<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193125-21-282424.txt : 20210924
<SEC-HEADER>0001193125-21-282424.hdr.sgml : 20210924
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20210924164559
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193125-21-282424
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		15
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20210923
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20210924
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20210924

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			SONIM TECHNOLOGIES INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001178697
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH APPARATUS [3661]
		IRS NUMBER:				943336783
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-38907
		FILM NUMBER:		211277926

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		6500 RIVER PLACE BLVD.
		STREET 2:		BUILDING 7, SUITE 250
		CITY:			AUSTIN
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			78730
		BUSINESS PHONE:		650-378-8100

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		6500 RIVER PLACE BLVD.
		STREET 2:		BUILDING 7, SUITE 250
		CITY:			AUSTIN
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			78730
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>8-K
<SEQUENCE>1
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
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<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"><span style="font-weight:bold">(Address of principal executive offices)</span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:WrittenCommunications" contextRef="duration_2021-09-23_to_2021-09-23" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt;border:0;width:100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SolicitingMaterial" contextRef="duration_2021-09-23_to_2021-09-23" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer" contextRef="duration_2021-09-23_to_2021-09-23" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" contextRef="duration_2021-09-23_to_2021-09-23" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Title of each class</p></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Trading</p> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Symbol(s)</p></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Name of each exchange</p> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">on which registered</p></td></tr>
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<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"><span style="font-weight:bold"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:Security12bTitle" contextRef="duration_2021-09-23_to_2021-09-23">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</ix:nonNumeric></span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"><span style="font-weight:bold"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" contextRef="duration_2021-09-23_to_2021-09-23">SONM</ix:nonNumeric></span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SecurityExchangeName" contextRef="duration_2021-09-23_to_2021-09-23" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen">The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC</ix:nonNumeric></p> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">(Nasdaq Capital Market)</p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 <span style="white-space:nowrap">(&#167;240.12b-2</span> of this chapter).</p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:right">Emerging growth company <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" contextRef="duration_2021-09-23_to_2021-09-23" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9746;</ix:nonNumeric></p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act: <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityExTransitionPeriod" contextRef="duration_2021-09-23_to_2021-09-23" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p> <p style="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&#160;</p> <p style="line-height:3.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&#160;</p></div></div>

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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;8.01</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Other Events. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On September&#160;23, 2021, Sonim Technologies, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the &#8220;Sales Agreement&#8221;) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. (the &#8220;Sales Agent&#8221;) to sell shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the &#8220;Common Stock&#8221;), having an aggregate offering price of up to $41,636,612 (the &#8220;Shares&#8221;), from time to time, through an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; program (the &#8220;ATM Program&#8221;). </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the terms of the Sales Agreement, sales of the Shares under the ATM Program, if any, will be made through the Sales Agent acting as sales agent or directly to the Sales Agent acting as principal, by any method that is deemed to be an&#160;&#8220;at the market offering&#8221;&#160;as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;). </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The offering of Shares under the ATM Program pursuant to the Sales Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (i)&#160;the sale of the maximum aggregate amount of the Shares subject to the Sales Agreement, or (ii)&#160;termination of such Sales Agreement as permitted therein. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Under the terms of the Sales Agreement, the Company will pay the Sales Agent a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of Common Stock sold through it under the Sales Agreement. The Company has also provided the Sales Agent with customary indemnification rights and has agreed to pay certain expenses incurred by the Sales Agent in connection with the offering. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company intends to use the net proceeds to fund ongoing operations. Pending such use, the Company may invest the net proceeds from the Shares sold under the ATM Program in short-term interest-bearing accounts, securities or similar investments. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The foregoing description of the Sales Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Sales Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Current Report on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">8-K</span> and is incorporated by reference herein. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Shares sold under the ATM Program will be issued pursuant to the Company&#8217;s shelf registration statement on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Form&#160;S-3&#160;(File</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">No.&#160;333-254440),</span> filed by the Company with the SEC on March&#160;18, 2021 and declared effective by the SEC on April&#160;12, 2021 (the &#8220;Base Prospectus&#8221;) and the prospectus supplement filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities on September&#160;24, 2021 (the &#8220;Prospectus Supplement&#8221;). This Current Report on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Form&#160;8-K&#160;does</span> not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy nor shall there be any sale of Shares in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company is filing as Exhibit 5.1 to this Current Report on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Form&#160;8-K&#160;an</span> opinion of O&#8217;Melveny&#160;&amp; Myers LLP regarding certain matters of Delaware law, including the validity of the Shares to be sold under the ATM Program. </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;9.01</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Financial Statements and Exhibits. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap" align="center"><span style="font-weight:bold">Exhibit<br />Number</span></td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"><span style="font-weight:bold">Description</span></td></tr>


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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d230013dex11.htm">At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated September&#160;23, 2021, by and among Sonim Technologies, Inc. and B. Riley Securities, Inc. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d230013dex51.htm">Opinion of O&#8217;Melveny&#160;&amp; Myers LLP. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">23.1<br /></td>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><a href="d230013dex51.htm">Consent of O&#8217;Melveny&#160;&amp; Myers LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1). </a></p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">104</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Cover Page Interactive Data File - embedded within the Inline XBRL Document.</td></tr>
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 <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">SIGNATURES </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized. </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"><span style="font-weight:bold">Sonim Technologies, Inc.</span></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Dated: September&#160;24, 2021</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap">By:</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Robert Tirva</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap">Robert Tirva</td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"><span style="font-style:italic">President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer</span></td></tr>
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<FILENAME>d230013dex11.htm
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<TEXT>
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>EX-1.1</TITLE>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 1.1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>SONIM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Common Stock </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">(par value $0.001
per share) </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>At Market Issuance Sales Agreement </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">September 23, 2021 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">B. Riley Securities, Inc.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">299 Park Avenue, 21<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">st</SUP> Floor </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY 10171 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Sonim Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#147;<U>Company</U>&#148;), confirms its agreement (this &#147;<U>Agreement</U>&#148;)
with B. Riley Securities, Inc. (the &#147;<U>Agent</U>&#148;) as follows: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1. <U>Issuance and Sale of Shares</U>. The Company agrees that,
from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through or to the Agent, as sales agent or principal, shares (the &#147;<U>Placement Shares</U>&#148;)<I> </I>of
the Company&#146;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &#147;<U>Common Stock</U>&#148;); <I>provided however, </I>that in no event shall the Company issue or sell through or to the Agent such number of Placement Shares that
(a)&nbsp;exceeds the number of shares or dollar amount of Common Stock registered on the effective Registration Statement (as defined below) pursuant to which the offering is being made or (b)&nbsp;exceeds the number of shares or dollar amount
registered on the Prospectus Supplement (as defined below) (the lesser of (a)&nbsp;or (b) the &#147;<U>Maximum Amount</U>&#148;) and <I>provided further, however,</I> that in no event shall the aggregate number of Placement Shares sold pursuant to
this Agreement exceed the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;1</U> on the number of Placement Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company and that the Agent shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance. The issuance
and sale of Placement Shares through or to the Agent will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below), although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration Statement to
issue any Placement Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company has filed, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and the
rules and regulations thereunder (the &#147;<U>Securities Act</U>&#148;), with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;Commission&#148;), a registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-254440),</FONT> including a base prospectus, relating to certain securities including the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time by the Company, and which incorporates by reference documents that the
Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the &#147;<U>Exchange Act</U>&#148;). The Company has prepared a prospectus supplement to
the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement at the time such registration became effective, which prospectus supplement </P>
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specifically relates to the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time pursuant to this Agreement (the &#147;<U>Prospectus Supplement</U>&#148;). The Company will furnish to the Agent, for
use by the Agent, copies of the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement at the time it became effective, as supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, relating to the Placement Shares. Except where the context otherwise
requires, such registration statement, and any post-effective amendment thereto, including all documents filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below)
subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule&nbsp;430B of the Securities Act or any subsequent registration statement on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> filed pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act by the Company to cover any Placement Shares, is herein called the &#147;<U>Registration Statement</U>.&#148; The base prospectus, including all
documents incorporated or deemed incorporated therein by reference to the extent such information has not been superseded or modified in accordance with Rule 412 under the Securities Act (as qualified by Rule 430B(g) of the Securities Act), included
in the Registration Statement, as it may be supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, in the form in which such base prospectus and/or Prospectus Supplement have most recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b)
under the Securities Act is herein called the &#147;<U>Prospectus</U>.&#148; Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated
by reference therein, and any reference herein to the terms &#147;amend,&#148; &#147;amendment&#148; or &#147;supplement&#148; with respect to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing after the
execution of this Agreement of any document with the Commission incorporated by reference therein as of the most-recent effective date of the Registration Statement (the &#147;<U>Incorporated Documents</U>&#148;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or to any amendment or supplement thereto shall
be deemed to include the most recent copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System, or if applicable, the Interactive Data Electronic Application system when used by the Commission
(collectively, &#147;<U>EDGAR</U>&#148;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">2. <U>Placements</U>. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell Placement Shares
hereunder (each, a &#147;<U>Placement</U>&#148;), it will notify the Agent by electronic mail (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the parties) of the number of Placement Shares to be sold, the time period during which sales are
requested to be made, any limitation on the number of Placement Shares that may be sold in any one day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made (a &#147;<U>Placement Notice</U>&#148;), the form of which is attached hereto as
<U>Schedule 1</U>. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on <U>Schedule 3</U> (with a copy to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed to
each of the individuals from the Agent set forth on <U>Schedule 3,</U> as such <U>Schedule 3</U> may be amended from time to time. The Placement Notice shall be effective immediately upon receipt by the Agent unless and until (i)&nbsp;the Agent
declines to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, (ii)&nbsp;the entire amount of the Placement Shares thereunder has been sold, (iii)&nbsp;the Company suspends or terminates the Placement Notice, which suspension
and termination rights may be exercised by the Company in its sole discretion, or (iv)&nbsp;this Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;13</U>. The amount of any
</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">2 </P>

