | — |  | 3.250 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
G |  | 2020.09.28 – 2030.09.27 |  |  | 282,905 |  | Secured |  |  | 193,139 |  | — |  | 1.000 | % |  | — |  |  | —
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,492,681 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

As of June 30, 2024
Lender |  | Facility period |  | Credit facility |  | Type |  | Outstanding amount |  | Undrawn amount |  | Interest rate |  | Guarantor |  | Collateral
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  | $ | 277,350 |  | Secured |  | $ | 94,702 |  | — |  | 2.605 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | $ | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 61,633 |  | Secured |  |  | 21,045 |  | — |  | 2.605 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.06.24 – 2025.06.24 |  |  | 61,633 |  | Secured |  |  | 21,045 |  | — |  | 2.605 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.09.29 – 2025.09.29 |  |  | 61,633 |  | Secured |  |  | 26,232 |  | — |  | 2.605 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2022.12.12 – 2025.12.12 |  |  | 154,083 |  | Secured |  |  | 78,534 |  | — |  | 2.825 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.09.27 – 2026.09.26 |  |  | 184,900 |  | Secured |  |  | 140,090 |  | — |  | 2.825 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.10.17 – 2026.10.16 |  |  | 184,900 |  | Secured |  |  | 145,120 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.10.17 – 2026.10.16 |  |  | 138,675 |  | Secured |  |  | 108,840 |  | — |  | 2.700 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
A |  | 2023.12.28 – 2026.12.27 |  |  | 138,675 |  | Secured |  |  | 116,354 |  | — |  | 2.825 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 13,867
A |  | 2023.12.28 – 2026.12.27 |  |  | 138,675 |  | Secured |  |  | 116,354 |  | — |  | 2.825 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 13,867
B |  | 2022.09.23 – 2024.09.23 |  |  | 462,250 |  | Secured |  |  | 57,781 |  | — |  | 2.510 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 92,450
B |  | 2023.07.27 – 2025.07.27 |  |  | 462,250 |  | Secured |  |  | 250,385 |  | — |  | 2.910 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | 138,675
C |  | 2021.09.30 – 2026.09.30 |  |  | 154,083 |  | Secured |  |  | 89,766 |  | — |  | 3.875 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
C |  | 2020.08.24 – 2025.08.24 |  |  | 184,900 |  | Secured |  |  | 24,175 |  | — |  | 2.875 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
C |  | 2023.11.08 – 2028.11.08 |  |  | 308,166 |  | Secured |  |  | 279,275 |  | — |  | 2.220 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
D |  | 2022.08.31 – 2024.08.31 |  |  | 1,078,582 |  | Unsecured |  |  | 60,097 |  | — |  | 2.746 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
D |  | 2023.06.08 – 2025.06.08 |  |  | 431,433 |  | Unsecured |  |  | 209,553 |  | — |  | 3.500 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
D |  | 2024.04.26 – 2026.04.26 |  |  | 647,149 |  | Unsecured |  |  | 591,681 |  | — |  | 3.625 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2021.06.07 – 2026.12.07 |  |  | 924,499 |  | Secured |  |  | 409,728 |  | — |  | 3.375 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —
E |  | 2021.09.06 – 2024.09.06 |  |  | 123,267 |  | Secured |  |  | 10,271 |  | — |  | 3.625 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  |  | —

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15. Long-term borrowings (cont.)

As of June 30, 2024
Lender |  | Facility period |  | Credit facility |  | Type |  | Outstanding amount |  | Undrawn amount |  | Interest rate |  | Guarantor |  | Collateral
E |  | 2021.10.20 – 2026.10.20 |  | 801,233 |  | Secured |  |  | 376,990 |  | — |  | 3.125 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
E |  | 2022.01.05 – 2025.01.05 |  | 123,267 |  | Secured |  |  | 23,968 |  | — |  | 3.625 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
E |  | 2022.11.25 – 2027.11.25 |  | 1,232,666 |  | Secured |  |  | 874,536 |  | — |  | 3.375 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
E |  | 2023,07.26 – 2028.07.26 |  | 308,166 |  | Secured |  |  | 251,669 |  | — |  | 2.220 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
F |  | 2024.02.01 – 2029.02.01 |  | 46,225 |  | Secured |  |  | 43,143 |  | — |  | 3.000 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chung |  | —
G |  | 2020.09.28 – 2030.09.27 |  | 248,633 |  | Secured |  |  | 157,285 |  | — |  | 1.000 | % |  | — |  | —
H |  | 2024.03.15 – 2026.03.15 |  | 893,683 |  | Secured |  |  | 784,520 |  | — |  | 2.630 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chun |  | 44,684
I |  | 2024.04.26 – 2027.04.26 |  | 924,499 |  | Secured |  |  | 873,138 |  | — |  | 2.931 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chun |  | —
J |  | 2024.05.13 – 2027.05.13 |  | 462,250 |  | Secured |  |  | 449,984 |  | — |  | 3.120 | % |  | Tzu-Wei Chun |  | —
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,686,261 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

b) Information about the items that are pledged to others as collaterals for long-term bank loans is provided in Note 36.

c) Information relating to interest rate risk and liquidity risk are provided in Note 41 a).

16. Pensions_ Defined Contribution Plans

Effective from July 1, 2005, the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan established a defined contribution pension plan (“New Plan”) under the Labor Pension Act, covering all regular employees with ROC nationality. Under the New Plan, the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan contributes monthly an amount based on 6% of the employees’ monthly salaries and wages to the employees’ individual pension accounts at the Bureau of Labor Insurance. The benefits accrued are paid monthly or in lump sum upon termination of employment. The pension costs under defined contribution pension plans of the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 were $183,032 and $194,934, respectively.

The Company’s subsidiaries in Japan and Hong Kong adopted a defined contribution pension plan in accordance with the local regulations, and contributions are based on a certain percentage of employees’ salaries and wages. Other than the yearly contribution, the subsidiary has no further obligations. The pension costs of the subsidiaries for Hong Kong for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 were $919 and $534, respectively. The pension costs of the subsidiaries for Japan for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 were $72,341 and $255,726, respectively.

17. Share-based payment

a) For the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Group’s share-based payment arrangements were as follows:

Type of arrangement |  | Grant date |  | Quantity granted |  | Contract period |  | Vesting conditions
Employee stock options |  | May 14, 2015 |  | 2,872,556 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | May 14, 2015 |  | 1,508,094 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | April 14, 2016 |  | 71,814 |  | 10 years |  | Note 2
Employee stock options |  | April 14, 2016 |  | 430,883 |  | 10 years |  | Note 3
Employee stock options |  | April 7, 2017 |  | 324,764 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | October 4, 2019 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | January 9, 2020 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | March 9, 2020 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

17. Share-based payment (cont.)

Type of arrangement |  | Grant date |  | Quantity granted |  | Contract period |  | Vesting conditions
Employee stock options |  | April 27, 2020 |  | 15,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2020 |  | 600,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | November 2, 2020 |  | 450,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | May 3, 2021 |  | 300,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | September 1, 2021 |  | 15,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 3
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 33,331 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 96,662 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 66,284 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 299,808 |  | 10 years |  | Note 4
Employee stock options |  | June 10, 2022 |  | 96,546 |  | 10 years |  | Note 3
Employee stock options |  | June 10, 2022 |  | 118,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 3
Employee stock options |  | June 21, 2022 |  | 316,582 |  | 10 years |  | Note 4
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 27,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 91,662 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 95,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 135,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 50,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 245,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | August 21, 2023 |  | 100,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | January 1, 2024 |  | 20,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 3
Employee stock options |  | January 1, 2024 |  | 50,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Employee stock options |  | January 1, 2024 |  | 20,000 |  | 10 years |  | Note 1
Restricted stocks to employees |  | January 1, 2024 |  | 41,667 |  | 4 years |  | Note 1,5

____________

Note 1: Twenty-five percent of the shares subject to the option shall vest on the one-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date. For the remaining seventy five percent, one forty-eighth of the shares subject to the option shall vest each month thereafter on the same day of the month as the vesting commencement date, subject to participant continuing to be a service provider through each such date.

Note 2: All of the shares subject to the option shall vest on the one-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date, subject to participant continuing to be a service provider through each such date.

Note 3: One-third of the shares subject to the option shall vest on the one-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date, and one-third of the shares subject to the option shall vest each year thereafter on the anniversary of the vesting commencement date, subject to participant continuing to be a service provider through each such date.

Note 4: All shares subject to the option shall vest immediately.

Note 5: The restricted stocks issued by the company cannot be transferred during the vesting period, but voting right and dividend right are not restricted on these stocks.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

17. Share-based payment (cont.)

The share-based payment arrangements above are settled by equity.

b) Details of the share-based payment arrangements are as follows:

|  | 2023
Stock options |  | No. of options |  | Weighted-average exercise price
Options outstanding at January 1 |  | 6,325,548 |  |  | 0.286188
Options granted |  | 213,662 |  |  | 0.779230
Option exercised |  | (214,546 | ) |  | 0.289369
Options forfeited |  | (15,000 | ) |  | 0.784500
Options outstanding at June 30 |  | 6,309,664 |  |  | 0.301591
Options exercisable at June 30 |  | 5,537,734 |  |  |

|  | 2024
Stock options |  | No. of options |  | Weighted-average exercise price
Options outstanding at January 1 |  | 6,523,082 |  |  | 0.360531
Options granted |  | 90,000 |  |  | 0.940744
Options forfeited |  | (125,000 | ) |  | 1.116900
Options outstanding at June 30 |  | 6,488,082 |  |  | 0.354007
Options exercisable at June 30 |  | 5,973,456 |  |  |

|  | 2024
Restricted stocks |  | No. of restricted stocks
Restricted stocks granted but not yet vested at January 1 |  | —
Restricted stocks granted |  | 41,667
Restricted stocks vested |  | —
Restricted stocks granted but not yet vested at June 30 |  | 41,667

c) The expiry date and exercise price of stock options outstanding at balance sheet date are as follows:

|  |  |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Grant date |  | Expiration Date |  | Quantity |  | Exercise price |  | Quantity |  | Exercise price
May 14, 2015 |  | May 13, 2025 |  | 2,872,556 |  | 0.019773 |  | 2,872,556 |  | 0.019773
May 14, 2015 |  | May 13, 2025 |  | 430,884 |  | 0.019773 |  | 430,884 |  | 0.019773
April 14, 2016 |  | April 13, 2026 |  | 71,814 |  | 0.019773 |  | 71,814 |  | 0.019773
April 7, 2017 |  | April 6, 2027 |  | 324,764 |  | 0.315874 |  | 324,764 |  | 0.315874
March 11, 2019 |  | March 10, 2029 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407
March 11, 2019 |  | March 10, 2029 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407
October 4, 2019 |  | October 3, 2029 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.624234 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.624234
January 9, 2020 |  | January 8, 2030 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407
July 31, 2020 |  | July 30, 2030 |  | 600,000 |  | 0.742800 |  | 600,000 |  | 0.742800
November 2, 2020 |  | November 1, 2030 |  | 450,000 |  | 0.624234 |  | 450,000 |  | 0.624234
May 3, 2021 |  | May 2, 2031 |  | 300,000 |  | 0.742800 |  | 300,000 |  | 0.742800
July 1, 2021 |  | June 30, 2031 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.784500 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.784500
July 1, 2021 |  | June 30, 2031 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.784500 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.784500
July 1, 2021 |  | June 30, 2031 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

17. Share-based payment (cont.)

|  |  |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Grant date |  | Expiration Date |  | Quantity |  | Exercise price |  | Quantity |  | Exercise price
February 10, 2022 |  | February 9, 2032 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407 |  | 33,331 |  | 0.489407
February 10, 2022 |  | February 9, 2032 |  | 96,662 |  | 0.784500 |  | 96,662 |  | 0.784500
February 10, 2022 |  | February 9, 2032 |  | 66,284 |  | 0.784500 |  | 66,284 |  | 0.784500
February 10, 2022 |  | February 9, 2032 |  | 299,808 |  | 0.784500 |  | 299,808 |  | 0.784500
May 31, 2023 |  | May 30, 2033 |  | 27,000 |  | 0.742800 |  | 27,000 |  | 0.742800
May 31, 2023 |  | May 30, 2033 |  | 91,662 |  | 0.784500 |  | 66,662 |  | 0.784500
May 31, 2023 |  | May 30, 2033 |  | 95,000 |  | 0.784500 |  | 95,000 |  | 0.784500
July 31, 2023 |  | July 30, 2033 |  | 135,000 |  | 0.997300 |  | 135,000 |  | 0.997300
July 31, 2023 |  | July 30, 2033 |  | 50,000 |  | 0.997300 |  | 50,000 |  | 0.997300
July 31, 2023 |  | July 30, 2033 |  | 245,000 |  | 0.997300 |  | 245,000 |  | 0.997300
August 21, 2023 |  | August 20, 2033 |  | 100,000 |  | 1.200000 |  | — |  | —
January 1, 2024 |  | December 31, 2033 |  | — |  | — |  | 20,000 |  | 0.742800
January 1, 2024 |  | December 31, 2033 |  | — |  | — |  | 50,000 |  | 0.997300
January 1, 2024 |  | December 31, 2033 |  | — |  | — |  | 20,000 |  | 0.997300

d) The fair value of stock options granted on grant date is measured using the binomial model. Relevant information is as follow:

Type of Arrangement |  | Grant date |  | Stock price |  | Exercise price |  | Expected price volatility |  | Expected option life |  | Expected dividend |  | Risk-free interest rate |  | Fair value per unit
Employee stock options |  | May 14, 2015 |  | 0.044072 |  | 0.019773 |  | 40 | % |  | 9.38 |  | — |  | 2.231 | % |  | 0.024321~0.027843
Employee stock options |  | May 14, 2015 |  | 0.044072 |  | 0.019773 |  | 40 | % |  | 7.80 |  | — |  | 2.231 | % |  | 0.026463~0.029335
Employee stock options |  | April 14, 2016 |  | 0.047936 |  | 0.019773 |  | 44 | % |  | 10.00 |  | — |  | 1.793 | % |  | 0.028181
Employee stock options |  | April 14, 2016 |  | 0.047936 |  | 0.019773 |  | 44 | % |  | 8.79 |  | — |  | 1.793 | % |  | 0.028907~0.031912
Employee stock options |  | April 7, 2017 |  | 0.030749 |  | 0.315874 |  | 42 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 2.383 | % |  | 0.001962~0.002115
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 0.168912 |  | 0.489407 |  | 39 | % |  | 8.26 |  | — |  | 2.640 | % |  | 0.034102~0.036723
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 0.168912 |  | 0.489407 |  | 39 | % |  | 8.93 |  | — |  | 2.640 | % |  | 0.034102~0.036588
Employee stock options |  | March 11, 2019 |  | 0.168912 |  | 0.489407 |  | 39 | % |  | 8.12 |  | — |  | 2.640 | % |  | 0.034694~0.037433
Employee stock options |  | October 4, 2019 |  | 0.225590 |  | 0.624234 |  | 39 | % |  | 8.82 |  | — |  | 1.530 | % |  | 0.043204~0.046574
Employee stock options |  | January 9, 2020 |  | 0.269944 |  | 0.489407 |  | 40 | % |  | 7.28 |  | — |  | 1.856 | % |  | 0.076964~0.083400
Employee stock options |  | March 9, 2020 |  | 0.263308 |  | 0.624234 |  | 40 | % |  | 7.75 |  | — |  | 0.543 | % |  | 0.058246~0.063081
Employee stock options |  | April 27, 2020 |  | 0.262649 |  | 0.624234 |  | 45 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 0.661 | % |  | 0.069520~0.076383
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2020 |  | 0.170858 |  | 0.742800 |  | 47 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 0.529 | % |  | 0.031166~0.033836
Employee stock options |  | November 2, 2020 |  | 0.170151 |  | 0.624234 |  | 49 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 0.845 | % |  | 0.039559~0.043161
Employee stock options |  | May 3, 2021 |  | 0.408217 |  | 0.742800 |  | 52 | % |  | 7.88 |  | — |  | 1.600 | % |  | 0.152527~0.173071
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 0.408281 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 8.84 |  | — |  | 1.459 | % |  | 0.144797~0.162561
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 0.408281 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 1.459 | % |  | 0.148691~0.170598
Employee stock options |  | July 1, 2021 |  | 0.408281 |  | 0.489407 |  | 53 | % |  | 8.84 |  | — |  | 1.459 | % |  | 0.172465~0.199497
Employee stock options |  | September 1, 2021 |  | 0.407608 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 9.00 |  | — |  | 1.295 | % |  | 0.143720~0.153251
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 0.411875 |  | 0.489407 |  | 53 | % |  | 9.48 |  | — |  | 2.032 | % |  | 0.176189~0.192541
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 0.411875 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 8.84 |  | — |  | 2.032 | % |  | 0.148457~0.167435
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 0.411875 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 8.20 |  | — |  | 2.032 | % |  | 0.151112~0.172537
Employee stock options |  | February 10, 2022 |  | 0.411875 |  | 0.784500 |  | 53 | % |  | 9.40 |  | — |  | 2.032 | % |  | 0.150891
Employee stock options |  | June 10, 2022 |  | 0.481541 |  | 0.489407 |  | 56 | % |  | 10.00 |  | — |  | 3.158 | % |  | 0.216576
Employee stock options |  | June 10, 2022 |  | 0.481541 |  | 0.125700 |  | 56 | % |  | 10.00 |  | — |  | 3.158 | % |  | 0.356039
Employee stock options |  | June 21, 2022 |  | 0.482136 |  | 0.315874 |  | 56 | % |  | 10.00 |  | — |  | 3.278 | % |  | 0.250119
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 0.769100 |  | 0.742800 |  | 57 | % |  | 9.06 |  | — |  | 3.646 | % |  | 0.367543~0.433078
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 0.769100 |  | 0.784500 |  | 57 | % |  | 8.85 |  | — |  | 3.646 | % |  | 0.349450~0.426505
Employee stock options |  | May 31, 2023 |  | 0.769100 |  | 0.784500 |  | 57 | % |  | 7.85 |  | — |  | 3.646 | % |  | 0.367891~0.451201
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 0.767300 |  | 0.997300 |  | 57 | % |  | 8.85 |  | — |  | 3.962 | % |  | 0.331284~0.394347
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 0.767300 |  | 0.997300 |  | 57 | % |  | 7.85 |  | — |  | 3.962 | % |  | 0.344164~0.418457
Employee stock options |  | July 31, 2023 |  | 0.767300 |  | 0.997300 |  | 57 | % |  | 9.48 |  | — |  | 3.962 | % |  | 0.331337~0.368537
Employee stock options |  | August 21, 2023 |  | 0.767200 |  | 1.200000 |  | 57 | % |  | 7.84 |  | — |  | 4.341 | % |  | 0.315225~0.389374

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17. Share-based payment (cont.)

Type of Arrangement |  | Grant date |  | Stock price |  | Exercise price |  | Expected price volatility |  | Expected option life |  | Expected dividend |  | Risk-free interest rate |  | Fair value per unit
Employee stock options |  | January 1, 2024 |  | 0.767800 |  | 0.742800 |  | 44 | % |  | 9.90 |  | — |  | 3.880 | % |  | 0.326289~0.328403
Employee stock options |  | January 1, 2024 |  | 0.767800 |  | 0.997300 |  | 44 | % |  | 9.48 |  | — |  | 3.880 | % |  | 0.289804~0.314444
Employee stock options |  | January 1, 2024 |  | 0.767800 |  | 0.997300 |  | 44 | % |  | 8.84 |  | — |  | 3.880 | % |  | 0.289804~0.331851

____________

Note: The volatility factor estimated was based on the historical share price movement of the comparable companies for the period of time close to the expected time to exercise.

e) The fair value of restricted stocks granted on grant date is measured using the discounted cash flow method. Relevant information is as follow:

Type of Arrangement |  | Grant date |  | Stock price |  | Exercise price |  | Perpetual growth rate |  | Expected life |  | Expected dividend |  | Discount rate |  | Fair value per unit
Restricted stocks to employees |  | January 1, 2024 |  | 0.767800 |  | — |  | 2.0 | % |  | 4 |  | — |  | 10.8 | % |  | 0.767800

f) Expenses incurred on share-based payment transactions are shown below:

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Equity-settled |  | $ | 25,875 |  | $ | 200,912

18. Capital stock

As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s authorized capital was $50,000, and the issued and outstanding capital was $21,882, consisting of 218,817 thousand shares of ordinary shares with a par value of $ 0.0001 per share. All proceeds from shares issued have been collected.

Movements in the number of the Company’s ordinary shares outstanding are as follows (Unit: thousand shares):

|  | Note |  | 2023 |  | 2024
At January 1 |  |  |  | 83,292 |  | 218,817
Issuance of ordinary shares |  | A |  | 651 |  | —
Share-based payments |  | Note 17 |  | 214 |  | —
Preferred shares conversion |  | B |  | 35,747 |  | —
Acquisition of subsidiaries |  | C |  | 91,077 |  | —
Changes in non-controlling interests |  | D |  | 7,519 |  | —
At June 30 |  |  |  | 218,500 |  | 218,817

____________

Note:

A. In 2022, the Company raise additional capital through private placement by issuing 300,626 shares at a subscription price of $0.997299 per share for a total of $299,814, the alteration registration was completed on May 21, 2023.

In 2023, the Company raise additional capital through private placement by issuing 221,732 shares at a subscription price of $0.997305 per share and 128,263 shares at subscription price of $0.624256 per share for a total of $221,134 and $80,069, respectively, and the alteration registration was completed on May 21, and June 2, 2023, respectively.

B. On May 22, 2023, all series of preferred shares had been converted to ordinary shares at a 1:1 conversion ratio totaled $26,911,070. Please refer to Note 12 c) for details.

