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Income tax (credit) expense | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income tax (credit) / expense | Note 16 : Income taxes No income tax arose in the United States of America by the Group for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The Company and Pact Asia Pacific Limited are exempt from taxation in the British Virgin Islands (“BVI”). Far East and Euro Tech (China) Limited provided for Hong Kong profits tax at a rate of 8.25% on assessable profits up to US$256,000; and 16.5% on any part of assessable profits over US$256,000 in year 2022 and 2021 (2020: 16.5%) on the basis of their income for financial reporting purposes, adjusting for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for profits tax purposes. Euro Tech Trading (Shanghai) Limited (“ETTS”), a subsidiary of Far East, provides for PRC Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) at a rate of 25% (2021 and 2020: 25%), after offsetting losses brought forward, if any, on the basis of its income for financial reporting purposes, adjusting for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for PRC Enterprise Income Tax purposes. As of December 31, 2022, ETTS had an assessable loss carried forward of US$103,000 as agreed by the local tax authority to offset its profit for the forth coming years (2021: US$18,000 and 2020: US$604,778). Such loss will expire in 5 years. Shanghai Euro Tech Limited (“SET”), a subsidiary of Far East, provides for PRC Enterprise Income Tax at a rate of 25% (2021 and 2020: 25%), after offsetting losses brought forward, if any, on the basis of its income for financial reporting purposes, adjusting for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for PRC Enterprise Income Tax purposes. As of December 31, 2022, SET had an assessable loss carried forward of US$982,000 as agreed by the local tax authority to offset its profit for the forth coming years (2021: US$678,000 and 2020: US$658,733). Such loss will expire in 5 years. Shanghai Euro Tech Environmental Engineering Company Limited (“SETEE”), a subsidiary of Far East, provides for PRC Enterprise Income Tax at a rate of 25% (2021 and 2020: 25%), after offsetting losses brought forward, if any, on the basis of its income for financial reporting purposes, adjusting for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for PRC Enterprise Income Tax purposes. As of December 31, 2022, SETEE had no assessable loss carried forward to offset its profit for the forth coming years (2021: Nil and 2020 : Nil). Yixing Pact Environmental Technology Co. Ltd. (“Yixing”), a subsidiary of Far East, provides for PRC Enterprise Income Tax at a rate of 25% (2021 and 2020: 25%), after offsetting losses brought forward, if any, on the basis of its income for financial reporting purposes, adjusting for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for PRC Enterprise Income Tax purposes. As of December 31, 2022, Yixing had an assessable loss carried forward of US$1,509,000 as agreed by the local tax authority to offset its profit for the forth coming years (2021: US$1,759,000 and 2020: US$2,304,828). Such loss will expire in 5 years. Under the New Enterprise Income Tax Law and the implementation rules, profits of the PRC subsidiaries earned on or after January 1, 2008 and distributed by the PRC subsidiaries to foreign holding company are subject to a withholding tax at a rate of 10% unless reduced by tax treaty. Aggregate undistributed earnings of Far East’s subsidiaries located in the PRC that are available for distribution to Far East of approximately US$0.6 million at December 31, 2022 (2021: US$0.6 million and 2020: US$0.6 million) are intended to be reinvested, and accordingly, no deferred taxation has been made for the PRC dividend withholding taxes that would be payable upon the distribution of those amounts to Far East. Distributions made out of pre January 1, 2008 retained earnings will not be subject to the withholding tax. The Company and its subsidiaries are based in Hong Kong and PRC and file Hong Kong profits tax return and PRC EIT return, respectively. The components of the (provision) / credit for income taxes (expense) / credit were as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Current taxes (expense ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hong Kong profits tax and the PRC EIT |  |  | - |  |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Income tax expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Deferred tax (expenses) / credit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hong Kong and the PRC |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | 147 |  |  |  | (92 | )
Total deferred tax (expenses) / credit |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | 147 |  |  |  | (92 | )
Total (expense) / credit |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | (96 | )
The items comprising the difference between income taxes computed at the Hong Kong profits tax and PRC EIT statutory tax rates in effect for 2022, 2021 and 2020 and our effective tax rates were as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 563 |  |  |  | 1,276 |  |  |  | 498 |
Computed tax using respective companies’ statutory tax rates |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | 133 |
Change in valuation allowances |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 349 |  |  |  | 48 |
Under-provision for income taxes in prior years |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | - |
Non-deductible expenses |  |  | (213 | ) |  |  | (405 | ) |  |  | (277 | )
Income tax (expense) / credit at effective tax rate |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | (96 | )
The components of deferred tax assets / (liabilities) are as follows:
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | US$’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Tax losses |  |  | 649 |  |  |  | 614 |
Temporary differences |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3 | )
Less: Valuation allowances |  |  | (541 | ) |  |  | (469 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 142 |
Uncertain tax positions As a result of the Group’s analysis, management has determined that the Group does not have any material uncertain tax positions.