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discount, commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to the Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares shall be calculated in accordance with the terms set forth in
<U>Schedule 2</U>. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor the Agent will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to the
Agent and the Agent does not decline such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between the terms of <U>Sections 2</U> or <U>3</U> of this
Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">3. <U>Sale of Placement Shares by the
Agent</U>. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, for the period specified in a Placement Notice, the Agent will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and
federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of The Nasdaq Capital Market (the &#147;<U>Exchange</U>&#148;), to sell the Placement Shares up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. the
Agent will provide written confirmation to the Company no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of
Placement Shares sold on such day, the compensation payable by the Company to the Agent pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;2</U> with respect to such sales, and the Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable to the Company, with an itemization
of the deductions made by the Agent (as set forth in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;5(b))</U> from the gross proceeds that it receives from such sales. Subject to the terms of a Placement Notice, the Agent may sell Placement Shares by any method
permitted by law deemed to be an &#147;at the market offering&#148; as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act. &#147;<U>Trading Day</U>&#148; means any day on which shares of Common Stock are purchased and sold on the Exchange. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">4. <U>Suspension of Sales</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. The Company or the Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of
the other party set forth on <U>Schedule 3</U>, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable
facsimile transmission or email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <U>Schedule </U>3), suspend any sale of Placement Shares (a &#147;<U>Suspension</U>&#148;); <I>provided, however</I>, that such suspension
shall not affect or impair any party&#146;s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. While a Suspension is in effect, any obligation under <U>Sections 7(l)</U>, <U>7(m)</U>, and <U>7(n)</U>
with respect to the delivery of certificates, opinions, or comfort letters to the Agent, shall be waived. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;4</U> shall be effective against any other party unless
it is made to one of the individuals named on <U>Schedule 3</U> hereto, as such Schedule may be amended from time to time. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, during any period in which the Company is in possession of material <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-public</FONT> information, the Company and the Agent agrees that (i)&nbsp;no sale of
Placement Shares will take place (other than Placement Shares sold while the Company was not in possession of material <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-public</FONT> information that have not yet settled), (ii) the Company shall not request the
sale of any Placement Shares and shall cancel any effective Placement Notices instructing the Agent to make any sales and (iii)&nbsp;the Agent shall not be obligated to sell or offer to sell any Placement Shares. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">3 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">5. <U>Sale and Delivery to the Agent; Settlement</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. <U>Sale of Placement Shares</U>. On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and
conditions herein set forth, upon the Agent&#146;s acceptance of the terms of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares described therein has been declined, subject to a Suspension, or otherwise terminated in accordance with
the terms of this Agreement, the Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and
regulations and the rules of the Exchange to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i)&nbsp;there can be no assurance
that the Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares, (ii)&nbsp;the Agent will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by the
Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Exchange to sell such Placement Shares as required under this
Agreement and (iii)&nbsp;the Agent shall be under no obligation to purchase Placement Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise agreed by the Agent and the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b. <U>Settlement of Placement Shares</U>. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement
Shares will occur on the second&nbsp;(2<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">nd</SUP>) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">regular-way</FONT> trading) following the date on which
such sales are made (each, a &#147;<U>Settlement Date</U>&#148;). The Agent shall notify the Company of each sale of Placement Shares no later than the opening of the Trading Day following the Trading Day that the Agent sold Placement Shares. The
amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the &#147;<U>Net Proceeds</U>&#148;) will be equal to the aggregate sales price received by the Agent for such Placement Shares,
after deduction for (i)&nbsp;the Agent&#146;s commission, discount or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to Section&nbsp;2 hereof, and (ii)&nbsp;any transaction fees imposed by any governmental or self-regulatory
organization in respect of such sales. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c. <U>Delivery of Placement Shares</U>. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or
will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting the Agent&#146;s or its designee&#146;s account (provided the Agent shall have given the Company written notice of such designee and such
designee&#146;s account information at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System (&#147;<U>DWAC</U>&#148;) or by such other means of delivery as may be
mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. If other means of delivery are mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto, the Agent shall provide DWAC
instructions or instructions for delivery by other means with regard to the transfer of Placement Shares being sold. On each Settlement Date, the Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company
on, or prior to, the Settlement Date. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver Placement Shares on a Settlement Date through no fault of the Agent, then in addition to and
in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(a)</U> hereto, it will (i)&nbsp;hold the Agent harmless against any loss, </P>
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claim, damage, or reasonable, documented expense (including reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company or
its transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii)&nbsp;pay to the Agent (without duplication) any commission, discount, or other compensation to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent such default. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d. <U>Limitations on Offering Size</U>. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares
if, after giving effect to the sale of such Placement Shares, the aggregate number of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the Maximum Amount. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of
any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company&#146;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified
to the Agent in writing. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">6. <U>Representations and Warranties of the Company</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or
Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), the Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with the Agent that as of the date of this Agreement and as of each Applicable Time (as defined below), unless such representation, warranty or
agreement specifies a different date or time:<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top"> </SUP> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. <U>Registration Statement and
Prospectus</U>. The transactions contemplated by this Agreement, assuming no act or omission on the part of the Agent that would make such statement untrue, meet the requirements for and comply with the conditions for the use of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Form&nbsp;S-3</FONT> under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement has been filed with the Commission and has been declared effective under the Securities Act. The Prospectus Supplement will name B. Riley Securities
as the agent in the section entitled &#147;Plan of Distribution.&#148; The Company has not received, and has no notice of, any order of the Commission preventing or suspending the use of the Registration Statement, or threatening or instituting
proceedings for that purpose. The Registration Statement and the offer and sale of Placement Shares as contemplated hereby meet the requirements of Rule 415 under the Securities Act and comply in all material respects with said Rule. Any statutes,
regulations, contracts or other documents that are required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement have been so described or filed, as applicable. Copies of the
Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and any such amendments or supplements and all documents incorporated by reference therein that were filed with the Commission on or prior to the date of this Agreement have been delivered, or are available
through EDGAR, to the Agent and its counsel. The Company has not distributed and, prior to the later to occur of each Settlement Date and completion of the distribution of the Placement Shares, will not distribute any offering material in connection
with the offering or sale of the Placement Shares other than the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) to which the Agent has consented, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld or
delayed, or that is required by applicable law or the listing maintenance requirements of the Exchange. The Common Stock is currently quoted on the Exchange under the trading symbol &#147;SONM&#148;. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement
or the Prospectus, the Company has not, in the 12 months preceding the date hereof, received notice from the Exchange to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of the Exchange. Except as it
relates to the deficiency letter the Company received from the Exchange on April&nbsp;28, 2021, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, it is in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">5 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b. <U>No Misstatement or Omission</U>. At each Settlement Date, the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus, as of such date, will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. The Registration Statement, when it became or becomes effective, did not, and will not, contain an untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus and any amendment and supplement thereto, on the date thereof and at each Applicable Time (defined below),
did not or will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The documents incorporated by
reference in the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement did not, and any further documents filed and incorporated by reference therein will not, when filed with the Commission, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a
material fact required to be stated in such document or necessary to make the statements in such document, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The foregoing shall not apply to statements in, or omissions from,
any such document made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to the Company by the Agent specifically for use in the preparation thereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c. <U>No Misstatement or Omission in an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</U>. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as of its issue date and as
of each Applicable Time (as defined in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;25</U> below), did not, does not and will not, through the completion of the Placement or Placements for which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus is issued, include any
information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any incorporated document deemed to be a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified. The
foregoing sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Agent specifically for use therein. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d. <U>Conformity with Securities Act and Exchange Act</U>. The Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or
any amendment or supplement thereto, and the Incorporated Documents, when such documents were or are filed with the Commission under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or became or become effective under the Securities Act, as the case may be,
conformed or will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e.
<U>Conformity with EDGAR Filing</U>. The Prospectus delivered to the Agent for use in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement will be identical to the versions of the Prospectus created to be transmitted to the
Commission for filing via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-T.</FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">f. <U>No
Material Adverse Effect</U>. Since the date of the most recent financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, there has not been (i)&nbsp;any Material Adverse Effect that, in
the Company&#146;s judgment, makes it impractical or inadvisable to offer or deliver the Placement Shares on the terms </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">6 </P>

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and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus, (ii)&nbsp;any transaction which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iii)&nbsp;any obligation or liability, direct
or contingent (including any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">off-balance</FONT> sheet obligations), incurred by the Company or the Subsidiaries, which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iv)&nbsp;any material change
in the capital stock (other than (A)&nbsp;the grant of additional options and other equity awards under the Company&#146;s existing stock option and equity incentive plans, (B)&nbsp;changes in the number of outstanding Common Stock of the Company
due to the issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, Common Stock or upon the vesting, exercise or settlement of equity awards under the Company&#146;s equity incentive plans or due to the
sale of shares of Common Stock in connection with any employee stock purchase plan of the Company whether now in effect or hereafter implemented, (C)&nbsp;as a result of the issuance of Placement Shares, (D)&nbsp;any repurchases of capital stock of
the Company, (E)&nbsp;as described in a proxy statement filed on Schedule 14A or a Registration Statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-4,</FONT> or (F)&nbsp;otherwise publicly announced) or outstanding long-term indebtedness of the
Company or the Subsidiaries or (v)&nbsp;any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made on the capital stock of the Company or any Subsidiary, other than in each case above (a)&nbsp;in the ordinary course of business, (b)&nbsp;as
otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including any document incorporated by reference therein) or (c)&nbsp;where such matter, item, change or development would not make the statements in the Registration or Prospectus
contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">g. <U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> Eligibility</U>. At the time the Registration Statement was or will be declared effective,
and at the time the Company&#146;s most recent Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> was filed with the Commission, the Company met or will meet the then applicable requirements for the use of Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the Securities Act, including, but not limited to, General Instruction I.B.1 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3,</FONT> if applicable. The Company is not a shell company (as defined in Rule 405
under the Securities Act) and has not been a shell company for at least 12 calendar months previously and if it has been a shell company at any time previously, has filed current Form 10 information (as defined in General Instruction I.B.6 of Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3)</FONT> with the Commission at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting its status as an entity that is not a shell company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">h. <U>Compliance with Applicable Laws.</U> The Company has not been advised, and has no reason to believe, that it and each of its
subsidiaries are not conducting business in compliance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of the jurisdictions in which it is conducting business, except where failure to be so in compliance would not result in a Material Adverse
Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">i. <U>Status Under the Securities Act</U>. The Company was not and is not an ineligible issuer as defined in Rule 405 under the
Securities Act at the times specified in Rules&nbsp;164 and 433 under the Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">j. The financial statements of the Company (including all notes and schedules thereto) included in the Registration Statement and Prospectus
present fairly in all material respects the financial position of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries at the dates indicated and the statement of operations, stockholders&#146; equity and cash flows of the Company and its consolidated
subsidiaries for the periods specified; and such financial </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">7 </P>