C. The Company issued shares as equity consideration to acquire SC and MG. Please refer to Note 12 b) and 31 for details.

D. The Company issued shares to acquire interests of subsidiaries from non-controlling interests, please refer to Note 30 for details.

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

19. Capital surplus

Except as required by the Company’s Articles of Association or Cayman’s law, capital surplus shall not be used for any other purpose but covering accumulated deficit. Capital surplus should not be used to cover accumulated deficit unless the legal reserve is insufficient.

|  | 2023
Share premium |  | Employee stock options |  | Employee stock options- expired |  | Changes in ownership interest in subsidiaries |  | Total
January 1 |  | $ | 5,998,682 |  | $ | 346,606 |  |  | $ | 6,997 |  | $ | 135,628 |  | $ | 6,487,913
Issuance of ordinary shares |  |  | 600,952 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 600,952
Preferred shares conversion |  |  | 26,907,495 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,907,495
Acquisition of subsidiaries |  |  | 70,619,903 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70,619,903
Changes in non-controlling interests |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 708,719 |  |  | 708,719
Share-based payments |  |  | 62,062 |  |  | 25,875 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,937
Employee stock options exercised |  |  | 62,923 |  |  | (62,923 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Employee stock options forfeited |  |  | — |  |  | (1,482 | ) |  |  | 1,482 |  |  | — |  |  | —
June 30 |  | $ | 104,252,017 |  | $ | 308,076 |  |  | $ | 8,479 |  | $ | 844,347 |  | $ | 105,412,919

|  | 2024
|  | Share premium |  | Employee stock options |  | Employee stock options- expired |  | Restricted stocks |  | Changes in ownership interest in subsidiaries |  | Total
January 1 |  | $ | 104,351,984 |  | $ | 401,001 |  |  | $ | 8,479 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 844,347 |  | $ | 105,605,811
Share-based payments |  |  | — |  |  | 191,492 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191,492
Employee stock options forfeited |  |  | — |  |  | (17,118 | ) |  |  | 17,118 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Restricted stocks |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 31,992 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,992
June 30 |  | $ | 104,351,984 |  | $ | 575,375 |  |  | $ | 25,597 |  | $ | 31,992 |  | $ | 844,347 |  | $ | 105,829,295

20. Retained earnings

a) Subject to the Statute and provisions of the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, the Directors may from time to time declare dividends (including interim dividends) and distributions on shares of the Company outstanding and authorize payment of the same out of the funds of the Company lawfully available therefor.

b) The Group was in a net loss position for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the six months ended June 30, 2024, and no earnings distribution was resolved by the Board of Directors.

21. Revenue

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Revenue from contracts with customers |  | $ | 9,011,729 |  | $ | 20,605,425

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21. Revenue (cont.)

a) Disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers

The Group derives revenue from the transfer of goods and services over time and at a point in time in the following revenue sources:

Six months ended June 30, 2023 |  | Digital studio |  | Media and branded content |  | Technology |  | Total
Revenue from external customer contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TNL Group |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At a point in time |  | $ | — |  | $ | 387,378 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 387,378
Over time |  |  | 2,144,854 |  |  | 1,372,099 |  |  | 3,292,789 |  |  | 6,809,742
MG Group |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At a point in time |  |  | — |  |  | 772,262 |  |  | 292,888 |  |  | 1,065,150
Over time |  |  | 713,767 |  |  | 35,692 |  |  | — |  |  | 749,459
|  | $ | 2,858,621 |  | $ | 2,567,431 |  | $ | 3,585,677 |  | $ | 9,011,729

Six months ended June 30, 2024 |  | Digital studio |  | Media and branded content |  | Technology |  | Total
Revenue from external customer contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TNL Group |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At a point in time |  | $ | — |  | $ | 155,143 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 155,143
Over time |  |  | 3,984,071 |  |  | 2,118,923 |  |  | 3,242,966 |  |  | 9,345,960
MG Group |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At a point in time |  |  | — |  |  | 4,296,503 |  |  | 2,083,518 |  |  | 6,380,021
Over time |  |  | 4,474,579 |  |  | 249,722 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,724,301
|  | $ | 8,458,650 |  | $ | 6,820,291 |  | $ | 5,326,484 |  | $ | 20,605,425

____________

Note: the segment information please refer to Note 42 for details.

b) Contract assets and liabilities

The Group has recognized the following contract assets and liabilities in relation to revenue from contracts with customers:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Contract assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Service contracts |  | $ | 3,153,022 |  | $ | 1,096,096
Contract liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Advance sales receipts |  | $ | 988,753 |  | $ | 572,168

The information relating to loss allowance for contract assets is provided in Note 41 a).

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21. Revenue (cont.)

c) Significant changes in contract assets

The decrease in contract assets during the year ended June 30, 2024 was attributed to progress of projects towards contract activities and is ahead of the agreed payment schedule.

d) Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period:

|  | Six months ended June 30 2023 |  | Six months ended June 30 2024
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liabilities balance at the beginning of the period |  |  |  |  |  |
Advance sales receipts |  | $ | 680,723 |  | $ | 988,753

e) All of the service contracts are for periods of one year or less. As permitted under IFRS 15, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, the transaction price allocated to these unsatisfied contracts is not disclosed.

22. Interest income

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Bank deposits |  | $ | 8,701 |  | $ | 7,713
Financial assets at amortized cost |  |  | 561 |  |  | 555
Other interest income |  |  | 741 |  |  | 1,262
|  | $ | 10,003 |  | $ | 9,530

23. Other income

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Grant income |  | $ | 20,069 |  | $ | 8,872
Other income |  |  | 227 |  |  | 4,084
|  | $ | 20,296 |  | $ | 12,956

24. Other gains and losses

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39 |
Gain (loss) on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | 5,476,181 |  |  |  | (4,146 | )
Foreign exchange losses, net |  |  | (32,284 | ) |  |  | (137,836 | )
Others |  |  | (10,153 | ) |  |  | (655 | )
|  | $ | 5,433,744 |  |  | $ | (142,598 | )

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25. Finance costs

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank loans |  | $ | 85,471 |  | $ | 107,185
Other loans |  |  | 251 |  |  | 16,874
Preferred shares liabilities (recognized as “Financial liabilities at amortized cost”) |  |  | 14,604 |  |  | 14,102
Lease liabilities |  |  | 10,572 |  |  | 31,212
Other |  |  | 380 |  |  | 12,158
|  | $ | 111,278 |  | $ | 181,531

26. Expenses by nature

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Employee benefit expenses |  | 6,019,965 |  | 11,167,855
Media cost in cost of revenue |  | 2,724,141 |  | 2,868,487
Depreciation expenses on property, plant and equipment |  | 65,448 |  | 76,122
Depreciation expenses on right-of-use assets |  | 305,472 |  | 488,579
Amortization expenses |  | 702,121 |  | 1,044,365
Professional fees |  | 1,794,253 |  | 5,301,251

27. Employee benefit expenses

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Salaries |  | 5,104,048 |  | 9,164,865
Directors’ remuneration |  | 65,871 |  | 351,414
Labor and health insurance |  | 421,514 |  | 788,165
Pension |  | 256,292 |  | 451,194
Others |  | 172,240 |  | 412,217
|  | 6,019,965 |  | 11,167,855

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28. Income tax expense (benefit)

a) Income tax expense (benefit)

Components of income tax expense:

|  | Six months ended June 30
2023 |  | 2024
Current income tax: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current income tax on profits for the period |  | 18,431 |  |  | 7,867 |
Prior year income tax underestimation |  | 31,639 |  |  | 267,737 |
Total current income tax |  | 50,070 |  |  | 275,604 |
Deferred income tax: |  |  |  |  |  |
Relating to origination and reversal of temporary differences |  | (319,970 | ) |  | (216,740 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | (269,900 | ) |  | 58,864 |

29. Earnings (Losses) per share

|  | Six months ended June 30, 2023
|  | Amount after income tax |  | Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding |  | Earnings (Losses) per share
Basic earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit attributable to equity holders of the Company |  | $ | 1,410,026 |  | 113,282,173 |  | $ | 0.01
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee stock options |  |  | — |  | 3,577,414 |  |  | —
Convertible preferred shares |  |  | — |  | 28,044,992 |  |  | —
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company plus assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares |  | $ | 1,410,026 |  | 144,904,579 |  | $ | 0.01

|  | Six months ended June 30, 2024
|  | Amount after income tax |  | Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding |  | Losses per share
Basic losses per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss attributable to equity holders of the Company |  | $ | (5,920,224 | ) |  | 218,816,761 |  | $ | (0.03 | )
Diluted losses per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company plus assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares |  | $ | (5,920,224 | ) |  | 218,816,761 |  | $ | (0.03 | )

____________

Note: For the six months ended June 30, 2024, there was 5,256,901 potential shares derived from employee stock options (3,660,824 shares), convertible promissory note (1,583,808 shares) and restricted stock unit (12,269 shares) outstanding to be issued, which were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per shares as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

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30. Transactions with non-controlling interest

a) Acquisition of additional equity interest in a subsidiary:

i) On March 1, 2023, the Group acquired the remaining 49.44% of shares of its subsidiary — POLYDICE for a total cash and equity consideration of $218,617 and $1,503,978 (2,153 thousand of shares), respectively. The carrying amount of non-controlling interest in POLYDICE was $627,330 at the acquisition date. This transaction resulted in a decrease in the non-controlling interest by $627,330 and an increase in the equity attributable to owners of the parent by $408,713. The effect of changes in interests in POLYDICE on the equity attributable to owners of the parent for the year ended June 30, 2023 is shown below:

|  | Six months ended June 30 2023
Carrying amount of non-controlling interest acquired |  | $ | 598,647
Consideration paid to non-controlling interest |  |  | 1,722,595
Other equity (such as translation differences) |  |  | 28,683
Capital surplus |  |  |
– From difference between consideration paid and the carrying amount of subsidiaries’ net assets. |  | $ | 1,095,265

ii) On June 1, 2023, the Group acquired the remaining 49% of shares of its subsidiary — AD2 for a total cash and equity consideration of $79,701 and $4,125,206 (5,366 thousand of shares), respectively. The carrying amount of non-controlling interest in AD2 was $380,459 at the acquisition date. This transaction resulted in a decrease in the non-controlling interest by $380,459 and an increase in the equity attributable to owners of the parent by $300,758. The effect of changes in interests in AD2 on the equity attributable to owners of the parent for the year ended June 30, 2023 is shown below:

|  | Six months ended June 30 2023
Carrying amount of non-controlling interest acquired |  | $ | 400,717 |
Consideration paid to non-controlling interest |  |  | 4,204,907 |
Other equity (such as translation differences) |  |  | (20,258 | )
Capital surplus |  |  |  |
– From difference between consideration paid and the carrying amount of subsidiaries’ net assets. |  | $ | 3,824,448 |

31. Business combinations

Acquisition of MG:

a) The Group acquired control of MG on May 25, 2023 through the acquisition of a 100% shares in MG, which provides e-commerce and digital advertising services including consultation and online social marketing. The total consideration transferred for the acquisition of MG by the Group is as follows:

|  | May 25, 2023
Purchase consideration |  |  |
Equity instruments (90,740,305 ordinary shares of the Company) |  | $ | 70,629,011

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31. Business combinations (cont.)

b) The following table summarizes the recognized amounts of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

|  | May 25, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,903,424 |
Accounts receivables and notes receivables |  |  | 2,633,089 |
Other receivables |  |  | 130,238 |
Inventories |  |  | 130,150 |
Prepayments |  |  | 373,905 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 525,791 |
Right-of-use assets |  |  | 6,371,979 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 30,960,827 |
Non-current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | 40,654 |
Non-current financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  | 118,400 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 403,458 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 729,435 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | (3,239,093 | )
Contract liabilities |  |  | (367,500 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | (915,805 | )
Income tax payable |  |  | (10,207 | )
Other payables |  |  | (697,286 | )
Other current liabilities |  |  | (742,761 | )
Bonds payable |  |  | (469,476 | )
Long-term borrowings |  |  | (210,333 | )
Lease liabilities |  |  | (6,098,825 | )
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (10,500,374 | )
Provision |  |  | (667,522 | )
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | (842,610 | )
Fair value of identifiable net assets |  | $ | 19,559,558 |

c) The fair value of the Company’s 90,740,305 shares was derived from the Discounted Cash Flow method supplemented with three conventional approaches used to estimate its fair value: (i) Income approach; (ii) Cost approach; and (iii) Market approach. The main assumptions are the probability of occurrence of earnings before interest and tax, depreciation and amortization under various scenarios to estimate the price to be paid, and the discounted present value estimated by the risk-adjusted discount rate.

d) The fair value of acquired trade receivables is 2,633,089. The gross contractual amount for trade receivables due is 2,637,301, with a loss allowance of 4,212 recognized on acquisition.

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31. Business combinations (cont.)

e) The goodwill recognized by the Group as a result of the acquisition is as follows:

|  | May 25, 2023
Transfer Considerations |  | $ | 70,629,011 |
Less: Fair value of identifiable net assets |  |  | (19,559,558 | )
Goodwill |  | $ | 51,069,453 |

The goodwill is attributable to the workforce and potential synergy of the acquired business. It will not be deductible for tax purposes.

f) The operating revenue included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income from May 25, 2023, to June 30, 2023 contributed by MG was $1,814,609. MG also contributed loss before income tax of $463,733 over the same period. Had MG been consolidated from January 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income would show operating revenue of $18,379,831 and loss before income tax of $232,331.

32. Supplementary cash flow information

Partial cash paid for investing activities

Property, plant and equipment

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 30,157 |  | $ | 40,911 |
Add: Beginning balance of payable to equipment suppliers |  |  | — |  |  | 12,918 |
Less: Ending balance of payable to equipment suppliers |  |  | — |  |  | (794 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | — |  |  | (499 | )
Cash paid during the year |  | $ | 30,157 |  | $ | 52,536 |

Intangible asset

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Purchase of intangible asset |  | $ | 20,718 |  |  | $ | 143,207 |
Add: Beginning balance of payable to suppliers |  |  | 81,149 |  |  |  | 1,758 |
Less: Ending balance of payable to suppliers |  |  | (21,308 | ) |  |  | (1,664 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (94 | )
Cash paid during the year |  | $ | 80,553 |  |  | $ | 143,207 |

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33. Changes in liabilities from financing activities

|  | 2023
|  | Short-term borrowings |  | Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | Long-term borrowings (including current portion) |  | Guarantee deposits (shown as other non-current liabilities) |  | Lease liabilities |  | Total liabilities from financing activities
January 1 |  | $ | 976,880 |  |  | $ | 32,853,324 |  |  | $ | 5,024,999 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 710,317 |  |  | $ | 39,565,520 |
Changes in cash flow from financing activities |  |  | 281,156 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 67,265 |  |  |  | 13,172 |  |  |  | (351,210 | ) |  |  | 10,383 |
Interest paid (Note 1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,572 | ) |  |  | (10,572 | )
Payment of contingent consideration (Note 2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (400,000 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (400,000 | )
Gain on valuation of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,476,181 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,476,181 | )
Acquisition through business combinations |  |  | 3,239,093 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 210,333 |  |  |  | 105,957 |  |  |  | 6,098,825 |  |  |  | 9,654,208 |
Changes in other non-cash items |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,911,070 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,285 |  |  |  | (26,875,785 | )
Effects of foreign currency exchange |  |  | (140,606 | ) |  |  | (6,246 | ) |  |  | (78,474 | ) |  |  | (4,916 | ) |  |  | (226,446 | ) |  |  | (456,688 | )
June 30 |  | $ | 4,356,523 |  |  | $ | 59,827 |  |  | $ | 5,224,123 |  |  | $ | 114,213 |  |  | $ | 6,256,199 |  |  | $ | 16,010,885 |

|  | 2024
|  | Short-term borrowings |  | Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | Long-term borrowings (including current portion) |  | Guarantee deposits (shown as other non-current liabilities) |  | Lease liabilities |  | Total liabilities from financing activities
January 1 |  | $ | 5,250,233 |  |  | $ | 60,664 |  |  | $ | 5,492,681 |  |  | $ | 131,607 |  |  | $ | 5,960,789 |  |  | $ | 16,895,974 |
Changes in cash flow from financing activities |  |  | (571,070 | ) |  |  | 1,475,471 |  |  |  | 617,233 |  |  |  | 565,008 |  |  |  | (517,250 | ) |  |  | 1,569,392 |
Interest paid (Note 1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (31,212 | ) |  |  | (31,212 | )
Loss on valuation of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,146 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,146 |
Changes in other non-cash items |  |  | (908,806 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 908,806 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 258,661 |  |  |  | 258,661 |
Effects of foreign currency exchange |  |  | (422,174 | ) |  |  | (2,281 | ) |  |  | (332,459 | ) |  |  | (27,358 | ) |  |  | (683,157 | ) |  |  | (1,467,429 | )
June 30 |  | $ | 3,348,183 |  |  | $ | 1,538,000 |  |  | $ | 6,686,261 |  |  | $ | 669,257 |  |  | $ | 4,987,831 |  |  | $ | 17,229,532 |

____________

Note 1: presented in cashflows from operating activities.

Note 2: presented in cashflows from investing activities.

34. Seasonality of operations

Due to seasonal fluctuations in spending by brands, revenue is typically highest in the fourth quarter of the year from increased advertisement spending and revenue by multinational advertisers and e-commerce clients benefiting from holiday spending at the end of the calendar year.

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35. Related party transactions

a) Names of related parties and relationship

Name |  | Relationship
Ad Hu Tung Co., Ltd. (“Ad Hu”) |  | Other related parties
AccuHit AI Technology Taiwan Co., Ltd. (“AccuHit”) |  | Other related parties
Yen-Ting Chuang (Note) |  | General manager of SC
Yasuyoshi Yanagisawa |  | Director of MG
Yi Chuan |  | Director of the Company
Tzu-Wei Chung |  | Chairman of the Company
Yu-Ling Yang |  | Other related parties

____________

Note: Yen-Ting Chung was retired from SC on May 18, 2023, and was no longer a related party since then.

b) Significant related party transactions

(a) Service costs

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Ad Hu |  | $ | 146,391 |  | $ | 167,856
AccuHit |  |  | 31,423 |  |  | 5,542
|  | $ | 177,814 |  | $ | 173,398

Service costs are negotiated with related parties based on agreed-upon agreement and the conditions and payment terms are the same as third parties.

(b) Payables to related parties:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Accounts payable: |  |  |  |  |  |
AccuHit |  | $ | 3,730 |  | $ | 3,812

The payables to related parties arise mainly from purchase of labor services and are due 1 to 2 months after the date of purchase. The payables bear no interest.

(c) Guarantee

The Group’s key management personnel Tzu-Wei Chung and Yen-Ting Chuang jointly and separately provided guarantees for the Group’s short-term and long-term bank loans. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, details of loans are described in Note 15.

(d) Loans from related parties

Outstanding balance:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Yi Chuan |  | $ | 400,000 |  | $ | 400,000
Yasuyoshi Yanagisawa |  |  | 176,816 |  |  | 155,395
Yu-Ling Yang |  |  | — |  |  | 92,450
|  | $ | 576,816 |  | $ | 647,845

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35. Related party transactions (cont.)

Interest expense and other payables — interest payable:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Yi Chuan |  | $ | 10,193 |  | $ | 20,861
Yasuyoshi Yanagisawa |  |  | 2,228 |  |  | 3,874
|  | $ | 12,421 |  | $ | 24,735

The loans from related parties carry interest at 5%~8%.

(e) Key management personnel compensation

|  | Six months ended June 30
|  | 2023 |  | 2024
Salaries and other short-term employee benefits |  | $ | 210,882 |  | $ | 461,419
Post-employment benefits |  |  | 4,619 |  |  | 4,474
|  | $ | 215,501 |  | $ | 465,893

36. Pledged assets

|  |  |  | Carrying amount
Assets |  | Purpose |  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Financial assets at amortized cost |  | Bank loans and credit card deposits |  | $ | 337,024 |  | $ | 381,955

37. Significant contingent liabilities and unrecognized contract commitments

On August 3, 2023, the Company agreed to loan Blue Ocean an aggregate principal amount of up to $400,000 in the form of a working capital note. The note is a non-interest bearing, unsecured promissory note that will not be repaid in the event the Agreement and Plan of Merger is terminated prior to the consummation of the Merger. The note is to be paid on the date Blue Ocean consummates the Merger. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the outstanding principal balance amounted to $150,000 and $250,000, respectively, which was recognized under “Other receivables”.

38. Significant disaster loss

None.

39. Significant events after the reporting period

a) Convertible Promissory Notes

During the third quarter of 2024, the Company issued convertible promissory notes totaling $250,000 to the third parties (refer as the “2024 Convertible Promissory Notes”). The 2024 Convertible Promissory Notes mature on December 7, 2024, and accrue interest at a rate of 10% per annum. The holders of the 2024 Convertible Promissory Notes have the right to convert all or any part of the outstanding principal and accrued interest into ordinary shares of the Company at a conversion price equal to 90% of the per share price if the Company completes an equity financing (refer as the “Conversion Price”) under which it raises not less than $5,000,000 (excluding all existing indebtedness under the 2024 Convertible Promissory Notes) on or before the mature day. In addition, immediately after the closing of de-SPAC transaction, the outstanding principal plus accrued interest will automatically convert into ordinary shares at the Conversion Price.

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39. Significant events after the reporting period (cont.)

b) New Bank Loan Facility

As of the date of the issuance of the consolidated financial statements, the Company has entered two loan agreements with the following amounts and terms:

(a) Taishin International Bank: loan facilities of $616,333 (NTD 20,000,000); two-year term with 3.07% annual interest rate; $616,333 have been drawn down in August 2024.

