<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-23-059849.txt : 20230512
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ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-23-059849
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		16
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20230512
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20230512
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20230512

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Carisma Therapeutics Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001485003
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				262025616
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			PA
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-36296
		FILM NUMBER:		23916893

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		3675 MARKET STREET
		STREET 2:		SUITE 200
		CITY:			PHILADELPHIA
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19104
		BUSINESS PHONE:		2674916422

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		3675 MARKET STREET
		STREET 2:		SUITE 200
		CITY:			PHILADELPHIA
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19104

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Sesen Bio, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20180516

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Eleven Biotherapeutics, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20100223
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<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>

<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Washington, D.C. 20549</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>FORM&#160;<span id="xdx_903_edei--DocumentType_c20230512__20230512_zXy8vhi5H0Uk"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2023-05-12to2023-05-12" name="dei:DocumentType">8-K</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Pursuant to Section&#160;13 or 15(d)</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported):
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>Not applicable</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>(Former Name or Former Address, if Changed
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Check the appropriate box below if the Form&#160;8-K filing is intended
to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (<i>see </i>General Instruction
A.2 below):</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#160;12(b)&#160;of the Act:</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-size: 10pt">If an emerging growth company, indicate
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Entry Into a Material Definitive Agreement.</b></span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">On May 12, 2023, Carisma Therapeutics Inc.
(the &#8220;<b>Company</b>&#8221;), entered into an Amended and Restated Open Market Sale Agreement<sup>SM </sup>(the &#8220;<b>A&amp;R
Sale Agreement</b>&#8221;) with Jefferies LLC, as sales agent (&#8220;<b>Jefferies</b>&#8221;), pursuant to which the Company may offer
and sell shares of its common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the &#8220;<b>Shares</b>&#8221;), from time to time through Jefferies.
The Company has also filed a prospectus supplement (the &#8220;<b>Prospectus Supplement</b>&#8221;) under the Company&#8217;s universal
shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-271295) that was originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the
&#8220;<b>SEC</b>&#8221;) on April 17, 2023 and declared effective by the SEC on May 2, 2023 (the &#8220;<b>Registration Statement</b>&#8221;).
Pursuant to the Prospectus Supplement, the Company may offer and sell Shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company previously filed prospectus supplements with the SEC</span> under the Company&#8217;s universal shelf registration statements
on Form S-3/A (File No. 333-223750) on November 29, 2020 and February 7, 2021 and on Form S-3 (File No. 333-255943) on June 1, 2021 and
July 14, 2021 relating to the offering and sale of the Company&#8217;s common stock pursuant to the Open Market Sale Agreement<sup>SM</sup>,
dated as of November 29, 2019, as amended, with Jefferies (the &#8220;<b>Original Sale Agreement</b>&#8221;). Prior to entering into the
A&amp;R Sale Agreement, the Company had remaining capacity to sell up to approximately $97.8 million of the Company&#8217;s common stock
pursuant to the Original Sale Agreement under the prior prospectus supplement dated July 14, 2021. The Prospectus Supplement supersedes
and replaces all prior prospectus supplements relating to the offering and sale of shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock pursuant
to the Original Sale Agreement and the A&amp;R Sale Agreement supersedes and replaces the Original Sale Agreement in all respects.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">Upon delivery of an issuance notice and subject
to the terms and conditions of the A&amp;R Sale Agreement, Jefferies may sell the Shares at market prices by any method deemed to be an
&#8220;at the market offering&#8221; as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<b>Securities
Act</b>&#8221;).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">The Company or Jefferies may suspend or terminate
the offering of Shares upon notice to the other party, subject to certain conditions. Jefferies will act as sales agent on a commercially
reasonable efforts basis consistent with its normal trading and sales practices.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">The Company has agreed to pay Jefferies commissions
for its services of acting as sales agent of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Shares pursuant to the A&amp;R Sale
Agreement. The Company has also agreed to provide Jefferies with customary indemnification and contribution rights.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">A copy of the A&amp;R Sale Agreement is attached
as Exhibit 1.1 hereto and is incorporated herein by reference. The foregoing description of the material terms of the A&amp;R Sale Agreement
is qualified in its entirety by reference to such exhibit.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP,
counsel to the Company, has issued a legal opinion relating to the Shares. A copy of such legal opinion, including the consent included
therein, is attached as Exhibit 5.1 hereto.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">The Shares will be sold pursuant to the Registration
Statement, and offerings of the Shares will be made only by means of the Prospectus Supplement. This Current Report on Form 8-K shall
not constitute an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy the Shares, nor shall there be any sale of the Shares in any state
in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities law of such state
or jurisdiction.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(d)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Exhibits</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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    <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt"><a href="tm2315501d2_ex1-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1</span></a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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    <td colspan="3" style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>CARISMA THERAPEUTICS INC.</b></span></td></tr>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 48%">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Date: May 12</span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, 2023</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven Kelly</span></td></tr>
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<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&#8239;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 1.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>AMENDED
AND RESTATED OPEN MARKET SALE AGREEMENT</U></B></FONT><SUP>SM</SUP></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-weight: normal">May 12, 2023</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 1in 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">JEFFERIES LLC<BR>
520 Madison Avenue</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">New York, New York 10022</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Carisma
Therapeutics Inc. (formerly Sesen Bio, Inc.), a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<B>Company</B>&rdquo;), proposes, subject to the terms
and conditions stated herein, to issue and sell from time to time through Jefferies LLC, as sales agent and/or principal (the &ldquo;<B>Agent</B>&rdquo;),
shares of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;<B>Common Shares</B>&rdquo;), under one or more registration
statements on Form S-3 filed with the Commission (as defined below) on the terms set forth in this agreement (this &ldquo;<B>Agreement</B>&rdquo;).
This Agreement hereby amends and restates in its entirety that certain Open Market Sale Agreement<SUP>SM</SUP> dated November 29, 2019,
by and between the Company and the Agent, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated October 30, 2020, Amendment No. 2, dated February 17, 2021,
and Amendment No. 3, dated June 1, 2021 (the &ldquo;<B>Original Agreement</B>&rdquo;), which Original Agreement shall have no further
force or effect</FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Section
1.</B></FONT> DEFINITIONS</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Certain Definitions</U>. For purposes of this Agreement, capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined shall have
the following respective meanings:</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Affiliate</B>&rdquo;
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common control with, such first- mentioned Person. The term &ldquo;control&rdquo; (including the terms &ldquo;controlling,&rdquo; &ldquo;controlled
by&rdquo; and &ldquo;under common control with&rdquo;) means the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction
of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<B>Agency
Period</B>&rdquo; means the period commencing on the date of this Agreement and expiring on the earliest to occur of (x) the date on which
the Agent shall have placed the Maximum Program Amount pursuant to this Agreement and (y) the date this Agreement is terminated pursuant
to </FONT><U>Section 7</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Commission</B>&rdquo;
means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Exchange Act</B>&rdquo;
means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Floor Price</B>&rdquo; means the minimum price set by the Company in the Issuance Notice below which
the Agent shall not sell Shares during the applicable period set forth in the Issuance Notice, which may be adjusted by the Company at
any time during the period set forth in the Issuance Notice by delivering written notice of such change to the Agent and which in no event
shall be less than $1.00 without the prior written consent of the Agent, which may be withheld in the Agent&rsquo;s sole discretion.</P>

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means the aggregate Sales Price of the Shares to be sold by the Agent pursuant to any Issuance Notice.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Issuance Notice</B>&rdquo;
means a written notice delivered to the Agent by the Company in accordance with this Agreement in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit
A</U> that is executed by its President and Chief Executive Officer <FONT STYLE="text-underline-style: double">or Chief Financial Officer</FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<B>Issuance
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Issuance Price</B>&rdquo;
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Maximum Program
Amount</B>&rdquo; means Common Shares with an aggregate Sales Price of the lesser of (a) the number or dollar amount of Common Shares
registered under the effective Registration Statement (defined below) pursuant to which the offering is being made, (b) the number of
authorized but unissued Common Shares (less Common Shares issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of any outstanding securities
of the Company or otherwise reserved from the Company&rsquo;s authorized capital stock), (c) the number or dollar amount of Common Shares
permitted to be sold under Form S-3 (including General Instruction I.B.6 thereof, if applicable), or (d) the number or dollar amount of
Common Shares for which the Company has filed a Prospectus (defined below).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Person</B>&rdquo;
means an individual or a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint
venture, joint stock company, governmental authority or other entity of any kind.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Principal Market</B>&rdquo;
means The Nasdaq Global Market or such other national securities exchange on which the Common Shares, including any Shares, are then listed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Sales Price</B>&rdquo;
means the actual sale execution price of each Share placed by the Agent pursuant to this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Securities Act</B>&rdquo;
means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Selling Commission</B>&rdquo;
means up to three percent (3%) of the gross proceeds of Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement, or as otherwise agreed between the Company
and the Agent with respect to any Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-underline-style: double">&ldquo;<B>Settlement
Date</B>&rdquo; </FONT>means the second business day following each Trading Day during the period set forth in the Issuance Notice on
which Shares are sold pursuant to this Agreement, when the Company shall deliver to the Agent the amount of Shares sold on such Trading
Day and the Agent shall deliver to the Company the Issuance Price received on such sales<FONT STYLE="text-underline-style: double">.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Shares</B>&rdquo;
shall mean the Company&rsquo;s Common Shares issued or issuable pursuant to this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B>Trading Day</B>&rdquo;
means any day on which the Principal Market is open for trading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Section
2.</B></FONT> REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company represents and
warrants to, and agrees with, the Agent that as of (1) the date of this Agreement, (2) each Issuance Notice Date, (3) each Settlement
Date, (4) each Triggering Event Date and (5) as of each Time of Sale (each of the times referenced above is referred to herein as a &ldquo;<B>Representation
Date</B>&rdquo;), except as may be disclosed in the Prospectus (including any documents incorporated by reference therein and any supplements
thereto) on or before a Representation Date:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Registration Statement</U>. The Company has prepared and filed with the Commission a shelf registration statement on Form&#8239;S-3&#8239;(File
No.&#8239;333-271295) that contains a base prospectus (the &ldquo;<B>Base Prospectus</B>&rdquo;). Such registration statement registers
the issuance and sale by the Company of the Shares under the Securities Act. The Company may file one or more additional registration
statements from time to time that will contain a base prospectus and related prospectus or prospectus supplement, if applicable, with
respect to the Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement(s), including any information deemed to
be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, including all financial statements, exhibits and schedules thereto and
all documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the Securities Act
as from time to time amended or supplemented, is herein referred to as the &ldquo;<B>Registration Statement</B>,&rdquo; and the prospectus
constituting a part of such registration statement(s), together with any prospectus supplement filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule
424(b) under the Securities Act relating to a particular issuance of the Shares, including all documents incorporated or deemed to be
incorporated therein by reference pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the Securities Act, in each case, as from time to time amended
or supplemented, is referred to herein as the &ldquo;<B>Prospectus</B>,&rdquo; except that if any revised prospectus is provided to the
Agent by the Company for use in connection with the offering of the Shares that is not required to be filed by the Company pursuant to
Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, the term &ldquo;<B>Prospectus</B>&rdquo; shall refer to such revised prospectus from and after the
time it is first provided to the Agent for such use. The Registration Statement at the time it originally became effective is herein called
the &ldquo;<B>Original Registration Statement</B>.&rdquo; As used in this Agreement, the terms &ldquo;amendment&rdquo; or &ldquo;supplement&rdquo;
when applied to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus shall be deemed to include the filing by the Company with the Commission
of any document under the Exchange Act after the date hereof that is or is deemed to be incorporated therein by reference.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information which is &ldquo;contained,&rdquo; &ldquo;included&rdquo;
or &ldquo;stated&rdquo; in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (and all other references of like import) shall be deemed to mean
and include all such financial statements and schedules and other information which is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference in
or otherwise deemed under the Securities Act to be a part of or included in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as the case
may be, as of any specified date; and all references in this Agreement to amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus shall be deemed to mean and include, without limitation, the filing of any document under the Exchange Act which is or is deemed
to be incorporated by reference in or otherwise deemed under the Securities Act to be a part of or included in the Registration Statement
or the Prospectus, as the case may be, as of any specified date. </FONT>The Company&rsquo;s obligations under this Agreement to furnish,
provide or deliver or make available copies of any report or statement shall be deemed satisfied if the same is filed with the Commission
through its Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval system (&ldquo;<B>EDGAR</B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">At
the time the Registration Statement was or will be originally declared effective and at the time the Company&rsquo;s most recent annual
report on Form&#8239;10-K was filed with the Commission, if later, the Company met the then-applicable requirements for use of Form&#8239;S-3
under the Securities Act.</FONT> During the Agency Period, each time the Company files an annual report on Form 10-K the Company will
meet the then-applicable requirements for use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Registration Requirements</U>. The Original Registration Statement and any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement
have been declared effective by the Commission under the Securities Act. The Company has complied, to the Commission&rsquo;s satisfaction,
with all requests of the Commission for additional or supplemental information, if any. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of
the Registration Statement or any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement is in effect and no proceedings for such purpose have been instituted
or are pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, are contemplated or threatened by the Commission. At the time the Company&rsquo;s
Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the &ldquo;<B>Annual Report</B>&rdquo;) was filed with the Commission,
or, if later, at the time the Registration Statement was originally filed with the Commission, the Company met the then-applicable requirements
for use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act. The proposed offering of the Shares may be made pursuant to General Instruction I.B.1. of
Form S-3 (or, if applicable, General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3). The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, at the time they were or hereafter are filed with the Commission, or became effective
under the Exchange Act, as the case may be, complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act,
and, when read together with the other information in the Prospectus, do not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which
they were made, not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Disclosure</U>. The Prospectus when filed complied in all material respects with the Securities Act and, if filed by electronic
transmission pursuant to EDGAR, was identical (except as may be permitted by Regulation S-T under the Securities Act) to the copy thereof
delivered to the Agent for use in connection with the issuance and sale of the Shares. Each of the Registration Statement, any Rule 462(b)
Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time it became or becomes effective, complied and will comply
in all material respects with the Securities Act and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state
a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. As of the date of this Agreement,
the Prospectus and any Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) considered together (collectively, the &ldquo;<B>Time of Sale Information</B>&rdquo;)
did not, and at each Representation Date, will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary
to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Prospectus, as amended
and supplemented, as of its date, did not, and at each Representation Date, will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or
omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were
made, not misleading. The representations and warranties set forth in the three immediately preceding sentences do not apply to statements
in or omissions from the Registration Statement, any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the
Prospectus or the Time of Sale Information, or any amendments or supplements thereto, made in reliance upon and in conformity with written
information relating to the Agent furnished to the Company in writing by the Agent expressly for use therein, it being understood and
agreed that the only such information furnished by the Agent to the Company consists of the information described in &lrm;Section 6 below.
