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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of consolidated financial statement presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank and the Bank's wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, Carver Asset Corporation, CFSB Realty Corp., CCDC, and CFSB Credit Corp., which is currently inactive. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company's subsidiary, Carver Statutory Trust I, is not consolidated with Carver Bancorp, Inc. for financial reporting purposes. Carver Statutory Trust I was formed in 2003 for the purpose of issuing $13.0 million aggregate liquidation amount of floating rate Capital Securities due September 17, 2033 (“Capital Securities”) and $0.4 million of common securities (which are the only voting securities of Carver Statutory Trust I), which are 100% owned by Carver Bancorp, Inc., and using the proceeds to acquire Junior Subordinated Debentures issued by Carver Bancorp, Inc. Carver Bancorp, Inc. has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the Capital Securities along with all obligations of Carver Statutory Trust I under the trust agreement relating to the Capital Securities. The Company does not consolidate the accounts and related activity of Carver Statutory Trust I because it is not the primary beneficiary of the entity. Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) are consolidated, as required, when Carver has a controlling financial interest in these entities and is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. Carver is normally deemed to have a controlling financial interest and be the primary beneficiary if it has both (a) the power to direct activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance; and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could benefit from the activities that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated statement of financial condition and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Amounts subject to significant estimates and assumptions are items such as the allowance for credit losses, realization of deferred tax assets, and the fair value of financial instruments. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance for credit loss or future writedowns of real estate owned may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions in the areas where Carver Federal has extended mortgages and other credit instruments. Actual results could differ significantly from those assumptions. Current market conditions increase the risk and complexity of the judgments in these estimates. Certain comparative amounts for the prior period have been reclassified to conform to current period presentations. Such reclassifications had no effect on net income or shareholders' equity. Recent Events The business climate continues to present significant challenges as banks continue to absorb heightened regulatory costs and compete for limited loan demand. Significant increases in food and energy prices resulted from swift increases in the rate of inflation. The Federal Reserve began increasing the federal funds rate at the March 2022 meeting, and is currently maintaining a target interest rate range between 5.25% and 5.5%. For Carver, the economic climate of New York City (“the City”), in particular, impacts our business as the City lags behind the rest of New York State and the nation both in restoring pandemic job losses and in rebounding to pre-pandemic levels of unemployment. The City's unemployment rate remains high at 4.9%, exceeding the national average, as employment in the arts and entertainment, food and hospitality sectors continue to remain below their pre-pandemic highs. The closure of five banks in 2023 led to industry-wide concerns related to liquidity, deposit outflows, unrealized securities losses and eroding confidence in the banking system from the general public. In response to these developments, the Company took a number of preemptive actions, which included proactive outreach to clients and steps to maximize its funding sources. As a result, the Company's liquidity position remains adequate. The impact of market volatility from the adverse developments in the banking industry along with continued high inflation and rising interest rates, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. The Company is closely monitoring its asset quality, liquidity, and capital positions, as well as the credit risk in its loan portfolio. Management is actively working to minimize the current and future impact of the current business and industry environment, and is continuing to make adjustments to operations where appropriate or necessary to mitigate risk. However, these factors and events may have negative effects on the business, financial condition, and results of operations of the Company and its customers. Cash and cash equivalents For the purpose of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash, amounts due from depository institutions and other short-term instruments with an original maturity of three months or less. The amounts due from depository institutions include an interest-bearing account held at the Federal Reserve Bank where any additional cash reserve required on demand deposits would be maintained. Currently, this reserve requirement is zero since the Bank's vault cash satisfies cash reserve requirements for deposits. Investment Securities When purchased, debt securities are designated as either investment securities held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading. Securities are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost only if the Bank has a positive intent and ability to hold such securities to maturity. Securities held-to-maturity are carried at cost, adjusted for the amortization of premiums and the accretion of discounts using the level-yield method over the remaining period until maturity. The Bank's held-to-maturity portfolio consists of mortgage-backed securities that are either fully guaranteed or issued by a government sponsored enterprise, which has a credit rating and perceived credit risk comparable to the U.S. government. As such, no allowance for credit losses was recorded on securities held-to-maturity as of March 31, 2024. Securities are classified as available-for-sale based upon management's ability to sell in response to actual or anticipated changes in interest rates, resulting prepayment risk or any other factors. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value. Estimated fair values of securities are based on either published or security dealers' market value if available. If quoted or dealer prices are not available, fair value is estimated using quoted or dealer prices for similar securities. The Bank conducts periodic reviews to identify and evaluate each investment that has an unrealized holding loss. Unrealized holding gains or losses for securities available-for-sale are excluded from earnings and reported net of deferred income taxes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of Stockholders' Equity. For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, management determines whether the Company has the intent to sell the security, or will more likely than not be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the allowance for credit loss ("ACL") is written off and the amortized cost adjusted for that amount. If any incremental credit loss occurs, the amortized cost is adjusted further by the credit loss and recorded in earnings. For AFS securities that do not meet the above criteria, management evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management may consider various factors including downgrades in the rating of the security by rating agencies, failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments or adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the decline in fair value is due to credit loss, the credit loss is recorded through ACL, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Losses related to non-credit related factors will be recorded in other comprehensive income. Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes the uncollectibility of an available-for-sale security is confirmed, or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Gains or losses on sales of securities of all classifications are recognized based on the specific identification method. For periods prior to the Company's April 1, 2023 adoption of ASC 326, management conducted periodic reviews on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate securities for other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI"). The amount of OTTI when there were credit and non-credit losses on a debt security that the Bank did not intend to sell, and was more likely than not would not be required to sell prior to the recovery of the non-credit impairment, the portion of the total impairment that was attributable to the credit loss was recognized in earnings. The remaining difference between the debt security's amortized cost basis and its fair value would be included in other comprehensive income (loss). There were no OTTI charges recorded during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Loans Held-for-Sale Loans are only transferred to held-for-sale classification upon the determination by Carver to sell a loan. Held-for-sale loans are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. If a loan is transferred to held-for sale, any previously recorded allowance for credit loss is reversed into earnings and a valuation allowance would be recognized. Subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in earnings as a valuation allowance. The valuation methodology for loans held-for-sale varies based upon the circumstances. Held-for-sale values may be based upon accepted offer amounts, appraised value of underlying mortgaged premises, prior loan loss experience of Carver in connection with recent loan sales for the loan type in question, and/or other acceptable valuation methods. Loans Receivable Loans receivable are carried at unpaid principal balances plus unamortized premiums, certain deferred direct loan origination costs and deferred loan origination fees and discounts, less the allowance for credit losses and charge-offs. The Bank defers loan origination fees and certain direct loan origination costs and amortizes or accretes such amounts as an adjustment of yield over the contractual lives of the related loans using methodologies which approximate the interest method. Premiums and discounts on loans purchased are amortized or accreted as an adjustment of yield over the contractual lives of the related loans, adjusted for prepayments when applicable, using methodologies which approximate the interest method. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when they are past due 90 days or more as to contractual obligations or when other circumstances indicate that collection is not probable. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, any accrued but uncollected interest is reversed from current interest income. Payments received on a nonaccrual loan are either applied to protective advances, the outstanding principal balance or recorded as interest income, depending on an assessment of the ability to collect the loan. A nonaccrual loan may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest payments have been brought current and the loan has performed in accordance with its contractual terms for a reasonable period (generally six months). Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL") For periods prior to the Company's April 1, 2023 adoption of ASC 326, the Bank utilized an impairment model based on incurred losses in estimating the allowance for loan and lease losses ("ALLL"). Under this approach, the Bank maintained a general reserve allowance for homogeneous pools of loans based upon historical loss factors and applied a risk factor to each pool that determined the level of general reserves for that specific pool and the Bank's loss emergence period ("LEP") assumptions, which represented the Bank's estimate of the average amount of time from the point at which a loss is incurred to the point at which the loss is confirmed. Because actual loss experience may not adequately predict the level of losses inherent in a portfolio, the Bank reviewed qualitative factors to determine if reserves should be adjusted based upon any of those factors. Carver also maintained a specific reserve allowance for criticized and classified loans individually reviewed for impairment. The amount assigned to the specific reserve allowance was individually determined based upon (1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, (2) the loan's observable market price, or (3) the fair value of the collateral if the loan was collateral dependent. The ALLL was replaced by the ACL upon adoption of the current expected credit loss model ("CECL") under ASC 326. The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loan portfolio's amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Additions to the allowance are recognized through the provision for credit losses. Loan losses are charged off against the allowance when management believes a loan balance is deemed as uncollectible. Management continues its collection efforts on previously charged-off balances and applies recoveries as additions to the ACL. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount and a reversion to historical after the reasonable and supportable period. Expected credit losses were estimated using a regression model based on historical data from the Company and peer institutions. Adjustments to modeled loss estimates may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in economic conditions, property values or other relevant factors. The discounted cash flow ("DCF") methodology is used for substantially all pools, applied with a 4-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period and the loss rate reverts back to the long-term historical loss average with a 12-quarter straight-line reversion period where the ACL reflects the difference between the amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows (including prepayments and defaults). The expected cash flows are discounted at the effective interest rate and the entire change in present value is reported as a provision for credit loss (or reversal of credit loss). On a quarterly basis, management considers probability of default utilizing economic forecasts including civilian unemployment rates and CPI index, and loss given default assumptions using Frye-Jacobs estimations. The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis in determining credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on loans is included in a separate line item on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when the payment of principal or interest is considered to be in doubt, or when a loan becomes contractually past due by 90 days or more with respect to principal or interest, except for loans that are well-secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, any accrued but uncollected interest is reversed from current income. Interest income on nonaccrual loans is recorded when received based upon the collectability of the loan. Expected credit losses are measured on a collective pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Loans with similar risk characteristics are grouped into homogeneous segments, or pools, for allowance calculation. The following discussion describes the general risks associated with the Bank's loan portfolio segments: •One-to-four Family - Carver Federal purchases first mortgage loans secured by one-to-four family properties that serve as the primary residence of the owner and non-qualified mortgages for one-to-four family residential loans. The loans are underwritten in accordance with applicable secondary market underwriting guidelines and requirements for sale. These loans present a moderate level of risk due primarily to general economic conditions. •Multifamily - Carver Federal originates and purchases recourse and non-recourse multifamily loans. The Bank generally requires a debt service coverage ratio at origination of at least 1.30x, and that the maximum loan-to-value ("LTV") at origination not exceed 70% based on the appraised value of the mortgaged property. Multifamily property lending entails additional risks compared to one-to-four family lending. These loans are dependent on the successful operation of such buildings and can be significantly impacted by economic conditions, industry concentration, valuation of the underlying properties, lease terms, occupancy/vacancy rates, and changes in market demand for multifamily units. The Bank primarily considers the property's ability to generate net operating income sufficient to support the debt service, the financial resources, income level and managerial expertise of the borrower, the marketability of the property and the Bank's lending experience with the owner/guarantor. •Commercial Real Estate ("CRE") - CRE lending consists predominantly of originating loans for the purpose of purchasing or refinancing office, mixed-use properties, retail and church buildings in the Bank's market area. Mixed-use loans are secured by properties that are intended for both commercial and residential use, but predominantly commercial, and are classified as CRE. The Bank primarily considers the ability of the net operating income generated by the real estate to support the debt service, the financial resources, income level and managerial expertise of the borrower, the marketability of the property and the Bank's lending experience with the owner/guarantor. The maximum LTV ratio on CRE loans at origination is generally 70% based on the latest appraised fair market value of the mortgaged property and the Bank generally requires a debt service coverage ratio at origination of at least 1.30x. The Bank also requires the assignment of rents of all tenants' leases in the mortgaged property and personal guarantees may be obtained for additional security from these borrowers. CRE loans generally present a higher level of risk than other types of loans due primarily to the effect of general economic conditions and the complexities involved in valuing the underlying collateral. •Construction - Carver Federal historically originated or participated in construction loans for new construction and renovation of multifamily buildings, residential developments, community service facilities, churches, and affordable housing