(b) First Commercial Bank: loan facilities of $308,166 (NTD 10,000,000); three-year term with 2.92% annual interest rate; all facilities have not been drawn down.

(c) Chailease Holding Company Ltd: loan facilities of $400,616 (NTD 13,000,000); two-year term with 4% annual interest rate; all facilities have not been drawn down.

c) Unrecognized contract commitments

On July 15, 2024, the Company agreed to provide Blue Ocean with a principal increase of $250,000 in the form of a working capital note, totaling $650,000.

d) Merger and acquisition of subsidiary

On August 23, 2024, TNL Mediagene entered into the Share Purchase Agreement with Green Quest Holding Inc., a Cayman Islands company, which owns 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Dragon Marketing Inc. (“Dragon Marketing”). Dragon Marketing specializes in search engine optimization and social media marketing in Taiwan. TNL Mediagene will acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Green Quest Holding Inc. The acquisition is expected to be completed in Q4 2024.

TNL Mediagene shall pay the purchase price to the shareholders by issuance a number of TNL Mediagene shares equal to the sum of (a), (b), and (c) listed below (the “Purchase Price”) divided by US$1.24, to be rounded down to the nearest whole number:

(a) Fixed consideration: NT$ 95,000,000.

(b) Closing cash consideration: Green Quest Holding Inc and Dragon Marketing Inc’s net cash available as of the closing, which shall exclude any cash resulting from unearned revenues, accounts payable and bank loans, and for the avoidance of doubt shall be a negative number if the amount of such net cash is less than zero.

(c) Accounts receivable consideration: The monetary value of Dragon Marketing’s accounts receivable collected within 90 calendar days of the closing, converted using a foreign exchange rate equal to the reference exchange rate.

In addition to the Purchase Price, the agreement also includes an earn-out consideration. The earn-out consideration is as follows:

(a) If Dragon Marketing achieves any revenue in the first target year, TNL Mediagene shall pay to the shareholders the US dollar equivalent of NT$110,000,000 multiplied by the earn-out ratio, converted using a foreign exchange rate equal to the reference exchange rate. TNL Mediagene shall pay the earn-out consideration to the shareholders by issuance to the shareholders a number of TNL Mediagene shares equal to the product of the earn-out consideration divided by US$1.24, to be rounded down to the nearest whole number (the “Earn-Out Shares”).

(b) The sum of the earn-out consideration and the purchase price shall not exceed the US dollar equivalent of NTD200,000,000.

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39. Significant events after the reporting period (cont.)

(c) The earn-out ratio means a fraction, the numerator of which is the revenue achieved by Dragon Marketing in the first target year and the denominator of which is NT$18,500,000.

The total consideration, including the Purchase Price and Earn-Out Shares, will be paid by TNL Mediagene shares issuance, and the total value of issued shares shall not exceed $6,163,328 (NT$200,000,000 calculated using an exchange rate of $32.45).

e) De-SPAC Agreement with Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp.

On June 6, 2023, TNL Mediagene, TNLMG (“Merger Sub”), and Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp’s (“Blue Ocean”) entered into the Agreement and Plan of Merger (“Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, Merger Sub will merge with and into Blue Ocean, with Blue Ocean surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of TNL Mediagene.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, immediately prior to the effective time, TNL Mediagene will complete the Recapitalization including adopting the TNL Mediagene A&R Articles and effecting the reverse share split to cause the value of the outstanding TNL Mediagene ordinary shares to equal $10.00 per share.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, immediately prior to the Effective Time, (i) all outstanding Blue Ocean Class B Shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, will be converted into Blue Ocean Class A shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, at a conversion ratio of 1.00, (ii) all outstanding public shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, will be exchanged with TNL Mediagene for the right to receive TNL Mediagene ordinary shares, with a par value of US$0.0001, at an conversion ratio of 1.00, and (3) each Blue Ocean warrant will become a warrant exercisable for TNL Mediagene ordinary shares on an conversion ratio of 1.00 and on the same terms as the original Blue Ocean warrant.

At the closing of the Merger, Blue Ocean outstanding Class A shares and public warrants will be canceled and converted into the right to receive equivalent TNL Mediagene ordinary shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants, and TNL Mediagene is expected to be the publicly traded company with its TNL Mediagene ordinary shares and TNL Mediagene Warrants listed on NASDAQ.

f) Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note

On October 23, 2024, the Company issued a subordinated unsecured convertible promissory note aggregating $1,000,000 to a third party (the “2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note”). The 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note matures on the second anniversary of the date of issue, and accrues interest at a rate of 10% per annum. All outstanding principal and accrued interest of the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note will automatically convert into TNL Mediagene Ordinary Shares if, on or before the date of maturity, (i) upon the Merger, the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note converts to shares at 90% of the price per share used in the Merger; (ii) TNL Mediagene undergoes a merger with another publicly listed acquisition company or completes an initial public offering, the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note converts at 90% of the price per share used in the initial public offering; (iii) TNL Mediagene raises at least $5,000,000 in financing, and the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note converts at 90% of the price per share used in that financing; or (iv) in the event of a Change in Control, defined as a significant change in ownership or control not involving a merger with Blue Ocean or similar public event, the 2024 TNL Mediagene Subordinated Unsecured Convertible Note will convert to shares at the same share price as the transaction that effected the Change in Control.

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40. Capital management

The Group’s objectives for managing capital to ensure that it has the necessary financial resources to meet working capital, capital expenditure and debt repayment requirements for the next 12 months, taking into account debt ratios to maintain the confidence of investors, creditors and the market. The Group monitors capital on the basis of the liabilities to assets ratio. Total capital is shown as “Equity” in the consolidated statements of financial position, which is also equal to total assets minus total liabilities. The Group’s liabilities to assets ratio at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024 was 40% and 40% respectively.

41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments

a) Financial instruments

(a) Financial instruments by category

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | June 30, 2024
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition |  | $ | 40,071 |  | $ | 35,216
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Designation of equity instruments |  |  | 116,703 |  |  | 102,596
Financial assets at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 3,030,298 |  |  | 3,136,555
Financial assets at amortized cost |  |  | 337,024 |  |  | 381,955
Notes receivable |  |  | 132,403 |  |  | 453
Accounts receivable |  |  | 8,848,384 |  |  | 5,579,150
Other receivables |  |  | 348,514 |  |  | 403,389
Refundable deposits |  |  | 809,646 |  |  | 706,119
|  | $ | 13,663,043 |  | $ | 10,345,433
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss |  | $ | 60,664 |  | $ | 1,538,000
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 5,250,233 |  |  | 3,348,183
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  |  | 2,627,483 |  |  | 2,522,720
Accounts payable (including related parties) |  |  | 4,937,142 |  |  | 1,948,760
Other payables (including related parties) |  |  | 7,494,263 |  |  | 8,952,917
Bonds payable |  |  | 313,189 |  |  | 143,370
Long-term borrowings (including current portion) |  |  | 5,492,681 |  |  | 6,686,261
Guarantee deposits |  |  | 131,607 |  |  | 669,257
|  | $ | 26,307,262 |  | $ | 25,809,468
Lease liabilities (including current portion) |  | $ | 5,960,789 |  | $ | 4,987,831

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41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

(b) Risk management policies

i) The Group’s risk management objective is to manage the market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk related to its operating activities. The Group identifies, measures, and manages such risks by its policies and preferences.

ii) Risk management policies and systems are reviewed regularly to reflect changes in market conditions and the Group’s activities. The Group, through its training and management standards and procedures, aims to develop a disciplined and constructive control environment in which all employees understand their roles and obligations.

iii) In order to minimize and manage financial risks, the Group’s overall risk management program focuses on analyzing, identifying, and evaluating financial risk factors that may potentially have adverse effects on the Group’s financial position, and provide feasible solutions to avoid those factors.

(c) Significant financial risks and degrees of financial risks

i) Market risk

The Group’s market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risks comprise foreign currency risk, interest rate risk, and other price risks.

In practice, the risk variable rarely changes individually, and the change of each risk variable is usually correlative. The following sensitivity analysis did not consider the interaction of each risk variable.

Foreign exchange risk

1. Group’s businesses involve some non-functional currency operations (the Groups’ functional currency: USD; the subsidiaries’ functional currencies: NTD, and JPY.). The information on assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies whose values would be materially affected by the exchange rate fluctuations is as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023
Foreign currency |  | Exchange rate |  | Carrying amount (USD)
(Foreign currency: functional currency) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | $ | 155,260 |  | 30.71 |  | $ | 155,260
JPY:NTD |  |  | 3,319,600 |  | 0.2172 |  |  | 23,478
HKD:NTD |  |  | 356 |  | 3.929 |  |  | 46
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | $ | 112,679 |  | 30.71 |  | $ | 112,679
USD:JPY |  |  | 553,948 |  | 141.39 |  |  | 553,948

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41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  | June 30, 2024
Foreign currency |  | Exchange rate |  | Carrying amount (USD)
(Foreign currency: functional currency) |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 236,918 |  | 32.45 |  | 236,918
JPY:NTD |  | 589,613 |  | 0.2017 |  | 3,665
HKD:NTD |  | 347 |  | 4.155 |  | 44
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 62,796 |  | 32.45 |  | 62,796
JPY:NTD |  | 10,000 |  | 0.2017 |  | 62

2. The total exchange losses, including realized and unrealized losses arising from significant foreign exchange variations on monetary items held by the Group for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, amounted to ($32,284) and ($137,836), respectively.

3. Analysis of foreign currency market risk arising from significant foreign exchange variations:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Sensitivity analysis
Change in exchange rate |  | Effect on profit (loss) |  | Effect on other comprehensive income
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,553 |  | $ | —
JPY:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | 235 |  |  | —
HKD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | — |  |  | —
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,127 |  | $ | —
USD:JPY |  | 1 | % |  |  | 5,539 |  |  | —

|  | Six months ended June 30, 2024
Sensitivity analysis
Change in exchange rate |  | Effect on profit (loss) |  | Effect on other comprehensive income
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 2,369 |  | $ | —
JPY:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | 37 |  |  | —
HKD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | — |  |  | —
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD:NTD |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 628 |  | $ | —
JPY:NTD |  | 1 | % |  |  | 1 |  |  |

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41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

Price risk

1. The Group’s financial instruments, which are exposed to price risk, are the financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income. To manage its price risk arising from investments in financial instruments, the Group diversifies its portfolio. Diversification of the portfolio is in accordance with the limits set by the Group.

2. The Group invests in common shares, preferred shares, and stock acquisition rights issued by unlisted companies and the prices of equity securities would change due to change of the future value of investee companies. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, it is estimated that the prices of equity securities increase or decrease by 1%, with all other variables held constant, would increase or decrease the Group’s profit before income tax by $969 and $307, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, other components of equity would have both increased or decreased by $2,238, as a result of other comprehensive income classified as equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Interest rate risk on cash flow and fair value

1. Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Group’s exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to the Group’s bank loans with floating interest rates. The Group manages its interest rate risk by having a balanced portfolio of fixed and variable rate loans. The Group reassesses the hedge management periodically to make sure it complies with the cost effectiveness.

2. The sensitivity analysis depends on the exposure of interest rate risk at the end of the reporting period.

3. Analysis of debt with floating interest rates is based on the assumption that the outstanding debt at the end of the reporting period is outstanding throughout the period. The degree of variation the Group used to report to internal management is increase or decrease of 1% in interest rates which is assessed as the reasonable degree of variation by the management.

4. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, it is estimated that a general increase or decrease of 1% in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would decrease or increase the Group’s profit before income tax approximately by $119,593 and $125,822, respectively, mainly due to the Group’s floating rate on borrowings.

ii) Credit risk

1. Credit risk is the risk that a counterparty will not meet its obligations under a financial instrument or customer contract, leading to a financial loss, mainly resulted from its operating activities (primarily notes and accounts receivable) and from its financing activities (primarily deposits with banks and financial instruments). The Group is exposed to credit risk arising from the carrying amount of the financial assets recognized in the consolidated statements of financial position.

2. Each business unit performs ongoing credit evaluations of its debtors’ financial conditions according to the Group’s established policies, procedures and controls relating to customer credit risk management. The Group maintains an account for loss allowance based upon the available facts and circumstances, history of collection, forecastability and write-off experiences of all trade and other receivables which consequently minimize the Group’s exposure to bad debts.

3. The Group assumes that if the contract payments were past due over 90 days based on the terms, there has been a significant increase in credit risk on that instrument since initial recognition; if past due over 270 days, a default has occurred.

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41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

4. The following indicators are used to determine whether the credit impairment of debt instruments has occurred:

i) It becomes probable that the issuer will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization due to their financial difficulties;

ii) The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties;

iii) Default or delinquency in interest or principal repayments;

5. The Group categorized contract assets and accounts receivable by characteristics of credit risk and applied the simplified approach using loss rate methodology to estimate expected credit loss.

6. The Group wrote-off the financial assets, which cannot be reasonably expected to be recovered, after initiating recourse procedures. However, the Group will continue executing the recourse procedures to secure their rights. On December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Group’s written-off financial assets that are still under recourse procedures amounted to $0 and $0, respectively.

7. The Group referred to the forecastability of business monitoring indicators published by the National Development Council to adjust the loss rate which is based on historical and current information when assessing the future default possibility of accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024 the loss rate methodologies are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023
Contract assets |  | Accounts receivable
Expected loss rate |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 | %
Total carrying amount |  | $ | 3,153,022 |  | $ | 8,914,322 |
Loss allowance |  |  | — |  |  | 65,938 |

|  | June 30, 2024
Contract assets |  | Accounts receivable
Expected loss rate |  |  | — |  |  | 2.3 | %
Total carrying amount |  | $ | 1,096,096 |  | $ | 5,707,752 |
Loss allowance |  |  | — |  |  | 128,602 |

8. Under the simplified approach, movements in relation to loss allowance for contract assets and accounts receivable are as follows:

|  | 2023
Contract assets |  | Accounts receivable
January 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 107,186 |
Acquisition through business combination |  |  | — |  |  | 4,212 |
Reversal for impairment loss |  |  | — |  |  | (331 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | — |  |  | (1,593 | )
June 30 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 109,474 |

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41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  | 2024
Contract assets |  | Accounts receivable
January 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 65,938 |
Impairment loss |  |  | — |  |  | 67,291 |
Exchange difference |  |  | — |  |  | (4,627 | )
June 30 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 128,602 |

9. The loss amounts of contract assets allowance using simplified method were not significant, thus, the loss was not recognized as at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024.

10. The Group’s recorded financial assets at amortized cost include time deposits with contract period over 3 months, restricted bank deposits and other receivables. Because of the low credit risk, expected credit losses for the period are measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit losses. There is no significant provision for the losses.

iii) Liquidity risk

1. The Group manages and maintains adequate cash and cash equivalents to finance the Group’s operations and minimize the impact from cash flow fluctuations. The Group also monitors its debt financing plans to ensure it is in compliance with the financial covenants required under its loan agreements.

2. The primary source of liquidity for the Group is from bank loans. See Notes 11 and 15 for details of the unused credit lines of the Group as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024.

3. The contractual undiscounted cash flows of notes payable, accounts payable and other payables due within one year and is equivalent to its carrying amount. Except for the aforementioned, the table below summarizes the maturity profile of the Group’s non-derivative financial liabilities based on the earliest repayment dates and contractual undiscounted payments, including principal and interest. The Group does not consider the probability of early repayments requested by the banks.

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Within 1 year |  | 1 to 3 years |  | 3 to 5 years |  | Over 5 years |  | Total
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 5,250,233 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,250,233
Bonds payable |  |  | 313,189 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 313,189
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 2,492,776 |  |  | 2,675,634 |  |  | 492,608 |  |  | 51,404 |  |  | 5,712,422
Lease liabilities |  |  | 1,011,259 |  |  | 1,311,439 |  |  | 1,311,439 |  |  | 2,568,638 |  |  | 6,202,775
Guarantee deposits |  |  | 131,607 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 131,607
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  |  | 134,392 |  |  | 826,907 |  |  | 803,478 |  |  | 295,255 |  |  | 2,060,032
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration |  |  | 60,664 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60,664
|  | $ | 9,394,120 |  | $ | 4,813,980 |  | $ | 2,607,525 |  | $ | 2,915,297 |  | $ | 19,730,922

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41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Within 1 year |  | 1 to 3 years |  | 3 to 5 years |  | Over 5 years |  | Total
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 3,348,183 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,348,183
Bonds payable |  |  | 143,370 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 143,370
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 3,260,621 |  |  | 3,305,278 |  |  | 334,801 |  |  | 32,720 |  |  | 6,933,420
Lease liabilities |  |  | 780,442 |  |  | 1,270,511 |  |  | 1,172,082 |  |  | 2,011,607 |  |  | 5,234,642
Guarantee deposits |  |  | 669,257 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 669,257
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  |  | 48,479 |  |  | 788,170 |  |  | 1,006,522 |  |  | 123,733 |  |  | 1,966,904
|  | $ | 8,250,352 |  | $ | 5,363,959 |  | $ | 2,513,405 |  | $ | 2,168,060 |  | $ | 18,295,776

The difference between the floating interest rates and estimated interest rates will affect the non-derivative financial liabilities stated above.

b) Fair value information

(a) The different levels of inputs used in valuation techniques to measure fair value of financial and non-financial instruments are defined as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that can be accessed at the measurement date. An active market is a market in which trading for the asset or liability takes place with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices from Level 1 that are observable information for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The fair value of the Group’s investment in equity investment without active market is included in Level 3.

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41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

(b) The related information of financial and non-financial instruments measured at fair value by level based on the nature, characteristics and risks of the assets and liabilities are as follows:

i) The related information of natures of the assets and liabilities are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Stock acquisition right |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 40,071 |  |  | $ | 40,071 |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Unlisted common stocks |  |  | — |  |  | 7,073 |  |  | 71,051 |  |  |  | 78,124 |
– Unlisted preferred stocks |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,579 |  |  |  | 38,579 |
|  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,073 |  | $ | 149,701 |  |  | $ | 156,774 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Contingent considerations |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (60,664 | ) |  | $ | (60,664 | )
|  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (60,664 | ) |  | $ | (60,664 | )

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Stock acquisition right |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 35,216 |  |  | $ | 35,216 |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Unlisted common stocks |  |  | — |  |  | 6,216 |  |  | 62,443 |  |  |  | 68,659 |
– Unlisted preferred stocks |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,937 |  |  |  | 33,937 |
|  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,216 |  | $ | 131,596 |  |  | $ | 137,812 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recurring fair value measurements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Convertible promissory note |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (1,538,000 | ) |  | $ | (1,538,000 | )
– Contingent considerations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (1,538,000 | ) |  | $ | (1,538,000 | )

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41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

ii) The methods and assumptions the Group used to measure fair value are as follows:

1. The fair value measurement of the series A, B, B-1, C, C-1, C-2, D-1, D-2 preference shares liabilities takes the following 2 methods into account:

a. The recent fund raising prices.

b. Using market approach to calculate total equity value first, and conduct equity value allocation via option pricing model under different scenarios (redemption, liquidation and mandatory conversion) to calculate probability weighted value of all classes of equities (including preference shares).

2. The fair value of the contingent consideration for a business combination is estimated using the discounted cash flow method. The main assumptions are the probability of occurrence of earnings before interest and tax, depreciation and amortization under various scenarios to estimate the price to be paid, and the discounted present value estimated by the risk-adjusted discount rate.

3. The fair value of the Group’s derivative instruments is measured by using valuation techniques or by reference to counterparty quotes. The fair value of financial instruments measured by using valuation techniques can be referred to current fair value of instruments with similar terms and characteristics in substance, discounted cash flow method or other valuation methods, including calculated by applying model using market information available at the consolidated statement of financial position date.

4. The Group’s financial instruments issued by foreign companies are measured by the market method, income method and cost method (Volatility, Discount for lack of marketability, Weighted average cost of capital).

5. The Group takes into account adjustments for credit risks to measure the fair value of financial and non-financial instruments to reflect credit risk of the counterparty and the Group’s credit quality.

iii) The following table shows the movements of Level 3 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024:

|  | 2023
|  | Debt instruments |  | Compound instruments |  | Equity instruments |  | Derivative instrument |  | Total
January 1 |  | $ | (505,471 | ) |  | $ | (32,347,853 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (32,853,324 | )
Gains or losses recognized in profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recorded as non-operating expenses |  |  | 39,398 |  |  |  | 5,436,783 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,476,181 |
Acquired from business combinations |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 111,224 |  |  |  | 40,654 |  |  |  | 151,878 |
Settled in the period |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | 26,911,070 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,311,070 |
Effect of exchange rate changes |  |  | 6,246 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,199 | ) |  |  | (1,538 | ) |  |  | 509 |
June 30 |  | $ | (59,827 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 107,025 |  |  | $ | 39,116 |  |  | $ | 86,314 |

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  | 2024
|  | Debt instruments |  | Compound instruments |  | Equity instruments |  | Derivative instrument |  | Total
January 1 |  | $ | (60,664 | ) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 109,630 |  |  | $ | 40,071 |  |  | $ | 89,037 |
Gains or losses recognized in profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recorded as non-operating expenses |  |  | (4,146 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,146 | )
Issued convertible promissory note |  |  | (1,475,471 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,475,471 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes |  |  | 2,281 |  |  |  | — |  |  | (13,250 | ) |  |  | (4,855 | ) |  |  | (15,824 | )
June 30 |  | $ | (1,538,000 | ) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 96,380 |  |  | $ | 35,216 |  |  | $ | (1,406,404 | )

(c) The Group performs the fair value measurements being categorized within Level 3 with assistance from specialist. Such assessment is to ensure the valuation results are reasonable by applying independent information to make results close to current market conditions, confirming the resource of information is independent, reliable and in line with other resources and represented as the exercisable price, and frequently calibrating valuation model, updating inputs used to the valuation model and making any other necessary adjustments to the fair value.