There are no statutes, regulations, documents or contracts of a character required to be described in the Time of Sale Information or
the Prospectus or to be filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement which have not been described or filed as required. The Registration
Statement and the offer and sale of the Shares as contemplated hereby meet the requirements of Rule 415 under the Securities Act and comply
in all material respects with said rule.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. As of the determination date referenced in Rule 164(h) under the Securities Act, the Company
was not, is not or will not be (as applicable) an &ldquo;ineligible issuer&rdquo; in connection with the offering of the Shares pursuant
to Rules 164, 405 and 433 under the Securities Act. Any Free Writing Prospectus that the Company is required to file pursuant to Rule
433(d) under the Securities Act has been, or will be, filed with the Commission in accordance with the requirements of the Securities
Act. Each Free Writing Prospectus that the Company has filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act
or that was prepared by or on behalf of or used or referred to by the Company complies or will comply in all material respects with the
requirements of Rule 433 under the Securities Act, including timely filing with the Commission or retention where required and legending,
and each such Free Writing Prospectus, as of its issue date and at all subsequent times through the completion of the issuance and sale
of the Shares did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the information
contained in the Registration Statement or Prospectus and not superseded or modified. Except for the Free Writing Prospectuses, if any,
and electronic road shows, if any, furnished to you before first use, the Company has not prepared, used or referred to, and will not,
without your prior written consent, prepare, use or refer to, any Free Writing Prospectus. Each road show, when considered together with
the Time of Sale Information, did not, as of the Time of Sale (as defined below), contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit
to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>This Agreement</U>. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Authorization of the Shares</U>. The Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and sale pursuant to this Agreement and,
when issued, delivered and paid for by the Agent in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and
non-assessable and will conform to the descriptions thereof contained in the Prospectus; and, except as otherwise stated in the Registration
Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, the issuance of such Shares is not subject to any preemptive rights, rights
of first refusal or similar rights to subscribe for or purchase the Shares. The Shares, when issued, will conform in all material respects
to the descriptions thereof set forth in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Applicable Registration or Other Similar Rights</U>. Except as otherwise waived in writing, there are no persons with registration
or other similar rights to have any equity or debt securities registered for sale under the Registration Statement or included in the
offering contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Material Adverse Change</U>. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and
the Prospectus, subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information
and the Prospectus: (i) there has been no material adverse change, or any development that would reasonably be expected to result in a
material adverse change, in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the earnings, business, properties, operations, assets, liabilities
or prospects, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, of the Company and its subsidiaries, considered
as one entity (any such change being referred to herein as a &ldquo;<B>Material Adverse Change</B>&rdquo;); (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries,
considered as one entity, have not incurred any material liability or obligation, indirect, direct or contingent, including without limitation
any losses or interference with its business from fire, explosion, flood, earthquakes, accident or other calamity, whether or not covered
by insurance, or from any strike, labor dispute or court or governmental action, order or decree, that are material, individually or in
the aggregate, to the Company and its subsidiaries, considered as one entity, or has entered into any material transactions not in the
ordinary course of business; and (iii) there has not been any material decrease in the capital stock or any material increase in any short-term
or long-term indebtedness of the Company or its subsidiaries and there has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid
or made by the Company or, except for dividends paid to the Company or other subsidiaries, by any of the Company&rsquo;s subsidiaries
on any class of capital stock, or any repurchase or redemption by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any class of capital stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Independent Accountants and Financial Statements</U>. KPMG LLP, who have certified certain financial statements of the Company
are independent public accountants as required by the Securities Act. The financial statements, together with related schedules and notes,
incorporated in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus comply in all material respects with the requirements
of the Securities Act and present fairly the consolidated financial position, results of operations and changes in financial position
of the Company on the basis stated in the Registration Statement at the respective dates or for the respective periods to which they apply;
such statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (&ldquo;<B>GAAP</B>&rdquo;)
consistently applied throughout the periods involved, except as disclosed therein; and the selected financial data and the summary financial
data included in the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus present fairly the information shown therein and have been compiled on
a basis consistent with that of the financial statements incorporated in the Registration Statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company has not sustained
since the date of the latest audited financial statements included in the Registration Statement, Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus
any material loss or interference with its business from fire, explosion, flood or other calamity, whether or not covered by insurance,
or from any labor dispute or court or governmental action, order or decree, otherwise than as set forth or contemplated in the Registration
Statement, Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus; and, since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration
Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, (1) there has not been any change in the capital stock (other than the issuance
of Shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities existing as of the date hereof, or the grant of options, restricted stock or other
equity-based awards under the Company&rsquo;s existing equity compensation plans) or long-term debt of the Company, (2) there has not
been any Material Adverse Change, or any development that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, in or affecting
the general affairs, business, prospects, management, financial position, shareholders&rsquo; equity or results of operations of the Company,
(3) there have been no transactions entered into by, and no obligations or liabilities, contingent or otherwise, incurred by the Company,
whether or not in the ordinary course of business, which are material to the Company, taken as a whole or (4) there has been no dividend
or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company on any class of its capital stock, in each case, otherwise than as set
forth or contemplated in the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, no person who has been suspended
or barred from being associated with a registered public accounting firm, or who has failed to comply with any sanction pursuant to Rule
5300 promulgated by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, has participated in or otherwise aided the preparation of, or audited,
the financial statements, supporting schedules or other financial data filed with the Commission as a part of the Registration Statement,
the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company and each of its
subsidiaries have made and keep books, records and accounts, which, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect in all material
respects the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company maintains a system of internal
accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (1) transactions are executed in accordance with management&rsquo;s
general or specific authorizations; (2) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity
with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets; (3) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&rsquo;s general
or specific authorization; (4) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and
appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences; and (5) the interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included
or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement is in conformity with GAAP and is updated as necessary to comply in all material
respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Commission&rsquo;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto and present fairly
the consolidated financial position, results of operations and changes in financial position of the Company and its subsidiaries on the
basis stated in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus at the respective dates or for the respective
periods to which they apply.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><U>Disclosure Controls and Procedures; Deficiencies in or Changes to Internal Control Over Financial
Reporting</U></FONT>. <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15
and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act) that comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act; such disclosure controls and procedures are
effective in all material respects to perform the functions for which they were established. Since the end of the Company&rsquo;s most
recent audited fiscal year, and other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus,
there has been no material weakness in the Company&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and no
change in the Company&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially
affect, the Company&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting. The Company&rsquo;s independent registered public accountants and
the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company have been advised of all significant deficiencies, if any, in the Company&rsquo;s
internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated). The Company is not aware of any change in its internal control
over financial reporting that has occurred during its most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely
to materially affect, the Company&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting.</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(k)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Incorporation and Good Standing of the Company and Subsidiaries</U>. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries listed on <U>Schedule
A</U> has been duly incorporated and is validly existing as a corporation or other entity in good standing under the laws of its jurisdiction
or organization, with power and authority (corporate and other) to own, lease and operate its properties and conduct its business as currently
being carried on and as described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, and, in the case of
the Company, to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement, and have been duly qualified as a foreign corporation or
other entity for the transaction of business and is in good standing under the laws of each other jurisdiction in which it owns or leases
properties or conducts any business so as to require such qualification, except where the failure to so qualify or be in good standing
would not, individually or in the aggregate, be reasonably expected to have a Material Adverse Change.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(l)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Subsidiaries</U>. All of the issued and outstanding capital stock or other equity or ownership interests of each of the Company&rsquo;s
subsidiaries have been duly authorized and validly issued, are fully paid and nonassessable and are owned by the Company, directly or
through subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance or adverse claim. The Company does
not own or control, directly or indirectly, any corporation, association or other entity other than the subsidiaries listed on <U>Schedule
A</U>. None of the outstanding capital stock or equity interest in any subsidiary was issued in violation of preemptive or similar rights
of any security holder of such subsidiary. The constitutive or organizational documents of each of the subsidiaries comply in all material
respects with the requirements of applicable laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation or organization and are in full force and effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(m)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Capitalization and Other Capital Stock Matters</U>. The authorized, issued and outstanding capital stock of the Company is as
set forth in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus (other than for subsequent issuances, if any,
pursuant to employee benefit plans, or upon the exercise of outstanding options or warrants, in each case described in the Registration
Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus). The Common Shares (including the Shares) conform in all material respects
to the description thereof contained in the Time of Sale Information and Prospectus. All of the issued and outstanding Shares have been
duly authorized and validly issued, are fully paid and nonassessable and have been issued in compliance with all federal and state securities
laws. None of the outstanding Common Shares was issued in violation of any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar
rights to subscribe for or purchase securities of the Company. There are no authorized or outstanding options, warrants, preemptive rights,
rights of first refusal or other rights to purchase, or equity or debt securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for,
any capital stock of the Company or any of its subsidiaries other than those described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale
Information and the Prospectus. The descriptions of the Company&rsquo;s stock option, stock bonus and other stock plans or arrangements,
and the options or other rights granted thereunder, set forth in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus
accurately and fairly presents the information required to be shown with respect to such plans, arrangements, options and rights.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(n)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Stock Exchange Listing</U>. The Common Shares are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act and are
listed on The Nasdaq Global Market (&ldquo;<B>Nasdaq</B>&rdquo;), and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its knowledge
is likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Shares under the Exchange Act or delisting the Common Shares
from Nasdaq, nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission or Nasdaq is contemplating terminating such registration
or listing. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, it is in compliance with all applicable listing requirements of Nasdaq.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(o)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Non-Contravention of Existing Instruments; No Further Authorizations or Approvals Required</U>. Neither the Company nor any
of its subsidiaries is in violation of its charter or by laws, partnership agreement or operating agreement or similar organizational
documents, as applicable, or is in default (or, with the giving of notice or lapse of time, would be in default) (&ldquo;<B>Default</B>&rdquo;)
under any indenture, loan, credit agreement, note, lease, license agreement, contract, franchise or other instrument (including, without
limitation, any pledge agreement, security agreement, mortgage or other instrument or agreement evidencing, guaranteeing, securing or
relating to indebtedness) to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them may be bound, or to
which any of their respective properties or assets are subject (each, an &ldquo;<B>Existing Instrument</B>&rdquo;), except for such Defaults
as would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change. The Company&rsquo;s execution,
delivery and performance of this Agreement, consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and by the Registration Statement, the
Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus and the issuance and sale of the Shares (including the use of proceeds from the sale of the
Shares as described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus under the caption &ldquo;Use of Proceeds&rdquo;)
(i) have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action and will not result in any violation of the provisions of the charter
or by laws, partnership agreement or operating agreement or similar organizational documents, as applicable, of the Company or any subsidiary
(ii) will not conflict with or constitute a breach of, or Default or a Debt Repayment Triggering Event (as defined below) under, or result
in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries
pursuant to, or require the consent of any other party to, any Existing Instrument, and (iii) will not result in any violation of any
law, administrative regulation or administrative or court decree applicable to the Company or any of its subsidiaries, except, in the
case of clauses (ii) and (iii), for any such conflict, breach, violation, Default, Debt Repayment Triggering Event, lien, charge or encumbrance
that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. No consent, approval,
authorization or other order of, or registration or filing with, any court or other governmental or regulatory authority or agency, is
required for the Company&rsquo;s execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and consummation of the transactions contemplated
hereby and by the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, except (A) such as have been obtained or made
by the Company and are in full force and effect under the Securities Act and (B) such as may be required under applicable state securities
or blue sky laws or the Financial Industry Regulation Authority. As used herein, a &ldquo;<B>Debt Repayment Triggering Event</B>&rdquo;
means any event or condition which gives, or with the giving of notice or lapse of time would give, the holder of any note, debenture
or other evidence of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder&rsquo;s behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption
or repayment of all or a portion of such indebtedness by the Company or any of its subsidiaries.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(p)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Laws</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries have been and are in compliance with all applicable laws, rules and
regulations, except where failure to be so in compliance would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a
Material Adverse Change.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(q)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Material Actions or Proceedings</U>. There is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation brought by or before
any governmental entity now pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, against or affecting the Company or any of its subsidiaries,
which would reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Change or materially and adversely affect
the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder; and
the aggregate of all pending legal or governmental proceedings to which the Company or any such subsidiary is a party or of which any
of their respective properties or assets is the subject, including ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, if determined
adversely to the Company, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. No material labor dispute with the employees
of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or with the employees of any principal supplier, manufacturer, customer or contractor of the
Company, exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is threatened or imminent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(r)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Intellectual Property Rights</U>. Except as described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus,
