<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193125-21-323094.txt : 20211108
<SEC-HEADER>0001193125-21-323094.hdr.sgml : 20211108
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20211108163109
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193125-21-323094
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		13
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20211105
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
ITEM INFORMATION:		Regulation FD Disclosure
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20211108
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20211108

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			SONIM TECHNOLOGIES INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001178697
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH APPARATUS [3661]
		IRS NUMBER:				943336783
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-38907
		FILM NUMBER:		211388428

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		6500 RIVER PLACE BLVD.
		STREET 2:		BUILDING 7, SUITE 250
		CITY:			AUSTIN
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			78730
		BUSINESS PHONE:		650-378-8100

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		6500 RIVER PLACE BLVD.
		STREET 2:		BUILDING 7, SUITE 250
		CITY:			AUSTIN
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			78730
</SEC-HEADER>
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<TYPE>8-K
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<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt;border:0;width:100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer" contextRef="duration_2021-11-05_to_2021-11-05" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" contextRef="duration_2021-11-05_to_2021-11-05" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Title of each class</p></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Trading</p> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Symbol(s)</p></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Name of each exchange</p> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">on which registered</p></td></tr>
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<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"><span style="font-weight:bold"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:Security12bTitle" contextRef="duration_2021-11-05_to_2021-11-05">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</ix:nonNumeric></span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"><span style="font-weight:bold"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" contextRef="duration_2021-11-05_to_2021-11-05">SONM</ix:nonNumeric></span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;5.03</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On and effective as of November&#160;5, 2021, the Board of Directors (the &#8220;Board&#8221;) of Sonim Technologies, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) approved the amendment and restatement of the Company&#8217;s Amended and Restated Bylaws (as so amended and restated, the &#8220;Bylaws&#8221;). Specifically, the Board amended Article III, Section&#160;8 to reduce the quorum required for meetings of stockholders from a majority <span style="white-space:nowrap">to&#160;one-third&#160;(1/3)</span> of the voting power of the outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The foregoing description of the Bylaws is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Bylaws filed as Exhibit 3.1 to this Current Report on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Form&#160;8-K&#160;and</span> incorporated by reference herein. </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;7.01</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Regulation FD Disclosure. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As previously disclosed, on October&#160;26, 2021, the Company convened and adjourned its 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the &#8220;Annual Meeting&#8221;) without any business being conducted, due to lack of the requisite quorum. The adjourned Annual Meeting will reconvene at 9:00 a.m. Pacific Time on November&#160;12, 2021 at 1875 S. Grant Street, Suite 750, San Mateo, CA 94402. The record date has not changed. Only stockholders of record at the close of business on September&#160;13, 2021 are entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. Stockholders of the Company who have previously submitted their proxy or otherwise voted and who do not want to change their vote do not need to take any action. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In order to facilitate the timely transaction of business at the Annual Meeting, the Board approved the Bylaws to reduce the required quorum for meetings of stockholders from a majority <span style="white-space:nowrap">to&#160;one-third&#160;(1/3)</span> of the outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote, present in person, by remote communication or by proxy as disclosed in Item 5.03 of this Current Report on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">8-K.</span> </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;9.01.</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Financial Statements and Exhibits. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) Exhibits </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td align="center" style="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"><span style="font-weight:bold">Exhibit&#160;No.</span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold">Description</p></td></tr>


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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d220639dex31.htm">Amended and Restated Bylaws of Sonim Technologies, Inc. (effective as of November&#160;5, 2021) </a></td></tr>
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 <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">SIGNATURES </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized. </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"><span style="font-weight:bold">Sonim Technologies, Inc.</span></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Dated: November&#160;8, 2021</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">By:</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Robert Tirva</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap">Robert Tirva</td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"><span style="font-style:italic">President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer</span></td></tr>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 3.1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>OF </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>SONIM TECHNOLOGIES,