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statements and related schedules and notes thereto have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied throughout the periods involved. The
summary and selected financial data, if any, included in the Prospectus present fairly in all material respects the information shown therein as at the respective dates and for the respective periods specified and have been presented on a basis
consistent with the consolidated financial statements set forth in the Prospectus and other financial information. The other financial information included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus has been derived from the accounting or
other records of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries and present fairly in all material respects the information shown thereby; and, in the case of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;non-GAAP</FONT> financial measures&#148; (as such
term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, such measures are presented in all material respects in compliance with Regulation G under the Exchange Act and Item 10 of
Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K</FONT> under the Securities Act, as applicable. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">k. Moss Adams LLP, the Company&#146;s
independent registered public accounting firm (the &#147;<U>Auditor</U>&#148;), whose reports are filed with the Commission as a part of the Registration Statement, are and, during the periods covered by their reports, were independent public
accountants as required by the Securities Act. To the Company&#146;s knowledge, the Accountant is not in violation of the auditor independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the &#147;<U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>&#148;) with respect to
the Company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">l. The Company and each of its subsidiaries, including each entity (corporation, partnership, joint venture, association or
other business organization) controlled directly or indirectly by the Company and consolidated in the Company&#146;s financial statements (each, a &#147;<U>subsidiary</U>&#148;), is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the
laws of their respective jurisdictions of incorporation or organization and each such entity has all requisite power and authority to carry on its business as is currently being conducted as described in the Prospectus, and to own, lease and operate
its properties. All of the issued shares of capital stock of, or other ownership interests in, each subsidiary have been duly and validly authorized and issued and are fully paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable</FONT> and are
owned, directly or indirectly, by the Company, free and clear of any lien, charge, mortgage, pledge, security interest, claim, limitation on voting rights, equity, trust or other encumbrance, preferential arrangement, defect or restriction of any
kind whatsoever. The Company and each of its subsidiaries is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted by it or location of the assets or
properties owned, leased or licensed by it requires such qualification, except for such jurisdictions where the failure to so qualify individually or in the aggregate would not reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the assets,
properties, condition, financial or otherwise, earnings, prospects or in the stockholders&#146; equity or results of operations or business affairs of the Company and its subsidiaries considered as a whole (a &#147;<U>Material Adverse
Effect</U>&#148;); and to the Company&#146;s knowledge, no proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing, or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail, such power and authority or qualification. The Company has
no subsidiary or subsidiaries and does not control, directly or indirectly, any corporation, partnership, joint venture, association or other business organization other than as set forth in Exhibit 21.1 to the Registration Statement. Except as
described in the Prospectus, the Company does not own, lease or license any asset or property or conduct any business outside the United States of America. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">8 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">m. The Company and each of its subsidiaries has all requisite corporate power and authority,
and all necessary authorizations, approvals, consents, orders, licenses, certificates and permits of and from all governmental or regulatory bodies or any other person or entity (collectively, the &#147;<U>Permits</U>&#148;), to own, lease and
license its assets and properties and conduct its business, all of which are valid and in full force and effect, except where the lack of such Permits, individually or in the aggregate, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse
Effect. The Company and each of its subsidiaries has fulfilled and performed in all material respects all of its obligations with respect to such Permits and no event has occurred that allows, or after notice or lapse of time would allow, revocation
or termination thereof or results in any other material impairment of the rights of the Company thereunder. Except as may be required under the Securities Act and state Blue Sky laws, no other Permits are required to enter into, deliver and perform
this Agreement and to issue and sell the Placement Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">n. The Company and its subsidiaries own or possess, or can acquire on
reasonable terms, adequate rights to use all patents, patent rights, licenses, inventions, copyrights, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">know-how</FONT> (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential
information, systems or procedures), trademarks, service marks, trade names or other technology or intellectual property rights (collectively, &#147;<U>Intellectual Property</U>&#148;) used in or necessary to carry on the business now operated by
them or as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus to be operated by them (the &#147;<U>Company Intellectual Property</U>&#148;). Other than as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, neither the Company nor
any of its subsidiaries has received any written notice of any claim of infringement or misappropriation of, or conflict with, asserted rights of others with respect to any Intellectual Property that would render any Intellectual Property invalid or
inadequate to protect the interest of the Company and any of its subsidiaries therein, except as would not individually or in the aggregate have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus,
(A)&nbsp;to the Company&#146;s knowledge, there are no third parties who have or will be able to establish ownership rights or rights to use any Company Intellectual Property, except for (i)&nbsp;the retained rights of the owners of Company
Intellectual Property which is licensed to the Company or its subsidiaries and (ii)&nbsp;the rights of customers and strategic partners to use Company Intellectual Property in the ordinary course, consistent with past practice, (B)&nbsp;there is no
pending (or to the Company&#146;s knowledge, threatened) action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the Company&#146;s rights or any of the subsidiaries&#146; rights in or to any Company Intellectual Property, (C)&nbsp;there is no
pending (or to the Company&#146;s knowledge, threatened) action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of any Company Intellectual Property, and (D)&nbsp;to the Company&#146;s knowledge, no Company
Intellectual Property has been obtained or is being used by the Company or any of the subsidiaries in violation of any contractual obligation binding on the Company or any of the subsidiaries, or otherwise in violation of the rights of any persons,
except, in the case of each of (A)&nbsp;through (D) above, where the outcome of which would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and its subsidiaries have taken reasonable steps necessary to secure its interests
in the Company Intellectual Property from their employees, consultants, agents and contractors. There are no outstanding options, licenses or agreements of any kind relating to the Company Intellectual Property owned by the Company or any of its
subsidiaries that are required to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and are not described in all material respects. The Company and its subsidiaries are not a party to or bound
</P>
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by any options, licenses or agreements with respect to the Intellectual Property of any other person or entity that are required to be set forth in the Prospectus and are not described in all
material respects. No government funding, facilities or resources of a university, college, other educational institution or research center or funding from third parties (other than venture capital operating companies) was used in the development
of any Company Intellectual Property that is owned or purported to be owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, and no governmental agency or body, university, college, other educational institution or research center has any claim or right
in or to any Company Intellectual Property that is owned or purported to be owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Company and its subsidiaries have used all software and other materials distributed under a &#147;free,&#148; &#147;open
source,&#148; or similar licensing model (including but not limited to the GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License and GNU Affero General Public License) (&#147;<U>Open Source Materials</U>&#148;) in compliance with all license
terms applicable to such Open Source Materials. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has used or distributed any Open Source Materials in a manner that requires or has required (i)&nbsp;the Company or any of its subsidiaries to permit
reverse-engineering of any products or services of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or any software code or other technology owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries; or (ii)&nbsp;any products or services of the Company or any of its
subsidiaries, or any software code or other technology owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, to be (A)&nbsp;disclosed or distributed in source code form, (B)&nbsp;licensed for the purpose of making derivative works or
(C)&nbsp;redistributable at no charge. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">o. To the Company&#146;s knowledge, the information technology systems, equipment and software
used by the Company or any of its subsidiaries in their respective businesses (the &#147;<U>IT Assets</U>&#148;) (i) operate and perform in all material respects in accordance with their documentation and functional specifications and otherwise as
required, in the Company&#146;s reasonable belief, by the Company&#146;s and its subsidiaries&#146; respective businesses as currently conducted, (ii)&nbsp;except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, have not materially
malfunctioned or failed since the Company&#146;s inception and (iii)&nbsp;are free of any viruses, &#147;back doors,&#148; &#147;Trojan horses,&#148; &#147;time bombs, &#147;worms,&#148; &#147;drop dead devices&#148; or other Software or hardware
components that are designed to interrupt use of, permit unauthorized access to, or disable, damage or erase, any Software material to the business of the Company or any of its subsidiaries that could reasonably be expected to have a Material
Adverse Effect. The Company and its subsidiaries have implemented commercially reasonable backup and disaster recovery technology processes materially consistent with industry standard practices. To the Company&#146;s knowledge, no person has gained
unauthorized access to any IT Asset since the Company&#146;s inception in a manner that has resulted or could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">p. The Company and each of its subsidiaries has good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property, and good and marketable title to
all other property owned by it that are material to the business of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, claims, security interests and defects, except such as do not materially
affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company and its subsidiaries or except as described in the Prospectus. All property held under lease by the Company
and its subsidiaries is held by them under valid, existing and enforceable leases, free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, claims, security interests and defects, except such as are not material and do not materially interfere with the use made
or proposed to be made of such property by the Company and its subsidiaries. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">10 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">q. Subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus, (i)&nbsp;there has not been any event which could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (ii)&nbsp;neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has sustained any loss or interference with its
assets, businesses or properties (whether owned or leased) from fire, explosion, earthquake, flood or other calamity, whether or not covered by insurance, or from any labor dispute or any court or legislative or other governmental action, order or
decree which would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and (iii)&nbsp;since the date of the latest balance sheet included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, except as described in the Prospectus, neither the
Company nor its subsidiaries has (A)&nbsp;issued any securities or incurred any liability or obligation, direct or contingent, for borrowed money, except such liabilities or obligations incurred in the ordinary course of business, (B)&nbsp;entered
into any transaction not in the ordinary course of business or (C)&nbsp;except for regular dividends on the Common Stock in amounts per share that are consistent with past practice, declared or paid any dividend or made any distribution on any
shares of its stock or redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired or agreed to redeem, purchase or otherwise acquire any shares of its capital stock. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">r. There is no document, contract or other agreement required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed
as an exhibit to the Registration Statement which is not described or filed, in each case for the Registration Statement to comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. Each description of a contract, document or
other agreement in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus accurately reflects in all material respects the terms of the underlying contract, document or other agreement. Each contract, document or other agreement described in the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus or listed in the Exhibits to the Registration Statement is in full force and effect and is valid and enforceable by and against the Company or its subsidiary, as the case may be, in accordance with its terms, except as
would not, individually or in the aggregate, be reasonably expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, if a subsidiary is a party, nor to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any other party is in
default in the observance or performance of any term or obligation to be performed by it under any such agreement, and no event has occurred which with notice or lapse of time or both would constitute such a default, in any such case which default
or event, individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect. No default exists, and no event has occurred which with notice or lapse of time or both would constitute a default, in the due performance and observance of any term,
covenant or condition, by the Company or its subsidiary, if a subsidiary is a party thereto, of any other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which Company or its properties or business or a
subsidiary or its properties or business may be bound or affected which default or event, individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">s. The statistical and market related data included in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that
the Company believes to be reliable and accurate in all material respects. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">11 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">t. Neither the Company nor any subsidiary (i)&nbsp;is in violation of its certificate or
articles of incorporation, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws,</FONT> certificate of formation, limited liability company agreement, partnership agreement or other organizational documents, (ii)&nbsp;is in default under, and no event has
occurred which, with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a default under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge, mortgage, pledge, security interest, claim, limitation on voting rights, equity, trust or other
encumbrance, preferential arrangement, defect or restriction of any kind whatsoever, upon, any property or assets of the Company or any subsidiary pursuant to, any bond, debenture, note, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other
agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it is bound or to which any of its properties or assets is subject or (iii)&nbsp;is in violation of any statute, law, rule, regulation, ordinance, directive, judgment, decree or order of any
judicial, regulatory or other legal or governmental agency or body, foreign or domestic, except (in the case of clauses (ii)&nbsp;and (iii) above) for violations or defaults that could not (individually or in the aggregate) reasonably be expected to
have a Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">u. The Company has full legal right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and perform the
transactions contemplated hereby. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and is a legal, valid and binding agreement of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except to the
extent that (i)&nbsp;enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors&#146; rights generally and by general equitable principles and (ii)&nbsp;the indemnification and
contribution provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> hereof may be limited by federal or state securities laws and public policy considerations in respect thereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">v. Neither the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Company nor the consummation of any of the transactions
contemplated hereby (including, without limitation, the issuance and sale by the Company of the Placement Shares) will (i)&nbsp;give rise to a right to terminate or accelerate the due date of any payment due under, or conflict with or result in the
breach of any term or provision of, or constitute a default (or an event which with notice or lapse of time or both would constitute a default) under, or require any consent or waiver under, or result in the execution or imposition of any lien,
charge or encumbrance upon any properties or assets of the Company or its subsidiaries pursuant to the terms of, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by
which either the Company or its subsidiaries or any of their properties or businesses is bound, or any franchise, license, permit, judgment, decree, order, statute, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or any of its subsidiaries or
(ii)&nbsp;violate any provision of the charter or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, except (A)&nbsp;for such consents or waivers which have already been obtained and are in full force and
effect and (B)&nbsp;in the case of clause (i)&nbsp;above, for any such conflict, breach, violation, default, termination, lien, charge or encumbrance that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse
Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">w. The Company has authorized and outstanding capital stock as set forth in the Prospectus. The book entries made evidencing the
Placement Shares are in due and proper legal form and have been duly authorized for issuance by the Company. All of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock have been duly and validly issued and are fully paid and nonassessable. There are
no statutory preemptive or other similar rights to subscribe for or to </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">12 </P>

