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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our company and our wholly owned subsidiaries, VitaMed, BocaGreen and VitaCare. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Cash | Cash We maintain cash at financial institutions that at times may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or the FDIC, insured limits of $250,000 per bank. We have never experienced any losses related to these funds.
Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Trade accounts receivable are customer obligations due under normal trade terms. We review accounts receivable for uncollectible accounts and credit card chargebacks and provide an allowance for doubtful accounts, which is based upon a review of outstanding receivables, historical collection information, and existing economic conditions. We evaluate trade accounts receivable aged more than 90 days for delinquency. We write off delinquent receivables against our allowance for doubtful accounts based on individual credit evaluations, the results of collection efforts, and specific circumstances of customers. We record recoveries of accounts previously written off when received as an increase in the allowance for doubtful accounts. To the extent data we use to calculate these estimates does not accurately reflect bad debts, adjustments to these reserves may be required. At December 31, 2019, four different customers represented 36%, 21%, 16% and 11% of our gross accounts receivable. At December 31, 2018, three different customers represented 42%, 24% and 13% of our gross accounts receivable.
Inventories | Inventories Inventories represent pharmaceutical products, packaged vitamins and raw materials which are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Our pharmaceutical products are valued using first in first out method and our vitamins are valued using the average-cost method. We review our inventory for excess or obsolete inventory and write-down obsolete or otherwise unmarketable inventory to its estimated net realizable value. Obsolescence may occur due to product expiring or product improvements rendering previous versions obsolete. Pre-Launch Inventory Pre-launch inventory costs associated with product candidates that have not yet received regulatory approval are capitalized if we believe there is probable future commercial use and future economic benefit. If the probability of future commercial use and future economic benefit cannot be reasonably determined, then pre-launch inventory costs associated with such product candidates are expensed as research and development expenses during the period the costs are incurred. We have not capitalized any pre-launch inventory to date.
Fixed Assets | Fixed Assets We state fixed assets at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. We charge maintenance costs, which do not significantly extend the useful lives of the respective assets, and repair costs to operating expenses as incurred. We compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their useful life or the term of the lease. We capitalize software and software development costs incurred to create and acquire computer software for internal use, principally related to software coding and application development. We begin to capitalize software development costs when both the preliminary project stage is completed and it is probable that the software will be used as intended. Capitalized software costs include only external direct costs and services utilized in developing or obtaining computer software. Capitalized software costs are amortized on a straight-line basis when placed into service over the estimated useful life, generally five to seven years.
Intangible Assets | Intangible Assets We have adopted the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, or ASC 350. Capitalized patent costs, net of accumulated amortization, include outside legal costs incurred for patent applications. In accordance with ASC 350, once a patent is granted, we amortize the capitalized patent costs over the remaining life of the patent using the straight-line method. If the patent is not granted, we write-off any capitalized patent costs at that time. As of December 31, 2019, we had 29 issued domestic, or U.S., patents and 30 issued foreign patents (See Note 6). We capitalize external costs, consisting primarily of legal costs, related to securing our trademarks. Trademarks are perpetual and are not amortized. We review intangible assets for impairment annually or when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets | Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We review the carrying values of fixed assets and long-lived intangible assets to be held and used for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. Such events or circumstances may include, among others, the following:
| ● | significant declines in an asset’s market price;
| ● | significant deterioration in an asset’s physical condition;
| ● | significant changes in the nature or extent of an asset’s use or operation;
| ● | significant adverse changes in the business climate that could impact an asset’s value, including adverse actions or assessments by regulators;
| ● | accumulation of costs significantly in excess of original expectations related to the acquisition or construction of an asset;
| ● | current-period operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of such losses or a forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with an asset’s use; and
| ● | expectations that it is more likely than not that an asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life.