programs. The loans provide for disbursement in stages as construction is completed. Borrowers must satisfy all credit requirements that apply to the Bank’s permanent mortgage loan financing for the mortgaged property. The Bank has additional criteria for construction loans, including an engineer’s plan and periodic cost reviews on all construction budgets for loans. Construction loans present an increased level of risk from the effect of general economic conditions and uncertainties surrounding construction costs. •Business - Carver Federal originates and purchases business and SBA loans primarily to businesses located in its primary market area and surrounding areas. Business loans are typically personally guaranteed by the owners and may also be secured by additional collateral, including real estate, equipment and inventory. Business loans are subject to increased risk from the effect of general economic conditions. SBA loans are guaranteed by the U.S. government based on the percentage of each individual program. •Consumer (including Overdraft accounts) - The Consumer portfolio includes student loans to medical students enrolled in several medical schools throughout the United States and Caribbean, as well as unsecured consumer loans purchased from or originated through strategic partnerships with Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC and Upstart Holdings, Inc. Consumer loans are typically unsecured and more susceptible to declining economic conditions. Because expected loss predictions may not adequately project the level of losses inherent in a portfolio, the Bank reviews a number of qualitative factors on a quarterly basis to determine if reserves should be adjusted based upon any of those factors. As the risk ratings deteriorate, some of the qualitative factors tend to increase. A number of qualitative factors are considered including economic forecast uncertainty, credit quality trends, valuation trends, concentration risk, quality of loan review, changes in personnel, impact of rising rates, external factors and other considerations. Although the quantitative calculation includes a measurement of statistical economic conditions based on national averages, an additional analysis is performed at the qualitative level that applies specifically to the Company's geographic area and the banking industry that includes reasonable and supportable forecasts. Representation and Warranty Reserve During the period 2004 through 2009, the Bank originated 1-4 family residential mortgage loans and sold the loans to the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”). The loans were sold to FNMA with the standard representations and warranties for loans sold to the Government Sponsored Entities (GSEs). The Bank may be required to repurchase these loans in the event of breaches of these representations and warranties. In the event of a repurchase, the Bank is typically required to pay the unpaid principal balance as well as outstanding interest and fees. The Bank then recovers the loan or, if the loan has been foreclosed, the underlying collateral. The Bank is exposed to any losses on repurchased loans after giving effect to any recoveries on the collateral. Management has established a representation and warranty reserve for losses associated with the repurchase of mortgage loans sold by the Bank to FNMA that we consider to be both probable and reasonably estimable. These reserves are reported in the consolidated statement of financial condition as a component of other liabilities. The calculation of the reserve is based on estimates, which are uncertain, and require the application of judgment. In establishing the reserves, we consider a variety of factors, including those loans that are under review by FNMA that have not yet received a repurchase request. The Bank tracks the FNMA claims monthly and evaluates the reserve on a quarterly basis. Segment Reporting The Company has determined that all of its activities constitute one reportable operating segment. Concentration of Risk The Bank's principal lending activities are concentrated in loans secured by real estate, a substantial portion of which are located in New York City. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the Company's loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in New York's real estate market conditions. Qualitative factors in the ACL calculation considers the Bank's concentration risk. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are comprised of land, at cost, and buildings, building improvements, furnishings and equipment and leasehold improvements, at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization charges are included in Non-Interest Expense in the consolidated statements of operations and are computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:
Buildings and improvements | 10 to 25 years
Furnishings and equipment | 3 to 5 years
Leasehold improvements | Lesser of useful life or remaining term of lease
Maintenance, repairs and minor improvements are charged to non-interest expense in the period incurred. Leases Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date. The Company includes lease renewal options in the lease term if it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. Right-of-use assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate for a fully collateralized and fully amortizing loan with a maturity date that is similar to the lease term, at lease commencement to calculate the present value of lease payments when the implicit rate in a lease is not readily determinable. Federal Home Loan Bank Stock The FHLB-NY has assigned to the Bank a mandated membership stock purchase, based on the Bank's asset size. In addition, for all borrowing activity, the Bank is required to purchase shares of FHLB-NY non-marketable capital stock at par. Such shares are redeemed by FHLB-NY at par with reductions in the Bank's borrowing levels. FHLB stock does not have a readily determinable fair value and we do not consider these shares to be impaired at March 31, 2024 and 2023. The Bank carries this investment at historical cost. Mortgage Servicing Rights All separately recognized servicing assets totaled $140 thousand and $152 thousand, respectively, at March 31, 2024 and 2023, and are included in Other Assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition and measured at fair value. Changes in fair value are included in Non-Interest Income in the consolidated statements of operations. Servicing fee income of $44 thousand and $41 thousand, respectively, was recognized during the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and is included in Non-Interest Income in the consolidated statements of operations. Other Real Estate Owned Real estate acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is recorded at fair value, less estimated selling costs, at the date of acquisition. Any subsequent adjustments will be to the lower of cost or fair value and included in Non-Interest Expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of such assets is determined based primarily upon independent appraisals and other relevant factors. The amounts ultimately recoverable from real estate owned could differ from the net carrying value of these properties because of economic conditions. Costs incurred to improve properties or prepare them for sale are capitalized. Revenues and expenses related to the holding and operating of properties are recognized in operations as earned or incurred. Gains or losses on sale of properties are recognized as incurred and are included in Non-Interest Expense in the consolidated statements of operations. As of March 31, 2024, the Bank held $52 thousand in a foreclosed residential real estate property as a result of obtaining physical possession. In addition, as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, we had residential loans with a carrying value of $2.7 million and $3.1 million, respectively, collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process. Income Taxes The Company records income taxes using the asset and liability method. Income tax expense (benefit) consists of income taxes currently payable (receivable) and deferred income taxes. Temporary differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes are measured as of the balance sheet date. Deferred tax liabilities or recognizable deferred tax assets are calculated on such differences, using current statutory rates, which result in future taxable or deductible amounts. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Where applicable, deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance for any portion determined more likely than not to be realized. This valuation allowance would subsequently be adjusted by a charge or credit to income tax expense as changes in facts and circumstances warrant. A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is "more likely than not" that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. Any interest expense or penalties would be recorded as interest expense. Earnings (Loss) per Common Share The Company has preferred stock which are entitled to receive dividends if declared on the Company's common stock and are therefore considered to be participating securities. Basic earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) is computed using the two class method. This calculation divides net income (loss) available to common stockholders after the allocation of undistributed earnings to the participating securities by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised and converted into common stock. These potentially dilutive shares are then included in the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. Dilution calculations are not applicable to net loss periods. Preferred and Common Dividends The Company is prohibited from paying any dividends without prior regulatory approval pursuant to the terms of the Formal Agreement and Resolution to which it is subject, and is generally subject to regulations governing the payment of dividends. There are no assurances that the payments of common stock dividends will resume. Treasury Stock Treasury stock is recorded at cost and is presented as a reduction of stockholders' equity. Stock Compensation Plans The Company currently has multiple stock plans in place for employees and directors of the Company. The compensation cost related to share-based payment transactions is included in Employee Compensation and Benefits in the consolidated statements of operations. Compensation cost for all stock awards is calculated and recognized over a defined vesting period. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. For awards with graded-vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite vesting period for the entire award. The Black-Scholes model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of the Company's common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock awards. Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposure In the ordinary course of business, the Bank has entered into off-balance sheet financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated statements of condition when they are funded. The Company estimates a reserve for expected credit losses on loan commitments over the contractual period in which it is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The Bank does not record any reserve for unconditionally cancellable unfunded lending commitment since the exposure may be canceled to prevent future credit loss. Reserves for unfunded lending commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable are included in Other Liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition and Non-Interest Expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Management will consider the likelihood that funding will occur and use the discount rate based on the associated pooled loan analysis loss rate to calculate the estimated expected credit losses. The Company recorded a provision for credit loss for off-balance sheet credit exposures of $1 thousand for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures was $9 thousand as of March 31, 2024. Grant Income Designated as a Community Development Financial Institution ("CDFI") by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Bank is eligible for, and on occasion receives, assistance from the