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purchase or acquire any shares of Common Stock of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any such rights pursuant to its Certificate of Incorporation or
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> or any agreement or instrument to or by which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or bound. The Placement Shares, when issued and sold pursuant to this Agreement, will be duly and validly
issued, fully paid and nonassessable and none of them will be issued in violation of any preemptive or other similar right. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there is no outstanding option, warrant or other right
calling for the issuance of, and there is no commitment, plan or arrangement to issue, any share of stock of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any security convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, such stock. The exercise price
of each option to acquire Common Stock (each, a &#147;<U>Company Stock Option</U>&#148;) is no less than the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined on the date of grant of such Company Stock Option. All grants of Company Stock
Options were validly issued and properly approved by the Board of Directors of the Company or a committee thereof in material compliance with all applicable laws and the terms of the plans under which such Company Stock Options were issued and were
recorded on the Company Financial Statements, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (&#147;<U>GAAP</U>&#148;), and no such grants involved any &#147;back dating&#148;, &#147;forward dating,&#148;
&#147;spring loading&#148; or similar practices with respect to the effective date of grant. The Common Stock and the Placement Shares conform in all material respects to all statements in relation thereto contained in the Registration Statement and
the Prospectus. All outstanding shares of capital stock of each of the Company&#146;s subsidiaries have been duly authorized and validly issued, and are fully paid and nonassessable and are owned directly by the Company or by another wholly-owned
subsidiary of the Company free and clear of any security interests, liens, encumbrances, equities or claims, other than those described in the Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">x. No person, as such term is defined in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1-02</FONT> of Regulation
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-X</FONT> promulgated under the Securities Act (each, a &#147;Person&#148;), has the right, contractual or otherwise, to cause the Company to issue or sell to such Person any Common Stock or shares of any other
capital stock or other securities of the Company (other than upon the exercise of options or warrants to purchase Common Stock, the vesting of restricted stock units or restricted shares of common stock, the conversion of convertible securities, or
upon the exercise of options or other equity awards that may be granted from time to time under the Company&#146;s stock option or equity incentive plan or upon the sale of Common Stock in connection with any employee stock purchase plan of the
Company whether now in effect or hereafter implemented), (ii) no Person has any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal, or any other rights (whether pursuant to a &#147;poison pill&#148; provision or otherwise) to purchase any Common Stock or
shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company from the Company which have not been duly waived with respect to the offering contemplated hereby, (iii)&nbsp;no Person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial
advisor to the Company in connection with the offer and sale of the Common Stock, and (iv)&nbsp;no Person has the right, contractual or otherwise, to require the Company to register under the Securities Act any Common Stock or shares of any other
capital stock or other securities of the Company, or to include any such shares or other securities in the Registration Statement or the offering contemplated thereby, whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement
or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated thereby or otherwise, except in each case for such rights as have been waived on or prior to the date hereof. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">13 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">y. Except as described in the Prospectus, there are no legal or governmental proceedings
pending to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or of which any property of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is the subject which, if determined adversely to the Company or any of its subsidiaries could individually or in
the aggregate have a Material Adverse Effect; and, to the knowledge of the Company, no such proceedings are threatened or contemplated by governmental authorities or threatened by others. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">z. All necessary corporate action has been duly and validly taken by the Company and to authorize the execution, delivery and performance of
this Agreement and the issuance and sale of the Placement Shares by the Company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">aa. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is
involved in any labor dispute nor, to the knowledge of the Company, is any such dispute threatened, in either case which dispute would have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by the
employees of any of its principal suppliers or contractors which would have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company is not aware of any threatened or pending litigation between the Company or its subsidiaries and any of its executive officers which,
if adversely determined, could have a Material Adverse Effect and has no reason to believe that such executive officers will not remain in the employment of the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">bb. No transaction has occurred between or among the Company and any of its officers or directors, shareholders or any affiliate or affiliates
of any such officer or director or shareholder that is required under the Securities Act to be described in and is not described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">cc. Without giving effect to any activities of the Agent, the Company has not taken, nor will it take, directly or indirectly, any action
designed to or which might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, or which has constituted or which might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Common Stock or any security of the Company
to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Placement Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">dd. The Company and each of its subsidiaries has filed all Federal,
state, local and foreign tax returns which are required to be filed through the date hereof, which returns are true and correct in all material respects or has received timely extensions thereof, and has paid all taxes shown on such returns, except
for any tax that is being contested in good faith and for which an adequate reserve or accrual has been established in accordance with GAAP, and all assessments received by it to the extent that the same are material and have become due. There are
no tax audits or investigations pending, which if adversely determined would have a Material Adverse Effect; nor are there any material proposed additional tax assessments against the Company or any of its subsidiaries. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ee. The Company filed a Notification: Listing of Additional Shares with the Exchange related to the Placement Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ff. The Company has taken no action designed to, or likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the
Exchange Act or the quotation of the Common Stock on the Exchange, nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission or, except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Exchange, is contemplating terminating
such registration or quotation. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">14 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">gg. The books, records and accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries accurately and
fairly reflect, the transactions in, and dispositions of, the assets of, and the results of operations of, the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company and each of its subsidiaries maintains a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to
provide reasonable assurances that (i)&nbsp;transactions are executed in accordance with management&#146;s general or specific authorizations, (ii)&nbsp;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and to maintain asset accountability, (iii)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&#146;s general or specific authorization and (iv)&nbsp;the recorded
accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">hh. The Company has established and maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13a-15</FONT> under the Exchange Act), which: (i)&nbsp;are designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company is made known to the Company&#146;s principal executive officer and its principal financial
officer by others within the Company, particularly during the periods in which the periodic reports required under the Exchange Act are required to be prepared; (ii)&nbsp;provide for the periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of such disclosure
controls and procedures at the end of the periods in which the periodic reports are required to be prepared; and (iii)&nbsp;are effective in all material respects to perform the functions for which they were established. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ii. Based on the evaluation of its disclosure controls and procedures, except as described in the Prospectus, the Company is not aware of
(i)&nbsp;any material weakness or significant deficiency in the design or operation of internal controls which could adversely affect the Company&#146;s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data or any material weaknesses in
internal controls; or (ii)&nbsp;any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a role in the Company&#146;s internal controls. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">jj. Except as described in the Prospectus and as preapproved in accordance with the requirements set forth in Section&nbsp;10A of the Exchange
Act, the Auditor has not been engaged by the Company to perform any &#147;prohibited activities&#148; (as defined in Section&nbsp;10A of the Exchange Act). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">kk. Except as described in the Prospectus, there are no material <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">off-balance</FONT> sheet arrangements (as
defined in Item 303 of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K)</FONT> that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on the Company&#146;s financial condition, revenues or expenses, changes in financial
condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ll. The Company&#146;s Board of Directors has
validly appointed an audit committee whose composition satisfies the requirements of Rule 5605 of the Exchange and the Board of Directors and/or the audit committee has adopted a charter that satisfies the requirements of Rule 5605 of the Exchange.
</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">15 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">mm. There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or any of its directors or
officers, in their capacities as such, to comply with any provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including, without limitation, Section&nbsp;402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">nn. The Company and its subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such
amounts as are customary in the businesses in which they are engaged or propose to engage after giving effect to the transactions described in the Prospectus; all policies of insurance and fidelity or surety bonds insuring the Company or any of its
subsidiaries or the Company&#146;s or its subsidiaries&#146; respective businesses, assets, employees, officers and directors are in full force and effect; the Company and each of its subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms of such policies
and instruments in all material respects; and neither the Company nor any subsidiary of the Company has any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar
coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue at a cost that is not materially greater than the current cost. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has been denied any insurance coverage which it has sought or for which it
has applied. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">oo. Each approval, consent, order, authorization, designation, declaration or filing of, by or with any regulatory,
administrative or other governmental body necessary in connection with the execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions herein contemplated required to be obtained or performed by the Company
(except such additional steps as may be required by FINRA or the Exchange or may be necessary to qualify the Placement Shares for sale by the Agent under the state securities or Blue Sky laws) has been obtained or made and is in full force and
effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">pp. There are no affiliations with any member of FINRA among the Company&#146;s officers, directors or, to the best of the
knowledge of the Company, any five percent or greater stockholder of the Company, except as set forth in the Registration Statement or otherwise disclosed in writing to the Agent. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">qq. (i) Each of the Company and each of its subsidiaries is in compliance in all material respects with all rules, laws and regulation
relating to the use, treatment, storage and disposal of toxic substances and protection of health or the environment (&#147;<U>Environmental Law</U>&#148;) which are applicable to its business; (ii)&nbsp;neither the Company nor its subsidiaries has
received any notice from any governmental authority or third party of an asserted claim under Environmental Laws; (iii)&nbsp;each of the Company and each of its subsidiaries has received all permits, licenses or other approvals required of it under
applicable Environmental Laws to conduct its business and is in compliance in all material respects with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval, except where the lack of such permit, license or approval, or failure to
comply, would not have a Material Adverse Effect; (iv)&nbsp;to the Company&#146;s knowledge, no facts currently exist that will require the Company or any of its subsidiaries to make future material capital expenditures to comply with Environmental
Laws; and (v)&nbsp;no property which is or has been owned, leased or occupied by the Company or its subsidiaries has been designated as a Superfund site pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation of Liability Act of 1980, as
amended (42 U.S.C. Section&nbsp;9601, et. seq.) or otherwise designated as a contaminated site under applicable state or local law. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has been named as a &#147;potentially responsible party&#148; under
the CER, CLA 1980. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">16 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">rr. In the ordinary course of its business, the Company periodically reviews the effect of
Environmental Laws on the business, operations and properties of the Company and its subsidiaries, in the course of which the Company identifies and evaluates associated costs and liabilities (including, without limitation, any capital or operating
expenditures required for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">clean-up,</FONT> closure of properties or compliance with Environmental Laws, or any permit, license or approval, any related constraints on operating activities and any potential
liabilities to third parties). On the basis of such review, the Company has reasonably concluded that such associated costs and liabilities would not, singly or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ss. The Company is not and, after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Placement Shares and the application of proceeds thereof as
described in the Prospectus, will not be an &#147;investment company&#148; within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the &#147;<U>Investment Company Act</U>&#148;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">tt. The Company or any other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company including, without limitation, any director, officer,
employee or, to the knowledge of the Company, any agent, of the Company or its subsidiaries, has not, directly or indirectly, while acting on behalf of the Company or its subsidiaries (i)&nbsp;used any corporate funds for unlawful contributions,
gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity; (ii)&nbsp;made any unlawful payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate
funds; (iii)&nbsp;violated any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended; or (iv)&nbsp;made any other unlawful payment. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">uu. The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial
recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended by the USA PATRIOT ACT of 2001, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, and the money laundering statutes of all
jurisdictions where the Company or any of its subsidiaries conducts business, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency
(collectively, the &#147;<U>Money Laundering Laws</U>&#148;) and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of it subsidiaries with respect to the
Money Laundering Laws is pending, or to the best knowledge of the Company, threatened. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">vv. (A) None of the Company or any of its
subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any agent, employee or affiliate of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is (i)&nbsp;currently the subject or the target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Government,
including, without limitation, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (&#147;<U>OFAC</U>&#148;), or the U.S. Department of State and including, without limitation, the designation as a &#147;specially designated
national&#148; or &#147;blocked person,&#148; the </P>
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European Union, Her Majesty&#146;s Treasury or the United Nations Security Council (collectively, &#147;<U>Sanctions</U>&#148;), (ii) does any business directly with or involving the government
of, or any person or project located in, any country targeted by any Sanctions or (iii)&nbsp;supports or facilitates any such business or project, in each case other than as permitted under such Sanctions; (B)&nbsp;the Company is not controlled
(within the meaning of the executive orders or regulations promulgating Sanctions) by any government or person that is the subject or target of Sanctions; (C)&nbsp;the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the offering of the
Placement Shares hereunder, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity (i)&nbsp;to fund or facilitate any activities of or business with any person, or in any
country or territory, that, at the time of such funding, is the subject or the target of Sanctions or (ii)&nbsp;in any other manner that will result in a violation by any person (including any person participating in the transaction, whether as
underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions; and (D)&nbsp;the Company has implemented and maintains reasonably adequate internal controls and procedures to monitor and audit transactions that are reasonably designed to detect and
prevent any use of the proceeds from the offering contemplated hereby that is inconsistent with any of the Company&#146;s representations and obligations under clause (C)&nbsp;of this paragraph; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ww. Except as described in the Prospectus, the Company has not sold or issued any shares of Common Stock during the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">six-month</FONT> period preceding the date of the Prospectus, including any sales pursuant to Rule 144A under, or Regulations D or S of, the Securities Act, other than shares issued pursuant to employee benefit plans,
qualified stock options plans or other employee compensation plans or pursuant to outstanding options, rights or warrants. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">xx. The
Company has fulfilled its obligations, if any, under the minimum funding standards of Section&nbsp;302 of the U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (&#147;<U>ERISA</U>&#148;) and the regulations and published interpretations
thereunder with respect to each &#147;plan&#148; as defined in Section&nbsp;3(3) of ERISA and such regulations and published interpretations in which its employees are eligible to participate and each such plan is in compliance in all material
respects with the presently applicable provisions of ERISA and such regulations and published interpretations. No &#147;Reportable Event&#148; (as defined in 12 ERISA) has occurred with respect to any &#147;Pension Plan&#148; (as defined in ERISA)
for which the Company could have any material liability. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">yy. The Company has properly classified and treated all applicable persons
employed or engaged by the Company in accordance with all applicable laws in all material respects, including without limitation all applicable laws concerning employment and compensation, and for purposes of all employee benefit plans and
perquisites, and there is no pending or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, threatened complaint, claim, audit or investigation by or before any governmental body regarding any misclassification of any person employed or engaged by the Company, in
each case except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">zz. No labor disturbance by or dispute with
employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is contemplated or threatened, and the Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by, or dispute with, the employees of any of
its or its subsidiaries&#146; principal suppliers, contractors or customers, except as would not have a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received any notice of cancellation or termination with respect to
any collective bargaining agreement to which it is a party. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">aaa. The Company and its subsidiaries (A)&nbsp;have operated their respective businesses in
a manner compliant with all privacy, data security and data protection laws and regulations applicable to the Company&#146;s and its subsidiaries&#146; receipt, collection, handling, processing, sharing, transfer, usage, disclosure or storage of all
user data relating to an identified or identifiable natural person including an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, or an online identifier (&#147;<U>Personal and Device Data</U>&#148;), (B) have implemented, maintain
and are in compliance in all material respects with policies and procedures designed to ensure (i)&nbsp;the privacy, integrity, security and confidentiality of all Personal and Device Data handled, processed, collected, shared, transferred, used,
disclosed and/or stored by the Company or its subsidiaries in connection with the Company&#146;s and its subsidiaries&#146; operation of their respective businesses and (ii)&nbsp;privacy and data protection laws are complied with, (C)&nbsp;have
taken commercially reasonable steps to require all third parties to which they provide any Personal and Device Data to maintain the privacy and security of such Personal and Device Data, and (D)&nbsp;have not, to the knowledge of the Company or its
subsidiaries, experienced any security incident that has compromised the privacy and/or security of any Personal and Device Data, except in the case of each of (A), (B), (C) and (D)&nbsp;where the failure to so comply would be expected to have a
Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any certificate signed by an officer of the Company and delivered to the Agent or to counsel for the Agent
pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed to be a representation and warranty by the Company, as applicable, to the Agent as to the matters set forth therein. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">7. <U>Covenants of the Company</U>. The Company covenants and agrees with the Agent that: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. <U>Registration Statement Amendments</U>. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a prospectus relating to any
Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agent under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act) (the &#147;<U>Prospectus Delivery Period</U>&#148;)
(i) the Company will notify the Agent promptly of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated by reference or amendments not related to any Placement, has been filed with the Commission
and/or has become effective or any subsequent supplement to the Prospectus has been filed and of any request by the Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus related to the Placement or for additional
information related to the Placement, (ii)&nbsp;the Company will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon the Agent&#146;s request, any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, upon the advice of the