INC. </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>(A DELAWARE CORPORATION) </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>(Amended and Restated as of November&nbsp;5, 2021) </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE I </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>OFFICES
</B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;1.</B> <B>Registered Office</B>. The registered office of the corporation in the State of Delaware
shall be in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;2.</B> <B>Other Offices.</B> The corporation
shall also have and maintain an office or principal place of business at such place as may be fixed by the Board of Directors, and may also have offices at such other places, both within and without the State of Delaware, as the Board of Directors
may from time to time determine or the business of the corporation may require. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE II </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>CORPORATE SEAL </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;3.</B> <B>Corporate Seal.</B> The Board of Directors may adopt a corporate seal. If adopted, the corporate seal
shall consist of a die bearing the name of the corporation and the inscription, &#147;Corporate Seal-Delaware.&#148; Said seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or reproduced or otherwise. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE III </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>STOCKHOLDERS&#146; MEETINGS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;4.</B> <B>Place of Meetings.</B> Meetings of the stockholders of the corporation may be held at such place,
either within or without the State of Delaware, as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that the meeting shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held
solely by means of remote communication as provided under the Delaware General Corporation Law (&#147;<B><I>DGCL</I></B>&#148;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;5.</B> <B>Annual Meeting</B>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> The annual meeting of the stockholders of the corporation, for the purpose of election of directors and for such other business as
may properly come before it, shall be held on such date and at such time as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors. Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors of the corporation and the proposal of business
to be considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders: (i)&nbsp;pursuant to the corporation&#146;s notice of meeting of stockholders (with respect to business other than nominations); (ii) brought specifically by or
at the direction of the Board of Directors; or (iii)&nbsp;by any stockholder of the corporation who was a stockholder of record at the time of giving the stockholder&#146;s notice provided for in Section&nbsp;5(b) below, who is entitled to vote at
the meeting and who complied with the notice procedures set forth in Section&nbsp;5. For the avoidance of doubt, clause (iii)&nbsp;above shall be the exclusive means for a stockholder to make nominations and submit other business (other than matters
properly included in the corporation&#146;s notice of meeting of stockholders and proxy statement under Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">14a-8</FONT> under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations
thereunder (the &#147;<B><I>1934 Act</I></B>&#148;)) before an annual meeting of stockholders. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">1 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> At an annual meeting of the stockholders, only such business shall be conducted
as is a proper matter for stockholder action under Delaware law and as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(1) For
nominations for the election to the Board of Directors to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (iii)&nbsp;of Section&nbsp;5(a), the stockholder must deliver written notice to the Secretary at the principal
executive offices of the corporation on a timely basis as set forth in Section&nbsp;5(b)(3) and must update and supplement such written notice on a timely basis as set forth in Section&nbsp;5(c). Such stockholder&#146;s notice shall set forth:
(A)&nbsp;as to each nominee such stockholder proposes to nominate at the meeting: (1)&nbsp;the name, age, business address and residence address of such nominee, (2)&nbsp;the principal occupation or employment of such nominee, (3)&nbsp;the class and
number of shares of each class of capital stock of the corporation which are owned of record and beneficially by such nominee, (4)&nbsp;the date or dates on which such shares were acquired and the investment intent of such acquisition and
(5)&nbsp;such other information concerning such nominee as would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement soliciting proxies for the election of such nominee as a director in an election contest (even if an election contest is not involved),
or that is otherwise required to be disclosed pursuant to Section&nbsp;14 of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (including such person&#146;s written consent to being named as a nominee and to serving as a director if
elected); and (B)&nbsp;the information required by Section&nbsp;5(b)(4). The corporation may require any proposed nominee to furnish such other information as it may reasonably require to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve
as an independent director of the corporation or that could be material to a reasonable stockholder&#146;s understanding of the independence, or lack thereof, of such proposed nominee. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(2) Other than proposals sought to be included in the corporation&#146;s proxy materials pursuant to Rule
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">14(a)-8</FONT> under the 1934 Act, for business other than nominations for the election to the Board of Directors to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (iii)&nbsp;of
Section&nbsp;5(a), the stockholder must deliver written notice to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation on a timely basis as set forth in Section&nbsp;5(b)(3), and must update and supplement such written notice on a