the Company, owns or has valid, binding and enforceable licenses or other rights under the patents, patent applications, licenses, inventions,
copyrights, know how (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems
or procedures), trademarks, service marks, trade names or other intellectual property necessary for, or used in the conduct, or the proposed
conduct, of the business of the Company in the manner described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus
(collectively, the &ldquo;<B>Intellectual Property</B>&rdquo;); the patents, trademarks, and copyrights, if any, included within the Intellectual
Property, are valid, enforceable, and subsisting; other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information
and the Prospectus, (A) the Company is not obligated to pay a material royalty, grant a license to, or provide other material consideration
to any third party in connection with the Intellectual Property, (B) the Company has not received any notice of any claim of infringement,
misappropriation or conflict with any asserted rights of others with respect to any of the Company&rsquo;s drug candidates, services,
conduct of the business, processes or Intellectual Property, (C) to the knowledge of the Company, neither the conduct of the business,
sale nor use of any of the discoveries, inventions, drug candidates, services or processes of the Company referred to in the Registration
Statement, the Time of Sale Information or the Prospectus do or will infringe, misappropriate or violate any right or valid patent claim
of any third party, (D) none of the technology employed by the Company has been obtained or is being used by the Company in material violation
of any contractual obligation binding on the Company or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, upon any of its officers, directors or employees
or otherwise in violation of the rights of any persons, (E) to the knowledge of the Company, no third party has any ownership right in
or to any Intellectual Property that is owned by the Company, other than any co-owner of any patent constituting Intellectual Property
who is listed on the records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (the &ldquo;<B>USPTO</B>&rdquo;) and any co-owner of any patent application
constituting Intellectual Property who is named in such patent application, and, to the knowledge of the Company, no third party has any
ownership right in or to any Intellectual Property in any field of use that is exclusively licensed to the Company, other than any licensor
to the Company of such Intellectual Property, (F) there is no infringement by third parties of any Intellectual Property, (G) there is
no pending or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the Company&rsquo;s
rights in or to any Intellectual Property, and (H) there is no pending or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, threatened action, suit,
proceeding or claim by others challenging the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property. The Company is in material compliance with
the terms of each agreement pursuant to which Intellectual Property has been licensed to the Company, and all such agreements are in full
force and effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All patents and patent applications
owned by or licensed to the Company or under which the Company has rights have, to the knowledge of the Company, been duly and properly
filed and maintained; to the knowledge of the Company, the parties prosecuting such patent applications have complied with their duty
of candor and disclosure to the USPTO in connection with such applications; and the Company is not aware of any facts required to be disclosed
to the USPTO that were not disclosed to the USPTO and which would preclude the grant of a patent in connection with any such application
or would reasonably be expected to form the basis of a finding of invalidity with respect to any patents that have issued with respect
to such applications. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, all patents and patent applications owned by the Company and filed with the USPTO
or any foreign or international patent authority (the &ldquo;<B>Company Patent Rights</B>&rdquo;) and all patents and patent applications
in-licensed by the Company and filed with the USPTO or any foreign or international patent authority (the &ldquo;<B>In-licensed Patent
Rights</B>&rdquo;) have been duly and properly filed; the Company believes it has complied with its duty of candor and disclosure to the
USPTO for the Company Patent Rights and, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the licensors of the In-licensed Patent Rights have complied
with their duty of candor and disclosure to the USPTO for the In-licensed Patent Rights</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(s)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Regulatory Compliance</U>. Except as described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus,
the Company: (A) is and at all times has been in material compliance with all statutes, policies, rules and regulations of the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (the &ldquo;<B>FDA</B>&rdquo;), Health Canada and other comparable Governmental Entities applicable to the ownership,
testing (including clinical trials and pre-clinical studies), development, manufacture, packaging, processing, use, distribution, marketing,
labeling, promotion, sale, offer for sale, storage, import, export or disposal of any product under development, manufactured, sold or
distributed by the Company (&ldquo;<B>Applicable Laws</B>&rdquo;); (B) has not received any FDA Form 483, notice of adverse finding, warning
letter, untitled letter or other correspondence or notice from the FDA, Health Canada or any Governmental Authority alleging or asserting
material noncompliance with any Applicable Laws or any licenses, certificates, approvals, clearances, exemptions, authorizations, permits
and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such Applicable Laws (&ldquo;<B>Authorizations</B>&rdquo;); (C) possesses all material
Authorizations and such Authorizations are valid and in full force and effect and the Company is not in material violation of any term
of any such Authorizations; (D) has not received notice of any claim, action, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration
or other action from the FDA, Health Canada or any Governmental Authority or third party alleging that any product operation or activity
is in material violation of any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and has no knowledge that the FDA, Health Canada or any Governmental
Authority or third party is considering any such claim, litigation, arbitration, action, suit, investigation or proceeding; (E) has not
received notice that the FDA, Health Canada or any Governmental Authority has taken, is taking or intends to take action to limit, suspend,
modify or revoke any material Authorizations and has no knowledge that the FDA, Health Canada or any Governmental Authority is considering
such action; and (F) has filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all material reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records,
claims, submissions and supplements or amendments as required by any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and that all such reports, documents,
forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments were materially complete and correct on the date
filed (or were corrected or supplemented by a subsequent submission).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company has operated and
currently is in compliance with all applicable health care laws, rules and regulations (except where such failure to operate or non-compliance
would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change), including, without limitation, (i) the Federal, Food, Drug
and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. &sect;&sect; 301 et seq.) and the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. &sect; 262) and the rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder (collectively, &ldquo;<B>FFDCA</B>&rdquo;); (ii) the <I>Food and Drugs Act</I> (Canada), its associated regulations
(the &ldquo;<B>CFDA</B>&rdquo;); (iii) all applicable federal, state, provincial, local and all applicable similar foreign healthcare
laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-kickback Statute (42 U.S.C. &sect; 1320a-7b(b)), the U.S. Physician Payments Sunshine
Act (42 U.S.C. &sect; 1320a-7h), the civil False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. &sect;&sect; 3729 et seq.), the criminal False Claims Law (42 U.S.C.
 &sect; 1320a-7b(a)), all criminal laws relating to healthcare fraud and abuse, including but not limited to 18 U.S.C. Sections 286 and
287, the healthcare fraud criminal provisions under the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (&ldquo;<B>HIPAA</B>&rdquo;)
(42 U.S.C. Section 1320d et seq.), the exclusion laws (42 U.S.C. &sect; 1320a-7), and the civil monetary penalties law (42 U.S.C. &sect;
1320a-7a); (iv) HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic Clinical Health Act (42 U.S.C. Section 17921 et seq.);
(v) the Privacy Act (Canada), the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (Canada), the Personal Health Information
Protection Act (Ontario) and other personal health information privacy laws; (vi) the regulations promulgated pursuant to such laws; and
(vii) any other similar local, state, provincial, federal, or foreign laws (collectively, the &ldquo;<B>Health Care Laws</B>&rdquo;).
Neither the Company, nor to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any of its officers, directors, employees or agents have engaged in activities
which are cause for false claims liability, civil penalties, or mandatory or permissive exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid, or any other
state, provincial or federal healthcare program. The Company has not received written notice or other communication of any claim, action,
suit, audit, survey, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or other action (&ldquo;<B>Action</B>&rdquo;) from any
court or arbitrator or Governmental Authority or regulatory authority or third party alleging that any product operation or activity is
in violation of any Health Care Laws, and, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, no such claim, action, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement,
investigation, arbitration or other action is threatened. The Company is not a party to and does not have any ongoing reporting obligations
pursuant to any corporate integrity agreement, deferred prosecution agreement, monitoring agreement, consent decree, settlement order,
plan of correction or similar agreement imposed by any governmental or regulatory authority. Additionally, neither the Company, nor to
the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any of its employees, officers or directors, has been excluded, suspended or debarred from participation
in any U.S. state or federal health care program or human clinical research or, to the knowledge of the Company, is subject to a governmental
inquiry, investigation, proceeding, or other similar action that would reasonably be expected to result in debarment, suspension, or exclusion.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The non-clinical studies and
clinical trials conducted by or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, on behalf of the Company were and, if still ongoing, are being conducted
in all material respects in accordance with applicable guidance received from the FDA, and experimental protocols, procedures and controls
pursuant to accepted professional scientific standards, current good clinical practices and current good laboratory practices as required
by the FDA, Health Canada and any other Governmental Authority and all Authorizations and Applicable Laws, including, without limitation,
the FFDCA, the CFDA, and the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines; the descriptions of the results of such studies and
clinical trials contained in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus are, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge,
accurate and complete in all material respects and fairly present the data derived from such studies and clinical trials; except to the
extent disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, the Company is not aware of any studies
or clinical trials, the results of which the Company believes reasonably call into question the study or trial results described or referred
to in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus when viewed in the context in which such results are
described and the clinical state of development; and, except to the extent disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information
or the Prospectus, the Company has not received any notices or correspondence from the FDA, Health Canada or any Governmental Entity requiring
the termination or suspension of any studies or clinical trials conducted by or on behalf of the Company, other than ordinary course communications
with respect to modifications in connection with the design and implementation of such clinical trials, copies of which communications
have been made available to the Agent.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(t)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>All Necessary Permits, etc</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries possess all permits, licenses, approvals, consents and other
authorizations (collectively, &ldquo;<B>Permits</B>&rdquo;) issued by the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign regulatory agencies
or bodies necessary to conduct the businesses now operated by them; the Company and its subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms
and conditions of all such Permits and all of the Permits are valid and in full force and effect, except, in each case, where the failure
so to comply or where the invalidity of such Permits or the failure of such Permits to be in full force and effect, individually or in
the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Change; and neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received any notice of
proceedings relating to the revocation or material modification of any such Permits.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(u)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Title to Properties</U>. Each of the Company and each of its subsidiaries has good and marketable title to all real and tangible
property described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus as being owned by it, in each case free
and clear of all liens, encumbrances and defects except such as are described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information
and the Prospectus or are not material to the business of the Company or any of its subsidiaries; and any real property and buildings
described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus as being held under lease by the Company or any
of its subsidiaries are held under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with such exceptions as are not material and do not materially
interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property and buildings by the Company or any of its subsidiaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Tax Law Compliance</U>. All U.S. federal income tax returns of the Company and its subsidiaries required by law to be filed
have been filed and all taxes shown by such returns or otherwise assessed, which are due and payable, have been paid, except assessments
against which appeals have been or will be promptly taken and as to which adequate reserves have been provided. The Company and its subsidiaries
have filed all other tax returns that are required to have been filed by them pursuant to applicable foreign, state, local or other law,
except insofar as the failure to file such returns, individually or in the aggregate, would not result in a Material Adverse Change, and
have paid all taxes due pursuant to such returns or pursuant to any assessment received by the Company or any of its subsidiaries except
for such taxes, if any, as are being contested in good faith and as to which adequate reserves have been provided. The charges, accruals
and reserves on the books of the Company and its subsidiaries in respect of any income and corporation tax liability for any years not
finally determined are adequate in all material respects to meet any assessments or re-assessments for additional income tax for any years
not finally determined.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(w)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Insurance</U>. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries are insured by recognized, financially sound and reputable institutions
with policies in such amounts and with such deductibles and covering such risks as are generally deemed adequate by the Company and customary
for their businesses including, but not limited to, policies covering real and personal property owned or leased by the Company and its
subsidiaries against theft, damage, destruction, acts of vandalism and earthquakes and policies covering the Company and its subsidiaries
for product liability claims and clinical trial liability claims. The Company has no reason to believe that it or any of its subsidiaries
will not be able (i) to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (ii) to obtain comparable coverage from
similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not reasonably
be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has been denied any insurance coverage
which it has sought or for which it has applied.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(x)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Environmental Laws</U>. Except as would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have
a Material Adverse Change: (i) neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in violation of any federal, state, local or foreign
statute, law, rule, regulation, ordinance, code, policy or rule of common law or any judicial or administrative interpretation thereof,
including any judicial or administrative order, consent, decree or judgment, relating to pollution or protection of human health, the
environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata) or wildlife, including,
without limitation, laws and regulations relating to the release or threatened release of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, wastes,
toxic substances, hazardous substances, petroleum or petroleum products (collectively, &ldquo;<B>Hazardous Materials</B>&rdquo;) or to
the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials (collectively,
 &ldquo;<B>Environmental Laws</B>&rdquo;); (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries have all permits, authorizations and approvals required
under any applicable Environmental Laws and are each in compliance with their requirements; (iii) there are no pending or, to the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, threatened administrative, regulatory or judicial actions, suits, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance
or violation, investigation or proceedings relating to any Environmental Law against the Company or any of its subsidiaries; and (iv)
there are no events or circumstances that might reasonably be expected to form the basis of an order for clean-up or remediation, or an
action, suit or proceeding by any private party or governmental body or agency, against or affecting the Company or any of its subsidiaries
relating to Hazardous Materials or any Environmental Laws.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(y)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>ERISA Compliance</U>. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, the Company and its
subsidiaries and any &ldquo;employee benefit plan&rdquo; (as defined under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended,
and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (collectively, &ldquo;<B>ERISA</B>&rdquo;)) established or maintained by
the Company, its subsidiaries or their &ldquo;ERISA Affiliates&rdquo; (as defined below) are in compliance with ERISA. &ldquo;<B>ERISA
Affiliate</B>&rdquo; means, with respect to the Company or any of its subsidiaries, any member of any group of organizations described
in Sections 414(b), (c), (m) or (o) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations and published interpretations
thereunder (the &ldquo;<B>Code</B>&rdquo;) of which the Company or such subsidiary is a member. No &ldquo;reportable event&rdquo; (as
defined under ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur with respect to any &ldquo;employee benefit plan&rdquo; established
or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates. No &ldquo;employee benefit plan&rdquo; established or
maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates, if such &ldquo;employee benefit plan&rdquo; were terminated,
would have an &ldquo;amount of unfunded benefit liabilities&rdquo; (as defined under ERISA) that would reasonably be expected to result
in a Material Adverse Change. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, neither the Company,