ZHEJIANG TIANLAN |
Income tax (credit) / expense |
17. | Income tax (credit) / expense
According to relevant PRC tax laws and regulations, entities incorporated in the PRC are subject to Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) at a statutory rate of 25% or reduced national EIT rates of 15% for certain High and New Technology Enterprises (“HNTE”) on PRC taxable income. Zhejiang Tianlan Environmental Protection Technology Company Limited and Hangzhou Tianlan Environmental Protection Equipment Company Limited are classified as HNTE which enjoy a preferential tax rate of 15%. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the PRC tax laws and regulations have launched a tax reduction scheme for small enterprises, Hangzhou Tianlan Pure Environmental Protection Technology Company Limited, Hangzhou Tiancan Environmental Technology Company Limited, Zhejiang Tianlan Environmental Engineering and Design Company Limited and Zhejiang Tianlan Environmental Protection Engineering Company Limited are entitled to enjoy this tax benefit. As such, they are subjects to Enterprise Income Tax rate of 20% only. The Company and its subsidiaries are based in the PRC and file an EIT return. The components of the provision for income tax expense/(credit) were as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Current tax (credit) / expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PRC EIT |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | 757 |
Income tax (credit) / expense |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | 757 |
Deferred tax (credit) / expense |  |  | (361 | ) |  |  | (666 | ) |  |  | 1,101 |
Total deferred tax (credit) / expense |  |  | (361 | ) |  |  | (666 | ) |  |  | 1,101 |
Total (credit) / expense |  |  | (368 | ) |  |  | (698 | ) |  |  | 1,858 |
The items comprising the difference between income tax computed at the EIT statutory rates in effect for 2022, 2021 and 2020 and our effective tax rates were as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Income before income tax |  |  | 15,398 |  |  |  | 12,880 |  |  |  | 15,358 |
Computed tax using respective companies’ statutory tax rates |  |  | 2,309 |  |  |  | 1,932 |  |  |  | 2,304 |
(Over)-provision for income tax in prior years |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | (48 | )
Temporary differences |  |  | 2,089 |  |  |  | 401 |  |  |  | 182 |
Tax effect of revenue not subject to tax |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Tax effect of expenses not deductible for tax purposes |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | 2,306 |
Tax effect of special deduction for research and development costs |  |  | (5,257 | ) |  |  | (3,263 | ) |  |  | (3,001 | )
Others |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 115 |
Income taxes (credit) / expense at effective tax rate |  |  | (368 | ) |  |  | (698 | ) |  |  | 1,858 |
The components of deferred tax assets are as follows:
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | 5,680 |  |  |  | 6,188 |
Deferred government grant |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 583 |
Impairment losses on assets |  |  | 5,978 |  |  |  | 6,940 |
Tax losses |  |  | 2,854 |  |  |  | 594 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 14,666 |  |  |  | 14,305 |
Uncertain tax positions As a result of the Group’s analysis, management has determined that the Group does not have any material uncertain tax positions.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32857-109319 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330215-122817 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32809-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330036-122817 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32705-109319 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424409&loc=d3e44925-109338 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424122&loc=d3e41874-109331 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2)) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120395691&loc=d3e23780-122690 + Details
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