Company&#146;s legal counsel (which may be outside legal counsel), may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by the Agent (<I>provided, however</I>, that the failure of the Agent to make such request
shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agent&#146;s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agent shall
have with </P>
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respect to the failure to make such filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed); (iii) the Company will not file any amendment or
supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares (other than an Incorporated Document) unless a copy thereof has been submitted to the Agent within a
reasonable period of time before the filing and the Agent has not reasonably objected thereto (<I>provided, however</I>, that (A)&nbsp;the failure of the Agent to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability
hereunder, or affect the Agent&#146;s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and (B)&nbsp;the Company has no obligation to provide the Agent any advance copy of such filing or to provide the Agent
an opportunity to object to such filing if the filing does not name the Agent or does not relate to the transaction herein provided; and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agent shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to
obtain such consent shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement) and the Company will furnish to the Agent at the time of filing thereof a copy of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration
Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available via EDGAR; and (iv)&nbsp;the Company will cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule
424(b) of the Securities Act or, in the case of any document to be incorporated therein by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed (the determination to file or not file
any amendment or supplement with the Commission under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(a)</U>, based on the Company&#146;s reasonable opinion or reasonable objections, shall be made exclusively by the Company). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b. <U>Notice of Commission Stop Orders</U>. The Company will advise the Agent, promptly after it receives notice or obtains knowledge thereof,
of the issuance or threatened issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the
initiation or threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. The Company will
advise the Agent promptly after it receives any request by the Commission for any amendments to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplements to the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or for additional information related
to the offering of the Placement Shares or for additional information related to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c. <U>Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes</U>. During the Prospectus Delivery Period, the Company will use commercially reasonable
efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before their respective due dates all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by
the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If the Company has omitted any information from the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 430A under the Securities
Act, it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply with the provisions of and make all requisite filings with the Commission pursuant to said Rule 430A and to notify the Agent promptly of all such filings. If during the Prospectus
Delivery Period any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the
</P>
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circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during such Prospectus Delivery Period it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the
Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify the Agent to suspend the offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so
as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance; <I>provided, however</I>, that the Company may delay the filing of any amendment or supplement, if in the judgment of the Company, it is in the best interest of the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d. <U>Listing of Placement Shares</U>. During the Prospectus Delivery Period, the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to
cause the Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange and to qualify the Placement Shares for sale under the securities laws of such jurisdictions in the United States as the Agent reasonably designates and to continue such qualifications in
effect so long as required for the distribution of the Placement Shares; <I>provided, however</I>, that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith to qualify as a foreign corporation or dealer in securities, file a general consent to
service of process, or subject itself to taxation in any jurisdiction if it is not otherwise so subject. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e. <U>Delivery of Registration
Statement and Prospectus</U>. The Company will furnish to the Agent and its counsel (at the reasonable expense of the Company) copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein) and all
amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during the Prospectus Delivery Period (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated
by reference therein), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as the Agent may from time to time reasonably request and, at the Agent&#146;s request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange or
market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; <I>provided, however</I>, that the Company shall not be required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to the Agent to the extent such document is available on EDGAR. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. <U>Earnings Statement</U>. To the extent not available on EDGAR, the Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon
as practicable, but in any event not later than 15 months after the end of the Company&#146;s current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement covering a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">12-month</FONT> period that satisfies the provisions of
Section&nbsp;11(a) and Rule 158 of the Securities Act. The Agent and the Company acknowledge and agree that the Company&#146;s ordinary, timely-filed periodic filings with the Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act may be used to satisfy this
obligation to the extent consistent with the requirements set forth herein. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b. <U>Use of Proceeds</U>. The Company will use the Net
Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled &#147;Use of Proceeds.&#148; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. <U>Notice of Other Sales</U>. Without the
prior written consent of the Agent, the Company will not, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this
Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock during the period beginning on the date on which any Placement Notice is delivered to the Agent hereunder and
ending on the third (3rd) Trading Day immediately following the final Settlement Date with respect to Placement Shares sold </P>
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pursuant to such Placement Notice (or, if the Placement Notice has been terminated or suspended prior to the sale of all Placement Shares covered by a Placement Notice, the date of such
suspension or termination); and, during such period, will not directly or indirectly in any other &#147;at the market&#148; or continuous equity transaction offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any
Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock prior to the termination of this
Agreement; <I>provided, however</I>, that such restrictions will not apply in connection with the Company&#146;s issuance or sale of (i)&nbsp;Common Stock, options to purchase Common Stock or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise, vesting or
settlement of options, warrants, restricted stock units, or other equity awards pursuant to any stock option, benefits or other employee compensation plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan (but not Common Stock subject to a waiver
to exceed plan limits in its dividend reinvestment plan) of the Company whether now in effect or hereafter implemented; (ii)&nbsp;Common Stock issuable upon conversion or redemption of securities or the exercise of warrants, options or other rights
in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR or otherwise in writing to the Agent, (iii)&nbsp;Common Stock, or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock, offered and sold in a privately
negotiated transaction to vendors, customers, strategic partners or potential strategic partners or other investors conducted in a manner so as not to be integrated with the offering of Common Stock hereby, (iv)&nbsp;Common Stock, or securities
convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock, in connection with any acquisition, strategic investment or other similar transaction (including any joint venture, strategic alliance or partnership) and (v)&nbsp;Common Stock issuable as a matching
contribution under the Company&#146;s 401(k) or employee stock purchase plan whether now in effect or hereafter implemented. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, nothing herein shall be construed to restrict the Company&#146;s ability, or
require the consent of the Agent, to file a registration statement under the Securities Act. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b. <U>Change of Circumstances</U>. The
Company will, at any time during the pendency of a Placement Notice advise the Agent promptly after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any
opinion, certificate, letter or other document required to be provided to the Agent pursuant to this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. <U>Due Diligence
Cooperation</U>. During the term of this Agreement, the Company will cooperate with any reasonable due diligence review conducted by the Agent or its representatives in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without
limitation, providing information and making available documents and senior corporate officers, or such other location mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto, during regular business hours and at the Company&#146;s principal offices, as the
Agent may reasonably request. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b. <U>Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares</U>. The Company agrees that on such dates
as the Securities Act shall require, the Company will (i)&nbsp;file a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (each and every date a filing under Rule 424(b) is made, a
&#147;<U>Filing Date</U>&#148;), which prospectus supplement will set forth, within the relevant period, the aggregate dollar amount or number of Placement Shares to be sold through the Agent, the Net Proceeds as of the date thereof, if any, to the
Company, and the compensation payable by the Company to the Agent with respect to such Placement Shares, and (ii)&nbsp;deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as
may be required by the rules or regulations of such exchange or market. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c. <U>Representation Dates; Certificate</U>. Each time during the term of this Agreement
that the Company files of one or more of the documents or reports referred to in clauses (i)&nbsp;through (iv) below (each date, a &#147;<U>Representation Date</U>&#148;): </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) amends or supplements (other than a prospectus supplement relating solely to an offering of securities other than the Placement Shares)
the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of documents by reference into the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) files an annual report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> under the
Exchange Act (including any Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K/A</FONT> containing amended audited financial information or a material amendment to the previously filed Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K);</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) files its quarterly reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> under the Exchange Act; or </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iv) files a current report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> containing amended financial information (other than
information &#147;furnished&#148; pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> or to provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> relating to the reclassification
of certain properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.&nbsp;144) under the Exchange Act; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">the
Company shall furnish the Agent (but in the case of clause (iv)&nbsp;above only if any Agent reasonably determines that the information contained in such Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> is material) with a certificate, in the form
attached hereto as <U>Exhibit 7(1)</U>. The requirement to provide a certificate under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(1)</U> shall be automatically waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time at which no Placement Notice is pending,
which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and the next occurring Representation Date on which the
Company files its annual report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K.</FONT> Notwithstanding the foregoing, (i)&nbsp;upon the delivery of the first Placement Notice hereunder and (ii)&nbsp;if the Company subsequently decides to sell
Placement Shares following a Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide the Agent with a certificate under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(1)</U>, then before the Agent sell any Placement Shares, the Company
shall provide the Agent with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit 7(1)</U>, dated the date of the Placement Notice. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d. <U>Legal Opinion</U>. On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice given hereunder the Company shall cause to be furnished to the
Agent a written opinion and a negative assurance letter of O&#146;Melveny&nbsp;&amp; Myers LLP (&#147;<U>Company Counsel</U>&#148;), or other counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Agent, each in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the
Agent. Thereafter, within five (5)&nbsp;Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(l) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall
cause to be furnished to the Agent a&nbsp;negative assurance letter of Company Counsel in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agent; provided </P>
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that, in lieu of such negative assurance for subsequent periodic filings under the Exchange Act, counsel may furnish the Agent with a letter (a&nbsp;&#147;<U>Reliance Letter</U>&#148;) to the
effect that the Agent may rely on the negative assurance letter previously delivered under this Section&nbsp;7(m) to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such letter (except that statements in such prior letter shall be deemed to relate
to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented as of the date of the Reliance Letter). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e. <U>Comfort
Letter</U>. On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice given hereunder and within five (5)&nbsp;Trading Days after each subsequent Representation Date, other than pursuant to Section&nbsp;7(l)(iii), with respect to which the Company is
obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(l) for which no waiver is applicabl,e the Company shall cause its independent accountants to furnish the Agent letters (the &#147;<U>Comfort Letters</U>&#148;), dated the
date the Comfort Letter is delivered, which shall meet the requirements set forth in this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U>. The Comfort Letter from the Company&#146;s independent accountants shall be in a form and substance reasonably
satisfactory to the Agent, (i)&nbsp;confirming that they are an independent public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the &#147;PCAOB&#148;), (ii) stating, as of such date, the
conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters ordinarily covered by accountants&#146; &#147;comfort letters&#148; to underwriters in connection with registered public offerings (the first such
letter, the &#147;<U>Initial Comfort Letter</U>&#148;) and (iii)&nbsp;updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to
relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">f. <U>Market
Activities</U>. The Company will not, directly or indirectly, (i)&nbsp;take any action designed to cause or result in, or that constitutes or would reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security
of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of Placement Shares or (ii)&nbsp;sell, bid for, or purchase Common Stock in violation of Regulation M, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than the
Agent. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">g. <U>Investment Company Act</U>. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it
nor the Subsidiaries will be or become, at any time prior to the termination of this Agreement, an &#147;investment company,&#148; as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">h. <U>No Offer to Sell</U>. Other than an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus approved in advance by the Company and the Agent in its capacity as
agent hereunder pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;23</U>, neither of the Agent nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Agent in its capacity as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to
any written communication (as defined in Rule 405), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">i. <U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>. The Company will maintain and keep accurate books and records reflecting its assets and maintain internal
accounting controls in a manner designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and including those policies and
procedures that (i)&nbsp;pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately </P>
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and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company, (ii)&nbsp;provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of
the Company&#146;s consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, (iii)&nbsp;that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with management&#146;s and the Company&#146;s directors&#146; authorization, and
(iv)&nbsp;provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company&#146;s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements. The Company will maintain
disclosure controls and procedures that comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">8. <U>Representations and Covenants of the
Agent</U>. The Agent represents and warrants that it is duly registered as a broker-dealer under FINRA, the Exchange Act and the applicable statutes and regulations of each state in which the Placement Shares will be offered and sold, except such
states in which the Agent is exempt from registration or such registration is not otherwise required. The Agent shall continue, for the term of this Agreement, to be duly registered as a broker-dealer under FINRA, the Exchange Act and the applicable
statutes and regulations of each state in which the Placement Shares will be offered and sold, except such states in which it is exempt from registration or such registration is not otherwise required, during the term of this Agreement. The Agent
shall comply with all applicable law and regulations in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including the issuance and sale through the Agent of the Placement Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">9. <U>Payment of Expenses</U>. The Company will pay all expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement,
including (i)&nbsp;the preparation, filing, including any fees required by the Commission, and printing of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and exhibits) as originally filed and of each amendment and supplement thereto and
each Free Writing Prospectus, in such number as the Agent shall deem reasonably necessary, (ii)&nbsp;the printing and delivery to the Agent of this Agreement and such other documents as may be required in connection with the offering, purchase,
sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares, (iii)&nbsp;the preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates, if any, for the Placement Shares to the Agent, including any stock or other transfer taxes and any capital duties, stamp
duties or other duties or taxes payable upon the sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares to the Agent, (iv)&nbsp;the fees and disbursements of the counsel, accountants and other advisors to the Company, (v)&nbsp;the reasonable and
documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> fees and disbursements of counsel to the Agent (x)&nbsp;not to exceed $50,000 in connection with the filing of this Agreement and (y)&nbsp;not
to exceed $10,000 per year thereafter in connection with updates at the time of Representation Dates; (vi)&nbsp;the fees and expenses of the transfer agent and registrar for the Common Stock, (vii)&nbsp;the filing fees incident to any review by
FINRA of the terms of the sale of the Placement Shares, and (viii)&nbsp;the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">10. <U>Conditions to the Agent&#146;s Obligations</U>. The obligations of the Agent hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject to
the continuing accuracy and completeness of the representations and warranties made by the Company herein (other than those representations and warranties made as of a specified date or time), to the due performance in all material respects by the
Company of its obligations hereunder, to the completion by the Agent of a due diligence review satisfactory to it in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing reasonable satisfaction (or waiver by the Agent in its sole discretion) of the
following additional conditions: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. <U>Registration Statement Effective</U>. The Registration Statement shall remain effective and shall
be available for the sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be issued by any Placement Notice. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">25 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b. <U>No Material Notices</U>. None of the following events shall have occurred and be
continuing: (i)&nbsp;receipt by the Company of any request for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the response to which
would require any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">post-effective</FONT> amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus; (ii)&nbsp;the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority of any
stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or receipt by the Company of notification of the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii)&nbsp;receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the
suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or receipt by the Company of notification of the initiation of, or a threat to initiate, any proceeding for such purpose; or
(iv)&nbsp;the occurrence of any event that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the
Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be
stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any
material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c. <U>No Misstatement or Material Omission</U>. The Agent shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or
any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Agent&#146;s reasonable opinion upon the advice of counsel is material, or omits to state a fact that in the Agent&#146;s reasonable opinion is material and is
required to be stated therein or is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d. <U>Material Changes</U>. Except as
contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company&#146;s reports filed with the Commission, there shall not have been any Material Adverse Effect, or any development that would reasonably be expected to cause a Material Adverse Effect, or
a downgrading in or withdrawal of the rating assigned to any of the Company&#146;s securities (other than asset backed securities) by any &#147;nationally recognized statistical rating organization,&#148; as such term is defined by the Commission
for purposes of Rule 436(g)(2) under the Securities Act (a &#147;<U>Rating Organization</U>&#148;), or a public announcement by any Rating Organization that it has under surveillance or review its rating of any of the Company&#146;s securities
(other than asset backed securities), the effect of which, in the case of any such action by a Rating Organization described above, in the reasonable judgment of the Agent (without relieving the Company of any obligation or liability it may
otherwise have), is so material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the Placement Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e. <U>Company Counsel Legal Opinion</U>. The Agent shall have received the opinion and negative assurance letter of Company Counsel required
to be delivered pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinion and negative assurance letter are required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U>. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">26 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">f. <U>Agent Counsel Legal Opinion</U>. Agent shall have received from Duane Morris LLP,