its subsidiaries nor any of their ERISA Affiliates has incurred or reasonably expects to incur any liability under (i) Title IV of ERISA
with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any &ldquo;employee benefit plan&rdquo; or (ii) Sections 412, 4971, 4975 or 4980B
of the Code. Each employee benefit plan established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates that
is subject to Section 412 of the Code or Title IV or ERISA and is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code is so qualified
and nothing has occurred, whether by action or failure to act, which would cause the loss of such qualification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(z)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Company Not an &ldquo;Investment Company</U>.&rdquo; The Company is not and will not be, either after receipt of payment for
the Shares or after the application of the proceeds therefrom, an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo;, as such term is defined in the Investment
Company Act of 1940, as amended (the &ldquo;<B>Investment Company Act</B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(aa)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Price Stabilization or Manipulation; Compliance with Regulation M</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has
taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that might cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of the
Common Shares or of any &ldquo;reference security&rdquo; (as defined in Rule 100 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act (&ldquo;<B>Regulation
M</B>&rdquo;)) with respect to the Common Shares, whether to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares or otherwise, and has taken no
action which would directly or indirectly violate Regulation M.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(bb)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Related-Party Transactions</U>. There are no business relationships or related-party transactions involving the Company or any
of its subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Company, any other person required to be described in the Registration Statement, the
Time of Sale Information or the Prospectus that have not been described as required.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(cc)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>FINRA Matters</U>. All of the information provided to the Agent or to counsel for the Agent by the Company, its counsel, its
officers and directors and the holders of any securities (debt or equity) or options to acquire any securities of the Company in connection
with the offering of the Shares is true, complete, correct and compliant with FINRA&rsquo;s rules and any letters, filings or other supplemental
information provided to FINRA pursuant to FINRA Rules or NASD Conduct Rules is true, complete and correct.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(dd)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Statistical and Market-Related Data</U>. All statistical, demographic and market related data included in the Registration Statement,
the Time of Sale Information or the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes, after reasonable inquiry,
to be reliable and accurate. To the extent required, the Company has obtained the written consent to the use of such data from such sources.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ee)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Anti-Corruption and Anti-Bribery Laws</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor any director, officer, or employee
of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, nor to the knowledge of the Company, any agent, affiliate or other person acting on behalf
of the Company or any of its subsidiaries has, in the course of its actions for, or on behalf of, the Company or any of its subsidiaries
(i) used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity;
(ii) made or taken any act in furtherance of an offer, promise, or authorization of any direct or indirect unlawful payment or benefit
to any foreign or domestic government official or employee, including of any government-owned or controlled entity or public international
organization, or any political party, party official, or candidate for political office; (iii)&#8239;violated or is in violation of any
provision of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the &ldquo;<B>FCPA</B>&rdquo;), the UK Bribery Act 2010, or any
other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption law; or (iv)&#8239;made, offered, authorized, requested, or taken an act in furtherance
of any unlawful bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment or benefit. The Company and its subsidiaries
and, to the knowledge of the Company, the Company&rsquo;s affiliates have conducted their respective businesses in compliance with the
FCPA and have instituted and maintain policies and procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure,
continued compliance therewith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ff)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Money Laundering Laws</U>. The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance
with all applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970,
as amended, as well as those of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by Title III of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing
Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (USA PATRIOT Act), and the applicable anti-money laundering
statutes of jurisdictions where the Company and its subsidiaries conduct business, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related
or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the &ldquo;<B>Anti-Money
Laundering Laws</B>&rdquo;), and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any
arbitrator involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Anti-Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge
of the Company, threatened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 16; Value: 2 -->
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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(gg)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Sanctions</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, nor any director, officer or employee thereof, nor, to the Company&rsquo;s Knowledge,
any agent, affiliate, representative or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, is an individual or entity
(&ldquo;<B>Person</B>&rdquo;) that is, or is owned or controlled by a Person that is: (i) the subject of any sanctions administered or
enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury&rsquo;s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the United Nations Security Council, the European
Union, Her Majesty&rsquo;s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, &ldquo;<B>Sanctions</B>&rdquo;), nor (ii) located,
organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of a U.S. government embargo (including, without limitation, Russia,
Belarus, Cuba, Iran, North Korea and Syria).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>The Company will not, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available
such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person: (i) to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with
any Person that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions, or in any country or territory that, at the
time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject of a U.S. government embargo; or (ii) in any other manner that will result in a violation
of Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>The Company and its subsidiaries have not knowingly engaged in, are not now knowingly engaged in, and will not engage in, any dealings
or transactions with any Person or in any country or territory, that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of
a U.S. government embargo.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(hh)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Brokers</U>. Except pursuant to this Agreement, there is no broker, finder or other party that is entitled to receive from the
Company any brokerage or finder&rsquo;s fee or other fee or commission as a result of any transactions contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Forward-Looking Statements</U>. Each financial or operational projection or other &ldquo;forward-looking statement&rdquo; (as
defined by Section 27A of the Securities Act or Section 21E of the Exchange Act) contained in the Registration Statement, the Time of
Sale Information or the Prospectus (i) was so included by the Company in good faith and with reasonable basis after due consideration
by the Company of the underlying assumptions, estimates and other applicable facts and circumstances and (ii) is accompanied by meaningful
cautionary statements identifying those factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward looking
statement. No such statement was made with the knowledge of an executive officer or director of the Company that it was false or misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(jj)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>. Solely to the extent that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated in
connection therewith (the &ldquo;<B>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</B>&rdquo;), including Section 402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related
to certifications, are or have been applicable to the Company, there is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or any of the
Company&rsquo;s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any applicable provisions
of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The Company does not have any outstanding extension of credit, in the form of
a personal loan, to or for any director or executive officer (or equivalent thereof) of the Company except for such extensions of credit
as are expressly permitted by Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(kk)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Rights to Purchase Preferred Stock</U>. The issuance and sale of the Shares as contemplated hereby will not cause any holder
of any shares of capital stock, securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for capital stock or options, warrants or other
rights to purchase capital stock or any other securities of the Company to have any right to acquire any shares of preferred stock of
the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ll)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Contract Terminations</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has sent or received any communication regarding
termination of, or intent not to renew, any of the contracts or agreements referred to or described in the Prospectus or any free writing
prospectus, or referred to or described in, or filed as an exhibit to, the Registration Statement, or any document incorporated by reference
therein, and no such termination or non-renewal has been threatened by the Company or any of its subsidiaries or, to the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, any other party to any such contract or agreement, which threat of termination or non-renewal has not been rescinded as of
the date hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(mm)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Duties, Transfer Taxes, Etc</U>. No stamp or other issuance or transfer taxes or duties and no capital gains, income, withholding
or other taxes are payable by the Agent in the United States or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein in connection
with the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement by the Company or the sale and delivery by the Company of the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(nn)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Data Privacy Laws</U>. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Company and its subsidiaries are, and at all prior
times were, in material compliance with all applicable state and federal data privacy and security laws and regulations (collectively,
the &ldquo;<B>Privacy Laws</B>&rdquo;). The Company and its subsidiaries have in place, comply with, and take commercially reasonable
steps reasonably designed to comply in all material respects with their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security
and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling, and analysis of Personal Data (as defined below) (the &ldquo;<B>Policies</B>&rdquo;).
The Company and its subsidiaries have at all times made all disclosures to users or customers required by the Privacy Laws, and none of
such disclosures made or contained in any Policy have, to the knowledge of the Company, been materially inaccurate or in violation of
any Privacy Laws in any material respect. The Company further certifies that neither it nor any subsidiary: (i) has received written notice
of any actual or potential liability under or relating to, or actual or potential violation of, any of the Privacy Laws, (ii) is currently
conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation, or other corrective action pursuant to any Privacy Law;
or (iii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement from or with a governmental or regulatory authority or agency that imposes any
obligation or liability under any Privacy Law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(oo)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Cybersecurity</U>. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Company and its subsidiaries&rsquo; information technology assets and
equipment, computers, systems, networks, hardware, software, websites, applications, and databases (collectively, &ldquo;<B>IT Systems</B>&rdquo;)
are adequate for, and operate and perform in all material respects as required in connection with the operation of the business of the
Company and its subsidiaries as currently conducted, free and clear of all material bugs, errors, defects, Trojan horses, time bombs,
malware and other corruptants. The Company and its subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable physical, technical
and administrative controls, policies, procedures, and safeguards to maintain and protect their material confidential information and
the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of all IT Systems and data, including &ldquo;Personal Data,&rdquo; used in
connection with their businesses. &ldquo;<B>Personal Data</B>&rdquo; means (i) a natural person&rsquo;s name, street address, telephone
number, e-mail address, photograph, social security number or tax identification number, driver&rsquo;s license number, passport number,
credit card number, bank information, or customer or account number; (ii) any information which would qualify as &ldquo;personally identifying
information&rdquo; under the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended; (iii) if applicable to the Company, &ldquo;personal data&rdquo;
as defined by EU General Data Protection Regulation (&ldquo;<B>GDPR</B>&rdquo;); (iv) if applicable to the Company, any information which
would qualify as &ldquo;protected health information&rdquo; under HIPAA; and (v) any other piece of information that allows the identification
of such natural person, or his or her family, or permits the collection or analysis of any data related to an identified person&rsquo;s
health or sexual orientation. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, there have been no breaches, violations, outages or unauthorized uses
of or accesses to same, except for those that have been remedied without material cost or liability or the duty to notify any other person,
nor any incidents under internal review or investigations relating to the same. The Company and its subsidiaries are presently in material
compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental
or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Personal
Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Personal Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(pp)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Other Underwriting Agreements</U>. The Company is not a party to any agreement with an agent or underwriter for any other &ldquo;at
the market&rdquo; or continuous equity transaction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any certificate signed by
any officer or representative of the Company or any of its subsidiaries and delivered to the Agent or to counsel for the Agent in connection
with an issuance of Shares shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to the Agent as to the matters covered thereby
on the date of such certificate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company has a reasonable
basis for making each of the representations set forth in this Section 2. The Company acknowledges that the Agent and, for purposes of
the opinions to be delivered pursuant to &lrm;Section 4(o) hereof, counsel to the Company and counsel to the Agent, will rely upon the
accuracy and truthfulness of the foregoing representations and hereby consents to such reliance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Section
3.</B></FONT> ISSUANCE AND SALE OF COMMON SHARES</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Sale of Securities</U>. On the basis of the representations, warranties and agreements herein contained, but subject to the
terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company and the Agent agree that the Company may from time to time seek to sell Shares through
the Agent, acting as sales agent, or directly to the Agent, acting as principal, as follows, with an aggregate Sales Price of up to the
Maximum Program Amount, based on and in accordance with Issuance Notices as the Company may deliver, during the Agency Period.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Mechanics of Issuances</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<U>Issuance Notice</U>. Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, on any Trading Day during the Agency Period on
which the conditions set forth in </FONT><U>Section 5(a)</U> and <U>Section 5(b)</U> shall have been satisfied, the Company may exercise
its right to request an issuance of Shares by delivering to the Agent an Issuance Notice; <I>provided, however</I>, that (A) in no event
may the Company deliver an Issuance Notice to the extent that (I) the sum of (x) the aggregate Sales Price of the requested Issuance Amount,
plus (y) the aggregate Sales Price of all Shares issued under all previous Issuance Notices effected pursuant to this Agreement, would
exceed the Maximum Program Amount; and (B) prior to delivery of any Issuance Notice, the period set forth for any previous Issuance Notice
shall have expired or been terminated. An Issuance Notice shall be considered delivered on the Trading Day that it is received by e-mail
to the persons set forth in <U>Schedule B</U> hereto and confirmed by the Company by telephone (including a voicemail message to the persons
so identified), with the understanding that, with adequate prior written notice, the Agent may modify the list of such persons from time
to time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<U>Agent
Efforts</U>. Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, upon the receipt of an Issuance Notice, the Agent
will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal sales and trading practices to place the Shares with respect to
which the Agent has agreed to act as sales agent, subject to, and in accordance with the information specified in, the Issuance Notice,
unless the sale of the Shares described therein has been suspended, cancelled or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of
this Agreement. For the avoidance of doubt, the parties to this Agreement may modify an Issuance Notice at any time provided they both
agree in writing to any such modification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(iii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<U>Method
of Offer and Sale</U>. The Shares may be offered and sold (A) in privately negotiated transactions with the consent of the Company; (B)
as block transactions; or (C) by any other method permitted by law deemed to be an &ldquo;at the market offering&rdquo; as defined in
Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act, including sales made directly on the Principal Market or sales made into any other existing trading
market of the Common Shares. Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to require either party to agree to the method of offer and sale
specified in the preceding sentence, and (except as specified in clauses (A) and (B) above) the method of placement of any Shares by the
Agent shall be at the Agent&rsquo;s discretion.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(iv)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<U>Confirmation
to the Company</U>. If acting as sales agent hereunder, the Agent will provide written confirmation to the Company no later than the opening
of the Trading Day next following the Trading Day on which it has placed Shares hereunder setting forth the number of shares sold on such
Trading Day, the corresponding Sales Price and the Issuance Price payable to the Company in respect thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<U>Settlement</U>.
