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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Dec. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

(6)Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

The Company’s operating and finance lease ROU assets and the related lease liabilities are initially measured at the present value of future lease payments over the lease term. The Company is responsible for payment of certain real estate taxes, insurance and other expenses on certain of its leases. These amounts are generally considered to be variable and are not included in the measurement of the ROU assets and lease liability. The Company accounts for non-lease components, such as maintenance, separately from lease components.

The Company carries laboratory equipment from failed sale-leasebacks, as assets held for sale on the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets. The ongoing lease payments are recorded as reductions to the finance liability and interest expense. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had a $1.7 million financing liability recorded in other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets.

The elements of the lease costs were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Operating lease cost	$	929	$	1,469
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of lease assets		263		1,298
Interest on lease liabilities		19		236
Total finance lease cost		282		1,534
Variable lease cost		115		472
Total lease cost	$	1,326	$	3,475

Lease term and discount rate information related to leases was as follows:


	March 31,
	2025		2024
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases	2.4		2.3
Finance leases	0.6		1.5

Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases	9.8	%	9.3	%
Finance leases	9.0	%	9.0	%

Supplemental cash flow information was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2025		2024
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash used in operating leases	$	707	$	1,463
Operating cash used in finance leases	$	19	$	236
Financing cash used in finance leases	$	304	$	1,319

Future maturities of lease liabilities were as follows as of March 31, 2025 (in thousands):


	Operating		Finance
	Leases		Leases
Fiscal year ending:
2025 (remaining nine months)	$	1,042	$	639
2026		226		20
2027		233		—
2028		240		—
2029		184		—
Thereafter		—		—
Total future minimum payments		1,925		659
Less imputed interest		(240)		(19)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	1,685	$	640

Licensing and Sponsored Research Agreements

Under a license agreement with The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (Penn), entered into in November 2017, the Company is required to make annual payments of $25,000. Penn is eligible to receive up to $10.9 million per product in development upon the achievement of certain clinical, regulatory and commercial milestone events. There are additional milestone payments required to be paid of up to $30.0 million per product in commercial milestones and up to an additional $1.7 million in development and regulatory milestone payments for the first CAR-M product directed to mesothelin. Additionally, the Company is obligated to pay Penn single-digit royalties based on its net sales.

Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies, arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated. As of March 31, 2025, the Company was in negotiations with a vendor to determine the total costs owed for research and development services provided. While the negotiations are ongoing, the Company believes a liability is probable. The Company has estimated the amount to be owed to be $1.5 million, of which $1.0 million and $0.5 million are included within accounts payable and accrued

expenses, respectively, on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The final amount owed may differ from the estimate as negotiations progress. The Company will continue to evaluate the matter and will adjust the liability as necessary based on any new information or agreements reached with the vendor.

(8)Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

The Company has operating leases for its laboratory and office space in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Company’s operating leases have term end dates ranging from 2025 to 2029. The Company also has obligations under an arrangement for the use of certain laboratory equipment that are classified as finance leases that commenced in 2022 and have end dates ranging from 2025 to 2026. Effective February 2024, the Company renewed an existing operating lease with an end date through 2026. In April 2024, in connection with the revised operating plan, the Company notified the lessor that it would terminate the lease effective August 2024. In July 2024, the Company entered into an amendment extending the termination date of the lease to June 2025 with an option to extend to December 2025. The Company did not incur any penalties or fees in connection with the termination.

In September 2024, the Company modified existing finance leases and failed sale-leaseback arrangements by assigning the rights and obligations of certain underlying assets to an unrelated third party. The modifications resulted in a reduction of its finance lease

ROU assets and related lease liability of $0.4 million. In addition, the Company recorded a reduction of its failed sale-leaseback liability and gain on the sale of the corresponding assets of $0.1 million.

The Company carries laboratory equipment from failed sale-leasebacks, as property and equipment, net on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The ongoing lease payments are recorded as reductions to the finance liability and interest expense. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a $1.4 million financing liability recorded in other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

The elements of the lease costs were as follows (in thousands):


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Operating lease cost	$	5,245	$	5,774
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of lease assets		1,584		1,187
Interest on lease liabilities		217		139
Total finance lease cost		1,801		1,326
Variable lease cost		1,071		1,733
Short term lease cost		671		—
Total lease cost	$	8,788	$	8,833

Lease term and discount rate information related to leases was as follows:


	December 31,
	2024		2023
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases	2.7		2.6
Finance leases	0.8		1.5
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases	9.9	%	9.8	%
Finance leases	9.0	%	9.0	%

Supplemental cash flow information was as follows (in thousands):


	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash used in operating leases	$	5,807	$	5,764
Operating cash used in finance leases	$	217	$	139
Financing cash used in finance leases	$	1,429	$	1,301

Future maturities of lease liabilities were as follows as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):


	Operating		Finance
	Leases		Leases
Fiscal year ending:
2025	$	927	$	942
2026		225		21
2027		233		—
2028		240		—
2029		184		—
Thereafter		—		—
Total future minimum payments		1,809		963
Less imputed interest		(253)		(38)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	1,556	$	925

Licensing and Sponsored Research Agreements

Under a license agreement with The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (Penn), entered into in November 2017 (Penn License Agreement), the Company is required to make annual payments of $25,000. Penn is eligible to receive up to $10.9 million per product in development upon the achievement of certain clinical, regulatory and commercial milestone events. There are additional milestone payments required to be paid of up to $30.0 million per product in commercial milestones and up to an additional $1.7 million in development and regulatory milestone payments for the first CAR-M product directed to mesothelin. Additionally, the Company is obligated to pay Penn single-digit royalties based on its net sales.

In March 2023, the Company entered into a manufacturing and supply agreement with Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (Novartis) for the manufacturing of the Company’s CT-0508 product candidate (Novartis Agreement). The Novartis Agreement had a five year term. On June 26, 2024, in furtherance of its revised operating plan approved in late March 2024, the Company terminated the Novartis Agreement. Upon termination, the Company incurred a termination fee equal to $4.0 million, which was paid in the third quarter of 2024. A prepaid asset was recorded as the Company separately agreed with Novartis that if Novartis and the Company re-negotiate the agreement for a substitute product on or before December 31, 2024, then the $4.0 million termination fee would be credited in full or in part against any amounts due from the Company to Novartis under such agreement relating to the substitute product. The Company did not re-negotiate the agreement and expensed the $4.0 million prepaid asset in the fourth quarter of 2024 to research and development in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies, arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in negotiations with a vendor to determine the total costs owed for research and development services provided. While the negotiations are ongoing, the Company believes a liability is probable. The Company has estimated the amount to be owed to be $1.2 million which is included within accrued expenses on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The final amount owed may differ from the estimate as negotiations progress. The Company will continue to evaluate the matter and will adjust the liability as necessary based on any new information or agreements reached with the vendor.