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4. Income taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Components of provision for income taxes | Loss before income taxes:
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
The PRC and Hong Kong |  |  | (1,904 | ) |  |  | (879 | ) |  |  | (157 | )
The (credit) / provision for income taxes consist of:
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Current tax expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The PRC and Hong Kong |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 47 |
Total current (credit) / provision |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 47 |
Deferred tax expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The PRC and Hong Kong |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 26 |
Total deferred provision |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 26 |
Reconciling items from income tax |
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Computed tax using respective companies’ statutory tax rates |  |  | (177 | ) |  |  | (194 | ) |  |  | (49 | )
Change in valuation allowances |  |  | 455 |  |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 124 |
Under-provision for income tax in prior years |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Non-deductible expenses |  |  | (256 | ) |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Total (credit) / provision for income tax at effective tax rate |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 73 |
Components of deferred tax assets |
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Tax losses |  |  | 1,159 |  |  |  | 1,131 |
Temporary differences |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 4 |
Less: Valuation allowances |  |  | (958 | ) |  |  | (908 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 227 |
ZHEJIANG JIAHUAN |
Components of provision for income taxes |
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Income taxes |  |  | 861 |  |  |  | 484 |  |  |  | 19 |
Reconciling items from income tax |
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 5,797 |  |  |  | 5,194 |  |  |  | 2,327 |
Computed tax using respective companies’ statutory tax rates |  |  | 1,119 |  |  |  | 1,299 |  |  |  | 582 |
Tax effect on revenue not subject to tax |  |  | (447 | ) |  |  | (537 | ) |  |  | (20,983 | )
Tax effect on expenses not deductible for tax purposes |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,455 |
Under / (over) provision for income tax in prior years |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | (278 | ) |  |  | - |
Others |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (35 | )
Total provision for income tax at effective tax rate |  |  | 861 |  |  |  | 484 |  |  |  | 19 |
ZHEJIANG TIANLAN |
Components of provision for income taxes |
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Current PRC EIT: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  | 3,351 |  |  |  | 2,159 |  |  |  | 3,110 |
Income taxes |  |  | 3,351 |  |  |  | 2,159 |  |  |  | 3,110 |
Deferred tax benefit: |  |  | (177 | ) |  |  | (1,391 | ) |  |  | (447 | )
Total deferred taxes |  |  | (177 | ) |  |  | (1,391 | ) |  |  | (447 | )
Reconciling items from income tax |
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 24,927 |  |  |  | 14,776 |  |  |  | 7,961 |
Computed tax using respective companies’ statutory tax rates |  |  | 3,767 |  |  |  | 2,216 |  |  |  | 1,194 |
(Over)-provision for income tax in prior years |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,418 | ) |  |  | (123 | )
Temporary differences |  |  | (177 | ) |  |  | 1,575 |  |  |  | (445 | )
Tax effect of revenue not subject to tax |  |  | (1,068 | ) |  |  | (695 | ) |  |  | (242 | )
Tax effect of expenses not deductible for tax purposes |  |  | 596 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 2,279 |
Tax effect of unused tax losses not recognized |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total provision for income tax at effective tax rate |  |  | 3,174 |  |  |  | 768 |  |  |  | 2,663 |
Components of deferred tax assets |
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Tax losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Allowance for doubtful debts |  |  | 4,527 |  |  |  | 4,350 |
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 4,527 |  |  |  | 4,350 |

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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6907707&loc=d3e32639-109319 + Details
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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6907707&loc=d3e32537-109319 + Details
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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 12 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6907707&loc=d3e32687-109319 + Details
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