Each issuance of Shares will be settled on the applicable Settlement Date for such issuance of Shares and, subject to the provisions of
</FONT><U>Section 5</U>, on or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer
the Shares being sold by crediting the Agent or its designee&rsquo;s account at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit/Withdrawal
At Custodian (DWAC) System, or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto and, upon receipt
of such Shares, which in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form, the Agent will
deliver, by wire transfer of immediately available funds, the related Issuance Price in same day funds delivered to an account designated
by the Company prior to the Settlement Date. The Company may sell Shares to the Agent as principal at a price agreed upon at each relevant
time Shares are sold pursuant to this Agreement (each, a &ldquo;<B>Time of Sale</B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(vi)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<U>Suspension
or Termination of Sales</U>. Consistent with standard market settlement practices, the Company or the Agent may, upon notice to the other
party hereto in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party whose names are set forth on
<U>Schedule B</U>) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable email), suspend any sale of Shares, and the period set forth in
an Issuance Notice shall immediately terminate; <I>provided, however</I>, that (A) such suspension and termination shall not affect or
impair either party&rsquo;s obligations with respect to any Shares placed or sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice; (B) if
the Company suspends or terminates any sale of Shares after the Agent confirms such sale to the Company, the Company shall still be obligated
to comply with </FONT><U>Section 3(b)(v)</U> with respect to such Shares; and (C) if the Company defaults in its obligation to deliver
Shares on a Settlement Date, the Company agrees that it will hold the Agent harmless against any loss, claim, damage or expense (including,
without limitation, penalties, interest and reasonable legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such
default by the Company. The parties hereto acknowledge and agree that, in performing its obligations under this Agreement, the Agent may
borrow Common Shares from stock lenders in the event that the Company has not delivered Shares to settle sales as required by subsection
(v) above, and may use the Shares to settle or close out such borrowings. The Company agrees that no such notice shall be effective against
the Agent unless it is made to the persons identified in writing by the Agent pursuant to <U>Section 3(b)(i)</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(vii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<U>No
Guarantee of Placement, Etc.</U> The Company acknowledges and agrees that (A) there can be no assurance that the Agent will be successful
in placing Shares; (B) the Agent will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other Person if it does not sell Shares;
and (C)&#8239;the Agent shall be under no obligation to purchase Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise
specifically agreed by the Agent and the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(viii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<U>Material
Non-Public Information.</U> Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Company and the Agent agree that the Company shall
not deliver any Issuance Notice to the Agent, and the Agent shall not be obligated to place any Shares, during any period in which the
Company is in possession of material non-public information.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Fees</U>. As compensation for services rendered, the Company shall pay to the Agent, on the applicable Settlement Date, the
Selling Commission for the applicable Issuance Amount (including with respect to any suspended or terminated sale pursuant to <U>Section
3(b)(vi))</U> by the Agent deducting the Selling Commission from the applicable Issuance Amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239; </FONT><U>Expenses.</U>
The Company agrees to pay all costs, fees and expenses incurred in connection with the performance of its obligations hereunder and
in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including without limitation (i)&#8239;all expenses incident to the
issuance and delivery of the Shares (including all printing and engraving costs); (ii)&#8239;all fees and expenses of the registrar
and transfer agent of the Shares; (iii)&#8239;all necessary issue, transfer and other stamp taxes in connection with the issuance
and sale of the Shares; (iv)&#8239;all fees and expenses of the Company&rsquo;s counsel, independent public or certified public
accountants and other advisors; (v)&#8239;all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the preparation, printing, filing,
shipping and distribution of the Registration Statement (including financial statements, exhibits, schedules, consents and
certificates of experts), the Prospectus, any Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) prepared by or on behalf of, used by, or
referred to by the Company, and all amendments and supplements thereto, and this Agreement; (vi)&#8239;all filing fees,
attorneys&rsquo; fees and expenses incurred by the Company or the Agent in connection with qualifying or registering (or obtaining
exemptions from the qualification or registration of) all or any part of the Shares for offer and sale under the state securities or
blue sky laws or the provincial securities laws of Canada, and, if requested by the Agent, preparing and printing a &ldquo;<B>Blue
Sky Survey</B>&rdquo; or memorandum and a &ldquo;Canadian wrapper&rdquo;, and any supplements thereto, advising the Agent of such
qualifications, registrations, determinations and exemptions; (vii) the reasonable and documented fees and disbursements of the
Agent&rsquo;s counsel, including&#8239;the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel for the Agent in connection with, FINRA review,
if any, and approval of the Agent&rsquo;s participation in the offering and distribution of the Shares; (viii)&#8239;the filing fees
incident to FINRA review, if any; (ix) the costs and expenses of the Company relating to investor presentations on any &ldquo;road
show&rdquo; undertaken in connection with the marketing of the offering of the Shares, including, without limitation, expenses
associated with the preparation or dissemination of any electronic road show, expenses associated with the production of road show
slides and graphics, fees and expenses of any consultants engaged in connection with the road show presentations with the prior
approval of the Company, travel and lodging expenses of the representatives, employees and officers of the Company and of the Agent
and any such consultants, and the cost of any aircraft chartered in connection with the road show; and (x) the fees and expenses
associated with listing the Shares on the Principal Market. The fees and disbursements of Agent&rsquo;s counsel pursuant to
subsections (vi) and (vii) above shall not exceed (A) $75,000 in connection with the first Issuance Notice and (B) $15,000 in
connection with each Triggering Event Date (as defined below) on which the Company is required to provide a certificate pursuant to
Section 4(o).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Section
4.</B></FONT> ADDITIONAL COVENANTS</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company covenants and
agrees with the Agent as follows, in addition to any other covenants and agreements made elsewhere in this Agreement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Exchange Act Compliance</U>. During the Agency Period, the Company shall (i) file, on a timely basis, with the Commission all
reports and documents required to be filed under Section 13, 14 or 15 of the Exchange Act in the manner and within the time periods required
by the Exchange Act; and (ii) either (A) include in its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and its annual reports on Form 10-K, a summary
detailing, for the relevant reporting period, (1) the number of Shares sold, if any, through the Agent pursuant to this Agreement and
(2) the net proceeds received, if any, by the Company from such sales or (B) prepare a prospectus supplement containing, or include in
such other filing permitted by the Securities Act or Exchange Act (each an &ldquo;<B>Interim Prospectus Supplement&rdquo;)</B>, such summary
information and, at least once a quarter and subject to this Section 4, file such Interim Prospectus Supplement pursuant to Rule 424(b)
under the Securities Act (and within the time periods required by Rule 424(b) and Rule 430B under the Securities Act)), provided that
the choice of method described in this Section 4(a)(ii)(A) or (B) shall be in the Company&rsquo;s sole discretion.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Securities Act Compliance</U>. After the date of this Agreement, the Company shall promptly advise the Agent in writing (i)
of the receipt of any comments of, or requests for additional or supplemental information from, the Commission; (ii) of the time and date
of any filing of any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement, any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement or any amendment or
supplement to the Prospectus, any Free Writing Prospectus; (iii) of the time and date that any post-effective amendment to the Registration
Statement or any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement becomes effective; and (iv) of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending
the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement or any
amendment or supplement to the Prospectus or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus,
or of any proceedings to remove, suspend or terminate from listing or quotation the Common Shares from any securities exchange upon which
they are listed for trading or included or designated for quotation, or of the threatening or initiation of any proceedings for any of
such purposes. If the Commission shall enter any such stop order at any time, the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts
to obtain the lifting of such order as soon as practicable. Additionally, the Company agrees that it shall comply with the provisions
of Rule 424(b) and Rule 433, as applicable, under the Securities Act and will use its reasonable efforts to confirm that any filings made
by the Company under such Rule 424(b) or Rule 433 were received in a timely manner by the Commission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Amendments and Supplements to the Prospectus and Other Securities Act Matters</U>. If any event shall occur or condition exist
as a result of which it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus so that the Prospectus does not include an untrue statement
of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
when the Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading, or if in the opinion of the Agent or counsel for the Agent it is otherwise
necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus to comply with applicable law, including the Securities Act, the Company agrees (subject
to Sections&#8239;4(d) and 4(f)) to promptly prepare, file with the Commission and furnish at its own expense to the Agent, amendments
or supplements to the Prospectus so that the statements in the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not include an untrue statement
of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
when the Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, be misleading or so that the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, will comply with
applicable law including the Securities Act. Neither the Agent&rsquo;s consent to, or delivery of, any such amendment or supplement shall
constitute a waiver of any of the Company&rsquo;s obligations under Sections 4(d) and 4(f), <I>provided, however</I> that the only remedy
the Agent shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to make such filing (other than the Agent&rsquo;s rights under Section
3(d) or Section 6 hereof) shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed; provided further,
that the failure of the Company to file such amendment or supplement request shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability
under Section 3(d) or Section 6 hereof, or affect the Agent&rsquo;s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company
in this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not be required to file such amendment or supplement if there is no
pending Issuance Notice and the Company believes that it is in its best interests not to file such amendment or supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Agent&rsquo;s Review of Proposed Amendments and Supplements</U>. Prior to amending or supplementing the Registration Statement
(including any registration statement filed under Rule&#8239;462(b) under the Securities Act) or the Prospectus (excluding any amendment
or supplement through incorporation of any report filed under the Exchange Act), the Company shall furnish to the Agent for review, a
reasonable amount of time prior to the proposed time of filing or use thereof, a copy of each such proposed amendment or supplement, and
the Company shall not file or use any such proposed amendment or supplement without the Agent&rsquo;s prior consent, and to file with
the Commission within the applicable period specified in Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act any prospectus required to be filed pursuant
to such Rule.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Use of Free Writing Prospectus</U>. Neither the Company nor the Agent has prepared, used, referred to or distributed, or will
prepare, use, refer to or distribute, without the other party&rsquo;s prior written consent, any &ldquo;written communication&rdquo;
<FONT STYLE="text-underline-style: double">that</FONT> constitutes a &ldquo;free writing prospectus&rdquo; as such terms are defined
in Rule 405 <FONT STYLE="text-underline-style: double">under</FONT> the Securities Act <FONT STYLE="text-underline-style: double">with
respect to the offering contemplated by this Agreement</FONT> (any such free writing prospectus being referred to herein as a &ldquo;<B>Free
Writing Prospectus</B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. The Company shall furnish to the Agent for review, a reasonable amount of time prior to the proposed
time of filing or use thereof, a copy of each proposed free writing prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto to be prepared by
or on behalf of, used by, or referred to by the Company and the Company shall not file, use or refer to any proposed free writing prospectus
or any amendment or supplement thereto without the Agent&rsquo;s consent. The Company shall furnish to the Agent, without charge, as many
copies of any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of, or used by the Company, as the Agent may reasonably request. If at
any time when a prospectus is required by the Securities Act (including, without limitation, pursuant to Rule&#8239;173(d)) to be delivered
in connection with sales of the Shares (but in any event if at any time through and including the date of this Agreement) there occurred
or occurs an event or development as a result of which any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of, used by, or referred to
by the Company conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or included or would include
an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or would omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein,
in the light of the circumstances prevailing at that subsequent time, not misleading, the Company shall promptly amend or supplement such
free writing prospectus to eliminate or correct such conflict or so that the statements in such free writing prospectus as so amended
or supplemented will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances prevailing at such subsequent time, not misleading, as the case may be; <I>provided,
however</I>, that prior to amending or supplementing any such free writing prospectus, the Company shall furnish to the Agent for review,
a reasonable amount of time prior to the proposed time of filing or use thereof, a copy of such proposed amended or supplemented free
writing prospectus and the Company shall not file, use or refer to any such amended or supplemented free writing prospectus without the
Agent&rsquo;s consent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Filing of Agent Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. The Company shall not take any action that would result in the Agent or the Company
being required to file with the Commission pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act a free writing prospectus prepared by or on
behalf of the Agent that the Agent otherwise would not have been required to file thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Copies of Registration Statement and Prospectus</U>. After the date of this Agreement through the last time that a prospectus
is required by the Securities Act (including, without limitation, pursuant to Rule&#8239;173(d)) to be delivered in connection with sales
of the Shares, the Company agrees to furnish the Agent with copies (which may be electronic copies) of the Registration Statement and
each amendment thereto, and with copies (which may be electronic copies) of the Prospectus and each amendment or supplement thereto in
the form in which it is filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act or Rule&#8239;424(b) under the Securities Act, both in
such quantities as the Agent may reasonably request from time to time; and, if the delivery of a prospectus is required under the Securities
Act or under the blue sky or securities laws of any jurisdiction at any time on or prior to the applicable Settlement Date for any period
set forth in an Issuance Notice in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares and if at such time any event has occurred as a
result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any
material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made when such
Prospectus is delivered, not misleading, or, if for any other reason it is necessary during such same period to amend or supplement the
Prospectus or to file under the Exchange Act any document incorporated by reference in the Prospectus in order to comply with the Securities
Act or the Exchange Act, to notify the Agent and to request that the Agent suspend offers to sell Shares (and, if so notified, the Agent
shall cease such offers as soon as practicable); and if the Company decides to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or the Prospectus
as then amended or supplemented, to advise the Agent promptly by telephone (with confirmation in writing) and to prepare and cause to
be filed promptly with the Commission an amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented
that will correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance; provided, however, that if during such same period the Agent is
required to deliver a prospectus in respect of transactions in the Shares, the Company shall promptly prepare and file with the Commission
such an amendment or supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Blue Sky Compliance</U>. The Company shall cooperate with the Agent and counsel for the Agent to qualify or register the Shares
for sale under (or obtain exemptions from the application of) the state securities or blue sky laws or Canadian provincial securities
laws of those jurisdictions designated by the Agent, shall comply with such laws and shall continue such qualifications, registrations
and exemptions in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Shares. The Company shall not be required to qualify as a foreign
corporation or to take any action that would subject it to general service of process in any such jurisdiction where it is not presently
qualified or where it would be subject to taxation as a foreign corporation. The Company will advise the Agent promptly of the suspension
of the qualification or registration of (or any such exemption relating to) the Shares for offering, sale or trading in any jurisdiction
or any initiation or threat of any proceeding for any such purpose, and in the event of the issuance of any order suspending such qualification,
registration or exemption, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain the withdrawal thereof as soon as practicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Earnings Statement</U>. As soon as practicable, the Company will make generally available to its security holders and to the
Agent an earnings statement (which need not be audited) covering a period of at least twelve months beginning with the first fiscal quarter
of the Company occurring after the date of this Agreement which shall satisfy the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Securities Act and
Rule 158 under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(k)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Listing; Reservation of Shares</U>. (a) The Company will use its reasonable best efforts to maintain the listing of the Shares
on the Principal Market; and (b) the Company will reserve and keep available at all times, free of preemptive rights, Shares for the purpose
of enabling the Company to satisfy its obligations under this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(l)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Transfer Agent</U>. The Company shall engage and maintain, at its expense, a registrar and transfer agent for the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(m)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Due Diligence</U>. During the term of this Agreement, the Company will reasonably cooperate with any reasonable due diligence
review conducted by the Agent in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing information
and making available documents and senior corporate officers, during normal business hours and at the Company&rsquo;s principal offices,
as the Agent may reasonably request from time to time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(n)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Representations and Warranties</U>. The Company acknowledges that each delivery of an Issuance Notice and each delivery of Shares
on a Settlement Date shall be deemed to be (i) an affirmation to the Agent that the representations and warranties of the Company contained
in or made pursuant to this Agreement are true and correct as of the date of such Issuance Notice or of such Settlement Date, as the case
may be, as though made at and as of each such date, except as may be disclosed in the Prospectus (including any documents incorporated
by reference therein and any supplements thereto); and (ii)&#8239;an undertaking that the Company will advise the Agent if any of such
representations and warranties will not be true and correct as of the Settlement Date for the Shares relating to such Issuance Notice,
as though made at and as of each such date (except that such representations and warranties shall be deemed to relate to the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented relating to such Shares).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(o)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Deliverables at Triggering Event Dates; Certificates.</U> The Company agrees that on or prior to the date of the first Issuance
Notice and, during the term of this Agreement after the date of the first Issuance Notice, upon:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">(A)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
filing of the Prospectus or the amendment or supplement of any Registration Statement or Prospectus (other than a prospectus supplement
relating solely to an offering of securities other than the Shares or a prospectus filed pursuant to Section 4(a)(ii)(B)), by means of
a post-effective amendment, sticker or supplement, but not by means of incorporation of documents by reference into the Registration Statement
or Prospectus;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">(B)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
filing with the Commission of an annual report on Form 10-K or a quarterly report on Form 10-Q (including any Form 10-K/A or Form 10-Q/A
containing amended financial information or a material amendment to the previously filed annual report on Form 10-K or quarterly report
on Form 10-Q), in each case, of the Company; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">(C)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
filing with the Commission of a current report on Form 8-K of the Company containing amended financial information (other than information
 &ldquo;furnished&rdquo; pursuant to Item 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or to provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K relating
to reclassification of certain properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.