timely basis as set forth in Section&nbsp;5(c). Such stockholder&#146;s notice shall set forth: (A)&nbsp;as to each matter such stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the
meeting, the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting, and any material interest (including any anticipated benefit of such business to any Proponent (as defined below) other than solely as a result of its ownership of the
corporation&#146;s capital stock, that is material to any Proponent individually, or to the Proponents in the aggregate) in such business of any Proponent; and (B)&nbsp;the information required by Section&nbsp;5(b)(4). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(3) To be timely, the written notice required by Section&nbsp;5(b)(1) or 5(b)(2) must be received by the Secretary at the principal executive
offices of the corporation not later than the close of business on the ninetieth (90th) day nor earlier than the close of business on the<B> </B>one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year&#146;s annual
meeting; <I>provided, however,</I> that, subject to the last sentence of this Section&nbsp;5(b)(3), in the event that the date of the annual meeting is advanced more than thirty (30)&nbsp;days prior to or delayed by more than thirty (30)&nbsp;days
after the anniversary of the preceding year&#146;s annual meeting, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so received not earlier than the close of business on the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to such annual meeting and not later
than the close of business on the later of the ninetieth (90th)<B> </B>day prior to such annual meeting or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made. In no event shall an
adjournment or a postponement of an annual meeting for which notice has been given, or the public announcement thereof has been made, commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder&#146;s notice as described above. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(4) The written notice required by Section&nbsp;5(b)(1) or 5(b)(2) shall also set forth, as of the date of the notice and as to the
stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made (each, a &#147;<B><I>Proponent</I></B>&#148; and collectively, the &#147;<B><I>Proponents</I></B>&#148;): (A) the name and address of
each Proponent, as they appear on the corporation&#146;s books; (B)&nbsp;the class, series and number of shares of the corporation that are owned beneficially and of record by each Proponent; (C)&nbsp;a description of any agreement, arrangement or
understanding (whether oral or in writing) with respect to such nomination or proposal between or among any Proponent and any of its affiliates or associates, and any others (including their names) acting in concert,
</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">2 </P>

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or otherwise under the agreement, arrangement or understanding, with any of the foregoing; (D)&nbsp;a representation that the Proponents are holders of record or beneficial owners, as the case
may be, of shares of the corporation entitled to vote at the meeting and intend to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the person or persons specified in the notice (with respect to a notice under Section&nbsp;5(b)(1)) or to
propose the business that is specified in the notice (with respect to a notice under Section&nbsp;5(b)(2)); (E) a representation as to whether the Proponents intend to deliver a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of a sufficient number of
holders of the corporation&#146;s voting shares to elect such nominee or nominees (with respect to a notice under Section&nbsp;5(b)(1)) or to carry such proposal (with respect to a notice under Section&nbsp;5(b)(2)); (F) to the extent known by any
Proponent, the name and address of any other stockholder supporting the proposal on the date of such stockholder&#146;s notice; and (G)&nbsp;a description of all Derivative Transactions (as defined below) by each Proponent during the previous twelve
(12)&nbsp;month period, including the date of the transactions and the class, series and number of securities involved in, and the material economic terms of, such Derivative Transactions. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(c)</B> A stockholder providing written notice required by Section&nbsp;5(b)(1) or (ii)&nbsp;shall update and supplement such notice in
writing, if necessary, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice is true and correct in all material respects as of (i)&nbsp;the record date for the meeting and (ii)&nbsp;the date that is five (5)&nbsp;business days
prior to the meeting and, in the event of any adjournment or postponement thereof, five (5)&nbsp;business days prior to such adjourned or postponed meeting. In the case of an update and supplement pursuant to clause (i)&nbsp;of this
Section&nbsp;5(c), such update and supplement shall be received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not later than five (5)&nbsp;business days after the record date for the meeting. In the case of an update and
supplement pursuant to clause (ii)&nbsp;of this Section&nbsp;5(c), such update and supplement shall be received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not later than two (2)&nbsp;business days prior to the date for
the meeting, and, in the event of any adjournment or postponement thereof, two (2)&nbsp;business days prior to such adjourned or postponed meeting. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(d)</B> A person shall not be eligible for election or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">re-election</FONT> as a director unless the person
is nominated either in accordance with clause (ii)&nbsp;of Section&nbsp;5(a), or in accordance with clause (iii)&nbsp;of Section&nbsp;5(a). Except as otherwise required by law, the chairperson of the meeting shall have the power and duty to
determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made, or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in these Bylaws and, if any proposed nomination or business is not in
compliance with these Bylaws, or the Proponent does not act in accordance with the representations in Sections 5(b)(4)(D) and 5(b)(4)(E), to declare that such proposal or nomination shall not be presented for stockholder action at the meeting and