government and other financial institutions in the form of grants. The Company earns these grants through compliance with their conditions and by meeting the stated obligations. The Company therefore recognizes the grant income over the periods that bear the cost of meeting the obligations. Advertising Costs The Company follows the policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred. Transfers of Financial Assets Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. If the criteria for sales accounting is not met, the Company will continue to recognize the financial asset and recognize an associated secured borrowing. Recent Accounting Standards Accounting Standards Recently Adopted On April 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASC 326, which replaces the guidance on recognition and measurement of credit losses for financial assets. The new requirements, known as the current expected credit loss model ("CECL") will require entities to adopt an impairment model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the CECL model, the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") is a valuation allowance tat is deducted from the amortized cost basis of certain financial assets, including loans, held-to-maturity securities, and other receivables, to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This differs from the incurred loss model, which delays recognition of credit losses until it is probable a loss has been incurred. The Company applied the new guidance with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of April 1, 2023, using the modified-retrospective approach. Results for reporting periods beginning after April 1, 2023 are presented under CECL. Prior period amounts have not been restated and are reported in accordance with the incurred loss method. The adoption of ASC 326 resulted in an increase of $0.7 million to the allowance for credit losses related to loans and to the opening balance of accumulated deficit for the year ended March 31, 2024. There was no material impact for other assets within the scope of the new CECL guidance, such as held-to-maturity debt securities and other receivables. On April 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU No. 2022-02, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (ASC 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs) and Vintage Disclosures," which eliminates the accounting guidance for TDRs, and replaced it with guidance and disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructuring activities to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The amendments also require disclosure of current period gross writeoffs by year of origination. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition and results of operations. On April 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU No. 2021-10 "Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance," which was issued to improve the financial reporting of government assistance received by business entities by requiring the disclosure of (1) the types of assistance received, (2) an entity’s accounting for the assistance, and (3) the effect of the assistance on an entity’s financial statements. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition and results of operations. Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" to enhance income tax disclosures to help investors better assess how a company's operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The amendments in this update will require further disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation and information on income taxes paid. ASU No. 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 (for the Company, the fiscal year ending March 31, 2026), and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied on a prospective basis with an option for retrospective application. ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07 "Segment Report (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 (for the Company, the fiscal year ending March 31, 2025), and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting," which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to loan and lease agreements, derivative contracts, and other transactions affected by the anticipated transition away from LIBOR toward new interest rate benchmarks. For transactions that are modified because of reference rate reform and that meet certain scope guidance (i) modifications of loan agreements should be accounted for by prospectively adjusting the effective interest rate and the modification will be considered "minor" so that any existing unamortized origination fees/costs would carry forward and continue to be amortized and (ii) modifications of lease agreements should be accounted for as a continuation of the existing agreement with no reassessments of the lease classification and the discount rate or remeasurements of lease payments that otherwise would be required for modifications not accounted for as separate contracts. ASU 2020-04 is effective March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. An entity may elect to apply ASU 2020-04 for contract modifications as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. Once elected for a Topic or an Industry Subtopic, the amendments in this ASU must be applied prospectively for all eligible contract modifications for that Topic or Industry Subtopic. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848," which defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply for relief in Topic 848. We anticipate this ASU will simplify any modifications we execute between the selected start date (yet to be determined) and December 31, 2024 that are directly related to LIBOR transition by allowing prospective recognition of the continuation of the contract, rather than extinguishment of the old contract resulting in writing off unamortized fees/costs. The amended guidance under Topic 848 and our ability to elect its optional expedients and exceptions are effective for us through December 31, 2024. The Company has adopted the LIBOR transition relief allowed under this standard.

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