If impairment indicators are present, we determine whether an impairment loss should be recognized by testing the applicable asset or asset group’s carrying value for recoverability. This test requires long-lived assets to be grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities, the determination of which requires judgment. We estimate the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated from the use and eventual disposal of the assets and compare that estimate to the respective carrying values in order to determine if such carrying values are recoverable. This assessment requires the exercise of judgment in assessing the future use of and projected value to be derived from the eventual disposal of the assets to be held and used. In our assessments, we also consider changes in asset utilization, including, if applicable, the temporary idling of capacity and the expected timing for placing this capacity back into production. If the carrying value of the assets is not recoverable, then we record a loss for the difference between the assets’ fair value and respective carrying values. We determine the fair value of the assets using an “income approach” based upon a forecast of all the expected discounted future net cash flows associated with the subject assets. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions include market size and growth, market share, projected selling prices, manufacturing cost, and discount rate. We base estimates upon historical experience, our commercial relationships, market conditions, and available external information about future trends. We believe our current assumptions and estimates are reasonable and appropriate. Unanticipated events and changes in market conditions, however, could affect such estimates, resulting in the need for an impairment charge in future periods. There was no impairment of long-lived assets to be held and used during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. We perform impairment tests for intangible assets with indefinite useful lives annually, in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of an intangible asset below its carrying value. The impairment test for assets with indefinite lives consists of a comparison of the fair value of the asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. We also evaluate the remaining useful life of intangible assets subject to amortization on a periodic basis to determine whether events and circumstances would indicate impairment or warrant a revision to the remaining useful life. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, we will amortize the remaining carrying value of the intangible asset prospectively over the revised remaining useful life.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and long term debt. The carrying amount of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their fair value because of the short-term maturity of such instruments, which are considered Level 1 assets under the fair value hierarchy. The carrying amount for long-term debt as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 (as disclosed in Note 8), approximates fair value based on market activity for other debt instruments with similar characteristics and comparable risk (Level 2). We categorize our assets and liabilities that are valued at fair value on a recurring basis into a three-level fair value hierarchy as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, or ASC 820. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). Assets and liabilities recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value are categorized based on a hierarchy of inputs, as follows:
| Level 1 | unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
| Level 2 | quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and
| Level 3 | unobservable inputs for the assets or liabilities.
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had no assets or liabilities that were valued at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value of indefinite-lived assets is measured on a non-recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) in connection with any required impairment test. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we wrote off $78,864 in costs related to trademarks and patents, including the net carrying amount of our OPERA software patent. There was no impairment of intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2018, and 2017.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the related temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates when the rate change is enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that will more likely than not be realized. In accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, we recognize the effect of uncertain income tax positions only if the positions are more likely than not of being sustained in an audit, based on the technical merits of the position. We measure recognized uncertain income tax positions using the largest amount that has a likelihood of being realized that is greater than 50%. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which those changes in judgment occur. We recognize both interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of the income tax provision. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had no tax positions relating to open tax returns that were considered to be uncertain. Our U.S. federal and state tax returns since 2011, which was the first year we generated net operating losses, remain open to examination.
Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation We measure the compensation costs of share-based compensation arrangements based on the grant-date fair value and recognize the costs in the financial statements over the period during which employees are required to provide services. Share-based compensation arrangements include options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance-based awards, share appreciation rights, and employee share purchase plans. We amortize such compensation amounts, if any, over the respective service periods of the award. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, or the Black-Scholes Model, an acceptable model in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, to value options. Option valuation models require the input of assumptions, including the expected life of the stock-based awards, the estimated stock price volatility, the risk-free interest rate, and the expected dividend yield. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon observed interest rates on zero coupon U.S. Treasury bonds whose maturity period is appropriate for the term of the instrument. Estimated volatility is a measure of the amount by which our stock price is expected to fluctuate each year during the term of the award. On January 1, 2017, we began using our own stock price in our volatility calculation along with the other peer entities whose stock prices were publicly available that were similar to our company and in 2019 we started using only our own stock price in the volatility calculation. Our calculation of estimated volatility is based on historical stock prices over a period equal to the expected term of the awards. The average expected life of options is based on the contractual terms of the stock option using the simplified method. We utilize a dividend yield of zero based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and have no current intention to pay cash dividends. Calculating share-based compensation expense requires the input of highly subjective judgment and assumptions, estimates of expected life of the share-based award, stock price volatility and risk-free interest rates. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based awards represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use different assumptions, our share-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. We recognize the compensation expense for share-based compensation granted based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with ASC 718. We generally recognize the compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period. Effective January 1, 2017, we account for forfeitures when they occur. On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2018-07 which simplified the accounting for share-based payments to non-employees by aligning it with the accounting for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. The new guidance expanded the scope of ASC 718 to include share-based payments granted to non-employees in exchange for goods or services used or consumed in an entity’s own operations and superseded the guidance in ASC 505-50. Prior to January 1, 2019, equity instruments issued to non-employees were recorded on a fair value basis, as required by ASC 505, Equity - Based Payments to Non-Employees.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition We adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606, on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. ASC 606 states that a contract is considered “completed” if all (or substantially all) of the revenue was recognized in accordance with revenue guidance that was in effect before the date of initial application. Because all (or substantially all) of the revenue related to sales of our products was recognized under ASC 605 prior to the date of initial application of the new standard, the contracts were considered completed under ASC 606. Based on our evaluation of ASC 606, we concluded that a cumulative adjustment was not necessary upon implementation of ASC 606 on January 1, 2018. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods or services. The provisions of ASC 606 include a five-step process by which we determine revenue recognition, depicting the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts reflecting the payment to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 requires us to apply the following steps: (1) identify the contract with the customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, we satisfy the performance obligation. Prescription Products As of December 31, 2019, our products consisted primarily of prescription vitamins and our FDA-approved products: IMVEXXY, which we began selling during the third quarter of 2018, and BIJUVA, which we began selling in the second quarter of 2019. We started selling ANNOVERA in the third quarter of 2019 and we expect the full commercial launch of ANNOVERA in the first quarter of 2020. We sell our name brand and generic prescription products primarily through wholesale distributors and retail pharmacies. We have one performance obligation related to prescription products sold through wholesale distributors, which is to transfer promised goods to a customer, and two performance obligations related to products sold through retail pharmacies, which are to: (1) transfer promised goods and (2) provide customer service for an immaterial fee. We treat shipping as a fulfillment activity rather than as a separate obligation. We recognize prescription revenue only when we satisfy performance obligations by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. A good or service is considered to be transferred when the customer receives the goods or service or obtains control. Control refers to the customer’s ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, an asset. Based on our contracts, we invoice customers once our performance obligations have been satisfied, at which point payment is unconditional. We disclose receivables from contracts with customers separately in the statement of financial position. Payment for goods or services sold by us is typically due between 30 and 60 days after an invoice is sent to the customer. The transaction price of a contract is the amount of consideration which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Prescription products are sold at fixed wholesale acquisition cost, or WAC, determined based on our list price. However, the total transaction price is variable as it is calculated net of estimated product returns, chargebacks, rebates, coupons, discounts and wholesaler fees. These estimates are based on the amounts earned or to be claimed on the related sales and are classified as reductions of accounts receivable (if the amount is payable to the customer) or a current liability (if the amount is payable to a party other than a customer). In order to determine the transaction price, we estimate the amount of variable consideration at the outset of the contract either utilizing the expected value or most likely amount method, depending on the facts and circumstances relative to the contract or each variable consideration. The estimated amount of variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. In determining amounts of variable consideration to include in a contract’s transaction price, we rely on our historical experience and other evidence that supports our qualitative assessment of whether revenue would be subject to a significant reversal. We consider all the facts and circumstances associated with both the risk of a revenue reversal arising from an uncertain future event and the magnitude of the reversal if that uncertain event were to occur. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from our estimates. If actual results in the future vary from our original estimates, we will adjust these estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such changes in estimates become known. We accept returns of unsalable prescription products sold through wholesale distributors within a return period of six months prior to and up to 12 months following product expiration. Our vitamins and IMVEXXY currently have a shelf life of 24 months from the date of manufacture and BIJUVA and ANNOVERA currently have a shelf life of 18 months from the date of manufacture. We do not allow product returns for prescription products that have been dispensed to a patient. We estimate the amount of our product sales that may be returned by our customers and record this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. Where historical rates of return exist, we use history as a basis to establish a returns reserve for products shipped to wholesalers. For our newly launched products, for which the right of return exists but for which we currently do not have history of product returns, we estimate returns based on available industry data, our own sales information and our visibility into the inventory remaining in the distribution channel. At the end of each reporting period, we may decide to constrain revenue for product returns based on information from various sources, including channel inventory levels and dating and sell-through data, the expiration dates of products currently being shipped, price changes of competitive products and any introductions of generic products. We recognize the amount of expected returns as a refund liability, representing the obligation to return the customer’s consideration. Since our returns primarily consist of expired and short dated products that will not be resold, we do not record a return asset for the right to recover the goods returned by the customer at the time of the initial sale (when recognition of revenue is deferred due to the anticipated return). Return estimates are recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. We offer various rebate and discount programs in an effort to maintain a competitive position in the marketplace and to promote sales and customer loyalty. We estimate the allowance for consumer rebates and coupons that we have offered based on our experience and industry averages, which is reviewed, and adjusted if necessary, on a quarterly basis. Estimates relating to these rebates and coupons are deducted from gross product revenues at the time the revenues are recognized. We record distributor fees based on amounts stated in contracts. Rebate and coupon estimates and distributor fees are recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. We estimate chargebacks based on number of units sold during the period taking into account prices stated in contracts and our historical experience. Estimates related to distributors fees, rebates, coupons and returns are disclosed in Note 7. We provide invoice discounts to our customers for prompt payment. Estimates relating to invoice discounts and chargebacks are deducted from gross product revenues at the time the revenues are recognized. As part of commercial launches for our FDA-approved prescription products, we introduced a co-pay assistance program for eligible enrolled patients whose out of pocket costs are reduced to a more affordable price. This allows patients to access the product at a reasonable cost and is in line with our responsible pricing approach. We reimburse pharmacies for this discount through third-party vendors. We consider certain payments as consideration paid to the customer and reflect such payments as a reduction of the transaction price as we do not receive a distinct good or service related to these payments. The variable consideration is estimated based on contract prices, the estimated percentage of patients that will utilize the copay assistance, the average assistance paid, the estimated levels of inventory in the distribution channel and the current level of prescriptions covered by patients’ insurance. Payers may change coverage levels for our prescription products positively or negatively, at any time up to the time that we have formally contracted coverage with the payer. As such, the net transaction price of our prescription products is susceptible to such changes in coverage levels, which are outside the influence of the Company. As a result, we constrain variable consideration for our prescription products to an amount that will not result in a significant revenue reversal in future periods. Our ability to estimate the net transaction price for our prescription products is constrained by our estimates of the amount to be paid for the co-pay assistance program which is directly related to the level of prescriptions paid for by insurance. As such, we record an accrual to reduce gross sales for the estimated co-pay and other patient assistance based on currently available third-party data and our internal analyses. We re-evaluate variable consideration each reporting period. License Revenue License arrangements may consist of non-refundable upfront license fees, exclusive licensed rights to patented or patent pending technology, and various performance or sales milestones and future product royalty payments. Some of these arrangements may include multiple performance obligations. Non-refundable up-front fees that are not contingent on any future performance by us, and do not require continuing involvement on our part, are recognized as revenue when the right to use functional IP is transferred to the customer. License Agreement with Knight Therapeutics Inc. On July 30, 2018, we entered into the Knight License Agreement with Knight pursuant to which we granted Knight an exclusive license to commercialize IMVEXXY and BIJUVA in Canada and Israel. Pursuant to the terms of the Knight License Agreement, Knight will pay us a milestone fee upon first regulatory approval in Canada of each of IMVEXXY and BIJUVA, sales milestone fees based upon certain aggregate annual sales in Canada and Israel of each of IMVEXXY and BIJUVA and royalties based on aggregate annual sales of each of IMVEXXY and BIJUVA in Canada and Israel. Knight will be responsible for all regulatory and commercial activities in Canada and Israel related to IMVEXXY and BIJUVA. We may terminate the Knight License Agreement if Knight does not submit all regulatory applications, submissions and/or registrations required for regulatory approval to use and commercialize IMVEXXY and BIJUVA in Canada and Israel within certain specified time periods. We also may terminate the Knight License Agreement if Knight challenges our patents. Either party may terminate the Knight License Agreement for any material breach by the other party that is not cured within certain specified time periods or