counsel for the Agent, such opinion or opinions, on or before the date on which the delivery of the Company Counsel legal opinion is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U>, with respect to such matters as the Agent may
reasonably require, and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they request for enabling them to pass upon such matters. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">g. <U>Comfort Letter</U>. The Agent shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U> on or before the date on which such delivery of such letter is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">h. <U>Representation Certificate</U>. The Agent shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(1)</U> on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(1)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">i. <U>Secretary</U><U>&#146;</U><U>s Certificate</U>. On or prior to the first Representation Date, the Agent shall have received a
certificate, signed on behalf of the Company by its corporate Secretary, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agent and its counsel. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">j. <U>No Suspension</U>. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on the Exchange and the Common Stock shall not have been
delisted from the Exchange. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">k. <U>Other Materials</U>. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(1)</U>, the Company shall have furnished to the Agent such appropriate further information, certificates and documents as the Agent may reasonably request and which are usually and customarily furnished by an issuer
of securities in connection with a securities offering of the type contemplated hereby. All such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents will be in compliance with the provisions hereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">l. <U>Securities Act Filings Made</U>. All filings with the Commission with respect to the Placement Shares required by Rule 424 under the
Securities Act to have been filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">m. <U>Approval for Listing</U>. The Placement Shares shall either have been approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to notice of
issuance, or the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at, or prior to, the issuance of any Placement Notice. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">n. <U>No Termination Event</U>. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit the Agent to terminate this Agreement pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;13(a)</U>. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">11. <U>Indemnification and Contribution</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Company Indemnification</U>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Agent, its partners, members, directors, officers,
employees and agents and each person, if any, who controls the Agent within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act as follows: </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred,
joint or several, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact
required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus
(or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, to the extent of the aggregate
amount paid in settlement of any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or of any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue
statement or omission; provided that (subject to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(d)</U> below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company, which consent shall not unreasonably be delayed or withheld; and </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) against any and all expense whatsoever, as incurred (including the reasonable and documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> fees and disbursements of counsel), reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body,
commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or omission, to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i)&nbsp;or (ii) above; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>provided, however</I>, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, liability, claim, damage or expense to the extent arising out of any
untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made solely in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Agent expressly for use in the Registration Statement (or any amendment
thereto), or in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)
<U>Indemnification by the Agent</U>. The Agent agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and officers, and each person, if any, who (i)&nbsp;controls the Company within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act
or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act or (ii)&nbsp;is controlled by or is under common control with the Company against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity contained in
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(a)</U>, as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendments thereto) or in any related Issuer Free
Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to the Agent and furnished to the Company in writing by the Agent expressly for use therein. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>Procedure</U>. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under
this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U>, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from
(i)&nbsp;any liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> and (ii)&nbsp;any liability that it may have to any indemnified party under the foregoing provisions of this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party and it
notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the
commencement of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the
indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any legal or other expenses except as provided below and except for the reasonable costs of
investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at
the expense of such indemnified party unless (1)&nbsp;the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2)&nbsp;the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel)
that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3)&nbsp;a conflict or potential conflict of interest exists (based on advice of
counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4)&nbsp;the
indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable and documented <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the indemnifying party or
parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable and documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> fees,
disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such reasonable and documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly after the indemnifying party receives a written invoice relating to fees, disbursements and other
charges in reasonable detail. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified
party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> (whether or not any indemnified party is a
party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent (1)&nbsp;includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such litigation, investigation, proceeding or claim and (2)&nbsp;does not include a
statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>Contribution</U>. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in
circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraphs of this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable from the Company or the Agent,
the Company and the Agent will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action,
suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons other than the Agent, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, officers
of the Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company and the Agent may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits
received by the Company on the one hand and the Agent on the other hand. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agent on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total Net Proceeds from the
sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by the Agent (before deducting expenses) from the sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the
allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but
also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other hand, with respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any other
relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state
a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or the Agent, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and the Agent
agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(d)</U> were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable
considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(d)</U>
shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(d)</U>, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the
extent consistent with <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(c)</U> hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(d)</U>, the Agent shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess of the commissions
received by it under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent
misrepresentation. For purposes of this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(d)</U>, any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, and any officers, directors, partners, employees or
agents of the Agent, will have the same rights to contribution as that party, and each officer who signed the Registration Statement and director of the Company will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the
provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(d)</U>,
will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will </P>
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not relieve that party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(d)</U> except to the extent that
the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(c)</U> hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(c)</U> hereof.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">12. <U>Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery</U>. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section&nbsp;11 of
this Agreement and all representations and warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto, or of the Agent herein, shall survive, as of their respective dates, regardless of (i)&nbsp;any investigation made by or on
behalf of the Agent, any controlling persons, or the Company (or any of their respective officers, directors or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment therefor or (iii)&nbsp;any termination of this
Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">13. <U>Termination</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. The Agent may terminate this Agreement, by notice to the Company, as hereinafter specified at any time (1)&nbsp;if there has been, since
the time of execution of this Agreement or since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, any Material Adverse Effect, or any development that would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect that, in the sole
judgment of the Agent, is material and adverse and makes it impractical or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares, (2)&nbsp;if there has occurred any material adverse change in the
financial markets in the United States or the international financial markets, any outbreak of hostilities or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis or any change or development involving a prospective change in national or international
political, financial or economic conditions, in each case the effect of which is such as to make it, in the judgment of the Agent, impracticable or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement
Shares, (3)&nbsp;if trading in the Common Stock has been suspended or limited by the Commission or the Exchange, or if trading generally on the Exchange has been suspended or limited, or minimum prices for trading have been fixed on the Exchange,
(4)&nbsp;if any suspension of trading of any securities of the Company on any exchange or in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">over-the-counter</FONT></FONT> market shall have occurred and be continuing,
(5)&nbsp;if a major disruption of securities settlements or clearance services in the United States shall have occurred and be continuing, or (6)&nbsp;if a banking moratorium has been declared by either U.S. Federal or New York authorities. Any such
termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <U>Section</U>&nbsp;9 (Payment of Expenses), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution),
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof
shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. If the Agent elects to terminate this Agreement as provided in this Section&nbsp;13(a), the Agent shall provide the required notice as specified in Section&nbsp;14 (Notices).
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b. The Company shall have the right, by giving five (5)&nbsp;days&#146; notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement in
its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> (Payment of Expenses),
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial)
and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">31 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c. The Agent shall have the right, by giving five (5)&nbsp;days&#146; notice as hereinafter
specified to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> (Payment of Expenses), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery),
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d. Unless earlier terminated pursuant to this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;13</U>, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the
issuance and sale of all of the Placement Shares through the Agent on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein except that the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> (Payment of Expenses),
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial)
and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e. This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to <U>Sections 13(a)</U>, <U>(b</U>), <U>(c</U>), or
<U>(d)</U>&nbsp;above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; <I>provided, however</I>, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed to provide that <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> (Payment of Expenses),
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial)
and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) shall remain in full force and effect. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company shall not have any liability to the Agent for any discount, commission or other compensation
with respect to any Placement Shares not otherwise sold by the Agent under this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">f. Any termination of this Agreement shall be
effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; <I>provided, however</I>, that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Agent or the Company, as the case may be.
If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">14. <U>Notices</U>. All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the
terms of this Agreement shall be in writing, unless otherwise specified, and if sent to the Agent, shall be delivered to: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">B. Riley
Securities, Inc. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">299 Park Avenue, 7<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP> Floor </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY 10171 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention:&nbsp;&nbsp; General Counsel </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: (212) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">457-9947</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; atmdesk@brileyfin.com </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">32 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">with a copy to: Duane Morris LLP </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1540 Broadway </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY
10036 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention:&nbsp;&nbsp; Dean M. Colucci </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: (973) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">424-2020</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dmcolucci@duanemorris.com </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">and if to the Company, shall be delivered to: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Sonim Technologies, Inc. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">6836
Bee Cave Road, Bldg. 1, S#279 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Austin, Texas 787 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention:&nbsp;&nbsp; Robert Tirva </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(650)703-4002</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b.tirva@sonimtech.com </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">with a copy to: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">O&#146;Melveny&nbsp;&amp;
Myers LLP </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Two Embarcadero Center, 28th Floor </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">San Francisco, California 94111 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention:&nbsp;&nbsp; C. Brophy Christensen, Esq. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: (415) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">984-8700</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; bchristensen@omm.com </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each party to this Agreement may change such address for notices by sending to the parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose.
Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i)&nbsp;when delivered personally, by email, or by verifiable facsimile transmission on or before 4:30 p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day or, if such day is not a Business Day,
on the next succeeding Business Day, (ii)&nbsp;on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iii)&nbsp;on the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered
mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid). For purposes of this Agreement, &#147;<U>Business Day</U>&#148; shall mean any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">15. <U>Successors and Assigns</U>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and the Agent and their
respective successors and the affiliates, controlling persons, officers and directors referred to in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> hereof. References to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors
and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or
liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. Neither the Company nor the Agent may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">33 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">16. <U>Adjustments for Stock Splits</U>. The parties acknowledge and agree that all <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">share-related</FONT> numbers contained in this Agreement shall be adjusted to take into account any share consolidation, stock split, stock dividend, corporate domestication or similar event effected with respect to the
Placement Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">17. <U>Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability</U>. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached
hereto and Placement Notices issued pursuant hereto) constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings, both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter
hereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and the Agent. In the event that any one or more of the provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any
circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the
remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder of the terms and
provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">18. <U>GOVERNING LAW AND TIME;
WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL</U>. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO THE PRINCIPLES OF CONFLICTS OF LAWS. SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY TIME. THE COMPANY
AND THE AGENT EACH HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">19. <U>CONSENT TO JURISDICTION</U>. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY SUBMITS TO THE <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">NON-EXCLUSIVE</FONT>
JURISDICTION OF THE STATE AND FEDERAL COURTS SITTING IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY, AND HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, AND AGREES
NOT TO ASSERT IN ANY SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING, ANY CLAIM THAT IT IS NOT PERSONALLY SUBJECT TO THE JURISDICTION OF ANY SUCH COURT, THAT SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS BROUGHT IN AN INCONVENIENT FORUM OR THAT THE VENUE OF SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR
PROCEEDING IS IMPROPER. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES PERSONAL SERVICE OF PROCESS AND CONSENTS TO PROCESS BEING SERVED IN ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING BY MAILING A COPY THEREOF (CERTIFIED OR REGISTERED MAIL, RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED)
TO SUCH PARTY AT THE ADDRESS IN EFFECT FOR NOTICES TO IT UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND AGREES THAT SUCH SERVICE SHALL CONSTITUTE GOOD AND SUFFICIENT SERVICE OF PROCESS AND NOTICE THEREOF. NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE DEEMED TO LIMIT IN ANY WAY ANY
RIGHT TO SERVE PROCESS IN ANY MANNER PERMITTED BY LAW. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">34 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">20. <U>Use of Information</U>. The Agent may not use any information gained in connection
with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including due diligence, to advise any party with respect to transactions not expressly approved by the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">21. <U>Counterparts</U>. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of
which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made by facsimile transmission or email of a .pdf attachment. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">22. <U>Effect of Headings</U>. The section, Schedule and Exhibit headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the
construction hereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">23. <U>Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. The Company represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains
the prior consent of the Agent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, and the Agent represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior consent of the Company, which consent shall not be unreasonably
withheld, conditioned or delayed, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Placement Shares that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or that would otherwise constitute a &#147;free writing prospectus,&#148; as
defined in Rule 405, required to be filed with the Commission. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Agent or by the Company, as the case may be, is hereinafter referred to as a &#147;Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.&#148; The
Company represents and warrants that it has treated and agrees that it will treat each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an &#147;issuer free writing prospectus,&#148; as defined in Rule 433, and has complied and will comply with the requirements
of Rule 433 applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping. For the purposes of clarity, the parties hereto agree that all free writing prospectuses, if
any, listed in <U>Exhibit 23</U> hereto are Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">24. <U>Absence of Fiduciary Relationship</U>. The
Company acknowledges and agrees that: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a. The Agent is acting solely as agent in connection with the public offering of the Placement
Shares and in connection with each transaction contemplated by this Agreement and the process leading to such transactions, and no fiduciary or advisory relationship between the Company or any of its respective affiliates, stockholders (or other
equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other hand, has been or will be created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, irrespective of whether or not any Agent
has advised or is advising the Company on other matters, and the Agent has no obligation to the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b. it is capable of evaluating and understanding, and understands and accepts, the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c. The Agent has not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the Company has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d. it is aware that the Agent and its affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests that differ from
those of the Company and the Agent has no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship or otherwise; and </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">35 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">

