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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
(8)
Income Taxes

The current tax provisions and deferred tax provisions, as reflected in the financial statements are as follows as of December 31:

 
  
2024
    
2023
  
Current federal taxes
  
$
—
      
—
  
Current state taxes
    
9,602
      
4,338
  
Current tax provision
    
9,602
      
4,338
  
Deferred federal taxes
    
(4,433,940
)
    
(3,326,982
)
Deferred state taxes
    
(342,310
)
    
(70,586
)
Valuation allowance change
    4,776,250       3,397,568  
Deferred tax provision
    
—
      
—
  
Total income tax expense provision
  
$
9,602
      
4,338
  

A reconciliation of income tax expense at the statutory federal income tax rate and income taxes as reflected in the financial statements is as follows as of December 31:


  
2024
    
2023
  
Federal income tax at statutory federal rate
    
21.00
%
    
21.00
%
Permanent differences
    
—
      
—
  
Research and development credit
    
3.00
      
2.00
  
Other deferred adjustments
    
—
      
—
  
State income tax expense (net of federal benefit)
    
2.00
      
1.00
  
Valuation allowance
    
(26.00
 )    
(24.00
)
Effective tax rate
    
—
 %    
—
 %

Deferred tax assets (liabilities) consisted of the following as of December 31:


  
2024
    
2023
  
Deferred tax asset arising from:
            
Net operating loss carry forwards
   $ 23,030,273      
19,675,117
  
Accrued expenses (compensation)
     138,806      
13,172
  
Intangibles
     93,426      
86,603
  
Property and equipment
     80,313       77,447  
Research and development expense capitalization
     3,326,621       2,613,867  
Research and development tax credits
     3,839,058      
3,390,709
  
Share-based compensation expense
     257,891      
176,065
  
Lease liabilities
     471,733      
536,430
  
Other
     5,210      
1,479
  
Deferred tax asset
     31,243,331      
26,570,889
  
Deferred tax liability arising from:
                
UNICAP
     (11,092 )    
(10,513
)
Right-of-use assets
     (418,323 )    
(522,710
)
Property and equipment
     —      
—
  
Deferred tax liability
    
(429,415
)
    
(533,223
)
Valuation allowance
  
$
30,813,916
      
26,037,666
  
Net deferred tax asset
  
$
—
      
—
  

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, and the Company is required to reduce its deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management must use judgment in assessing the potential need for a valuation allowance, which requires an evaluation of both negative and positive evidence. The weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. In determining the need for and amount of the valuation allowance, if any, the Company assesses the likelihood that it will be able to recover its deferred tax assets using historical levels of income, estimates of future income and tax planning strategies. As a result of historical cumulative losses, the Company determined that, based on all available evidence, there was substantial uncertainty as to whether it will recover recorded net deferred taxes in future periods. Accordingly, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against all of its net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The change in valuation allowance was $4,776,250 and $3,397,568 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Beginning on January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted in December 2017, eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures in the current period and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize U.S.-based and non-U.S. based research and development expenditures over five and fifteen years, respectively. This legislation does not impact the Company’s current tax obligations.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, the Company has $104,880,492 and $90,380,015 of federal net operating loss carry forwards and $3,723,817 and $3,231,910 of federal research and experimentation tax credits, respectively, and state net operating loss carry forwards of $17,675,024 and $12,425,590, respectively. The utilization of such net operating loss carryforwards and the realization of tax benefits in future years depend predominately upon having taxable income. Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, certain substantial changes in the Company’s ownership may result in a limitation on the amount of net operating loss carry forwards and tax credit carry forwards that may be used in future years.
 
The Company’s net operating losses may be subject to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code which provide for a limitation on the annual use of net operating losses following certain ownership changes that could limit the Company’s ability to utilize these carryforwards. The Company has completed an analysis covering the period February 19, 2004 through December 31, 2018, to determine if such ownership changes have occurred and concluded it was more likely than not that there were changes in ownership during the period, with the most recent change of ownership occurring on December 16, 2016. Further analyses will be performed prior to recognizing the benefits of any losses or credits in the financial statements, and the Company is in the process of determining the limitations that Section 382 will have on the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards and research credits. In general, the annual use limitation equals the aggregate value of the Company’s stock at the time of the ownership change multiplied by a specified tax-exempt interest rate.

The following schedule indicates the expiration year, as of December 31, for the Company’s federal net operating loss carryforwards available to future years without taking into account any Section 382 limitations as of December 31, 2024:

2025
  
$
865,274
  
2026
    
1,213,130
  
2027
    
2,082,043
  
2028
    
2,536,605
  
2029
    
2,235,045
  
2030
    
4,132,949
  
2031
    
3,160,709
  
2032
    
3,533,521
  
2033
    
2,987,848
  
2034
    
2,516,728
  
2035
    
4,777,558
  
2036
    
4,503,474
  
2037
    
6,869,819
  
Indefinitely
    
63,465,789
  
Total
  
$
104,880,492
  

The FASB issued authoritative guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, which clarifies the accounting for income taxes, by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before recognition in the financial statements. The guidance also provides direction on recognition, measurement, classification, interest, and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. Management has determined there are no uncertain tax positions. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include any adjustments or disclosures related to uncertain tax positions.