144) that is material to the offering of securities of the Company in the Agent&rsquo;s reasonable discretion;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(any
such event, a &ldquo;<B>Triggering Event Date</B>&rdquo;), the Company shall furnish the Agent (but in the case of clause (C) above only
if the Agent reasonably determines that the information contained in such current report on Form 8-K of the Company is material) with
a certificate as of the Triggering Event Date, in form and substance satisfactory to the Agent and its counsel, substantially similar
to the form previously provided to the Agent and its counsel, modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus as amended or supplemented, (A) confirming that the representations and warranties of the Company contained in this Agreement
are true and correct, (B) that the Company has performed all of its obligations hereunder to be performed on or prior to the date of such
certificate and as to the matters set forth in </FONT><U>Section 5(a)(iii)</U> hereof, and (C) containing any other certification that
the Agent shall reasonably request. The requirement to provide a certificate under this <U>Section 4(o)</U> shall be waived for any Triggering
Event Date occurring at a time when no Issuance Notice is pending or a suspension is in effect, which waiver shall continue until the
earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers instructions for the sale of Shares hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall
be considered a Triggering Event Date) and the next occurring Triggering Event Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company subsequently
decides to sell Shares following a Triggering Event Date when a suspension was in effect and did not provide the Agent with a certificate
under this Section 4(o), then before the Company delivers the instructions for the sale of Shares or the Agent sells any Shares pursuant
to such instructions, the Company shall provide the Agent with a certificate in conformity with this Section 4(o) dated as of the date
that the instructions for the sale of Shares are issued.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(p)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Legal Opinions</U>. On or prior to the date of the first Issuance Notice and on or prior to each Triggering Event Date with
respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 4(o) for which no waiver is applicable and excluding
the date of this Agreement, a negative assurances letter and the written legal opinion of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, counsel
to the Company, Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C., counsel to the Agent, and Choate, Hall and Stewart LLP, intellectual
property counsel to the Company, each dated the date of delivery, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Agent and its counsel,
modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented; provided, however,
the Company shall be required to furnish no more than one of each such opinion and negative assurance letter hereunder in connection with
the filing of each of its annual reports on Form 10-K and each of its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. In lieu of such opinions for subsequent
periodic filings, in the discretion of the Agent, the Company may furnish a reliance letter from such counsel to the Agent, permitting
the Agent to rely on a previously delivered opinion letter, modified as appropriate for any passage of time or Triggering Event Date (except
that statements in such prior opinion shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented
as of such Triggering Event Date).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(q)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Comfort Letter</U>. On or prior to the date of the first Issuance Notice and on or prior to each Triggering Event Date with
respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 4(o) for which no waiver is applicable and excluding
the date of this Agreement, the Company shall cause (i) KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm who has audited the
financial statements included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and (ii) Ernst &amp; Young LLP, the independent
registered public accounting firm who has audited financial statements included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement
(for so long as such audited financial statements are included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement), each to furnish
the Agent a comfort letter, dated the date of delivery, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agent and its counsel; provided,
however, that any such comfort letter will only be required on the Triggering Event Date specified to the extent that it contains financial
statements filed with the Commission under the Exchange Act and incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into a Prospectus.
If requested by the Agent, the Company shall also cause a comfort letter to be furnished to the Agent following the occurrence of any
material transaction or event requiring the filing of a current report on Form 8-K containing material amended financial information of
the Company, including the restatement of the Company&rsquo;s financial statements. The Company shall be required to furnish no more than
one comfort letter hereunder per calendar quarter.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(r) <U>Secretary&rsquo;s
Certificate</U>. On or prior to the date of the first Issuance Notice and on or prior to each Triggering Event Date with respect to which
the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to <U>Section 4(o)</U> for which no waiver is applicable and excluding the
date of this Agreement, the Company shall furnish the Agent a certificate executed by the Secretary of the Company, signing in such capacity,
dated the date of delivery (i) certifying that attached thereto are true and complete copies of the resolutions duly adopted by the Board
of Directors of the Company authorizing the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated
hereby (including, without limitation, the issuance of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement), which authorization shall be in full force
and effect on and as of the date of such certificate, (ii) certifying and attesting to the office, incumbency, due authority and specimen
signatures of each Person who executed <FONT STYLE="text-underline-style: double">this</FONT> Agreement for or on behalf of the Company,
and (iii) containing any other certification that the Agent shall reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(s)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Agent&rsquo;s Own Account; Clients&rsquo; Account</U>. The Company consents to the Agent trading, in compliance with applicable
law, in the Common Shares for the Agent&rsquo;s own account and for the account of its clients at the same time as sales of the Shares
occur pursuant to this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(t)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Investment Limitation</U>. The Company shall not invest, or otherwise use the proceeds received by the Company from its sale
of the Shares in such a manner as would require the Company or any of its subsidiaries to register as an investment company under the
Investment Company Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(u)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Market Activities</U>. The Company will not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that might be reasonably
expected to cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Shares or any other reference security, whether to facilitate
the sale or resale of the Shares or otherwise, and the Company will, and shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cause each of its
affiliates to, comply with all applicable provisions of Regulation M. If the limitations of Rule 102 of Regulation M (&ldquo;<B>Rule 102</B>&rdquo;)
do not apply with respect to the Shares or any other reference security pursuant to any exception set forth in Section (d) of Rule 102,
then promptly upon notice from the Agent (or, if later, at the time stated in the notice), the Company will, and shall use commercially
reasonable efforts to cause each of its affiliates to, comply with Rule 102 as though such exception were not available but the other
provisions of Rule 102 (as interpreted by the Commission) did apply. The Company shall promptly notify the Agent if it no longer meets
the requirements set forth in Section (d) of Rule 102.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Notice of Other Sale</U>. Without the written consent of the Agent, the Company will not, directly or indirectly, offer to sell,
sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable
for Common Shares (other than Shares hereunder), warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire Common Shares, during the period beginning
on the third Trading Day immediately prior to the date on which any Issuance Notice is delivered to the Agent hereunder and ending on
the third Trading Day immediately following the Settlement Date with respect to Shares sold pursuant to such Issuance Notice; provided,
however, that such restrictions will not be required in connection with the Company&rsquo;s (i) issuance or sale of Common Shares, options
to purchase Common Shares or Common Shares issuable upon the exercise of options or other equity awards pursuant to any employee or director
share option, incentive or benefit plan, share purchase or ownership plan, long-term incentive plan, dividend reinvestment plan, inducement
award under Nasdaq rules or other compensation plan of the Company or its subsidiaries, as in effect on the date of this Agreement, (ii)
issuance or sale of Common Shares issuable upon exchange, conversion or redemption of securities or the exercise or vesting of warrants,
options or other equity awards outstanding at the date of this Agreement, and (iii) modification of any outstanding options, warrants
of any rights to purchase or acquire Common Shares. Without the written consent of the Agent, the Company will not, directly or indirectly,
enter into any other &ldquo;at the market&rdquo; or continuous equity transaction to offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any
option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Shares (other than the Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible
into or exchangeable for Common Shares, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Shares prior to the termination of this
Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Section
5.</B></FONT> CONDITIONS TO DELIVERY OF ISSUANCE NOTICES AND TO SETTLEMENT</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Conditions Precedent to the Right of the Company to Deliver an Issuance Notice and the Obligation of the Agent to Sell Shares</U>.