(d) The following is the qualitative information and sensitivity analysis of changes in significant unobservable inputs under valuation model used in Level 3 fair value measurement:

|  | Fair value as of December 31, 2023 |  | Valuation technique |  | Significant unobservable input |  | Range |  | Relationship of inputs to fair value
Non-derivative debt instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent considerations |  | 60,664 |  | Discounted cash flow method |  | Discount rate |  | 11.95% |  | The higher the discount rate, the lower the fair value
Non-derivative equity instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unlisted common stocks |  | 71,051 |  | Market method, Income method, Cost method |  | Volatility |  | 62% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 44% – 51% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Unlisted Preferred stocks |  | 3,353 |  | Cost method, Income method |  | Volatility |  | 55% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 44% – 45% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
|  | 35,226 |  | Market method, Income method |  | Volatility |  | 51% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 27% – 41% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Derivative instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock acquisition right |  | 40,071 |  | Income method |  | Weighted average cost of capital |  | 24.80% |  | The higher the weighted average cost of capital, the lower the fair value

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  | Fair value as of June 30, 2024 |  | Valuation technique |  | Significant unobservable input |  | Range |  | Relationship of inputs to fair value
Non-derivative equity instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unlisted common stocks |  | 62,443 |  | Market method, Income method, Cost method |  | Volatility |  | 62% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 44% – 51% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Unlisted Preferred stocks |  | 2,979 |  | Cost method, Income method |  | Volatility |  | 55% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 44% – 45% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
|  | 30,958 |  | Market method, Income method |  | Volatility |  | 51% |  | The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | 27% – 41% |  | The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Derivative instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock acquisition right |  | 35,216 |  | Income method |  | Weighted average cost of capital |  | 24.80% |  | The higher the weighted average cost of capital, the lower the fair value
Hybrid instrument: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible Promissory Note |  | 1,538,000 |  | Convertible bond evaluation model |  | Discount rate |  | Risk-free interest rate: 5.50%~5.51% |  | The higher the discount rate, the lower the fair value

a. The Group has carefully assessed the valuation models and assumptions used to measure fair value. However, use of different valuation models or assumptions may result in different measurement. The following is the effect of profit or loss or of other comprehensive income from financial assets and liabilities categorized within Level 3 if the inputs used to valuation models have changed:

|  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2023
|  |  |  | Recognized in profit or loss |  | Recognized in other comprehensive income
Input |  | Change |  | Favorable change |  | Unfavorable change |  | Favorable change |  | Unfavorable change
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unlisted common stocks |  | Volatility |  | ±1% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 68 |  | $ | 66
|  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | ±1% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,423 |  |  | 1,423
Unlisted Preferred stocks |  | Volatility |  | ±1% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 198
|  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | ±1% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 551 |  |  | 551
Stock acquisition right |  | Weighted average cost of capital |  | ±1% |  |  | 304 |  |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | —
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 304 |  | $ | 300 |  | $ | 2,238 |  | $ | 2,238
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent considerations |  | Discount rate |  | ±1% |  | $ | 660 |  | $ | 673 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 660 |  | $ | 673 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

41. Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments (cont.)

|  |  |  |  |  | June 30, 2024
|  |  |  |  |  | Recognized in profit or loss |  | Recognized in other comprehensive income
|  | Input |  | Change |  | Favorable change |  | Unfavorable change |  | Favorable change |  | Unfavorable change
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unlisted common stocks |  | Volatility |  | ±1% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 68 |  | $ | 66
|  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | ±1% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,423 |  |  | 1,423
Unlisted Preferred stocks |  | Volatility |  | ±1% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 198
|  | Discount for lack of marketability |  | ±1% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 551 |  |  | 551
Stock acquisition right |  | Weighted average cost of capital |  | ±1% |  |  | 304 |  |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | —
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 304 |  | $ | 300 |  | $ | 2,238 |  | $ | 2,238
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible promissory note |  | Discount rate |  | ±1% |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —

42. Segment information

a) General information

The Group is primarily engaged in digital advertising, integrated marketing, marketing survey, artificial intelligence technology, data analysis, content service platform and production of audio-visual programs.

b) Measurement of segment information

The Group’s reportable segments are strategic business units which provide different products and services. The accounting policies adopted by the operating segments are the same as the accounting policies).

c) Information about segment profit or loss, and assets

The segment information provided to the chief operating decision maker for the reportable segments is as follows:

|  | Six months ended June 30, 2023
|  | TNL Group (Note 1) |  | MG Group (Note 2) |  | Total
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
External customers |  | $ | 7,197,120 |  |  | $ | 1,814,609 |  |  | $ | 9,011,729 |
Inter-segment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total revenue |  | $ | 7,197,120 |  |  | $ | 1,814,609 |  |  | $ | 9,011,729 |
Operating profit (loss) |  | $ | (4,169,770 | ) |  | $ | (441,498 | ) |  | $ | (4,611,268 | )
Depreciation and Amortization |  | $ | (837,188 | ) |  | $ | (235,853 | ) |  | $ | (1,073,041 | )
Interest income |  | $ | 9,675 |  |  | $ | 328 |  |  | $ | 10,003 |
Interest expense |  | $ | (103,391 | ) |  | $ | (7,887 | ) |  | $ | (111,278 | )
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 25,746 |  |  | $ | 4,411 |  |  | $ | 30,157 |
Segment asset |  | $ | 50,277,021 |  |  | $ | 64,763,464 |  |  | $ | 115,040,485 |

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TNL MEDIAGENE AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024

42. Segment information (cont.)

|  | Six months ended June 30, 2024
|  | TNL Group (Note 1) |  | MG Group (Note 2) |  | Total
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
External customers |  | $ | 9,501,103 |  |  | $ | 11,104,322 |  |  | $ | 20,605,425 |
Inter-segment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total revenue |  | $ | 9,501,103 |  |  | $ | 11,104,322 |  |  | $ | 20,605,425 |
Operating profit (loss) |  | $ | (5,796,003 | ) |  | $ | 222,383 |  |  | $ | (5,573,620 | )
Depreciation and Amortization |  |  | (799,683 | ) |  | $ | (809,383 | ) |  | $ | (1,609,066 | )
Interest income |  | $ | 8,771 |  |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 9,530 |
Interest expense |  | $ | (132,719 | ) |  | $ | (48,812 | ) |  | $ | (181,531 | )
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 39,388 |  |  | $ | 1,523 |  |  | $ | 40,911 |
Segment asset |  | $ | 48,785,749 |  |  | $ | 62,244,032 |  |  | $ | 111,029,781 |

____________

Note 1: TNL Group includes The News Lens Co., Ltd and all its subsidiaries, Inside Co., Ltd, The News Lens Hong Kong Ltd. and TNL MG.

Note 2: The Company acquired 100% of MG Group (including TNL Mediagene Japan Inc., Mediagene Inc. and INFOBAHN Inc.) on May 25, 2023, please refer to Note 31 for details.

d) Reconciliation for segment income (loss)

Revenue from external customers and segment income (loss) reported to the chief operating decision maker are measured using the same method as for revenue and operating profit in the financial statements. Thus, no reconciliation is needed.

e) Information on products and services

Please refer to Note 21 for the disclosure by products and services.

f) Geographical information

Geographical information for each of the June 30, 2023 and 2024 is as follows:

|  | Six months ended June 30, 2023 |  | Six months ended June 30, 2024
Revenue |  | Non-current assets (Note 1) |  | Revenue |  | Non-current Assets (Note 1)
Taiwan |  | $ | 7,178,330 |  | $ | 14,212,569 |  | $ | 9,501,103 |  | $ | 12,350,697
Japan |  |  | 1,833,399 |  |  | 89,128,596 |  |  | 11,104,322 |  |  | 86,493,201
|  | $ | 9,011,729 |  | $ | 103,341,165 |  | $ | 20,605,425 |  | $ | 98,843,898

____________

Note 1: Excluding financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, financials assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, financial assets at amortized costs and deferred tax assets.

g) Major customer information

For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2024, there were no major customers accounting for more than 10% of the Group’s total revenue.

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INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT

To the board of directors of Mediagene Inc.

Opinion

We have audited the consolidated financial statements of Mediagene Inc. (the Group), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of February 28, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, consolidated statements of changes in equity, and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements.

In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of February 28, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Basis for Opinion

We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to be independent of the Group and to meet our other ethical responsibilities, in accordance with the relevant ethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

Responsibilities of Management for the Consolidated Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with IFRSs, and for the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the end of the reporting period.

Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not absolute assurance and therefore is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with GAAS will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. Misstatements are considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that, individually or in the aggregate, they would influence the judgment made by a reasonable user based on the consolidated financial statements.

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In performing an audit in accordance with GAAS, we:

• Exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit.

• Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, and design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

• Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control. Accordingly, no such opinion is expressed.

• Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluate the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements.

• Conclude whether, in our judgment, there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time.

We are required to communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit, significant audit findings, and certain internal control — related matters that we identified during the audit.

Mazars Audit LLC |  |

April 15, 2024
Tokyo, Japan

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Mediagene Inc. Consolidated Financial Statement s

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

(Thousands of yen)

|  | Notes |  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 6 |  | 238,827 |  |  | 351,979 |  |  | 132,717 |
Trade and other receivables |  | 7 |  | 675,956 |  |  | 602,016 |  |  | 508,761 |
Other financial assets |  | 8 |  | 104,520 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,978 |
Inventories |  | 9 |  | 26,413 |  |  | 11,742 |  |  | 27,631 |
Income taxes receivable |  |  |  | 58,003 |  |  | 3,520 |  |  | 9,393 |
Other current assets |  | 10 |  | 68,044 |  |  | 79,210 |  |  | 64,815 |
Total current assets |  |  |  | 1,171,765 |  |  | 1,048,469 |  |  | 770,297 |
Non-current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 11 |  | 1,272,184 |  |  | 1,123,302 |  |  | 1,008,424 |
Intangible assets |  | 12 |  | 18,805 |  |  | 76,030 |  |  | 120,423 |
Other financial assets |  | 8,31,32 |  | 105,389 |  |  | 117,540 |  |  | 258,719 |
Deferred tax assets |  | 17 |  | 31,260 |  |  | 36,409 |  |  | 35,400 |
Other non-current assets |  | 10 |  | 3,543 |  |  | 3,053 |  |  | 7,713 |
Total non-current assets |  |  |  | 1,431,183 |  |  | 1,356,336 |  |  | 1,430,680 |
Total assets |  |  |  | 2,602,948 |  |  | 2,404,805 |  |  | 2,200,978 |
Liabilities and equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  | 13,31 |  | 311,896 |  |  | 289,041 |  |  | 301,927 |
Bonds and borrowings |  | 15,31,32 |  | 546,608 |  |  | 425,008 |  |  | 503,408 |
Other financial liabilities |  | 14,16,31,32 |  | 127,176 |  |  | 127,863 |  |  | 102,938 |
Income taxes payable |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,560 |
Contract liabilities |  | 24 |  | 21,252 |  |  | 53,130 |  |  | 53,294 |
Provisions |  | 19 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,261 |
Other current liabilities |  | 20 |  | 126,411 |  |  | 106,702 |  |  | 124,437 |
Total current liabilities |  |  |  | 1,133,345 |  |  | 1,001,745 |  |  | 1,123,829 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds and borrowings |  | 15,31,32 |  | 162,768 |  |  | 116,482 |  |  | 70,342 |
Other financial liabilities |  | 14,16,31,32 |  | 977,986 |  |  | 850,123 |  |  | 778,758 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 17 |  | 5,429 |  |  | 6,081 |  |  | 6,168 |
Provisions |  | 19 |  | 91,538 |  |  | 91,841 |  |  | 62,692 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 20 |  | 55,854 |  |  | 78,392 |  |  | 93,975 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  |  | 1,293,577 |  |  | 1,142,922 |  |  | 1,011,937 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  | 2,426,923 |  |  | 2,144,668 |  |  | 2,135,767 |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share capital |  | 21 |  | 77,540 |  |  | 77,540 |  |  | 77,540 |
Capital surplus |  | 21 |  | 317,405 |  |  | 328,035 |  |  | 338,259 |
Retained earnings |  | 21 |  | (218,920 | ) |  | (149,482 | ) |  | (349,345 | )
Other components of equity |  | 21 |  | — |  |  | 4,045 |  |  | (1,242 | )
Total equity attributable to owners of parent |  |  |  | 176,025 |  |  | 260,137 |  |  | 65,211 |
Total equity |  |  |  | 176,025 |  |  | 260,137 |  |  | 65,211 |
Total liabilities and equity |  |  |  | 2,602,948 |  |  | 2,404,805 |  |  | 2,200,978 |

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Mediagene Inc. Consolidated Statements of Profit or Los s

(Thousands of yen, except per share amounts)

|  | Notes |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Revenue |  | 24 |  | 3,320,600 |  |  | 3,268,495 |
Cost of sales |  | 25 |  | (2,280,137 | ) |  | (2,443,696 | )
Gross profit |  |  |  | 1,040,463 |  |  | 824,799 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 25 |  | (977,914 | ) |  | (1,016,473 | )
Other income |  | 26 |  | 2,074 |  |  | 1,800 |
Other expenses |  | 26 |  | (603 | ) |  | (393 | )
Operating profit (loss) |  |  |  | 64,019 |  |  | (190,267 | )
Finance income |  | 27 |  | 9,503 |  |  | 10,176 |
Finance costs |  | 27 |  | (11,107 | ) |  | (11,402 | )
Profit (loss) before tax |  |  |  | 62,415 |  |  | (191,493 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | 17 |  | 7,022 |  |  | (8,369 | )
Profit (loss) |  |  |  | 69,437 |  |  | (199,863 | )
Profit attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of parent |  |  |  | 69,437 |  |  | (199,863 | )
Profit (loss) |  |  |  | 69,437 |  |  | (199,863 | )
Earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic (Yen) |  | 29 |  | 39.48 |  |  | (113.63 | )
Diluted (Yen) |  | 29 |  | 39.48 |  |  | (113.63 | )

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Mediagene Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Thousands of yen)

|  | Notes |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Profit (loss) |  |  |  | 69,437 |  | (199,863 | )
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 28 |  | 4,045 |  | (5,287 | )
Total of items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  | 4,045 |  | (5,287 | )
Total other comprehensive income |  |  |  | 4,045 |  | (5,287 | )
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  | 73,482 |  | (205,150 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of parent |  |  |  | 73,482 |  | (205,150 | )
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  | 73,482 |  | (205,150 | )

____________

(Note) Items in the statements above are presented net of tax. Income taxes related to each component of other comprehensive income are presented in Note “28. Other comprehensive income.”

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Mediagene Inc. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equit y

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Notes |  | Equity attributable to owners of parent |  | Total equity
Share capital |  | Capital surplus |  | Retained earnings |  | Other components of equity |  | Total |
Balance at March 1, 2021 |  |  |  | 77,540 |  | 317,405 |  | (218,920 | ) |  | — |  |  | 176,025 |  |  | 176,025 |
Profit |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | 69,437 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,437 |  |  | 69,437 |
Other comprehensive income |  | 28 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4,045 |  |  | 4,045 |  |  | 4,045 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | 69,437 |  |  | 4,045 |  |  | 73,482 |  |  | 73,482 |
Share-based payment transactions |  | 23 |  | — |  | 10,629 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,629 |  |  | 10,629 |
Total transactions with owners |  |  |  | — |  | 10,629 |  | 69,437 |  |  | 4,045 |  |  | 84,112 |  |  | 84,112 |
Balance at February 28, 2022 |  |  |  | 77,540 |  | 328,035 |  | (149,482 | ) |  | 4,045 |  |  | 260,137 |  |  | 260,137 |
Profit |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | (199,863 | ) |  | — |  |  | (199,863 | ) |  | (199,863 | )
Other comprehensive income |  | 28 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (5,287 | ) |  | (5,287 | ) |  | (5,287 | )
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | (199,863 | ) |  | (5,287 | ) |  | (205,150 | ) |  | (205,150 | )
Share-based payment transactions |  | 23 |  | — |  | 10,224 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,224 |  |  | 10,224 |
Total transactions with owners |  |  |  | — |  | 10,224 |  | (199,863 | ) |  | (5,287 | ) |  | (194,926 | ) |  | (194,926 | )
Balance at February 28, 2023 |  |  |  | 77,540 |  | 338,259 |  | (349,345 | ) |  | (1,242 | ) |  | 65,211 |  |  | 65,211 |

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Mediagene Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow s

(Thousands of yen)

|  | Notes |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit (loss) before tax |  |  |  | 62,415 |  |  | (191,493 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 169,348 |  |  | 181,488 |
Share-based payment expenses |  |  |  | 10,629 |  |  | 10,224 |
Finance income |  |  |  | (8,278 | ) |  | (10,176 | )
Finance costs |  |  |  | 11,107 |  |  | 10,268 |
Decrease (increase) in trade and other receivables |  |  |  | 73,940 |  |  | 93,254 |
Decrease (increase) in inventories |  |  |  | 14,670 |  |  | (15,888 | )
Increase (decrease) in trade and other payables |  |  |  | (22,855 | ) |  | 12,886 |
Increase (decrease) in contract liabilities |  |  |  | 31,878 |  |  | 164 |
Other |  |  |  | (8,033 | ) |  | 47,275 |
Subtotal |  |  |  | 334,822 |  |  | 138,004 |
Interest and dividends received |  |  |  | 1,516 |  |  | 17 |
Interest paid |  |  |  | (10,216 | ) |  | (9,312 | )
Income taxes refund (paid) |  |  |  | 53,333 |  |  | (7,513 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  | 379,455 |  |  | 121,195 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  | (12,259 | ) |  | (10,263 | )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |
Purchase of intangible assets |  |  |  | (63,711 | ) |  | (70,342 | )
Payments for loans receivable |  |  |  | — |  |  | (3,000 | )
Purchase of investments |  |  |  | (5,729 | ) |  | (159,999 | )
Proceeds from sale and redemption of investments |  |  |  | 110,979 |  |  | — |
Other |  |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  |  | 29,415 |  |  | (243,605 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings |  | 30 |  | (121,600 | ) |  | 78,400 |
Repayments of long-term borrowings |  | 30 |  | (4,342 | ) |  | (4,008 | )
Redemption of bonds |  | 30 |  | (42,600 | ) |  | (42,600 | )
Repayments of lease liabilities |  | 30 |  | (127,176 | ) |  | (128,643 | )
Net cash (used in) financing activities |  |  |  | (295,718 | ) |  | (96,851 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | 113,151 |  |  | (219,261 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 6 |  | 238,827 |  |  | 351,979 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | 6 |  | 351,979 |  |  | 132,717 |

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Mediagene Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statement s

1. Reporting entity

Mediagene Inc. (hereinafter, the “Company”) is a corporation located in Japan. The addresses of its registered head office and principal offices are disclosed on the Company’s website. The consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries have been prepared as of and for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 and 2022, and composed of the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries (hereinafter collectively, the “Group”). The Group consists of two companies: the Company and INFOBAHN Inc., a core operating company comparable with the Company. The Group is engaged in a single operating segment of the Media Consulting Business, which operates its owned media and provide services utilizing its expertise gained through media operations.

On March 1, 2022, the Company conducted an absorption-type merger, with INFOBAHN GROUP INC. as a surviving company and a then-subsidiary Mediagene Inc. as a dissolving company, and was renamed to Mediagene Inc. on the same day.

2. Basis of preparation

(1) Compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards

The initial consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter, “IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (hereinafter, “IASB”) with the date of transition to IFRS of March 1, 2021. The effects of the transition to IFRS on the consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows are described in Note “36. First-time adoption of IFRS.”

(2) Approval of financial statements

The Group’s consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance on April 12, 2024 by the Board of Directors of the Company and subsequent events had been considered through that date. See Note “35. Subsequent events.”

The Group’s accounting policies are in compliance with the IFRS effective as of February 28, 2023, excluding those not early adopted by the Group, as well as exceptions required and exemptions permitted by the provisions of IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter, “IFRS 1”).

(3) Basis of measurement

As presented in Note “3. Significant accounting policies,” the Group’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair value.

(4) Functional currency and presentation currency

The Group’s consolidated financial statements are presented in Japanese yen, the Company’s functional currency. Japanese yen figures less than one thousand yen are rounded down to the nearest thousand yen.

(5) Early adoption of new standards

Not applicable.

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2. Basis of preparation (cont.)

(6) New standards and interpretations issued but not yet adopted

The following are the major newly established or amended standards and interpretations that were issued by the date of approval of the consolidated financial statements. They were not early adopted by the Group as of February 28, 2023.

IFRS |  | To be mandatorily adopted from the fiscal year beginning on and after |  | To be adopted by the Group from |  | Outline of newly established/amended standards and interpretations
IAS 12 Income Taxes |  | January 1, 2023 |  | Fiscal year ending February 29, 2024 |  | Clarification of accounting for deferred tax related to assets and liabilities arising from a single transaction
IAS 12 Income Taxes |  | January 1, 2023 |  | Fiscal year ending February 29, 2024 |  | Disclosure of income taxes arising from tax laws enacted or substantively enacted to implement the Pillar Two Model Rules published by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The Group will apply these standards from the fiscal year stated above.

The Group has determined that none of the standards and interpretations issued but not yet adopted have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

3. Significant accounting policies

(1) Basis of consolidation

Subsidiaries

A subsidiary refers to an entity controlled by the Group. The Group determines that it controls an entity when the Group has exposure, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect the returns through its power over the entity.