<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e. it waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against the
Agent for breach of fiduciary duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the sale of Placement Shares under this Agreement and agrees that the Agent shall not have any liability (whether direct or indirect, in contract, tort or
otherwise) to it in respect of such a fiduciary duty claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on its behalf or in right of it or the Company, employees or creditors of Company, other than in respect of the Agent&#146;s obligations
under this Agreement and to keep information provided by the Company to the Agent and its counsel confidential to the extent not otherwise publicly-available. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">25. <U>Definitions</U>. As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;<U>Applicable Time</U>&#148; means (i)&nbsp;each Representation Date and (ii)&nbsp;the time of each sale of any Placement Shares
pursuant to this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;<U>Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</U>&#148; means any &#147;issuer free writing prospectus,&#148; as
defined in Rule 433, relating to the Placement Shares that (1)&nbsp;is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company, (2)&nbsp;is a &#147;road show&#148; that is a &#147;written communication&#148; within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i)
whether or not required to be filed with the Commission, or (3)&nbsp;is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a description of the Placement Shares or of the offering that does not reflect the final terms, in each case
in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company&#146;s records pursuant to Rule 433(g) under the Securities Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;<U>Rule 172</U>,&#148; &#147;<U>Rule 405</U>,&#148; &#147;<U>Rule 415</U>,&#148; &#147;<U>Rule 424</U>,&#148; &#147;<U>Rule
424(b)</U>,&#148; &#147;<U>Rule 430B</U>,&#148; and &#147;<U>Rule 433</U>&#148; refer to such rules under the Securities Act. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All
references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information that is &#147;contained,&#148; &#147;included&#148; or &#147;stated&#148; in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (and all other references of like
import) shall be deemed to mean and include all such financial statements and schedules and other information that is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as the case may be. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All references in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be
deemed to include the copy filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; all references in this Agreement to any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (other than any Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses that, pursuant to Rule 433, are not required to be filed
with the Commission) shall be deemed to include the copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; and all references in this Agreement to &#147;supplements&#148; to the Prospectus shall include, without limitation, any supplements,
&#147;wrappers&#148; or similar materials prepared in connection with any offering, sale or private placement of any Placement Shares by the Agent outside of the United States. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">[Remainder of the page intentionally left blank] </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">36 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding between the Company and the Agent, please so
indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement between the Company and the Agent. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="40%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="11%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="88%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"><B>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SONIM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE=" BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" STYLE="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">/s/ Robert Tirva</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Name: Robert Tirva</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Title: President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"><B>ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written:</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"><B>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. RILEY SECURITIES, INC.</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE=" BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" STYLE="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">/s/ Patrice McNicoll</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Name: Patrice McNicoll</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Title: <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Co-Head</FONT> of Investment Banking</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">37 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>SCHEDULE 1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center>
<P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">FORM OF
PLACEMENT NOTICE </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center> <P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="96%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="8%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="91%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">From:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Sonim Technologies, Inc.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">To:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">B. Riley Securities, Inc.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Attention:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">[&#149;]</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Subject:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">At Market Issuance&#151;Placement Notice</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Gentlemen: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement between Sonim Technologies, Inc., a
Delaware corporation (the &#147;<U>Company</U>&#148;), and B. Riley Securities, Inc., dated September&nbsp;[23], 2021, the Company hereby requests that B. Riley Securities, Inc. sell up to [____] of the Company&#146;s Common Stock, par value $0.001
per share, at a minimum market price of $[____] per share, during the time period beginning [month, day, time] and ending [month, day, time]. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">38 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">