The right of the Company to deliver an Issuance Notice hereunder is subject to the satisfaction, on the date of delivery of such Issuance
Notice, and the obligation of the Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts to place Shares during the applicable period set forth
in the Issuance Notice is subject to the satisfaction, on each Trading Day during the applicable period set forth in the Issuance Notice,
of each of the following conditions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(i)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><U>Accuracy of the Company&rsquo;s Representations and Warranties; Performance by the Company</U>. The
Company shall have delivered the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to <U>Section 4(o)</U> on or before the date on which delivery
of such certificate is required pursuant to <U>Section 4(o)</U>. The Company shall have performed, satisfied and complied with all covenants,
agreements and conditions required by this Agreement to be performed, satisfied or complied with by the Company at or prior to such date,
including, but not limited to, the covenants contained in <U>Section 4(p)</U>, <U>Section 4(q)</U> and <U>Section 4(r)</U>.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(ii)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><U>No Injunction</U>. No statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, ruling or injunction shall
have been enacted, entered, promulgated or endorsed by any court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction or any self-regulatory
organization having authority over the matters contemplated hereby that prohibits or directly and materially adversely affects any of
the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and no proceeding shall have been commenced that may have the effect of prohibiting or
materially adversely affecting any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(iii)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><U>Material Adverse Changes</U>. Except as disclosed in the Prospectus and the Time of Sale Information,
(a) in the judgment of the Agent there shall not have occurred any Material Adverse Change; and (b) there shall not have occurred any
downgrading, nor shall any notice have been given of any intended or potential downgrading or of any review for a possible change that
does not indicate the direction of the possible change, in the rating accorded any securities of the Company or any of its subsidiaries
by any &ldquo;nationally recognized statistical rating organization&rdquo; as such term is defined for purposes of Section 3(a)(62) of
the Exchange Act.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(iv)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><U>No Suspension of Trading in or Delisting of Common Shares; Other Events</U>. The trading of the Common
Shares (including without limitation the Shares) shall not have been suspended by the Commission, the Principal Market or FINRA and the
Common Shares (including without limitation the Shares) shall have been approved for listing or quotation on and shall not have been delisted
from the Nasdaq Stock Market, the New York Stock Exchange or any of their constituent markets. There shall not have occurred (and be continuing
in the case of occurrences under clauses&#8239;(i) and (ii)&#8239;below) any of the following: (i)&#8239;trading or quotation in any of the
Company&rsquo;s securities shall have been suspended or limited by the Commission or by the Principal Market or trading in securities
generally on the Principal Market shall have been suspended or limited, or minimum or maximum prices shall have been generally established
on any of such stock exchanges by the Commission or the FINRA; (ii)&#8239;a general banking moratorium shall have been declared by any
of federal or New York, authorities; or (iii)&#8239;there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of national or international hostilities
or any crisis or calamity, or any change in the United States or international financial markets, or any substantial change or development
involving a prospective substantial change in United States&rsquo; or international political, financial or economic conditions, as in
the judgment of the Agent is material and adverse and makes it impracticable to market the Shares in the manner and on the terms described
in the Prospectus or to enforce contracts for the sale of securities.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Documents Required to be Delivered on each Issuance Notice Date</U>. The Agent&rsquo;s obligation to use its commercially reasonable
efforts to place Shares hereunder shall additionally be conditioned upon the delivery to the Agent on or before the Issuance Notice Date
of a certificate in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agent, executed by the President and Chief Executive Officer <FONT STYLE="text-underline-style: double">or
Chief Financial Officer</FONT> of the Company, to the effect that all conditions to the delivery of such Issuance Notice shall have been
satisfied as at the date of such certificate as required to be delivered pursuant to Section 4(o) (which certificate shall not be required
if the foregoing representations shall be set forth in the Issuance Notice).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Misstatement or Material Omission</U>. Agent shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement, the Prospectus
or the Time of Sales Information, or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Agent&rsquo;s
reasonable opinion is material, or omits to state a fact that in the Agent&rsquo;s reasonable opinion is material and is required to be
stated therein or is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Section
6.</B></FONT> INDEMNIFICATION AND CONTRIBUTION</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Indemnification of the Agent</U>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Agent, its officers and employees, and
each person, if any, who controls the Agent within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act against any loss, claim, damage,
liability or expense, as incurred, to which the Agent or such officer, employee or controlling person may become subject, under the Securities
Act, the Exchange Act, other federal or state statutory law or regulation, or the laws or regulations of foreign jurisdictions where Shares
have been offered or sold or at common law or otherwise (including in settlement of any litigation), insofar as such loss, claim, damage,
liability or expense (or actions in respect thereof as contemplated below) arises out of or is based upon (i) any untrue statement or
alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, or any amendment thereto, including any information
deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material
fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; (ii) any untrue statement or alleged untrue
statement of a material fact contained in any Free Writing Prospectus that the Company has used, referred to or filed, or is required
to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) of the Securities Act or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or
alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under
which they were made, not misleading; or (iii) any act or failure to act or any alleged act or failure to act by the Agent in connection
with, or relating in any manner to, the Common Shares or the offering contemplated hereby, and which is included as part of or referred
to in any loss, claim, damage, liability or action arising out of or based upon any matter covered by clause (i) or (ii) above, provided
that the Company shall not be liable under this clause (iii) to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction shall have determined
by a final judgment that such loss, claim, damage, liability or action resulted directly from any such acts or failures to act undertaken
or omitted to be taken by the Agent through its bad faith or willful misconduct, and to reimburse the Agent and each such officer, employee
and controlling person for any and all documented expenses (including the reasonable and documented fees and disbursements of one counsel
chosen by the Agent) as such expenses are reasonably incurred by the Agent or such officer, employee or controlling person in connection
with investigating, defending, settling, compromising or paying any such loss, claim, damage, liability, expense or action; provided,
however, that the foregoing indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, claim, damage, liability or expense to the extent, but only
to the extent, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in reliance
upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Agent expressly for use in the Registration Statement,
any such Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), it being understood and agreed that the only
such information furnished by the Agent to the Company consists of the information set forth in the first sentence of the ninth paragraph
under the caption &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo; in the Prospectus. The indemnity agreement set forth in this Section 6(a) shall be
in addition to any liabilities that the Company may otherwise have.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Indemnification of the Company, its Directors and Officers</U>. The Agent agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company,
each of its directors, each of its officers who signed the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company within
the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act against any loss, claim, damage, liability or expense, as incurred, to which the
Company or any such director, officer or controlling person may become subject, under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or other federal
or state statutory law or regulation, or the laws or regulations of foreign jurisdictions where Shares have been offered or sold or at
common law or otherwise (including in settlement of any litigation), arises out of or is based upon (i) any untrue statement or alleged
untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, or any amendment thereto, including any information deemed
to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact
required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; or (ii) any untrue statement or alleged untrue
statement of a material fact contained in any Free Writing Prospectus that the Company has used, referred to or filed, or is required
to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) of the Securities Act or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or
alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under
which they were made, not misleading; but, for each of (i) and (ii) above, only to the extent arising out of or based upon any untrue
statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information
furnished to the Company by the Agent expressly for use in the Registration Statement, any such Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus
(or any amendment or supplement thereto), it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by the Agent to the
Company consists of the information set forth in the first sentence of the ninth paragraph under the caption &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo;
in the Prospectus, and to reimburse the Company and each such director, officer and controlling person for any and all expenses (including
the fees and disbursements of one counsel chosen by the Company) as such expenses are reasonably incurred by the Company or such officer,
director or controlling person in connection with investigating, defending, settling, compromising or paying any such loss, claim, damage,
liability, expense or action. The indemnity agreement set forth in this Section 6(b) shall be in addition to any liabilities that the
Agent or the Company may otherwise have.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Notifications and Other Indemnification Procedures</U>. Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this <U>Section
6</U> of notice of the commencement of any action, such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against an
indemnifying party under this <U>Section 6</U>, notify the indemnifying party in writing of the commencement thereof, but the omission
so to notify the indemnifying party will not relieve it from any liability which it may have to any indemnified party for contribution
or otherwise than under the indemnity agreement contained in this <U>Section 6</U> or to the extent it is not prejudiced as a proximate
result of such failure. In case any such action is brought against any indemnified party and such indemnified party seeks or intends to
seek indemnity from an indemnifying party, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in, and, to the extent that it shall
elect, jointly with all other indemnifying parties similarly notified, by written notice delivered to the indemnified party promptly after
receiving the aforesaid notice from such indemnified party, to assume the defense thereof with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such
indemnified party; provided, however, if the defendants in any such action include both the indemnified party and the indemnifying party
and the indemnified party shall have reasonably concluded that a conflict may arise between the positions of the indemnifying party and
the indemnified party in conducting the defense of any such action or that there may be legal defenses available to it and/or other indemnified
parties which are different from or additional to those available to the indemnifying party, the indemnified party or parties shall have
the right to select separate counsel to assume such legal defenses and to otherwise participate in the defense of such action on behalf
of such indemnified party or parties. Upon receipt of notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party of such indemnifying
party&rsquo;s election so to assume the defense of such action and approval by the indemnified party of counsel, the indemnifying party
will not be liable to such indemnified party under this <U>Section 6</U> for any reasonable and documented legal or other expenses subsequently
incurred by such indemnified party in connection with the defense thereof unless (i)&#8239;the indemnified party shall have employed separate
counsel in accordance with the proviso to the preceding sentence (it being understood, however, that the indemnifying party shall not
be liable for the fees and expenses of more than one separate counsel (together with local counsel), representing the indemnified parties
who are parties to such action), which counsel (together with any local counsel) for the indemnified parties shall be selected by the
Agent (in the case of counsel for the indemnified parties referred to in <U>Section 6(a)</U> above), (ii)&#8239;the indemnifying party
shall not have employed counsel satisfactory to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified party within a reasonable time after
notice of commencement of the action or (iii) the indemnifying party has authorized in writing the employment of counsel for the indemnified
party at the expense of the indemnifying party, in each of which cases the fees and expenses of counsel shall be at the expense of the
indemnifying party and shall be paid as they are incurred.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Settlements</U>. The indemnifying party under this <U>Section 6</U> shall not be liable for any settlement of any proceeding
effected without its written consent, but if settled with such consent or if there be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the indemnifying
party agrees to indemnify the indemnified party against any loss, claim, damage, liability or expense by reason of such settlement or
judgment. Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, if at any time an indemnified party shall have requested an indemnifying party to reimburse
the indemnified party for fees and expenses of counsel as contemplated by <U>Section 6(b)</U> hereof, the indemnifying party agrees that
it shall be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent if (i)&#8239;such settlement is entered into
more than 30&#8239;days after receipt by such indemnifying party of the aforesaid request; and (ii)&#8239;such indemnifying party shall
not have reimbursed the indemnified party in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement. No indemnifying party
shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement, compromise or consent to the entry of judgment
in any pending or threatened action, suit or proceeding in respect of which any indemnified party is or could have been a party and indemnity
was or could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified party, unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional
release of such indemnified party from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of such action, suit or proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Contribution</U>. If the indemnification provided for in this <U>Section 6</U> is for any reason held to be unavailable to or
otherwise insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party in respect of any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses referred
to therein, then each indemnifying party shall contribute to the aggregate amount paid or payable by such indemnified party, as incurred,
as a result of any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses referred to therein (i)&#8239;in such proportion as is appropriate
to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other hand, from the offering of the
Shares pursuant to this Agreement; or (ii)&#8239;if the allocation provided by clause&#8239;(i) above is not permitted by applicable law,
in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause&#8239;(i) above but also the relative
fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other hand, in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted
in such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative benefits
received by the Company, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other hand, in connection with the offering of the Shares pursuant to
this Agreement shall be deemed to be in the same respective proportions as the total gross proceeds from the offering of the Shares (before
deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total commissions received by the Agent. The relative fault of the Company, on
the one hand, and the Agent, on the other hand, shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether any such untrue or alleged
untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company,
on the one hand, or the Agent, on the other hand, and the parties&rsquo; relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity
to correct or prevent such statement or omission.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
amount paid or payable by a party as a result of the losses, claims, damages, liabilities and expenses referred to above shall be deemed
to include, subject to the limitations set forth in </FONT><U>Section 6(b)</U>, any reasonable and documented legal or other fees or expenses
reasonably incurred by such party in connection with investigating or defending any action or claim. The provisions set forth in <U>Section
6(b)</U> with respect to notice of commencement of any action shall apply if a claim for contribution is to be made under this <U>Section
6(e)</U>; <I>provided, however,</I> that no additional notice shall be required with respect to any action for which notice has been given
under <U>Section 6(c)</U> for purposes of indemnification.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company and the Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this </FONT><U>Section 6(e)</U> were determined
by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to in
this <U>Section 6(e)</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Notwithstanding
the provisions of this </FONT><U>Section 6(e)</U>, the Agent shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess of the agent fees
received by the Agent in connection with the offering contemplated hereby. No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the
meaning of Section&#8239;11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent
misrepresentation. For purposes of this <U>Section 6(e)</U>, each officer and employee of the Agent and each person, if any, who controls
the Agent within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as the Agent, and each
director of the Company, each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who controls the
Company within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as the Company.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Section
7.</B></FONT> TERMINATION &amp; SURVIVAL</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Term</U>. Subject to the provisions of this <U>Section 7</U>, the term of this Agreement shall continue from the date of this
Agreement until the end of the Agency Period, unless earlier terminated by the parties to this Agreement pursuant to this <U>Section 7</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Termination; Survival Following Termination</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.75in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Either party may terminate this Agreement prior
to the end of the Agency Period, by giving written notice as required by this Agreement, upon ten (10) Trading Days&rsquo; notice to the
other party; provided that, (A) if the Company terminates this Agreement after the Agent confirms to the Company any sale of Shares, the
Company shall remain obligated to comply with </FONT><U>Section 3(b)(v)</U> with respect to such Shares and (B) <U>Section 2</U>, <U>Section
6</U>, <U>Section 7</U> and <U>Section 8</U> shall survive termination of this Agreement. If termination shall occur prior to the Settlement
Date for any sale of Shares, such sale shall nevertheless settle in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.75in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
addition to the survival provision of </FONT><U>Section 7(b)(i)</U>, the respective indemnities, agreements, representations, warranties
and other statements of the Company, of its officers and of the Agent set forth in or made pursuant to this Agreement will remain in
full force and effect, regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of the Agent or the Company or any of its or their partners,
officers or directors or any controlling person, as the case may be, and, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding, will survive
delivery of and payment for the Shares sold hereunder and any termination of this Agreement.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Section
8.</B></FONT> MISCELLANEOUS</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Press Releases and Disclosure</U>. The Company may issue a press release describing the material terms of the transactions contemplated
hereby as soon as practicable following the date of this Agreement, and may file with the Commission a Current Report on Form&#8239;8-K,
with this Agreement attached as an exhibit thereto, describing the material terms of the transactions contemplated hereby, and the Company
shall consult with the Agent prior to making such disclosures, and the parties hereto shall use all commercially reasonable efforts, acting
in good faith, to agree upon a text for such disclosures that is reasonably satisfactory to all parties hereto. No party hereto shall
issue thereafter any press release or like public statement (including, without limitation, any disclosure required in reports filed with
the Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act) related to this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated hereby without the prior
written approval of the other party hereto, except as may be necessary or appropriate in the reasonable opinion of the party seeking to
make disclosure to comply with the requirements of applicable law or stock exchange rules. If any such press release or like public statement
is so required, the party making such disclosure shall consult with the other party prior to making such disclosure, and the parties shall
use all commercially reasonable efforts, acting in good faith, to agree upon a text for such disclosure that is reasonably satisfactory
to all parties hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Advisory or Fiduciary Relationship</U>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) the transactions contemplated by this
Agreement, including the determination of any fees, are arm&rsquo;s-length commercial transactions between the Company and the Agent,
(ii) when acting as a principal under this Agreement, the Agent is and has been acting solely as a principal and is not the agent or fiduciary
of the Company, or its stockholders, creditors, employees or any other party, (iii) the Agent has not assumed nor will assume an advisory
or fiduciary responsibility in favor of the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby or the process leading thereto
(irrespective of whether the Agent has advised or is currently advising the Company on other matters) and the Agent does not have any
obligation to the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement,
(iv) the Agent and its respective affiliates may be engaged in a broad range of transactions that involve interests that differ from those
of the Company, and (v) the Agent has not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the transactions contemplated
hereby and the Company has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it deemed appropriate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Research Analyst Independence</U>. The Company acknowledges that the Agent&rsquo;s research analysts and research departments
are required to and should be independent from their respective investment banking divisions and are subject to certain regulations and
internal policies, and as such the Agent&rsquo;s research analysts may hold views and make statements or investment recommendations and/or
publish research reports with respect to the Company or the offering that differ from the views of their respective investment banking
divisions. The Company understands that the Agent is a full service securities firm and as such from time to time, subject to applicable
securities laws, may effect transactions for its own account or the account of its customers and hold long or short positions in debt
or equity securities of the companies that may be the subject of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Notices</U>. All communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be mailed, hand delivered or telecopied and confirmed
to the parties hereto as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
to the </FONT>Agent:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in">Jefferies LLC<BR>
520 Madison Avenue<BR>
New&#8239;York, NY 10022<BR>
Facsimile:<BR>
Attention: General Counsel</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">with a copy (which shall not constitute
notice) to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Mintz,
Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.</FONT><BR>
One Financial Center<BR>
Boston, MA 02111<BR>
Facsimile: 617-542-2241<BR>
Attention: William C. Hicks.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">If to the Company:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Carisma
Therapeutics Inc.</FONT><BR>
3675 Market Street, Suite 200<BR>
Philadelphia, PA 19104<BR>
Attention: Chief Executive Officer</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">with a copy (which shall not constitute
notice) to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Wilmer
Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP</FONT><BR>
7 World Trade Center</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">250
Greenwich Street<BR>
New York, NY 10007</FONT><BR>
Attention: Brian A. Johnson</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
party hereto may change the address for receipt of communications by giving written notice to the others in accordance with this </FONT><U>Section
8(d)</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Successors</U>. This Agreement will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto, and to the benefit of the
employees, officers and directors and controlling persons referred to in <U>Section 6</U>, and in each case their respective successors,
and no other person will have any right or obligation hereunder. The term &ldquo;successors&rdquo; shall not include any purchaser of
the Shares as such from the Agent merely by reason of such purchase.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Partial Unenforceability</U>. The invalidity or unenforceability of any Article, Section, paragraph or provision of this Agreement
shall not affect the validity or enforceability of any other Article, Section, paragraph or provision hereof. If any Article, Section,
paragraph or provision of this Agreement is for any reason determined to be invalid or unenforceable, there shall be deemed to be made
such minor changes (and only such minor changes) as are necessary to make it valid and enforceable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Governing Law Provisions</U>. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the
State of New York applicable to agreements made and to be performed in such state. Any legal suit, action or proceeding arising out of
or based upon this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby (&ldquo;<B>Related Proceedings</B>&rdquo;) may be instituted in the
federal courts of the United States of America located in the Borough of Manhattan in the City of New York or the courts of the State
of New York in each case located in the Borough of Manhattan in the City of New York (collectively, the &ldquo;<B>Specified Courts</B>&rdquo;),
and each party irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction (except for proceedings instituted in regard to the enforcement of a
judgment of any such court (a &ldquo;<B>Related Judgment</B>&rdquo;), as to which such jurisdiction is non-exclusive) of such courts in
any such suit, action or proceeding. Service of any process, summons, notice or document by mail to such party&rsquo;s address set forth
above shall be effective service of process for any suit, action or other proceeding brought in any such court. The parties irrevocably
and unconditionally waive any objection to the laying of venue of any suit, action or other proceeding in the Specified Courts and irrevocably
and unconditionally waive and agree not to plead or claim in any such court that any such suit, action or other proceeding brought in
any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolution Regimes</U>. In the event that the Agent is a Covered Entity becomes subject to a
proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer from the Agent of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or
under this Agreement, will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime
if this Agreement, and any such interest and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.