Consolidation of financial statements of a subsidiary begins from the date the Group obtains control of the subsidiary and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiary.

If any accounting policies applied by a subsidiary differ from those applied by the Group, adjustments are made to the subsidiary’s financial statements as necessary. Inter-company balances and transactions, and any unrealized gains or losses arising from inter-company transactions are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements. The Group attributes comprehensive income of a subsidiary to the owners of the parent and to the non-controlling interests even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance.

Changes in a parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary resulting from the additional purchase or sale of shares of the subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions as long as such changes do not result in the parent losing control of the subsidiary.

If the Group loses control of a subsidiary, it derecognizes the assets and liabilities of, and the non-controlling interests in, the former subsidiary. Any interest retained after the loss of control is remeasured at fair value at the date of the loss of control, and any gain or loss on remeasurement is recognized in profit or loss.

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Mediagene Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

(2) Business combinations

The Group accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method. The consideration for acquisition is measured as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities assumed, and the equity instruments issued by the Company in exchange for the control of the acquiree. Consideration transferred also includes fair values of any assets or liabilities resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. The identifiable assets acquired, and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are, in principle, measured at their acquisition-date fair values.

When the consideration for acquisition exceeds the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities, the excess amount is recognized as goodwill in the consolidated statements of financial position. Conversely, when the amount is below the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities, the difference is immediately recognized as profit in the consolidated statements of profit or loss.

Transaction-related costs such as brokerage commissions, legal fees, and due diligence expenses are expensed as incurred.

A business combination transaction under common control, in which all of the combining entities or businesses are ultimately controlled by the same party or parties both before and after the business combination, and that control is not transitory, is accounted for based on the carrying amounts previously recorded.

(3) Foreign currency

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the respective functional currencies of Group companies at the exchange rates at the dates of transactions.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the reporting date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary items that are measured based on historical cost in a foreign currency are translated at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Foreign currency differences are generally recognized in profit or loss and presented within finance income and finance costs.

(4) Financial instruments

1) Non-derivative financial assets

(i) Initial recognition and measurement

The Group recognizes a financial asset when it becomes a party to the contractual provisions thereof, and classifies financial assets into (a) financial assets measured at amortized cost, (b) financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, or (c) financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss. This classification is made at initial recognition.

At initial recognition, all financial assets are measured at fair value plus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial assets, unless the assets are classified as those measured at fair value through profit or loss. Transaction costs of financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss are recognize in profit or loss.

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Mediagene Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

Financial assets classified as those measured at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value, while the other financial assets are measured at fair value plus transaction costs.

(a) Financial assets measured at amortized cost

Financial assets are classified as those measured at amortized cost if both of the following conditions are met:

• The financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and

• The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

(b) Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

Equity instruments, such as stocks, held primarily for the purpose of maintaining or strengthening business relationships with investees and enhancing corporate value, are designated as financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income at initial recognition, and such designation is applied on an ongoing basis.

(c) Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets other than (a) and (b) above are classified as financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss.

(ii) Subsequent measurement

After initial recognition, financial assets are measured as follows in accordance with their classification.

(a) Financial assets measured at amortized cost

Financial assets measured at amortized cost are measured at the gross carrying amount based on the effective interest method less loss allowance.

(b) Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

Subsequent changes in fair value of equity instruments, such as stocks, are recognized in other comprehensive income. When such financial instrument is disposed of, the cumulative gain or loss recognized through other comprehensive income is transferred from “Other components of equity” to “Retained earnings.”

Dividends from those instruments are recognized in profit or loss for the period as part of “Finance income.”

(c) Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss

Subsequent changes in the fair value of the financial assets are recognized in profit or loss.

(iii) Impairment of financial assets

For financial assets measured at amortized cost, loss allowance is recognized as the expected credit losses.

A loss allowance is measured at the end of each period based on assessing whether or not the credit risk of each financial asset has significantly increased since the initial recognition.

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Mediagene Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

If the credit risk has not significantly increased since the initial recognition, a loss allowance on the financial instrument is measured at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses. On the other hand, if the credit risk has significantly increased since the initial recognition, a loss allowance on the financial instrument is measured at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses. However, for trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component, loss allowances are always measured at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses.

The assessment of whether or not credit risk has increased significantly is based on the change in the risk of a default. A default is defined as a situation where there is no reasonable expectations of recovering the financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof, due to the borrower having significant difficulty in paying contractual cash flows. When determining whether there has been a change in the risk of a default, we consider available information that is reasonable and supportable, such as changes in internal or external credit ratings and past-due information.

Expected credit loss is calculated based on the difference between the contractual cash flows and the cash flows expected to be collected. The basis of estimation includes available information that is reasonable and supportable, such as changes in credit information, historical loss experience, financial condition of the issuer or the borrower, and forward-looking information.

When one or more events have occurred, including delinquency in payments, extension of due date, negative evaluation by an external credit agency, or evaluation of deterioration in financial condition or operating results such as balance sheet insolvency, the financial asset is assessed on an individual basis as a credit-impaired financial asset, and expected credit losses are measured based primarily on historical loss experience and future collectible amounts. For financial assets that are not credit-impaired, expected credit losses are measured through collective assessment based primarily on historical loss experience and, if necessary, provision rates adjusted for current and future economic conditions.

When the Group has no reasonable expectations of recovering a financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof, the carrying amount of the financial asset is directly reduced by offsetting the amount with a loss allowance.

(iv) Derecognition of financial assets

The Group derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or the contractual rights to receive cash flows generated from the financial asset are transferred where substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred. If the Group has retained control of the financial assets transferred, it continues to recognize the assets and related liabilities to the extent of its continuing involvement in the financial assets.

2) Non-derivative financial liabilities

(i) Initial recognition and measurement

The Group classifies financial liabilities as (a) financial liabilities measured at amortized cost and (b) financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss. This classification is made at initial recognition.

The Group initially measures financial liabilities measured at amortized cost at fair value less directly attributable transaction costs, while it measures financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss at fair value.

The Group has no financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss.

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Mediagene Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

(ii) Subsequent measurement

After initial recognition, financial liabilities are measured as follows in accordance with their classification.

(a) Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost

Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Amortization using the effective interest method and gains or losses on derecognition are recognized in profit or loss for the period as part of finance costs.

(b) Financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value, and changes in the fair value are recognized in profit or loss for the period.

(iii) Derecognition of financial liabilities

The Group derecognizes financial liabilities when they are extinguished — i.e. when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires.

3) Presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities

The Group offsets financial assets and financial liabilities and states the net amount in the consolidated statements of financial position, if, and only if, the Group currently has a legal right to offset the balance and intends either to settle on a net basis or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

(5) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, demand deposits, and short-term investments with a maturity of three months or less that are readily convertible into cash and subject to an insignificant risk of change in value.

(6) Inventories

Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of inventories, except for work in progress, which is determined using the specific identification method, is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

(7) Property, plant and equipment

(i) Recognition and measurement

The Group uses the cost model to measure items of property, plant and equipment, which are stated at cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

The cost includes any costs directly attributable to the acquisition of the item, the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

When the useful lives of significant components of property, plant and equipment vary by component, each component is accounted for as a separate item (major component) of property, plant and equipment.

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Mediagene Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

The Group includes the subsequent costs in the carrying amount of the asset, or when appropriate, recognizes such costs as a separate asset as long as it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group, and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Other repair and maintenance expenses are expensed as incurred.

The Group derecognized an item of property, plant and equipment on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the net proceeds from disposal and the carrying amount of the item, and recognized in profit or loss when the item is derecognized. The Group presents the gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment in “Other income” or “Other expenses,” respectively, in the consolidated statements of profit or loss.

(ii) Depreciation

Assets other than land and construction in progress are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives. Land and construction in progress are not depreciated.

The estimated useful lives of major items of property, plant and equipment except right-of-use assets are as follows:

• Buildings and accompanying facilities: 2 to 15 years

• Tools, furniture and fixtures: 1 to 15 years

The estimated useful lives, residual values, and depreciation methods are reviewed at the end of each fiscal year. Any changes are applied prospectively as changes in accounting estimates.

(8) Intangible assets

(i) Recognition and measurement

The Group uses the cost model to measure intangible assets. Separately acquired intangible assets are stated at cost upon initial recognition. Intangible assets recognized through business combinations are initially recognized at acquisition-date fair value.

(ii) Amortization

After initial recognition, intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives, except for intangible assets with indefinite useful lives, and are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

The estimated useful lives of major intangible assets are as follows:

• Software: 3 to 5 years

The estimated useful lives, residual values, and amortization methods are reviewed at the end of each fiscal year. Any changes are applied prospectively as changes in accounting estimates.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives or not yet available for use are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment annually or whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.

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Mediagene Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

(9) Leases

Leases as lessee

At inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

At the commencement date, the Group, as lessee, measures the lease liability at the present value of the total lease payments that are not paid at that date. The Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as a discount rate used in measuring the present value of the total unpaid lease payments when the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined. In general, the Group uses the incremental borrowing rate as a discount rate. Right-of-use assets are initially measured at the amount of the initial measurement of the corresponding lease liability, adjusted mainly by any initial direct costs and any prepaid lease payments, plus costs including restoration obligations under the lease contract. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter period of useful life and the lease term of the underlying asset. Lease payments are allocated to finance costs and repayments of lease liabilities based on the effective interest method, with finance costs being recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss.

The lease term is determined as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Group is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

However, for short-term leases with a lease term of 12 months or less and leases for which the underlying asset is of low value, the Group does not recognize the right-of-use asset or lease liability associated with those leases, but recognizes the total lease payments on either a straight-line basis or another systematic basis over the lease term.

(10) Impairment of non-financial assets

The carrying amounts of the Company’s non-financial assets, other than inventories and deferred tax assets, are reviewed at the end of each fiscal year to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If there is an indication that an asset may be impaired, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated. The recoverable amounts of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives or those not yet available for use are estimated at the same time in each year and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.

The recoverable amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit (CGU) is the higher of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. In measuring value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. Assets that are not individually tested for impairment are integrated into the smallest CGU that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. If the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount, and the impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss.

Goodwill is allocated to CGUs that are expected to benefit from the synergies of a business combination. The CGU or a group of CGUs is tested for impairment at a certain time each fiscal year, regardless of any indication of impairment. If the recoverable amount of a CGU is less than its carrying amount in an impairment test, an impairment loss is recognized. The impairment loss is first allocated to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU or a group of CGUs, and then to the other assets of the CGU or a group of CGUs pro rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the CGU or a group of CGUs.

The Group’s corporate assets do not generate independent cash inflows. If there is an indication that a corporate asset may be impaired, the recoverable amount is estimated for the CGU to which the corporate asset belongs.

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Mediagene Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed. Impairment losses recognized in prior periods for other assets are assessed at the end of each fiscal year to determine whether there is any indication that such impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimate used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed up to the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of amortization and depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in the prior years.

(11) Employee benefits

(i) Post-employment benefits

The Group has adopted a corporate defined contribution pension plan as a post-employment benefit plan. Defined contribution plans are post-employment benefit plans under which an employer pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions. The cost of defined contribution post-employment benefits is recognized as an expense at the time when contributions are made.

(ii) Short-term employee benefits

The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits is recognized in profit or loss in the period in which related services are rendered.

The cost of paid leave is recognized as a liability at an amount estimated to be paid based on the plan if the Group has a legal or constructive obligation to make such payments and a reliable estimate of the amount can be made.

(iii) Other long-term employee benefits

Obligations for length-of-service awards is calculated by discounting to the present value the estimated future benefits that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior fiscal years.

(12) Provisions

The Group recognizes provisions when it has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events; it is probable that an outflow of economic resources will be required to settle the obligation; and a reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation can be made. When the time value of money is significant, provisions are measured as the estimated future cash flows discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. Unwinding of the discount reflecting the passage of time is recognized as “Finance costs.”

Assets retirement obligations are recognized to provide for obligations to restore leased offices and other properties to their original conditions. The amount of the obligations is estimated considering the conditions of each property individually based on factors including the expected period of use determined taking into account the past experience of restoration. These expenses are expected to be incurred after the expected period of use determined taking into account the useful lives of the leasehold improvements for the offices and other properties, but may be affected by future business plans and other factors. The estimated future expenses and applied discount rates are reviewed annually, and any revisions deemed necessary are added to or deducted from the carrying amount of the related asset and accounted for as a change in accounting estimates.

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3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

(13) Shareholder equity

The shares of common stock issued by the Company are recognized in share capital and capital surplus at their issue price. Any costs directly attributable to the issuance of new shares or share acquisition rights (net of tax) are deducted from equity.

(14) Share-based payment

The Group has adopted a share option plan as an incentive for directors, employees, and others, and accounts for the plan as an equity-settled share-based payment plan.

Share options are estimated at fair value at the grant date and recognized as an expense over the vesting period in the consolidated statements of profit or loss, taking into account the estimated number of options to be vested, and the corresponding amount is recognized as an increase in equity in the consolidated statements of financial position. The fair value of share options granted is determined using the Black-Scholes model, taking into account the terms and conditions of the share options. The terms and conditions are regularly reviewed, and the estimated number of stock options to be vested is revised as necessary.

(15) Revenue

The Group recognizes revenue from contracts with customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer by applying the following five-step approach, except for interest and dividend income recognized under the IFRS 9 Financial Instruments.

Step 1: Identify the contract with a customer

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Step 3: Determine the transaction price

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

In either case when the Group satisfies a performance obligation to provide the specified good or service to a customer itself or when another party is involved in satisfying a performance obligation to provide the specified good or service to a customer, the Group recognizes revenue in the gross amount as a principal if the Group is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service and has discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service. On the other hand, in the case when another party is involved in satisfying a performance obligation to provide the specified good or service to a customer, the Group recognizes revenue in the net amount (the amount equivalent to commission) as an agent if the Group is not primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service and does not have discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service.

Revenue is measured at the transaction price in contracts with customers. Consideration for transactions is received primarily within one year of satisfaction of the performance obligation and does not contain a significant financing component.

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3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

The Group operates a single segment of the Media Consulting Business. The Group provides the media services, the solution services, the innovation support services, and other services. The nature of goods or services promised to be transferred to customers and the methods of revenue recognition are as follows:

Services |  | Type of revenue |  | Method of revenue recognition
Media services |  | Operation of owned media as well as distribution and sale of advertisements |  | The Group operates Gizmodo Japan, Lifehacker (Japanese version) and others as its owned media. For the distribution and sale of advertisements using the Group’s owned media, the Group has a performance obligation to primarily place an advertisement in its owned media under a contract with a customer. As the performance obligation is satisfied upon the placement of an advertisement, revenue is recognized at that point in time.
|  | Product promotion through affiliate advertising, etc. |  | The Group provides a service to promote products through affiliate advertising, etc. The primary nature of the service is to place links to target products on the Group’s owned media to mediate the purchase of those products. As the performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time when the mediation for purchase of a product is established, revenue is recognized at that point in time.
|  | Event-related operations |  | The Group provides event services through which the Group organizes events to solicit sponsor companies to work together to increase user loyalty and develop public education. For event-related operations, the Group has a performance obligation to primarily organize an event and place an advertisement in its owned media under a contract with a customer. As the performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time when an event is held, revenue is recognized at that point in time.
Solution services |  | Communication design support services for corporate clients |  | The nature of the communication design support services for corporate clients is to provide corporate clients with services to meet their need for reputation formation (branding) in the internet. For these services, the Group has a performance obligation to provide deliverables under a contract with a customer. As the performance obligation is satisfied over time, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress toward completion of the performance obligation. As costs incurred are considered to appropriately reflect the progress toward completion of the performance obligation, the progress is measured based on the percentage of cumulative actual costs incurred to date to estimated total costs at the end of the fiscal year. In cases where the period up to the point in time when the performance obligation is expected to be fully satisfied is very short, the performance obligation is deemed to be satisfied upon the completion of the service delivery to a customer, and revenue is recognized at that point in time.

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3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

Services |  | Type of revenue |  | Method of revenue recognition
Innovation support services |  | New business development support services for corporate clients |  | The nature of the new business development support services for corporate clients is to provide consulting services to generate ideas for new business development to support corporate clients as a comprehensive marketing strategic partner. For these services, the Group has a performance obligation to provide deliverables under a contract with a customer. As the performance obligation is satisfied over time, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress toward completion of the performance obligation. As costs incurred are considered to appropriately reflect the progress toward completion of the performance obligation, the progress is measured based on the percentage of cumulative actual costs incurred to date to estimated total costs at the end of the fiscal year. In cases where the period up to the point in time when the performance obligation is expected to be fully satisfied is very short, the performance obligation is deemed to be satisfied upon the completion of the service delivery to a customer, and revenue is recognized at that point in time.
Other services |  | Advertising through external media, subscription service, etc. |  | With regard to other major services, for the advertising through external media, the Group has a performance obligation to publish articles and videos created through its owned media or by other companies in external media and act as an operation agency. Meanwhile, for the subscription service, the Group has a performance obligation to provide articles available only to paid subscribers. In the advertising through external media, the Group does not have control over services to be transferred to customers and only provides services for arranging the tasks mentioned above. As such, the Group deems itself to be an agent in the advertising through external media, and the performance obligation is satisfied upon the completion of the service delivery to a customer. Revenue is recognized as a net amount obtained by deducing the related costs from the total amount of consideration received from the customer.The performance obligations for the subscription service are satisfied over the contract period; therefore, revenue is recognized in equal amounts over the contract period during which the performance obligations are satisfied.

(16) Finance income and finance costs

Finance income consists of interest income. Interest income is recognized as it is earned using the effective interest method.

Finance costs consist of interest expenses for bonds and borrowings and lease liabilities. Interest expenses are recognized as incurred using the effective interest method.

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3. Significant accounting policies (cont.)

(17) Income taxes

Income taxes consist of current taxes and deferred taxes. They are recognized in profit or loss, except for those related to business combinations and items that are recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.

(i) Current taxes

Current taxes are measured at the amount that is expected to be paid to or refunded from the taxation authorities. Calculation of the amount of tax is based on the tax rates and the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period in countries where the Group conducts businesses and earns taxable profit (or loss).

(ii) Deferred taxes

Deferred taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for accounting purposes and the amounts for tax purposes, tax loss carryforwards, and tax credit carryforwards at the balance sheet date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized for the following temporary differences:

• Temporary differences arising from the initial recognition of goodwill;

• Temporary differences arising from the initial recognition of assets and liabilities from transactions that are not business combinations and affect neither accounting profit nor taxable profit; and

• Taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and associates, where the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

In principle, deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, and deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary difference can be utilized.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed each fiscal year and reduced to the extent it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of the deferred tax assets to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed each fiscal year and recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax assets to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates and by the tax laws that are expected to apply to the period when the assets are realized or the liabilities are settled, based on the statutory tax rates and the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if the Group has a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and income taxes are levied by the same taxation authority on the same taxable entity.

(18) Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit or loss attributable to the parent’s common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding (shares of common stock issued less treasury shares) during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by adjusting the effects of all potentially dilutive shares.

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4. Significant accounting estimates and judgments

In preparing the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, management makes judgments, estimates, and assumptions that may affect the application of the Group’s accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are based on the best judgment of management that takes into account various factors deemed reasonable at the reporting date in accordance with historical experience and information available to the Group. Due to their nature, however, figures based on these estimates and assumptions may differ from the actual results. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis.

The effects of revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the fiscal year in which the estimate is revised and in future fiscal years. Items involving estimates with the risk that results in significant revisions to the carrying amount of assets and/or liabilities for the next fiscal year were as follows:

(i) Key assumptions used in measuring value in use for the purpose of assessing impairment of non-financial assets (3. Significant accounting policies, (10) Impairment of non-financial assets)

The Group performs an impairment test for non-financial assets (other than inventories and deferred tax assets) if there is an indication that the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying amount. However, goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives or those not yet available for use are tested for impairment annually and when any indication of impairment is identified.

Significant factors that trigger an impairment test being performed include significant deterioration in past or projected operating results, significant changes in the use of acquired assets, changes in overall strategies, and significant deterioration in industry and economic trends.

In calculating the recoverable amount in impairment tests, certain assumptions are made for useful lives and future cash flows of the assets, discount rates that reflect the risks specific to the assets, and long-term growth rates. These assumptions are determined based on the best estimates and judgments of management but may be affected by the consequence of changes in uncertain future economic conditions. If revisions to the assumptions become necessary, they may have a material impact on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the following fiscal years.

The calculation method of the recoverable amount of a non-financial asset is stated in Note “3. Significant accounting policies, (10) Impairment of non-financial assets.”

(ii) Determination of recoverability of deferred tax assets (17. Income taxes)

Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary difference, etc. can be utilized. In recognizing deferred tax assets, when assessing the probability that taxable profit will be available, the timing and amount of taxable profit are estimated based on business plans.

The timing and amount of tax profit may be affected by changes in uncertain future economic conditions. If the actual timing and amount of taxable profit differ from the estimates, it may have a material impact on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the following fiscal years.

The details and amount related to deferred tax assets are stated in Note “17. Income taxes.”

(iii) Fair value measurement of share-based payment transactions (23. Share-based payment)

Equity-settled share-based payments are estimated at fair value at the grant date and recognized as an expense over the vesting period in the consolidated statements of profit or loss, taking into account the estimated number of share options to be vested, and the corresponding amount is recognized as an increase in equity in the consolidated statements of financial position. The fair value of share options granted is determined using the Black-Scholes model, taking into account the terms and conditions of

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4. Significant accounting estimates and judgments (cont.)

the share options. These underlying figures may be affected by changes in uncertain future economic conditions, among other factors. If revisions to the assumptions become necessary, they may have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements for the following fiscal years.

