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Contract assets and liabilities | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Contract assets and liabilities | 6 Contract assets and liabilities Contracts with customers usually stipulate the timing of payment, which is defined by the terms found within the various contracts under which work was performed during the period. Therefore, contract assets and liabilities are created when the timing of costs incurred on work performed does not coincide with the billing terms. The Group’s consolidated balance sheets present contract assets which contains earned unbilled revenue associated with contract work that has been completed but not paid by customers, that are generally due once the job is completed and approved. Contract assets consisted of the following at December 31:
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Unbilled revenue |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 202 |
The Group’s consolidated balance sheets present contract liabilities which contains deferred revenue (previously identified as billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts). Contract liabilities consisted of the following at December 31:
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 1,076 |  |  |  | 1,063 |
The following table provides information about contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Contract assets |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 202 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | (1,076 | ) |  |  | (1,063 | )
Net contract liabilities |  |  | (1,002 | ) |  |  | (861 | )
The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Group’s contract assets and contract liabilities primarily results from the timing of the Group’s billings in relation to its performance of work. The amounts of revenue recognized in the period that were included in the opening contract liability balances were US$79,000 and US$1,214,000 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The revenue consists primarily of work performed on previous billings to customers. The net liabilities position for contracts in process consisted of the following at December 31:
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Costs incurred in contracts in process |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 1,904 |
Estimated earnings |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | - |
Cost and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 1,904 |
Less: billings to date |  |  | (1,230 | ) |  |  | (2,765 | )
|  |  | (1,002 | ) |  |  | (861 | )
The net liabilities position for contracts in process is included within the contract asset and contract liability in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as follows at December 31:
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Unbilled revenue |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 202 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | (1,076 | ) |  |  | (1,063 | )
|  |  | (1,002 | ) |  |  | (861 | )
Disaggregated revenue from contracts
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading and manufacturing (revenue recognized at point in time) |  |  | 9,619 |  |  |  | 9,476 |  |  |  | 11,877 |
Engineering (revenue recognized over time) |  |  | 11,769 |  |  |  | 3,881 |  |  |  | 5,522 |
|  |  | 21,388 |  |  |  | 13,357 |  |  |  | 17,399 |
ZHEJIANG TIANLAN |
Contract assets and liabilities | 6 Contract assets, net and liabilities Contracts with customers usually stipulate the timing of payment, which is defined by the terms found within the various contracts under which work was performed during the period. Therefore, contract assets and liabilities are created when the timing of costs incurred on work performed does not coincide with the billing terms. The Group’s consolidated balance sheets present contract assets, net which contains earned unbilled revenue associated with contract work that has been completed but not paid by customers, that are generally due once the job is completed and approved. Contract assets, net consisted of the following at December 31:
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Unbilled revenue |  |  | 72,310 |  |  |  | 94,494 |
The Group’s consolidated balance sheets present contract liabilities which contain deferred revenue (previously identified as billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts). Contract liabilities consisted of the following at December 31:
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 37,481 |  |  |  | 47,135 |
The following table provides information about contract assets, net and contract liabilities from contracts with customers at December 31:
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Contract assets |  |  | 72,310 |  |  |  | 94,494 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | (37,481 | ) |  |  | (47,135 | )
Net contract assets |  |  | 34,829 |  |  |  | 47,359 |
The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Group’s contract assets, net and contract liabilities primarily results from the timing of the Group’s billings in relation to its performance of work. The net asset position for contracts in process consisted of the following at December 31:
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts |  |  | 503,434 |  |  |  | 406,064 |
Less: billings to date |  |  | (468,605 | ) |  |  | (358,705 | )
|  |  | 34,829 |  |  |  | 47,359 |
Contract assets, net consisted of the following at December 31:
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Gross contract assets |  |  | 81,198 |  |  |  | 102,144 |
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | (8,888 | ) |  |  | (7,650 | )
|  |  | 72,310 |  |  |  | 94,494 |

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