In the event that the Agent is a Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate of the Agent becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special
Resolution Regime, Default Rights under this Agreement that may be exercised against the Agent are permitted to be exercised to no greater
extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement were governed by the laws
of the United States or a state of the United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For purposes of this <U>Section
8(h)</U>, a &ldquo;<B>BHC Act Affiliate</B>&rdquo; has the meaning assigned to the term &ldquo;affiliate&rdquo; in, and shall be interpreted
in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. &sect; 1841(k). &ldquo;<B>Covered Entity</B>&rdquo; means any of the following: (i) a &ldquo;covered entity&rdquo;
as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 252.82(b); (ii) a &ldquo;covered bank&rdquo; as that
term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 47.3(b); or (iii) a &ldquo;covered FSI&rdquo; as that term is
defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 382.2(b). &ldquo;<B>Default Right</B>&rdquo; has the meaning assigned
to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect;&sect; 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable. &ldquo;<B>U.S.
Special Resolution Regime</B>&rdquo; means each of (i) the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and
(ii) Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>General Provisions</U>. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement of the parties to this Agreement and supersedes all
prior written or oral and all contemporaneous oral agreements, understandings and negotiations with respect to the subject matter hereof.
This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each one of which shall be an original, with the same effect as if the signatures
thereto and hereto were upon the same instrument, and may be delivered by facsimile transmission or by electronic delivery of a portable
document format (PDF) file. This Agreement may not be amended or modified unless in writing by all of the parties hereto, and no condition
herein (express or implied) may be waived unless waived in writing by each party whom the condition is meant to benefit. The Article and
Section headings herein are for the convenience of the parties only and shall not affect the construction or interpretation of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>[Signature Page Immediately Follows]</I></P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing is in accordance
with your understanding of our agreement, kindly sign and return to the Company the enclosed copies hereof, whereupon this instrument,
along with all counterparts hereof, shall become a binding agreement in accordance with its terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">CARISMA THERAPEUTICS INC.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 47%">&#8239;/s/ Steven Kelly</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#8239;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name: Steven Kelly</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#8239;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title: President and Chief
    Executive Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3.5in; text-indent: 274.5pt">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&#8239;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The foregoing Agreement is hereby confirmed and
accepted by the Agent in New York, New York as of the date first above written.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">JEFFERIES LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 47%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;/s/ Donald Lynaugh</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name: Donald Lynaugh</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title: Managing Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>EXHIBIT A</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">ISSUANCE NOTICE</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">[Date]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Jefferies LLC</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">520 Madison Avenue</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">New York, New York 10022</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Attn: [__________]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Reference is made to the Amended and Restated
Open Market Sale Agreement<SUP>SM</SUP> between Carisma Therapeutics Inc. (the &ldquo;<B>Company</B>&rdquo;) and Jefferies LLC (the &ldquo;<B>Agent</B>&rdquo;)
dated as of ________ ___, 20__. The Company confirms that all conditions to the delivery of this Issuance Notice are satisfied as of the
date hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Date
of Delivery of Issuance Notice (determined pursuant to </FONT><U>Section 3(b)(i)</U>): _______________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Issuance Amount (equal to the total Sales Price for such Shares):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 65%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;$</FONT>&#8239;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Number of days in selling period:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">First date of selling period:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Last date of selling period:</FONT></TD>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Settlement Date(s) if other than standard T+2 settlement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Floor Price Limitation (in no event less than
$1.00 without the prior written consent of the Agent, which consent may be withheld in the Agent&rsquo;s sole discretion): $ ____ per
share</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#8239;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Schedule A</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&#8239;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Subsidiaries</B></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">CTx Operations, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Viventia Bio Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Viventia Bio USA Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Schedule B</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&#8239;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Notice Parties</B></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>The Company</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Steven Kelly</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Richard Morris</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>The Agent</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Michael Magarro</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Jack Fabbri</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Donald Lynaugh</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3.5in; text-indent: 274.5pt">&#8239;</P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
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<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><IMG SRC="tm2315501d2_ex5-1img001.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="width: 150px"></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; text-align: right">+1 617 526 6000 (t)<BR>
 +1 617 526 5000 (f) <BR>
wilmerhale.com</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">May 12, 2023</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Carisma Therapeutics Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">3675 Market St., Suite 200</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Re:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Prospectus Supplement to Registration
Statement on Form S-3 </U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is furnished to you in connection
with (i)&nbsp;the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No.&nbsp;333-271295) (the &ldquo;<B>Registration Statement</B>&rdquo;) filed
by Carisma Therapeutics Inc. (formerly Sesen Bio, Inc.), a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<B>Company</B>&rdquo;), with the Securities
and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B>Commission</B>&rdquo;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;<B>Securities Act</B>&rdquo;),
for the registration of, among other things, shares of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the &ldquo;<B>Common
Stock</B>&rdquo;), which may be issued from time to time on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act
with an aggregate offering price of up to $300,000,000, as set forth in the Registration Statement and the prospectus contained therein
(the &ldquo;<B>Base Prospectus</B>&rdquo;) and (ii) the prospectus supplement, dated May 12, 2023 (the &ldquo;<B>Prospectus Supplement</B>&rdquo;
and, together with the Base Prospectus, the &ldquo;<B>Prospectus</B>&rdquo;), relating to the issuance and sale from time to time by the
Company of shares of Common Stock with an aggregate offering price of up to $100,000,000 (the &ldquo;<B>Shares</B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Shares are to be issued and sold by the Company
pursuant to the Amended and Restated Open Market Sale Agreement<SUP>SM</SUP>, dated May 12, 2023, between the Company and Jefferies LLC
(the &ldquo;<B>Sale Agreement</B>&rdquo;). The Sale Agreement is being filed with the Commission as Exhibit 1.1 to the Company&rsquo;s
Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on the date hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are acting as counsel for the Company in connection
with the issue and sale by the Company of the Shares pursuant to the Sale Agreement. We have examined and relied upon copies of the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus, as filed with the Commission, including the exhibits thereto. We have also examined and relied upon the
Sale Agreement, the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (as amended or restated from time to time, the &ldquo;<B>Certificate
of Incorporation</B>&rdquo;), the Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company (as amended or restated from time to time, the &ldquo;<B>By-Laws</B>&rdquo;),
minutes of meetings of the stockholders and the Board of Directors of the Company, including duly authorized committees thereof, as provided
to us by the Company, certificates of representatives of the Company, certificates of public officials and such other documents as we
have deemed necessary for purposes of rendering the opinions hereinafter set forth.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In our examination of the foregoing documents,
we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of all signatories, the authenticity of all documents submitted
to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies, the authenticity of such original
documents and the completeness and accuracy of the corporate minute books of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2315501d2_ex5-1img002.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="width: 850px"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><TD STYLE="width: 50%">Carisma Therapeutics Inc.<BR> May 12, 2023 <BR> Page <!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->2<!-- Field: /Sequence --></TD><TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 50%; text-align: right"><IMG SRC="tm2315501d2_ex5-1img001.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="width: 150px">&nbsp;</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have relied as to certain matters on information
obtained from public officials and officers of the Company, and we have assumed that (i) the Shares will be issued and sold in compliance
with applicable federal and state securities laws and in the manner stated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any applicable
prospectus supplement; (ii) there will be sufficient shares of Common Stock authorized under the Certificate of Incorporation and not
otherwise reserved for issuance; and (iii) the Company will be validly existing as a corporation and in good standing under the laws of
the State of Delaware.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have assumed that there will not have occurred,
prior to the date of issuance of the Shares, any change in law affecting the validity of such Shares and that at the time of the issuance
and sale of the Shares, the Board of Directors of the Company (or any committee of such Board of Directors or any person acting pursuant
to authority properly delegated to such person by the Board of Directors of the Company or any committee of such Board of Directors) shall
not have taken any action to rescind or otherwise reduce its prior authorization of the issuance of the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We express no opinion herein as to the laws of
any state or jurisdiction other than the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. We also express no opinion herein with respect
to compliance by the Company with the securities or &ldquo;blue sky&rdquo; laws of any state or other jurisdiction of the United States
or of any foreign jurisdiction. In addition, we express no opinion and make no statement herein with respect to the antifraud laws of
any jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Based upon and subject to the foregoing, we are
of the opinion that the Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and, when the Shares are issued and paid for in accordance with
the terms and conditions of the Sale Agreement, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">It is understood that this opinion is to be used
only in connection with the offer and sale of the Shares while the Registration Statement is in effect.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Please note that we are opining only as to the
matters expressly set forth herein, and no opinion should be inferred as to any other matters. This opinion is based upon currently existing
statutes, rules, regulations and judicial decisions, and we disclaim any obligation to advise you of any change in any of these sources
of law or subsequent legal or factual developments which might affect any matters or opinions set forth herein.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion
with the Commission in accordance with the requirements of Item&nbsp;601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act as an exhibit
to the Current Report on Form 8-K to be filed by the Company on the date hereof in connection with the issuance and sale of the Shares
and to the use of our name therein and in the related Prospectus Supplement under the caption &ldquo;Legal Matters.&rdquo; In giving such
consent, we do not hereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Securities
Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2315501d2_ex5-1img002.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="width: 850px"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 2; Value: 2 -->
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Very truly yours,</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and
    Dorr LLP</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: small-caps 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">WILMER CUTLER PICKERING
    HALE AND DORR LLP</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
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<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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	<link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="carm-20230512_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Label Links" />
      </appinfo>
    </annotation>
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2021-01-31" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-types/2021-01-31" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-types-2021-01-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21/types.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2021" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2021/country-2021.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt/2021-01-31" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt-types/2021-01-31" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-types-2021-01-31.xsd" />
</schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>carm-20230512_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Generator; Value: GoFiler Complete; Version: 5.18a -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
<link:linkbase xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodEndLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodEndLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTotalLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTotalLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedNetLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedNetLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTerseLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTerseLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/net-2009-12-16.xsd#netLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/netLabel" />
    <link:labelLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Type</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Description</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:to="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Registration Statement</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Annual Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Quarterly Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Transition Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Event Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period Start Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current Fiscal Year End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CountryRegion" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CountryRegion" xlink:to="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>carm-20230512_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140595495881104">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>May 12, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">May 12,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-36296<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Carisma Therapeutics Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001485003<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">26-2025616<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">3675 Market Street<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite&#160;200<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Philadelphia<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">PA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">19104<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">267<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">491-6422<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $0.001 par value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">CARM<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