The measurement of liabilities arising from share-based payments is stated in Notes “3. Significant accounting policies, (14) Share-based payment” and “23. Share-based payment.”

(iv) Lease term (16. Leases)

The Group determines the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with both periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Group is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. Specifically, the Group estimates the lease term by considering whether there is an option to extend or terminate the lease, how likely the option will be exercised, whether there are termination penalties, and other factors. These may cause significant revisions to the amounts of right-of-use assets, lease liabilities, and other items as a result of changes in uncertain future economic conditions, the outcome of negotiations upon contract renewal, or other events.

The details of the determination of the lease term are provided in Note “3. Significant accounting policies, (9) Leases.” The details and amounts of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are provided in Note “16. Leases.”

(v) Measurement of the fair value of financial assets classified as Level 3 (32. Fair value of financial instruments)

The fair value of structured bonds, which are financial assets classified as Level 3, is determined based on prices quoted by correspondent financial institutions. The fair values of unlisted equity securities and investments in capital are determined based on inputs reasonably available to the Group by using appropriate valuation techniques such as the comparable multiple valuation method. Certain illiquidity discounts and other factors are considered as necessary. These may be affected by changes in uncertain future economic conditions and are exposed to a future risk of significant revisions to the amount of Level 3 financial assets measured at fair value.

The details of the fair value measurement of financial instruments and the amounts thereof are provided in Note “32. Fair value of financial instruments.”

(vi) Measurement of provisions (19. Provisions)

The Group recognizes asset retirement obligations as provisions in the consolidated statements of financial position. Asset retirement obligations are measured at the present value of the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligations reflecting risks and uncertainties at the end of the reporting period, discounted using a pre-tax rate that reflects the risk specific to the liability.

The amount of the expenditure required to settle the obligations is determined by comprehensively taking into account future possible outcomes, but may be affected by unexpected events and changes in circumstances. If the actual amount of the expenditure differs from the estimated amount or if the discount rate used in discounting the amount of the estimated expenditure changes materially due to changes in economic conditions and other factors, such difference or change may have a material impact on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the following fiscal year and onward.

The amounts of asset retirement obligations recognized are stated in Note “19. Provisions.”

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5. Segment information

(1) General information

This information is omitted because the Group operates a single segment of the Media Consulting Business.

(2) Information on products and services

The details are as stated in Note “24. Revenue.”

(3) Information for each geographical area

The breakdown of revenue and non-current assets by geographical area was as follows:

(i) Revenue from external customers

This information is omitted because revenue from external customers in Japan accounts for most of the Group’s revenue.

(ii) Non-current assets

This information is omitted because the amount of non-current assets located in Japan accounts for most of the amount of non-current assets reported in the consolidated statements of financial position.

(4) Information on major customers

This information is omitted because no revenue from a single external customer exceeds 10% of the Group’s revenue.

6. Cash and cash equivalents

The breakdown of cash and cash equivalents was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Date of transition (March 1, 2021) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Cash and deposits |  | 238,827 |  | 351,979 |  | 132,717
Total |  | 238,827 |  | 351,979 |  | 132,717

The balances of “Cash and cash equivalents” in the consolidated statements of financial position as of March 1, 2021 (date of transition), February 28, 2022 and 2023 agree with the corresponding ending balances of “Cash and cash equivalents” in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

There were no material cash and cash equivalents with restrictions on withdrawal as of March 1, 2021 (date of transition), February 28, 2022 and 2023.

Cash and cash equivalents are classified as financial assets measured at amortized cost.

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7. Trade and other receivables

The breakdown of trade and other receivable was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Date of transition (March 1, 2021) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Accounts receivable – trade |  | 609,827 |  |  | 508,189 |  |  | 435,172 |
Notes receivable – trade |  | 13,103 |  |  | 38,337 |  |  | — |
Contract assets |  | 12,330 |  |  | 28,937 |  |  | 43,642 |
Accounts receivable – other |  | 30,752 |  |  | 20,276 |  |  | 2,901 |
Other |  | 11,979 |  |  | 6,601 |  |  | 27,424 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | (2,037 | ) |  | (325 | ) |  | (379 | )
Total |  | 675,956 |  |  | 602,016 |  |  | 508,761 |

Trade and other receivables are classified as financial assets measured at amortized cost.

8. Other financial assets

(1) The breakdown of other financial assets was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Date of transition (March 1, 2021) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Other financial assets (current): |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Structured bonds |  | 104,520 |  | — |  | 23,978
Financial assets measured at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term loans receivable |  | — |  | — |  | 3,000
Total |  | 104,520 |  | — |  | 26,978
Other financial assets (non-current): |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities and investments in capital |  | 11,040 |  | 22,888 |  | 27,886
Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Structured bonds |  | — |  | — |  | 135,876
Financial assets measured at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasehold and guarantee deposits |  | 94,349 |  | 94,651 |  | 94,955
Total |  | 105,389 |  | 117,540 |  | 258,719

(2) Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

Shares and other securities are equity instruments and held for the purpose of expanding the Group’s revenue base by maintaining and strengthening relationships with business partners. Therefore, they are classified as financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.

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8. Other financial assets (cont.)

(i) Major issues and fair value

The major issues and fair value of equity financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income were as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
Investee |  | Date of transition (March 1, 2021) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
fermata Co., Ltd. |  | 5,000 |  | 9,041 |  | 9,870
CODEGYM Inc. |  | 5,000 |  | 7,067 |  | 7,017
STRACT, Inc. |  | — |  | — |  | 5,000
kiva corp. |  | — |  | — |  | 4,999
BI.Garage, Inc. |  | 1,000 |  | 1,000 |  | 1,000

(ii) Transfer to retained earnings

The Group reclassifies cumulative gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of equity financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income to retained earnings in case of derecognition. There are no cumulative gains or losses (net of tax) in other comprehensive income reclassified to retained earnings for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023.

9. Inventories

The breakdown of inventories was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Merchandise |  | 2,071 |  | 3,440 |  | 8,980
Supplies |  | — |  | — |  | 621
Work in progress |  | 24,342 |  | 8,302 |  | 18,030
Total |  | 26,413 |  | 11,742 |  | 27,631

There were no inventories that were expected to be sold later than 12 months from March 1, 2021, February 28, 2022 and 2023, inventories pledged as collateral for liabilities or inventories carried at fair value less cost to sell.

Inventories recognized as an expense during the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023 amounted to 2,196,845 thousand yen and 2,360,131 thousand yen, respectively.

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10. Other assets

The breakdown of other assets was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses |  | 48,637 |  | 57,733 |  | 54,029
Advance payments to suppliers |  | 19,213 |  | 21,217 |  | 10,512
Other |  | 193 |  | 259 |  | 273
Total |  | 68,044 |  | 79,210 |  | 64,815
Other non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term prepaid expenses |  | 3,543 |  | 3,053 |  | 7,713
Total |  | 3,543 |  | 3,053 |  | 7,713

11. Property, plant and equipment

(1) Changes

The cost, accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, and carrying amount of property, plant and equipment were as follows:

Carrying amount

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Buildings and accompanying facilities |  | Tools, furniture and fixtures |  | Total
Balance at March 1, 2021 |  | 1,220,886 |  |  | 51,297 |  |  | 1,272,184 |
Acquisition |  | 245 |  |  | 11,870 |  |  | 12,115 |
Depreciation |  | (141,664 | ) |  | (19,052 | ) |  | (160,717 | )
Sale or disposal |  | — |  |  | (279 | ) |  | (279 | )
Balance at February 28, 2022 |  | 1,079,467 |  |  | 43,836 |  |  | 1,123,302 |
Acquisition |  | 27,674 |  |  | 14,321 |  |  | 41,996 |
Depreciation |  | (141,668 | ) |  | (16,014 | ) |  | (157,683 | )
Other |  | 808 |  |  | — |  |  | 808 |
Balance at February 28, 2023 |  | 966,281 |  |  | 42,143 |  |  | 1,008,424 |

____________

Note: Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is included in “Cost of sales” and “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of profit or loss. “Other” represents the effect of changes in the estimate of asset retirement obligations.

Cost

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Buildings and accompanying facilities |  | Tools, furniture and fixtures |  | Total
Balance at March 1, 2021 |  | 1,281,106 |  | 160,841 |  | 1,441,948
Balance at February 28, 2022 |  | 1,281,351 |  | 167,760 |  | 1,449,112
Balance at February 28, 2023 |  | 1,309,834 |  | 181,869 |  | 1,491,704

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11. Property, plant and equipment (cont.)

Accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Buildings and accompanying facilities |  | Tools, furniture and fixtures |  | Total
Balance at March 1, 2021 |  | (60,219 | ) |  | (109,544 | ) |  | (169,764 | )
Balance at February 28, 2022 |  | (201,884 | ) |  | (123,925 | ) |  | (325,809 | )
Balance at February 28, 2023 |  | (343,553 | ) |  | (139,726 | ) |  | (483,279 | )

(2) Breakdown of the carrying amount of right-of-use assets

The carrying amount of right-of-use assets included in the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Buildings and accompanying facilities |  | Tools, furniture and fixtures |  | Total
Balance at March 1, 2021 |  | 1,174,960 |  | — |  | 1,174,960
Balance at February 28, 2022 |  | 1,038,392 |  | — |  | 1,038,392
Balance at February 28, 2023 |  | 930,307 |  | 3,474 |  | 933,781

____________

Note: An increase in right-of-use assets for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 was 31,928 thousand yen.

12. Intangible assets

(1) Changes

The cost, accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, and carrying amount of intangible assets were as follows:

Carrying amount

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Software |  | Software in progress |  | Other |  | Total
Balance at March 1, 2021 |  | 18,434 |  |  | — |  |  | 371 |  |  | 18,805 |
Acquisition |  | 40,599 |  |  | 25,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,856 |
Amortization |  | (8,575 | ) |  | — |  |  | (56 | ) |  | (8,631 | )
Balance at February 28, 2022 |  | 50,458 |  |  | 25,257 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 76,030 |
Acquisition |  | 35,594 |  |  | 32,603 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,197 |
Amortization |  | (23,748 | ) |  | — |  |  | (56 | ) |  | (23,805 | )
Transfer |  | 45,340 |  |  | (45,340 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at February 28, 2023 |  | 107,644 |  |  | 12,520 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 120,423 |

____________

Note: Amortization of intangible assets is included in “Cost of sales” and “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of profit or loss.

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12. Intangible assets (cont.)

Cost

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Software |  | Software in progress |  | Other |  | Total
March 1, 2021 |  | 113,708 |  | — |  | 563 |  | 114,271
February 28, 2022 |  | 154,307 |  | 25,257 |  | 563 |  | 180,128
February 28, 2023 |  | 235,241 |  | 12,520 |  | 563 |  | 248,326

Accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Software |  | Software in progress |  | Other |  | Total
March 1, 2021 |  | (95,273 | ) |  | — |  | (192 | ) |  | (95,466 | )
February 28, 2022 |  | (103,848 | ) |  | — |  | (249 | ) |  | (104,097 | )
February 28, 2023 |  | (127,597 | ) |  | — |  | (305 | ) |  | (127,903 | )

(2) Individually significant intangible assets

An individually significant intangible asset recorded in the consolidated statements of financial position as of February 28, 2023 is software for the operating system of CoSTORY, a service operated by the Company, and the carrying amount of which was 39,275 thousand yen. The remaining amortization period of the intangible asset as of February 28, 2023 was four years.

13. Trade and other payables

The breakdown of trade and other payables was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Accounts payable – trade |  | 189,775 |  | 164,358 |  | 206,471
Accounts payable – other |  | 82,920 |  | 69,813 |  | 63,709
Other |  | 39,199 |  | 54,868 |  | 31,746
Total |  | 311,896 |  | 289,041 |  | 301,927

Trade and other payables are classified as financial liabilities measured at amortized cost.

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14. Other financial liabilities

The breakdown of other financial liabilities was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Other financial liabilities (current): |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease liabilities |  | 127,176 |  | 127,863 |  | 102,938
Total |  | 127,176 |  | 127,863 |  | 102,938
Other financial liabilities (non-current): |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease liabilities |  | 977,986 |  | 850,123 |  | 778,758
Total |  | 977,986 |  | 850,123 |  | 778,758

15. Bonds and borrowings

The breakdown of bonds and borrowings was as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen, %)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023 |  | Average interest rate |  | Due date
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | 500,000 |  | 378,400 |  | 456,800 |  | 0.58 | % |  | —
Current portion of bonds |  | 42,600 |  | 42,600 |  | 42,600 |  | 0.69 | % |  | —
Current portion of long-term borrowings |  | 4,008 |  | 4,008 |  | 4,008 |  | 0.00 | % |  | —
Total |  | 546,608 |  | 425,008 |  | 503,408 |  |  |  |  |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds payable |  | 128,112 |  | 86,168 |  | 44,036 |  | 0.69 | % |  | Oct. 2024
Borrowings |  | 34,656 |  | 30,314 |  | 26,306 |  | 0.00 | % |  | Sep. 2030
Total |  | 162,768 |  | 116,482 |  | 70,342 |  |  |  |  |

____________

Note: The average interest rates represent the weighted average interest rates applicable to the ending balances of borrowings, etc.

Bonds and borrowings are classified as financial liabilities measured at amortized cost.

Summary of terms and conditions of the bonds issued was as follows.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen, %)
Company |  | Series |  | Issuance date |  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023 |  | Average interest rate |  | Guarantee |  | Redemption due date
The company |  | 1 st Series of Unsecured Straight Corporate Bonds |  | October 31 2017 |  | 170,712 |  | 128,768 |  | 86,636 |  | 0.69 | % |  | Nil |  | October 31 2024
Total |  |  |  |  |  | 170,712 |  | 128,768 |  | 86,636 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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16. Leases

Leases as lessee

(1) Overview

The Group leases mainly offices and office equipment. There are no significant purchase options, escalation clauses, or restrictions under lease contracts (such as limits on dividends, additional borrowings, and additional leasing).

(2) Amounts recognized in profit or loss

The breakdown of profit or loss on leases was as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Depreciation of right-of-use assets |  |  |  |
Buildings |  | 136,567 |  | 136,567
Tools, furniture and fixtures |  | — |  | 709
Total |  | 136,567 |  | 137,276
Finance costs |  |  |  |
Interest expense on lease liabilities |  | 7,174 |  | 6,487
Lease expense |  |  |  |
Expense relating to leases of low-value assets |  | 3,549 |  | 4,120

(3) Total cash outflow

Total cash outflow for leases was as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Total cash outflow for leases |  | 137,828 |  | 139,191

(4) Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities

The breakdown of, and an increase in, the carrying amount of right-of-use assets are presented in Note “11. Property, plant and equipment.”

In addition, the maturity analysis of lease liabilities is presented in Note “31. Financial instruments, (2) Financial risk management, (ii) Liquidity risk management.”

(5) Extension options and termination options

In the Group, each company is responsible for managing its leases, and the terms and conditions of leases are negotiated on a lease-by-lease basis and vary widely.

Extension options and termination options are mainly included in real estate leases for offices. The Group uses these terms and conditions when necessary to utilize its business.

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17. Income taxes

(1) Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities

The breakdown of , and changes in, the major causes for the occurrence of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities was as follows:

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022)

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Beginning balance |  | Amount recognized in profit or loss |  | Changes in other comprehensive income |  | Ending balance
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Enterprise tax payable |  | 393 |  |  | (393 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Employee benefit liabilities |  | 22,614 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,378 |
Lease liabilities |  | 382,276 |  |  | (44,906 | ) |  | — |  |  | 337,369 |
Asset retirement obligations |  | 24,142 |  |  | (2,087 | ) |  | — |  |  | 22,054 |
Tax loss carryforwards |  | 7,373 |  |  | 6,984 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,358 |
Other |  | 2,871 |  |  | (999 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,871 |
Total |  | 439,670 |  |  | (38,638 | ) |  | — |  |  | 401,032 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other receivables |  | (1,991 | ) |  | (3,451 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,443 | )
Fixed assets |  | (3,609 | ) |  | (103 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,713 | )
Right-of-use assets |  | (406,418 | ) |  | 47,238 |  |  | — |  |  | (359,179 | )
Financial instruments |  | (1,819 | ) |  | 1,564 |  |  | (2,113 | ) |  | (2,368 | )
Total |  | (413,839 | ) |  | 45,247 |  |  | (2,113 | ) |  | (370,705 | )
Deferred tax assets, net |  | 25,830 |  |  | 6,609 |  |  | (2,113 | ) |  | 30,327 |

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Beginning balance |  | Amount recognized in profit or loss |  | Changes in other comprehensive income |  | Ending balance
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee benefit liabilities |  | 25,378 |  |  | 2,688 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,066 |
Lease liabilities |  | 337,369 |  |  | (35,400 | ) |  | — |  |  | 301,968 |
Asset retirement obligations |  | 22,054 |  |  | (1,807 | ) |  | — |  |  | 20,247 |
Tax loss carryforwards |  | 14,358 |  |  | (5,642 | ) |  | — |  |  | 8,715 |
Other |  | 1,871 |  |  | (267 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,604 |
Total |  | 401,032 |  |  | (40,429 | ) |  | — |  |  | 360,602 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other receivables |  | (5,443 | ) |  | 5,443 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fixed assets |  | (3,713 | ) |  | 199 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,513 | )
Right-of-use assets |  | (359,179 | ) |  | 37,666 |  |  | — |  |  | (321,513 | )
Financial instruments |  | (2,368 | ) |  | (3,688 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | (6,343 | )
Total |  | (370,705 | ) |  | 39,620 |  |  | (286 | ) |  | (331,370 | )
Deferred tax assets, net |  | 30,327 |  |  | (808 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | 29,232 |

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17. Income taxes (cont.)

(2) Unrecognized deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities (tax effect)

Tax loss carryforwards and deductible temporary differences for which no deferred tax assets were recognized were as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Tax loss carryforwards |  | 182,760 |  | 150,159 |  | 228,391
Deductible temporary differences |  | 61,575 |  | 49,584 |  | 60,807
Total |  | 244,335 |  | 199,743 |  | 289,198

The expiration schedule of tax loss carryforwards for which no deferred tax assets were recognized was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Over 1 year through 5 years |  | 12,425 |  | 47,954 |  | 77,449
Over 5 years |  | 170,335 |  | 102,204 |  | 150,941
Total |  | 182,760 |  | 150,159 |  | 228,391

The Group recognized deferred tax assets as of March 1, 2021, February 28, 2022 and 2023 to the extent that future taxable profit would be available. The recoverability of deferred tax assets was dependent on the availability of future taxable profit, but the Group deemed that deferred tax assets would be recoverable because future taxable profit was assumed based on the business plan approved by the management and the Group considered future taxable profit to be likely available in light of past plans and historical results.

(3) Income tax expense (benefit)

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Current tax expense (Note) |  | (413 | ) |  | 7,560
Deferred tax expense |  | (6,609 | ) |  | 808
Total |  | (7,022 | ) |  | 8,369

____________

Note: Current tax expense includes the amount of the benefit arising from a previously unrecognized tax loss, tax credit or temporary difference of a prior period. Accordingly, a decrease in current tax expense was 26,066 thousand yen for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022.

(4) Income taxes recognized in other comprehensive income

Income taxes recognized in other comprehensive income are presented in Note “28. Other comprehensive income.”

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17. Income taxes (cont.)

(5) Reconciliation of effective tax rate

Reconciliation between the statutory tax rate and the average effective tax rate was as follows: The effective tax rate represents the rate of income taxes applicable to the Group’s annual profit before tax.

|  |  |  | (%)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Statutory tax rate |  | 34.6 |  |  | 34.6 |
Non-deductible expense (Note) |  | 5.9 |  |  | (1.9 | )
Changes in unrecognized deferred tax assets |  | (49.8 | ) |  | (37.7 | )
Other |  | (1.9 | ) |  | 0.6 |
Effective tax rate |  | (11.3 | ) |  | (4.4 | )

____________

Notes: Non-deductible expense mainly comprises share-based payment expenses that are not deductible for tax purposes, such as expenses for share options.

18. Employee benefits

(1) Defined contribution pension plan

The Group adopted a defined contribution pension plan in October 2022. The amount recognized as an expense for the defined contribution pension plan for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 was 10,689 thousand yen.

(2) Employee benefit expenses

Employee benefit expenses included in “Cost of sales” and “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of profit or loss for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023 totaled 1,543,792 thousand yen and 1,552,690 thousand yen, respectively.

19. Provisions

The breakdown of and changes in provisions were as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Asset retirement obligations |  | Total
As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | 91,538 |  | 91,538
Increase during the period |  | — |  | —
Decrease during the period (intended use) |  | — |  | —
Decrease during the period (reversal) |  | — |  | —
Interest cost of unwinding the discount on the liabilities |  | 303 |  | 303
As of February 28, 2022 |  | 91,841 |  | 91,841
Increase during the period |  | 808 |  | 808
Decrease during the period (intended use) |  | — |  | —
Decrease during the period (reversal) |  | — |  | —
Interest cost of unwinding the discount on the liabilities |  | 304 |  | 304
As of February 28, 2023 |  | 92,954 |  | 92,954

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19. Provisions (cont.)

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Current liabilities |  | — |  | — |  | 30,261
Non-current liabilities |  | 91,538 |  | 91,841 |  | 62,692
Total |  | 91,538 |  | 91,841 |  | 92,954

Details of obligations of provisions were as follows:

Asset retirement obligations

Asset retirement obligations are mainly the restoration obligations associated with real estate leases for buildings. The asset retirement obligations were calculated using a discount rate with the estimate of expected use from 1 year to 15 years. The timing of paying the expenses will be subject to future business plans and other factors.