if the other party files for bankruptcy or other related matters. In connection with the Knight License Agreement, Knight entered into a subscription agreement with us, pursuant to which Knight purchased 3,921,568 shares of our Common Stock concurrent with the closing of the underwritten public offering of Common Stock on August 6, 2018 at a price of $5.10, for proceeds of $20,000,000. License Agreement with Theramex On June 6, 2019, we entered into the Theramex License Agreement with Theramex to commercialize BIJUVA and IMVEXXY in the Theramex Territory. Under the terms of the Theramex License Agreement, Theramex paid us EUR 14 million, or $15,506,400, in cash as an upfront fee on August 5, 2019. Within thirty days of signing the Theramex License Agreement, we provided Theramex the regulatory materials and clinical data that were necessary for Theramex to obtain marketing authorizations and other applicable regulatory approvals for commercializing BIJUVA and IMVEXXY. We recognized the revenue related to the upfront fee, which was a non-refundable payment, during the third quarter of 2019, at a point in time when Theramex was able to use and benefit from the license which was when the knowledge transfer of regulatory documents occurred. We are eligible to receive additional milestone payments comprised of (i) up to an aggregate of EUR 2 million in regulatory milestone payments based on regulatory approvals for BIJUVA and IMVEXXY in certain specified markets and (ii) up to an aggregate of EUR 27.5 million in sales milestone payments to be paid in escalating tranches based on Theramex first attaining certain aggregate annual net sales milestones of BIJUVA and IMVEXXY in the Theramex Territory ranging from EUR 25 million to EUR 100 million. We are also entitled to receive quarterly royalty payments at a rate of 5% on net sales of BIJUVA and IMVEXXY in the Theramex Territory. Theramex is responsible for all regulatory and commercial activities for BIJUVA and IMVEXXY in the Theramex Territory. Theramex may sublicense its rights to commercialize BIJUVA and IMVEXXY in the Theramex Territory, except for certain specified markets. We may terminate the Theramex License Agreement if Theramex does not submit all regulatory applications, submissions and/or registrations required for regulatory approval to use and commercialize BIJUVA and IMVEXXY within certain specified time periods. We also may terminate the Theramex License Agreement if Theramex challenges our patents. Either party may terminate the Theramex License Agreement for any material breach by the other party that is not cured within certain specified time periods or if the other party files for bankruptcy or other related matters. Disaggregation of revenue The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by product mix for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Prescription vitamins |  | $ | 9,885,493 |  |  | $ | 15,041,259 |  |  | $ | 16,744,831 |
IMVEXXY |  |  | 16,252,045 |  |  |  | 1,058,201 |  |  |  | — |
BIJUVA |  |  | 1,836,443 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
ANNOVERA |  |  | 6,166,556 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
License revenue |  |  | 15,506,400 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
OTC products |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,882 |
Net revenue |  | $ | 49,646,937 |  |  | $ | 16,099,460 |  |  | $ | 16,777,713 |
Shipping and Handling Costs We expense all shipping and handling costs as incurred. We include these costs in cost of goods sold on the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Segment Reporting | Segment Reporting We are managed and operated as one business, which is focused on creating and commercializing products targeted exclusively for women. Our business operations are managed by a single management team that reports to the President of our company. We do not operate separate lines of business with respect to any of our products and we do not prepare discrete financial information with respect to separate products. All product sales are derived from sales in the United States. Accordingly, we view our business as one reportable operating segment.
Cost of Sales | Cost of Sales Cost of sales includes the cost of inventory, manufacturing, manufacturing overhead and supply chain costs, and product shipping and handling costs. The Population Council License Agreement requires payment of royalties based on the sale of future products. Such royalties are recorded as a component of cost of sales. Additionally, the amortization of license fees or milestone payments related to licensed products are classified as components of cost of sales to the extent such payments become due in the future.
Advertising Costs | Advertising Costs We expense advertising costs when incurred. Advertising costs were $9,045,571, $1,682,746 and $448,288 during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
Research and Development Expenses | Research and Development Expenses Research and development, or R&D, expenses include internal R&D activities, services of external contract research organizations, or CROs, costs of their clinical research sites, manufacturing, scale-up and validation costs, and other activities. Internal R&D activity expenses include laboratory supplies, salaries, benefits, and non-cash share-based compensation expenses. CRO activity expenses include preclinical laboratory experiments and clinical trial studies. Other activity expenses include regulatory consulting and other costs. The activities undertaken by our regulatory consultants that were classified as R&D expenses include assisting, consulting with, and advising our in-house staff with respect to various FDA submission processes, clinical trial processes, and scientific writing matters, including preparing protocols and FDA submissions. These consulting expenses were direct costs associated with preparing, reviewing, and undertaking work for our clinical trials and investigative drugs. We charge internal R&D activities and other activity expenses to operations as incurred. We make payments to CROs based on agreed-upon terms, which may include payments in advance of a study starting date. We expense nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future R&D activities when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. We review and accrue CRO expenses and clinical trial study expenses based on services performed and rely on estimates of those costs applicable to the completion stage of a study as provided by CROs. Estimated accrued CRO costs are subject to revisions as such studies progress to completion. We charge revisions to expenses in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known.