<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>SCHEDULE 2 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center>
<P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Compensation
</B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center> <P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company shall pay to the Agent in cash, upon each sale of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, an amount equal to 3.0% of the
gross proceeds from each sale of Placement Shares. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">39 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">

<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>SCHEDULE 3 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center>
<P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Notice
Parties </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center> <P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>The Company </U></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="14%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="85%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Robert Tirva</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><U>b.tirva@sonimtech.com</U></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"><U>B.&nbsp;Riley&nbsp;Securities</U></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Patrice McNicoll</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><U>pmcnicoll@brileyfin.com</U></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Keith Pompliano</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><U>kpompliano@brileyfin.com</U></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Scott Ammaturo</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><U>sammaturo@brileyfin.com</U></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">with a copy to <U>atmdesk@brileyfin.com</U> </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">40 </P>

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<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>EXHIBIT 7(1) </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Form of Representation Date Certificate </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>___________, 20___ </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This
Representation Date Certificate (this &#147;<U>Certificate</U>&#148;) is executed and delivered in connection with <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(1)</U> of the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the &#147;<U>Agreement</U>&#148;), dated September
[23], 2021, and entered into between Sonim Technologies, Inc. (the &#147;<U>Company</U>&#148;) and B. Riley Securities, Inc.. All capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company hereby certifies as follows: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1. As of the date of this Certificate (i)&nbsp;the Registration Statement does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading and (ii)&nbsp;neither the Registration Statement nor the Prospectus contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading and (iii)&nbsp;no event has occurred as a result of which it is
necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus in order to make the statements therein not untrue or misleading for this paragraph 1 to be true. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">2. Each of the representations and warranties of the Company contained in the Agreement were, when originally made, and are, as of the date of
this Certificate, true and correct in all material respects. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">3. Except as waived by the Agent in writing, each of the covenants required
to be performed by the Company in the Agreement on or prior to the date of the Agreement, this Representation Date, and each such other date prior to the date hereof as set forth in the Agreement, has been duly, timely and fully performed in all
material respects and each condition required to be complied with by the Company on or prior to the date of the Agreement, this Representation Date, and each such other date prior to the date hereof as set forth in the Agreement has been duly,
timely and fully complied with in all material respects. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">4. Subsequent to the date of the most recent financial statements in the
Prospectus, and except as described in the Prospectus, including Incorporated Documents, there has been no Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">5. No
order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the qualification or registration of the Placement Shares under the securities or Blue Sky laws of any jurisdiction are in effect and no proceeding for such purpose is pending
before, or threatened, to the Company&#146;s knowledge or in writing by, any securities or other governmental authority (including, without limitation, the Commission). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">41 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">

<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned has executed this Representation Date Certificate as of the date first
written above. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="40%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="12%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="87%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"><B>SONIM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE=" BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" STYLE="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Name:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Robert Tirva</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Title:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">President, Chief Executive Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>EXHIBIT 23 </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Permitted Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">None. </P>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>d230013dex51.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-5.1
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<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>EX-5.1</TITLE>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 5.1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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 </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt" ALIGN="center">


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<TD WIDTH="52%"></TD>

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<TD WIDTH="18%"></TD></TR>


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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman">O&#146;Melveny &amp; Myers LLP</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Two Embarcadero
Center</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman">28th Floor</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman">San Francisco, CA 94111</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman">T: +1-415-984-8700</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman">F: +1-415-984-8701</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman">omm.com</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">File&nbsp;Number:&nbsp;0812956-00006</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">September&nbsp;24, 2021 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Sonim
Technologies, Inc. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">6500 River Place Boulevard </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Building 7,
Suite 250 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Austin, TX 78730 </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><B>Re:</B><B><I></I></B></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
<P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><B><I></I></B><B></B><B><I><U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">At-the-Market</FONT></FONT> Offering of up to
$41,636,612 of Common Stock of </U></I></B><B></B><B><I><U>Sonim</U></I></B><B></B><B><I><U> Technologies, Inc.</U></I></B><B> </B></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have acted as special
counsel to Sonim Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#147;<B>Company</B>&#148;), in connection with the offer and sale from time to time by the Company of the Company&#146;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, having an aggregate
offering price of up to $41,636,612 (the &#147;<B>Shares</B>&#148;), under the prospectus supplement, dated September&nbsp;24, 2021, to the prospectus, dated April&nbsp;12, 2021 (the &#147;<B>Prospectus Supplement</B>&#148;). The Shares are being
offered and sold pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-254440)</FONT> (the &#147;<B>Registration Statement</B>&#148;) filed by the Company with
the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;<B>Commission</B>&#148;) on March&nbsp;18, 2021 and declared effective by the Commission on April&nbsp;12, 2021. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In rendering the opinion below, we examined originals or copies of those corporate and other records and documents we considered appropriate.
We assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals and the conformity with originals of all documents submitted to us as copies. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Based on this examination, we are of the opinion that the issuance of the Shares have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action
on the part of the Company and, upon payment for and delivery of the Shares in accordance with the Sales Agreement, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable.</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The law governed by this opinion letter is limited to the present General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. We express no opinion
herein as to any other laws, statutes, regulations or ordinances of any other jurisdiction. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This opinion is being furnished in accordance
with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K</FONT> promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and no opinion is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the
Registration Statement, the prospectus included in the Registration Statement or any prospectus supplement, other than as expressly stated herein with respect to the Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We hereby consent to the use of this opinion as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> and the
incorporation by reference of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the reference </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Century City&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Los Angeles&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Newport
Beach&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New York&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;San Francisco&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Silicon
Valley&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington, DC </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Beijing&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Brussels&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong
Kong&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;London&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Seoul&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shanghai&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Singapore&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#149;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tokyo </P>

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 <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" ALIGN="right">


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 </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
to this firm under the heading &#147;Legal Matters&#148; in the Prospectus Supplement. This opinion is expressly limited to the matters set forth above, and we render no opinion, whether by
implication or otherwise, as to any other matters. This letter speaks only as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update or supplement this opinion to reflect any facts or circumstances that arise after the date of this opinion and
come to our attention, or any future changes in laws. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
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<TD VALIGN="top">Respectfully submitted,</TD></TR>
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<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">/s/ O&#146;Melveny &amp; Myers LLP</TD></TR>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>sonm-20210923.xsd
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?>
<!-- DFIN - https://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- CTU Version: Release master Build:20210621.2 -->
<!-- Creation date: 9/25/2021 12:26:04 AM Eastern Time -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2021 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
<xsd:schema
  xmlns:nonnum="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/non-numeric"
  xmlns:num="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/numeric"
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  xmlns:sonm="http://www.sonimtech.com/20210923"
  xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020-01-31"
  xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance"
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
  xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt"

  attributeFormDefault="unqualified"
  elementFormDefault="qualified"
  targetNamespace="http://www.sonimtech.com/20210923"
  xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020-01-31" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/numeric-2009-12-16.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/numeric" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/nonNumeric-2009-12-16.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/non-numeric" />

    <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/naics/2017/naics-2017-01-31.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/naics/2017-01-31" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" />
  <xsd:annotation>
    <xsd:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="sonm-20210923_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:title="Label Links, all" xlink:type="simple" />
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="sonm-20210923_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:title="Presentation Links, all" xlink:type="simple" />
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.sonimtech.com//20210923/taxonomy/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" id="Role_DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation">
        <link:definition>100000 - Document - Document and Entity Information</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
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<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
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<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
<!-- DFIN - https://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- CTU Version: Release master Build:20210621.2 -->
<!-- Creation date: 9/25/2021 12:26:04 AM Eastern Time -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2021 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
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  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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  <link:labelLink xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link" xlink:type="extended">
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" />
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Local Phone Number</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Written Communications</link:label>
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    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" />
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    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
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  </link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>sonm-20210923_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
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<!-- Creation date: 9/25/2021 12:26:04 AM Eastern Time -->
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.21.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139666863852904">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 23, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">SONIM TECHNOLOGIES INC<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001178697<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Sep. 23,  2021<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-38907<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">94-3336783<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">6500 River Place Boulevard<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Building 7<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Three</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite 250<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Austin<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">TX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">78730<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(650)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">378-8100<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Security 12b Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">SONM<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod', window );">Entity Ex Transition Period</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The end date of the period reflected on the cover page if a periodic report. For all other reports and registration statements containing historical data, it is the date up through which that historical data is presented.  If there is no historical data in the report, use the filing date. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 3 such as an Office Park</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if an emerging growth company has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 7A<br> -Section B<br> -Subsection 2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