20. Other liabilities

The breakdown of other liabilities was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Paid leave liability |  | 98,748 |  | 94,858 |  | 100,468
Deposits received |  | 27,662 |  | 11,843 |  | 23,968
Total |  | 126,411 |  | 106,702 |  | 124,437
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Liability for length-of-service awards |  | 55,854 |  | 78,392 |  | 93,975
Total |  | 55,854 |  | 78,392 |  | 93,975

21. Share capital and other equity items

(1) Number of shares authorized and number of shares issued

Changes in the number of shares authorized and number of shares issued were as follows:

|  | (Shares)
|  | Number of shares authorized |  | Number of shares issued
As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | 7,035,600 |  | 1,758,900
Changes during the period |  | — |  | —
As of February 28, 2022 |  | 7,035,600 |  | 1,758,900
Changes during the period |  | — |  | —
As of February 28, 2023 |  | 7,035,600 |  | 1,758,900

____________

Notes: 1. The transfer of shares issued by the Company requires approval from the Board of Directors.

2. Shares issued by the Company are no par value common stock.

3. Shares issued were fully paid in.

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21. Share capital and other equity items (cont.)

(2) Capital surplus

Capital surplus consists of the following:

(i) Legal capital surplus

Under the Companies Act of Japan (hereinafter, the “Companies Act”), at least 50% of the amount paid-in or contributed for share issuance shall be credited to share capital, and the remainder shall be credited to legal capital surplus that is included in capital surplus.

The Companies Act also provides that legal capital surplus may be credited to share capital pursuant to a resolution at the shareholders’ meeting.

(ii) Other capital surplus

Other capital surplus is a surplus arising from certain equity transactions, the reversal of share capital and legal capital surplus, etc.

(iii) Share acquisition rights

The Company has adopted a share option plan as an incentive plan for directors, employees, and other individuals. An amount resulting from the exercise of share acquisition rights is an increase in equity recognized in connection with the share-based payment. The terms and conditions, amounts, and other details of the share-based payment are provided in Note “23. Share-based payment.”

(3) Other components of equity

Changes in other components of equity for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023 were as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | Total
Balance at March 1, 2021 |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income |  | 4,045 |  |  | 4,045 |
Disposal of treasury shares |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfer from other components of equity to retained earnings |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at February 28, 2022 |  | 4,045 |  |  | 4,045 |
Other comprehensive income |  | (5,287 | ) |  | (5,287 | )
Disposal of treasury shares |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfer from other components of equity to retained earnings |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at February 28, 2023 |  | (1,242 | ) |  | (1,242 | )

All the above amounts are those after tax.

(i) Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

These represent net unrealized gains or losses on the fair value of financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.

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21. Share capital and other equity items (cont.)

(4) Retained earnings

The Companies Act provides that 10% of the amount paid as the distribution of surplus shall be appropriated as legal capital surplus or as legal retained earnings until the aggregate amount of legal capital surplus and legal retained earnings equals 25% of share capital. Legal retained earnings accumulated may be used to eliminate or reduce a deficit. Further, legal retained earnings may be reversed pursuant to a resolution at the shareholders’ meeting.

22. Dividends

(1) Dividends paid

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022)

Not applicable.

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)

Not applicable.

(2) Dividends with a record date in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023, but an effective date in the following fiscal year

Not applicable.

23. Share-based payment

(1) Overview of a share-based compensation plan

The Group has adopted a share option plan as an incentive for directors, employees, and others. The exercise period of share options is the period defined in a share acquisition rights allotment agreement. If share options are not exercised within the period, they will be forfeited. In addition, if a grantee leaves the Company by a vesting date, the share options held by the grantee will be forfeited; provided, however, this shall not apply if permitted under the share acquisition rights allotment agreement.

(2) Share-based payment arrangements

Share-based payment arrangements that existed during the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 were as follows:

Class |  | 6th Series Class A Share Acquisition Rights |  | 6th Series Class B Share Acquisition Rights |  | 7th Series Share Acquisition Rights
Title and number of grantees (Persons) |  | 6 directors of the Company and its subsidiaries |  | 7 executive officers of subsidiaries of the Company 160 employees of the Company and its subsidiaries |  | 7 directors of the Company and its subsidiaries
Grant date |  | February 28, 2020 |  | March 31, 2020 |  | May 29, 2020
Number of shares granted (Shares) |  | 81,100 |  | 88,000 |  | 25,500
Exercise period |  | February 27, 2022 to February 27, 2029 |  | February 27, 2022 to February 27, 2029 |  | May 29, 2022 to May 27, 2030
Exercise price (Yen) |  | 300 |  | 300 |  | 430
Method of settlement |  | Equity-settled |  | Equity-settled |  | Equity-settled
Vesting conditions |  | Note 1 |  | Note 1 |  | Note 2

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23. Share-based payment (cont.)

Class |  | 8th Series Share Acquisition Rights |  | 9th Series Share Acquisition Rights
Title and number of grantees (Persons) |  | 4 directors and employees of subsidiaries of the Company |  | 10 directors and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries
Grant date |  | May 31, 2021 |  | May 31, 2022
Number of shares granted |  | 4,000 |  | 15,200
Exercise period |  | June 1, 2023 to May 31, 2031 |  | June 1, 2024 to May 27, 2032
Exercise price (Yen) |  | 430 |  | 500
Method of settlement |  | Equity-settled |  | Equity-settled
Vesting conditions |  | Note 3 |  | Note 4

____________

Notes: 1. (1) The grantees may exercise share acquisition rights from February 27, 2022 or the date on which the Company’s shares are listed at a financial instruments exchange in Japan or abroad, whichever is later.

(2) Those who hold share acquisition rights (hereinafter, “Share Acquisition Right Holder” or “Share Acquisition Right Holders”) may not exercise their rights if they lose their positions as director, executive officer and/or an employee of the Company and its subsidiaries.

(3) If a Share Acquisition Right Holder is deceased, only his or her heir(s) who have been deemed appropriate by the Board of Directors of the Company may exercise share acquisition rights.

(4) When a Share Acquisition Right Holder falls under any of the following, he or she will forfeit the right to exercise his or her share acquisition rights at or after the time specified in each of the following:

(i) If the Company’s shares are not listed at a financial instruments exchange in Japan or abroad by February 28, 2023 (including this date), the day following the date;

(ii) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder violates any provision of this agreement, the time when such violation occurs;

(iii) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder is dismissed from his or her position as a director or officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, the time when he or she is dismissed;

(iv) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder violates laws, regulations, or internal rules and regulations and is subject to disciplinary dismissal, resignation under instruction, or equivalent disciplinary action, the time when such disciplinary action is taken;

(v) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder becomes an officer, employee, agent, contract employee (including temporary worker), advisor, counselor, representative, or consultant of a company in a competitive relationship with the Company without obtaining written approval from the Company in advance, the time when such fact takes place;

(vi) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder is sentenced to imprisonment or severe penalty, the time when such sentence is imposed; or

(vii) If the Company determines at its own reasonable discretion that the Share Acquisition Right Holder has committed an act that has caused or is likely to cause a significant loss of public confidence in the Company or an adverse effect, the time when such decision is made by the Board of Directors of the Company.

2. (1) The grantees may exercise share acquisition rights from May 29, 2022 or the date on which the Company’s shares are listed at a financial instruments exchange in Japan or abroad, whichever is later.

(2) Those who hold share acquisition rights (hereinafter, “Share Acquisition Right Holder” or “Share Acquisition Right Holders”) may not exercise their rights if they lose their positions as director, executive officer and/or an employee of the Company and its subsidiaries.

(3) If a Share Acquisition Right Holder is deceased, only his or her heir(s) who have been deemed appropriate by the Board of Directors of the Company may exercise share acquisition rights.

(4) When a Share Acquisition Right Holder falls under any of the following, he or she will forfeit the right to exercise his or her share acquisition rights at or after the time specified in each of the following:

(i) If the Company’s shares are not listed at a financial instruments exchange in Japan or abroad by February 29, 2024 (including this date), the day following the date;

(ii) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder violates any provision of this agreement, the time when such violation occurs;

(iii) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder is dismissed from his or her position as a director or officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, the time when he or she is dismissed;

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23. Share-based payment (cont.)

(iv) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder violates laws, regulations, or internal rules and regulations and is subject to disciplinary dismissal, resignation under instruction, or equivalent disciplinary action, the time when such disciplinary action is taken;

(v) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder becomes an officer, employee, agent, contract employee (including temporary worker), advisor, counselor, representative, or consultant of a company in a competitive relationship with the Company without obtaining written approval from the Company in advance, the time when such fact takes place;

(vi) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder is sentenced to imprisonment or severe penalty, the time when such sentence is imposed; or

(vii) If the Company determines at its own reasonable discretion that the Share Acquisition Right Holder has committed an act that has caused or is likely to cause a significant loss of public confidence in the Company or an adverse effect, the time when such decision is made by the Board of Directors of the Company.

3. (1) The grantees may exercise share acquisition rights from June 1, 2023 or the date on which the Company’s shares are listed at a financial instruments exchange in Japan or abroad, whichever is later.

(2) Those who hold share acquisition rights (hereinafter, “Share Acquisition Right Holder” or “Share Acquisition Right Holders”) may not exercise their rights if they lose their positions as director, executive officer and/or an employee of the Company and its subsidiaries.

(3) If a Share Acquisition Right Holder is deceased, only his or her heir(s) who have been deemed appropriate by the Board of Directors of the Company may exercise share acquisition rights.

(4) When a Share Acquisition Right Holder falls under any of the following, he or she will forfeit the right to exercise his or her share acquisition rights at or after the time specified in each of the following:

(i) If the Company’s shares are not listed at a financial instruments exchange in Japan or abroad by February 28, 2025 (including this date), the day following the date;

(ii) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder violates any provision of this agreement, the time when such violation occurs;

(iii) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder is dismissed from his or her position as a director or officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, the time when he or she is dismissed;

(iv) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder violates laws, regulations, or internal rules and regulations and is subject to disciplinary dismissal, resignation under instruction, or equivalent disciplinary action, the time when such disciplinary action is taken;

(v) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder becomes an officer, employee, agent, contract employee (including temporary worker), advisor, counselor, representative, or consultant of a company in a competitive relationship with the Company without obtaining written approval from the Company in advance, the time when such fact takes place;

(vi) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder is sentenced to imprisonment or severe penalty, the time when such sentence is imposed; or

(vii) If the Company determines at its own reasonable discretion that the Share Acquisition Right Holder has committed an act that has caused or is likely to cause a significant loss of public confidence in the Company or an adverse effect, the time when such decision is made by the Board of Directors of the Company.

4. (1) The grantees may exercise share acquisition rights from June 1, 2024 or the date on which the Company’s shares are listed at a financial instruments exchange in Japan or abroad, whichever is later.

(2) Those who hold share acquisition rights (hereinafter, “Share Acquisition Right Holder” or “Share Acquisition Right Holders”) may not exercise their rights if they lose their positions as director, executive officer and/or an employee of the Company and its subsidiaries.

(3) If a Share Acquisition Right Holder is deceased, only his or her heir(s) who have been deemed appropriate by the Board of Directors of the Company may exercise share acquisition rights.

(4) When a Share Acquisition Right Holder falls under any of the following, he or she will forfeit the right to exercise his or her share acquisition rights at or after the time specified in each of the following:

(i) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder violates any provision of this agreement, the time when such violation occurs;

(ii) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder is dismissed from his or her position as a director or officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, the time when he or she is dismissed;

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23. Share-based payment (cont.)

(iii) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder violates laws, regulations, or internal rules and regulations and is subject to disciplinary dismissal, resignation under instruction, or equivalent disciplinary action, the time when such disciplinary action is taken;

(iv) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder becomes an officer, employee, agent, contract employee (including temporary worker), advisor, counselor, representative, or consultant of a company in a competitive relationship with the Company without obtaining written approval from the Company in advance, the time when such fact takes place;

(v) If the Share Acquisition Right Holder is sentenced to imprisonment or severe penalty, the time when such sentence is imposed; or

(vi) If the Company determines at its own reasonable discretion that the Share Acquisition Right Holder has committed an act that has caused or is likely to cause a significant loss of public confidence in the Company or an adverse effect, the time when such decision is made by the Board of Directors of the Company.

(3) Effect of share-based payment transactions on profit or loss

Share-based payment expenses recognized were as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Share-based payment expenses |  | 10,629 |  | 10,224

(4) Number and weighted average exercise prices of share options

The number and weighted average exercise prices of share options granted during the period were as follows: The number of share options was converted into and presented as the number of shares.

|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
|  | Number of options (Shares) |  | Weighted average exercise price (Yen) |  | Number of options (Shares) |  | Weighted average exercise price (Yen)
Outstanding at beginning of period |  | 192,600 |  | 317 |  | 189,600 |  | 320
Granted |  | 4,000 |  | 430 |  | 15,200 |  | 500
Forfeited |  | 7,000 |  | 300 |  | 4,500 |  | 322
Outstanding at end of period |  | 189,600 |  | 320 |  | 200,300 |  | 334
Exercisable at end of period |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —

____________

Note: The weighted average remaining contractual lives of share options outstanding as of February 28, 2022 and 2023 were 7.6 years and 6.8 years, respectively.

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23. Share-based payment (cont.)

(5) Fair value of share options granted and method of estimating it

The estimated fair value of one unit of share options was calculated using the Black-Scholes model.

|  | 8th Series Share Acquisition Rights |  | 9th Series Share Acquisition Rights
Estimated unit price (Yen) |  | 242.37 |  |  | 277.89
Exercise price (Yen) |  | 430 |  |  | 500
Expected volatility (%) |  | 63.7 |  |  | 62.4
Option life (Years) |  | 6.0 |  |  | 6.0
Expected dividends (%) |  | 0 |  |  | 0
Risk-free interest rate (%) |  | (0.071 | ) |  | 0.064

____________

Note 1: The expected volatility was estimated based on the historical volatility of listed entities similar to the Company.

Note 2: The weighted-average grant-date fair values of share acquisition rights that were granted during the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023 were 242.37 yen per share and 277.89 yen per share, respectively.

24. Revenue

(1) Disaggregation of revenue

The Group operates a single segment of the Media Consulting Business. The disaggregation of revenue recognized from contracts with customers was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
Services |  | Type of revenue |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Media services |  | Operation of owned media as well as distribution and sale of advertisements |  | 1,118,534 |  | 1,057,042
|  | Product promotion through affiliate advertising, etc. |  | 455,640 |  | 346,930
|  | Event-related operations |  | 82,620 |  | 116,020
Solution services |  | Communication design support services for corporate clients |  | 1,259,064 |  | 1,304,320
Innovation support services |  | New business development support services for corporate clients |  | 266,985 |  | 292,889
Other services |  | Advertising through external media Subscription, etc. |  | 137,754 |  | 151,292
Total |  |  |  | 3,320,600 |  | 3,268,495
Timing of revenue recognition |  |  |  |  |  |
Goods and services transferred at a point in time |  |  |  | 2,896,307 |  | 2,807,312
Services transferred over a period of time |  |  |  | 424,293 |  | 461,183
Total |  |  |  | 3,320,600 |  | 3,268,495

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24. Revenue (cont.)

(2) Contract balances

The breakdown of contract balances was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Receivables arising from contracts with customers (Note) |  | 620,893 |  | 546,201 |  | 434,792
Contract assets (Note) |  | 12,330 |  | 28,937 |  | 43,642
Contract liabilities |  | 21,252 |  | 53,130 |  | 53,294

____________

Note: Receivables and contract assets arising from contracts with customers are included in “Trade and other receivables” in the consolidated statements of financial position.

Contract assets relate to the Company’s rights to consideration for services for which it has fulfilled some or all of its performance obligations but not billed as of the end of the reporting period on contracts with customers. The contract assets are transferred to receivables when the rights become unconditional.

Contract liabilities are mainly advances received from customers and are transferred to revenue when the performance obligations under the contracts are satisfied. The amounts of revenue recognized during the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023 that were included in the respective beginning balance of contract liabilities amounted to 21,252 thousand yen and 53,130 thousand yen, respectively.

For the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023, there was no material revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods.

(3) Remaining performance obligations

Since the Group has no material transactions with individual expected contract terms exceeding one year, the practical expedient is applied and information on remaining performance obligations is omitted. In addition, there are no significant amounts in consideration from contracts with customers that are not included in transaction prices.

25. Cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses

Total of cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses by nature was as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Benefit expenses for employees and officers |  | 1,543,792 |  | 1,552,690
System-related expenses |  | 231,199 |  | 260,508
Payment for manuscripts |  | 229,843 |  | 239,141
Compensation payment |  | 217,854 |  | 231,714
Depreciation and amortization |  | 169,348 |  | 181,488
Outsourcing expenses |  | 149,451 |  | 192,308
Other |  | 716,562 |  | 802,318
Total |  | 3,258,052 |  | 3,460,169

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26. Other income and expenses

The breakdown of other income was as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Rent income |  | 625 |  | 955
Subsidy income |  | 365 |  | 771
Compensation income |  | 516 |  | —
Gain on sale of fixed assets |  | 304 |  | —
Other |  | 262 |  | 74
Total |  | 2,074 |  | 1,800

The breakdown of other expenses was as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Guarantee commission |  | 442 |  | 323
Loss on sale of fixed assets |  | 98 |  | —
Other |  | 62 |  | 70
Total |  | 603 |  | 393

27. Finance income and finance costs

The breakdown of finance income was as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Interest income |  |  |  |
Financial assets measured at amortized cost |  | 1,819 |  | 321
Net change in fair value of financial assets |  |  |  |
Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss |  | — |  | 9,855
Gain on redemption of securities |  |  |  |
Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss |  | 6,459 |  | —
Foreign exchange gains |  | 1,224 |  | —
Total |  | 9,503 |  | 10,176

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27. Finance income and finance costs (cont.)

The breakdown of finance costs was as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Interest expenses |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost |  | 3,630 |  | 3,244
Lease liabilities |  | 7,174 |  | 6,487
Foreign exchange losses |  | — |  | 1,133
Other |  | 303 |  | 537
Total |  | 11,107 |  | 11,402

28. Other comprehensive income

Amounts arising during the year, reclassification adjustment to profit or loss, and tax effects by item included in other comprehensive income were as follows:

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022)

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Amount arising during the year |  | Amount before income tax effect |  | Income tax effect |  | Amount after income tax effect
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | (6,158 | ) |  | (6,158 | ) |  | (2,113 | ) |  | 4,045
Total of items |  | (6,158 | ) |  | (6,158 | ) |  | (2,113 | ) |  | 4,045
Total other comprehensive income |  | (6,158 | ) |  | (6,158 | ) |  | (2,113 | ) |  | 4,045

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Amount arising during the year |  | Amount before income tax effect |  | Income tax effect |  | Amount after income tax effect
Items that will be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | (5,000 | ) |  | (5,000 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | (5,287 | )
Total of items |  | (5,000 | ) |  | (5,000 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | (5,287 | )
Total other comprehensive income |  | (5,000 | ) |  | (5,000 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | (5,287 | )

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29. Earnings per share

(1) Basis of calculating basic earnings per share

Basis of calculating basic earnings per share was as follows:

|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Profit attributable to common shareholders of parent |  |  |  |  |
Profit (loss) attributable to owners of parent (Thousands of yen) |  | 69,437 |  | (199,863 | )
Profit not attributable to common shareholders of parent (Thousands of yen) |  | — |  | — |
Profit (loss) used to calculate basic earnings per share (Thousands of yen) |  | 69,437 |  | (199,863 | )
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock issued (Shares) |  | 1,758,900 |  | 1,758,900 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share (Yen) |  | 39.48 |  | (113.63 | )

(2) Basis of calculating diluted earnings per share

Basis of calculating diluted earnings per share was as follows:

|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Diluted profit attributable to common shareholders of parent |  |  |  |  |
Profit (loss) used to calculate basic earnings per share (Thousands of yen) |  | 69,437 |  | (199,863 | )
Adjustment to profit (Thousands of yen) |  | — |  | — |
Profit (loss) used to calculate diluted earnings per share (Thousands of yen) |  | 69,437 |  | (199,863 | )
Weighted-average number of shares of common stock issued (Shares) |  | 1,758,900 |  | 1,758,900 |
Adjustment |  |  |  |  |
Share acquisition rights (Note) |  | — |  | — |
Total |  | 1,758,900 |  | 1,758,900 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share (Yen) |  | 39.48 |  | (113.63 | )

____________

(Note) Share acquisition rights were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share because they are anti-dilutive for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023.

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30. Cash flow information

(1) Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities were as follows:

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022)

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 |  | Changes with cash flows |  | Changes without cash flows |  | As of February 28, 2022
Changes due to application of amortized cost method |  | New leases and contract amendments |
Lease liabilities |  | 1,105,163 |  | (127,176 | ) |  | — |  | — |  | 977,986
Bonds |  | 170,712 |  | (42,600 | ) |  | 656 |  | — |  | 128,768
Short-term borrowings |  | 500,000 |  | (121,600 | ) |  | — |  | — |  | 378,400
Long-term borrowings |  | 38,664 |  | (4,342 | ) |  | — |  | — |  | 34,322
Total |  | 1,814,539 |  | (295,718 | ) |  | 656 |  | — |  | 1,519,477

____________

(*) “Long-term borrowings” includes a current portion.

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2022 |  | Changes with cash flows |  | Changes without cash flows |  | As of February 28, 2023
Changes due to application of amortized cost method |  | New leases and contract amendments |
Lease liabilities |  | 977,986 |  | (128,643 | ) |  | — |  | 32,354 |  | 881,697
Bonds |  | 128,768 |  | (42,600 | ) |  | 467 |  | — |  | 86,636
Short-term borrowings |  | 378,400 |  | 78,400 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 456,800
Long-term borrowings |  | 34,322 |  | (4,008 | ) |  | — |  | — |  | 30,314
Total |  | 1,519,477 |  | (96,851 | ) |  | 467 |  | 32,354 |  | 1,455,448

____________

(*) “Long-term borrowings” includes a current portion.