Earnings Per Share | Earnings Per Share We calculate earnings per share, or EPS, in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, which requires the computation and disclosure of two EPS amounts: basic and diluted. We compute basic EPS based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, or Common Stock, outstanding during the period. We compute diluted EPS based on the weighted-average number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding plus all potentially dilutive shares of our Common Stock outstanding during the period. Such potentially dilutive shares of our Common Stock consist of options, warrants and restricted stock awards and were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive due to the net loss reported by us. The table below presents potentially dilutive securities that could affect our calculation of diluted net loss per share allocable to common stockholders for the periods presented.
|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Stock options |  |  | 25,030,234 |  |  |  | 20,872,824 |  |  |  | 23,365,225 |
Warrants |  |  | 1,832,571 |  |  |  | 3,007,571 |  |  |  | 3,115,905 |
Restricted stock awards |  |  | 1,240,000 |  |  |  | 1,040,000 |  |  |  | — |
|  |  | 28,102,805 |  |  |  | 24,920,395 |  |  |  | 26,481,130 |
Concentration of Credit Risk and other Risks and Uncertainties | Concentration of Credit Risk and other Risks and Uncertainties Financial instruments that potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and trade accounts receivable. Cash is on deposit with financial institutions in the United States and these deposits generally exceed the amount of insurance provided by the FDIC. We have not experienced any historical losses on our deposits of cash. Concentration of credit risk with respect to our trade accounts receivable from our customers is primarily limited to drug wholesalers and retail pharmacy distributors. Credit is extended to our customers based on an evaluation of a customer’s financial condition, and collateral is not required.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make significant estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates, including those related to contingencies, on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ, at times in material amounts, from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements | Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, 2018-13, which eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some disclosure requirements. The FASB developed the amendments to ASC 820 as part of its broader disclosure framework project, which aims to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements by focusing on requirements that clearly communicate the most important information to users of the financial statements. The new guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and for interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity is permitted to early adopt either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify requirements. We do not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a material effect on our disclosures. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07 to simplify the accounting for share-based payments to non-employees by aligning it with the accounting for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. The new guidance expands the scope of ASC 718 to include share-based payments granted to non-employees in exchange for goods or services used or consumed in an entity’s own operations and supersedes the guidance in ASC 505-50. The guidance is effective for public business entities in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted, including in an interim period for which financial statements have not been issued, but not before an entity adopts ASC 606. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. This guidance requires lessees to record most leases on their balance sheets while recognizing expenses on their income statements in a manner similar to current accounting. The guidance also eliminates current real estate-specific provisions for all entities. For lessors, the guidance modifies the classification criteria and the accounting for sales-type and direct financing leases. The standard was effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those years. In July 2018, the FASB amended the new leases standard and issued ASU 2018-11, Leases, (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements to give entities another option for transition and to provide lessors with a practical expedient. We adopted ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 utilizing the alternative transition method allowed for under ASU 2018-11 and we recorded a $3.8 million right of use asset and a $4.1 million liability related to adoption of this standard. In addition, upon commencement of additional leased space in the third quarter of 2019 (as disclosed in Note 13), we recorded an additional $7.4 million right of use asset and an additional $7.2 million liability related to our new leased space. Comparative financial information was not adjusted and will continue to be reported under ASC 840. We also elected the transition relief package of practical expedients and as a result we did not assess (1) whether existing or expired contracts contain leases, (2) lease classification for any existing or expired leases, and (3) whether lease origination costs qualified as initial direct costs. We elected the short-term lease practical expedient by establishing an accounting policy to exclude leases with a term of 12 months or less. We elected not to separate lease components from non-lease components for our specified asset classes. Additionally, the adoption of the new standard resulted in increased disclosure requirements in our quarterly and annual filings. Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its Emerging Issues Task Force), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the SEC did not, and are not expected to, have a material effect on our results of operations or financial position.

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