(2) Significant non-cash transactions

The details of significant non-cash transactions were as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Increase in right-of-use assets pertaining to lease transactions |  | — |  | 31,928

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31. Financial instruments

(1) Capital management

In order to achieve sustainable growth and increase corporate value over the medium to long term, the Group, in its capital management, emphasizes securing adequate funding for business activities and financial soundness. In doing so, particular attention is paid to cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operating activities and interest-bearing debt to expand our growth base and advance business areas as well as to secure funds for business operations, and these indicators are regularly reported to management for monitoring purposes.

There are no significant capital regulations (other than general provisions of the Companies Act and other laws) to which the Group is subject.

(2) Financial risk management

The Group is exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk, and market risk as financial risks in the course of performing business activities, and implements risk management to mitigate such financial risks. The Group has the policy of not to engage in speculative transactions in the management of funds. The Company invests in companies that contribute to the expansion of its business, and continuously monitors the financial conditions of these investees to avoid or reduce risks.

(i) Credit risk management

Credit risk is the risk of a financial loss that the Group will incur from a default of a contractual obligation by a counterparty of financial assets held by the Group. The Group’s exposure to credit risk arises primarily from trade receivables from the Group’s customers. The Group manages due dates and outstanding balances for each customer, and works to early detect deterioration of financial conditions of customers to mitigate the risk.

The carrying amount of financial assets presented in the consolidated financial statements represents the maximum exposure to credit risk of financial assets held by the Group. The Group’s receivables are from a large number of counterparties and the Group has no excessive credit risk concentrated on a single counterparty or a group to which such counterparty belongs. The Group holds no properties as collateral or other credit enhancements with respect to its exposure to credit risks.

The Group has not recognized any significant credit losses on trade receivables or other financial assets in prior years.

(a) Changes in loss allowance

The Group applies the simplified approach for expected credit losses prescribed by IFRS 9, and measures the loss allowance for all trade and other receivables at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses.

Changes in allowance for doubtful accounts related to trade receivables were as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Beginning balance |  | 2,037 |  |  | 325 |
Increase during the period |  | 325 |  |  | 379 |
Decrease during the period (intended use) |  | (1,499 | ) |  | — |
Other |  | (537 | ) |  | (325 | )
Ending balance |  | 325 |  |  | 379 |

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31. Financial instruments (cont.)

(b) Changes in carrying amount of trade receivables

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Beginning balance |  | 675,956 |  |  | 602,016 |
Amount recognized and derecognized during the period |  | (73,940 | ) |  | (93,254 | )
Ending balance |  | 602,016 |  |  | 508,761 |

(ii) Liquidity risk management

Liquidity risk is the risk of encountering difficulties in meeting obligations associated with financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The Group raises necessary funds from funds on hand and financial institutions such as banks. However, these liabilities are exposed to liquidity risk, such as failure to repay by the due date because of deterioration of the Group’s financial condition and funding environments, and other factors.

The Group manages liquidity risk by developing and updating cash management plans in a timely manner, maintaining liquidity on hand to avoid shortfalls in scheduled required payments even under unforeseen circumstances, and securing funds in a systematic manner to repay financial liabilities. In addition, to mitigate this risk, the Group monitors the cash flow status and projections as needed and has overdraft agreements with financial institutions.

Financial liabilities by due date

The breakdown of finance liabilities by due date was as follows:

As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Carrying amount |  | Contractual cash flows |  | Within 1 year |  | Over 1 year through 5 years |  | Over 5 years
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  | 311,896 |  | 311,896 |  | 311,896 |  | — |  | —
Bonds and borrowings |  | 709,376 |  | 710,864 |  | 546,608 |  | 145,632 |  | 18,624
Other financial liabilities |  | 1,105,163 |  | 1,149,367 |  | 134,351 |  | 418,589 |  | 596,427
Total |  | 2,126,436 |  | 2,172,128 |  | 992,855 |  | 564,221 |  | 615,051

____________

Note: “Bonds and borrowings” includes current portions.

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31. Financial instruments (cont.)

As of February 28, 2022

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Carrying amount |  | Contractual cash flows |  | Within 1 year |  | Over 1 year through 5 years |  | Over 5 years
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  | 289,041 |  | 289,041 |  | 289,041 |  | — |  | —
Bonds and borrowings |  | 541,490 |  | 542,322 |  | 425,008 |  | 103,032 |  | 14,282
Other financial liabilities |  | 977,986 |  | 1,015,016 |  | 134,351 |  | 372,596 |  | 508,069
Total |  | 1,808,518 |  | 1,846,379 |  | 848,400 |  | 475,628 |  | 522,351

____________

Note: “Bonds and borrowings” includes current portions.

As of February 28, 2023

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Carrying amount |  | Contractual cash flows |  | Within 1 year |  | Over 1 year through 5 years |  | Over 5 years
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  | 301,927 |  | 301,927 |  | 301,927 |  | — |  | —
Bonds and borrowings |  | 573,750 |  | 574,114 |  | 503,408 |  | 60,432 |  | 10,274
Other financial liabilities |  | 881,697 |  | 925,252 |  | 111,075 |  | 373,735 |  | 440,441
Total |  | 1,757,376 |  | 1,801,294 |  | 916,411 |  | 434,167 |  | 450,715

____________

Note: “Bonds and borrowings” includes current portions.

(iii) Market risk management

Market risk is the risk of loss resulting from fluctuations in the economic and financial environment. The Group is exposed to market risks such as exchange rate fluctuations on foreign currency denominated transactions, etc., and interest rate fluctuations associated with financing and other transactions.

Foreign exchange risk

(a) Foreign exchange risk management

The Group engages in business transactions denominated in foreign currencies and is exposed to the risk of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. To manage such risks, the Group continuously monitors foreign exchange rates.

(b) Exposure to foreign exchange fluctuation risk

The net exposure to foreign exchange fluctuation risk was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
U.S. Dollar |  | 13,810 |  | 15,562 |  | 60,985

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31. Financial instruments (cont.)

(c) Foreign exchange sensitivity analysis

For financial instruments denominated in foreign currencies held by the Group as of February 28, 2022 and 2023, the impact on profit or loss in the consolidated statements of profit or loss in the event of a 1.0% depreciation of Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar was as follows. The analysis assumes that all other variables are held constant. The exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations in all other currencies other than the U.S. dollar is not material.

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Profit or loss |  | (101 | ) |  | (398 | )

Interest rate risk

(a) Interest rate risk management

The Group uses financial instruments with interest rate fluctuation risk to raise funds for working capital and capital investment as well as to manage short-term surplus funds. To mitigate such risks, the Group maintains an appropriate balance between fixed and floating interest rates on borrowings.

(b) Exposure to interest rate fluctuation risk

The Group’s exposure to interest rate fluctuation risk was as follows:

|  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Borrowings with floating rates |  | 674,720 |  | 511,176 |  | 547,444

(c) Interest rate sensitivity analysis

For financial instruments held by the Group as of February 28, 2022 and 2023, the impact on profit or loss in the consolidated statements of profit or loss in the event of a 1% increase in interest rates was as follows. The analysis assumes that all other variables are held constant.

In the analysis, the net year-end balance of financial instruments exposed to interest rate fluctuations is multiplied by 1% to calculate the impact.

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Profit or loss |  | (3,343 | ) |  | (3,580 | )

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32. Fair value of financial instruments

(1) Classification of financial instruments by level in the fair value hierarchy

Financial instruments measured at fair value are classified from Level 1 to Level 3 according to the observability and materiality of inputs used to measure fair value. In this classification, the fair value hierarchy is defined as follows:

Level 1: Fair value measured at quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities

Level 2: Fair value measured using directly or indirectly observable prices other than Level 1 inputs

Level 3: Fair value measured using valuation techniques that include unobservable inputs

(2) Financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis

(i) Fair value measurement by level of fair value hierarchy

The breakdown of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, classified by fair value hierarchy level, was as follows:

As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition)

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Structured bonds |  | — |  | — |  | 104,520 |  | 104,520
Equity securities and investments in capital |  | — |  | — |  | 11,040 |  | 11,040
Total |  | — |  | — |  | 115,560 |  | 115,560

As of February 28, 2022

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Structured bonds |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Equity securities and investments in capital |  | — |  | — |  | 22,888 |  | 22,888
Total |  | — |  | — |  | 22,888 |  | 22,888

As of February 28, 2023

|  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Structured bonds |  | — |  | — |  | 159,855 |  | 159,855
Equity securities and investments in capital |  | — |  | — |  | 27,886 |  | 27,886
Total |  | — |  | — |  | 187,741 |  | 187,741

Whether or not there are financial instruments with significant transfers between levels is determined at the end of each reporting period.

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32. Fair value of financial instruments (cont.)

(ii) Fair value measurement method

The fair value of financial assets is determined as follows:

Financial assets classified as Level 3

Financial instruments classified as Level 3 are structured bonds, unlisted equity securities and investments in capital. The fair value of structured bonds is determined based on prices quoted by correspondent financial institutions. The fair values of unlisted equity securities and investments in capital are determined based on reasonably available inputs, using appropriate valuation techniques such as transaction case approach. Certain illiquidity discounts and other factors are considered as necessary.

Significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of structured bonds are the parameters and other information on which the counterparty financial institution bases its price calculations, and changes in such information may increase or decrease their fair value. The financial instruments classified as Level 3 are not expected to significantly change their fair value in case the unobservable inputs are changed to reasonably possible alternative assumptions.

For financial instruments classified as Level 3, an evaluator determines the valuation method of the subject financial instruments and measures the fair value in accordance with the valuation policy and procedures on fair value measurement covering valuation methods approved by a person with proper authority. The measurement result is reviewed and approved by a person with proper authority.

(iii) Reconciliation of the beginning balance to the ending balance of financial assets classified as Level 3

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Beginning balance |  | 115,560 |  |  | 22,888 |
Acquisition |  | 5,729 |  |  | 159,999 |
Sale |  | (104,560 | ) |  | — |
Total gain (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit (loss) (Note 1) |  | — |  |  | 9,855 |
Other comprehensive income (Note 2) |  | 6,158 |  |  | (5,000 | )
Ending balance |  | 22,888 |  |  | 187,741 |

____________

Notes: 1. Gain (loss) included in profit (loss) relates to financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss as of the end of the reporting period. Such profit (loss) is included in “Finance income” and “Finance costs” in the consolidated statements of profit or loss.

2. Gain (loss) included in other comprehensive income relates to financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income as of the end of the reporting period. Such gain (loss) is included in “Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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32. Fair value of financial instruments (cont.)

(3) Fair value of financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following is a fair value analysis of financial instruments whose carrying amount is the amount initially recognized. Financial instruments whose carrying amount approximates their fair value are not included in the table below. The fair value of bonds payable with floating rates reflecting short-term interest rates, are measured at book value, considering the carrying amounts approximate to the fair value, as the Company’s credit conditions do not fluctuate significantly from having the bonds payable.

(i) Comparison table between fair value and carrying value

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
|  | Carrying amount |  | Fair value |  | Carrying amount |  | Fair value |  | Carrying amount |  | Fair value
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasehold and guarantee deposits |  | 94,349 |  | 94,082 |  | 94,651 |  | 93,999 |  | 94,955 |  | 91,369
Total |  | 94,349 |  | 94,082 |  | 94,651 |  | 93,999 |  | 94,955 |  | 91,369
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds and borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term borrowings |  | 38,664 |  | 37,429 |  | 34,322 |  | 33,312 |  | 30,314 |  | 29,151
Total |  | 38,664 |  | 37,429 |  | 34,322 |  | 33,312 |  | 30,314 |  | 29,151

____________

Notes: 1. Of “Other financial instruments” under “Non-current assets” in the consolidated statements of financial position, information on leasehold and guarantee deposits is provided.

2. Of “Bonds and borrowings” under “Non-current assets” in the consolidated statements of financial position, information on long-term borrowings is provided.

3. “Long-term borrowings” includes a current portion.

(ii) Fair value measurement method of financial assets and liabilities

(a) Leasehold and guarantee deposits

The fair value of leasehold and guarantee deposits is measured at present value by discounting the amount recoverable from the leasehold deposits based on the estimated redemption schedule at the yield of a long-term, highly secure bond, and is classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

(b) Long-term borrowings

Long-term borrowings are at fixed interest rates and the fair value is measured at present value by discounting the sum of principal and interest over the remaining period at the Group’s incremental borrowing rate. Such fair value is classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

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33. Significant subsidiaries

(1) Status of subsidiaries

Major subsidiaries as of February 28, 2023 were as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  | Ownership ratio of voting rights (%)
Company name |  | Location |  | Reportable segments |  | Date of transition (March 1, 2021) |  | As of February 28, 2022 |  | As of February 28, 2023
Mediagene Inc. (Note) |  | Japan |  | Media Consulting Business |  | 100 |  | 100 |  | —
INFOBAHN Inc. |  | Japan |  | Media Consulting Business |  | 100 |  | 100 |  | 100

____________

Note: On March 1, 2022, the Company conducted an absorption-type merger, with INFOBAHN GROUP INC. as a surviving company and a then-subsidiary Mediagene Inc. as a dissolving company, and was renamed to Mediagene Inc. on the same day.

(2) Subsidiaries with material non-controlling interests

There was no subsidiaries with material non-controlling interests.

34. Related parties

(1) Transactions with related parties

Transactions between the Group and related parties and the balances of receivables and payables were as follows. Although the Group’s subsidiaries are the Company’s related parties, transactions with the subsidiaries are not disclosed in the notes because they were eliminated for the purpose of preparing

As of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition).

Type |  | Name of company, etc. |  | Location |  | Share capital or investments in capital (Thousands of yen) |  | Line of business or job description |  | Ownership (owned) ratio of voting rights (%) |  | Relations with related parties |  | Nature of transactions |  | Account |  | Ending balance (Thousands of yen)
Officers and m ajor sha reholders |  | FAN Communications, Inc. |  | Japan |  | 1,173,670 |  | Affiliate advertising business |  | (Owned ratio) 10.69% |  | Supplier |  | Purchase |  | Accounts payable – trade |  | 17,136

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022)

Type |  | Name of company, etc. |  | Location |  | Share capital or investments in capital (Thousands of yen) |  | Line of business or job description |  | Ownership (owned) ratio of voting rights (%) |  | Relations with related parties |  | Nature of transactions |  | Transaction amount (Thousands of yen) |  | Account |  | Ending balance (Thousands of yen)
Officers and major shareholders |  | FAN Communications, Inc. |  | Japan |  | 1,173,670 |  | Affiliate advertising business |  | (Owned ratio) 10.69% |  | Supplier |  | Purchase |  | 27,516 |  | Accounts payable – trade |  | 17,136

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34. Related parties (cont.)

Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)

Type |  | Name of company, etc. |  | Location |  | Share capital or investments in capital (Thousands of yen) |  | Line of business or job description |  | Ownership (owned) ratio of voting rights (%) |  | Relations with related parties |  | Nature of transactions |  | Transaction amount (Thousands of yen) |  | Account |  | Ending balance (Thousands of yen)
Officers and major shareholders |  | FAN Communications, Inc. |  | Japan |  | 1,173,670 |  | Affiliate advertising business |  | (Owned ratio) 10.69% |  | Supplier |  | Purchase |  | 3,299 |  | — |  | —

____________

Note: Terms and conditions of transactions and decision of terms and conditions of transactions

Transactions with related parties are determined after price negotiations in consideration of market prices and other factors. As of March 1, 2021, February 28, 2022 and 2023, there were no collateral or guarantee transactions.

(2) Compensation for key management personnel

We have defined directors (excluding outside directors) as key management personnel of the Company. Compensation for key management personnel for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2022 and 2023 was as follows:

|  | (Thousands of yen)
|  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2022 (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022) |  | Fiscal year ended February 28, 2023 (March 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023)
Short-term benefit |  | 44,025 |  | 56,420
Share-based compensation |  | 10,811 |  | 6,672
Total |  | 54,836 |  | 63,092

35. Subsequent events

(1) Exercise of share acquisition rights

As 175,700 units of share acquisition rights were exercised during May 2023, the Company newly issued 175,700 shares at an issue price equal to the exercise price. The transaction caused share capital and legal capital surplus to increase by 28,012 thousand yen and 28,012 thousand yen, respectively.

(2) Business Combination through share exchange

As of March 17, 2023, the Company signed a memorandum of Understanding with The News Lens Co. Ltd., a private limited company domiciled in the Cayman Islands (hereinafter, “TNL”), whereby the two companies agreed to Business Combination through share exchange. Specifically, effective on May 26, 2023, the Company became a group company of the TNL Group through Business Combination by way of share exchange with “TNL Mediagene,” a preparatory company for share exchange established by TNL, with “TNL Mediagene” as the parent company for share exchange and the Company as the wholly owned subsidiary for share exchange.

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35. Subsequent events (cont.)

The share exchange ratio is based on the ratio agreed upon by those parties to the Business Combination. This is the Business Combination in which the Company becomes the wholly owned subsidiary for share exchange, and therefore, neither pays nor receives compensation to/from TNL.

Our parent company TNL was renamed to TNL Mediagene Co., Ltd. (hereinafter, “TNLMG”) as of June 6, 2023. TNLMG has agreed to list on NASDAQ through business combination with Blue Ocean Acquisition Corporation, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC).

Details of share exchange with TNL

|  | TNL (the parent company for share exchange) |  | The Company (the wholly owned subsidiary for share exchange)
Share exchange ratio |  | 42.6% |  | 57.4%
Number of shares delivered upon the share exchange |  | 1,939,300 shares of common stock issued by the Company

____________

Note: “Number of shares delivered upon the share exchange above” is presented based on the total number of shares issued as of May 26, 2023. This number came from the total number of shares issued as of February 28, 2023 of 1,758,900 shares plus an increase of 180,400 shares resulting from the exercise of share acquisition rights and a capital increase by third-party allotment to the Employee Stock Ownership Plan.

36. First-time adoption of IFRS

(1) Transition to IFRS-based financial reporting

The Group has started to disclose IFRS-based consolidated financial statements since the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023. The last Japanese GAAP-based consolidated financial statements were prepared for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2022. Accordingly, the date of transition to IFRS is March 1, 2021.

(2) Exemption under IFRS 1

IFRS requires that, in principle, a first-time adopter of IFRS (hereinafter, “first-time adopter”) retrospectively apply the requirements of IFRS. However, IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter, “IFRS 1”) sets out exemption provisions that are mandatorily and voluntarily applied to part of the requirements of IFRS. The effect of application of these exemption provisions is adjusted by retained earnings or other components of equity on the date of transition. The exemption provisions the Group has adopted upon its transition from Japanese GAAP to IFRS were as follows:

(i) Business combinations

A first-time adopter is permitted not to retrospectively apply IFRS 3 Business Combinations (hereinafter, “IFRS 3”) for business combinations that took place before the date of transition. The Group has adopted this exemption provision and has elected not to retrospectively apply IFRS 3 to business combinations that took place before the date of transition. As a result, goodwill arisen from business combinations that took place before the date of transition is stated at the carrying amount based on Japanese GAAP as at the date of transition.

Goodwill is tested for impairment as at the date of transition, regardless of whether there was any indication of its impairment.

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36. First-time adoption of IFRS (cont.)

(ii) Share-based compensation

Under IFRS 1, a first-time adopter is permitted to elect not to retrospectively apply IFRS 2 Share-based Payment (hereinafter, “IFRS 2”) to its share-based compensation granted after November 7, 2002 and vested before the later of the date of transition and January 1, 2005. The Group has elected not to apply IFRS 2 to its share-based compensation vested before the date of transition.

(iii) Leases

A first-time adopter is permitted to determine whether a contract existing at the date of transition contains a lease. A first-time adopter is also permitted to measure lease liabilities and right-of-use assets as at the date of transition as it recognizes them. For leases in which the lease term is short and the underlying assets are of low value, a first-time adopter is permitted not to recognize lease liabilities and right-of use assets.

The Group has adopted this exemption provision, and therefore, determines whether a contract contains a lease based on facts and circumstances that existed as at the date of transition. Except for leases in which the lease term is short and the underlying assets are low in value, the Group measures lease liabilities at the present value of the remaining lease payments discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate as of the date of transition, and measures right-of-use assets at the same amount as the lease liabilities.

(iv) Designation of financial instruments recognized before the date of transition

IFRS 1 permits a first-time adopter to classify financial instruments under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (hereinafter, “IFRS 9”) based on facts and circumstances as of the date of transition, rather than on facts and circumstances existing at the time of initial recognition. In addition, a first-time adopter is permitted to designate equity financial instruments as financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income based on facts and circumstances existing as of the date of transition.

The Group has elected to classify financial instruments under IFRS 9 based on facts and circumstances existing as at the date of transition.

(3) Mandatory exceptions under IFRS 1

IFRS 1 prohibits retrospective application of IFRS to estimates, derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities, hedge accounting, non-controlling interests, and classification and measurement of financial assets, etc. The Group has applied IFRS to these items prospectively from the date of transition to IFRS.

(4) Reconciliation from Japanese GAAP to IFRS

The reconciliations that a first-time adopter is required to disclose upon first-time adoption of IFRS were as follows.

“Reclassification” in the reconciliation schedule includes adjustments that do not affect retained earnings or comprehensive income, whereas “Recognition and measurement difference” include adjustments that affect retained earnings and comprehensive income.

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36. First-time adoption of IFRS (cont.)

Reconciliation of equity as of March 1, 2021 (Date of transition)