shall be disregarded, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such nominations or such business may have been solicited or received. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(e)</B> Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section&nbsp;5, in order to include information with respect to a stockholder
proposal in the proxy statement and form of proxy for a stockholders&#146; meeting, a stockholder must also comply with all applicable requirements of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. Nothing in these Bylaws shall be deemed to
affect any rights of stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the corporation&#146;s proxy statement pursuant to Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">14a-8</FONT> under the 1934 Act; <I>provided, however, </I>that any references in these
Bylaws to the 1934 Act or the rules and regulations thereunder are not intended to and shall not limit the requirements applicable to proposals and/or nominations to be considered pursuant to Section&nbsp;5(a)(iii). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(f)</B> For purposes of Sections 5 and 6, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(1) &#147;affiliates&#148; and &#147;associates&#148; shall have the meanings set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended (the &#147;1933 Act&#148;); </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(2) &#147;<B><I>Derivative Transaction</I></B>&#148; means any agreement, arrangement, interest or
understanding entered into by, or on behalf or for the benefit of, any Proponent or any of its affiliates or associates, whether record or beneficial: (A)&nbsp;the value of which is derived in whole or in part from the value of any class or series
of shares or other securities of the corporation, (B)&nbsp;which otherwise provides any direct or indirect opportunity to gain or share in any gain derived from a change in the value of securities of the corporation, (C)&nbsp;the effect or intent of
which is to mitigate loss, manage risk or benefit of security value or price changes, or (D)&nbsp;which provides the right to vote or increase or decrease the voting power of, such Proponent, or any of its affiliates or associates, with respect to
any </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">3 </P>

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securities of the corporation, which agreement, arrangement, interest or understanding may include, without limitation, any option, warrant, debt position, note, bond, convertible security, swap,
stock appreciation right, short position, profit interest, hedge, right to dividends, voting agreement, performance-related fee or arrangement to borrow or lend shares (whether or not subject to payment, settlement, exercise or conversion in any
such class or series), and any proportionate interest of such Proponent in the securities of the corporation held by any general or limited partnership, or any limited liability company, of which such Proponent is, directly or indirectly, a general
partner or managing member; and </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(3) &#147;public announcement&#148; shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones
News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section&nbsp;13, 14 or 15(d) of the 1934 Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;6.</B> <B>Special Meetings</B>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> Special meetings of the stockholders of the corporation may be called, for any purpose as is a proper matter for stockholder action
under Delaware law, by (i)&nbsp;the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, (ii)&nbsp;the Chief Executive Officer, or (iii)&nbsp;the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of authorized directors
(whether or not there exist any vacancies in previously authorized directorships at the time any such resolution is presented to the Board of Directors for adoption). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> The Board of Directors shall determine the time and place, if any, of such special meeting. Upon determination of the time and
place, if any, of the meeting, the Secretary shall cause a notice of meeting to be given to the stockholders entitled to vote, in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;7. No business may be transacted at such special meeting otherwise than
specified in the notice of meeting. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(c)</B> Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special
meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected (i)&nbsp;by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (ii)&nbsp;by any stockholder of the corporation who is a stockholder of record at the time of giving notice provided for in
this paragraph, who shall be entitled to vote at the meeting and who delivers written notice to the Secretary of the corporation setting forth the information required by Section&nbsp;5(b)(1). In the event the corporation calls a special meeting of
stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors to the Board of Directors, any such stockholder of record may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be), for election to such position(s) as specified in the corporation&#146;s
notice of meeting, if written notice setting forth the information required by Section&nbsp;5(b)(1) of these Bylaws shall be received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not later than the close of business on the
later of the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such meeting or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at
such meeting. The stockholder shall also update and supplement such information as required under Section&nbsp;5(c). In no event shall an adjournment or a postponement of a special meeting for which notice has been given, or the public announcement
thereof has been made, commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder&#146;s notice as described above. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(d)</B>
Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section&nbsp;6, a stockholder must also comply with all applicable requirements of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to matters set forth in this Section&nbsp;6.
Nothing in these Bylaws shall be deemed to affect any rights of stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the corporation&#146;s proxy statement pursuant to Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">14a-8</FONT> under the 1934 Act; <I>provided,
however, </I>that any references in these Bylaws to the 1934 Act or the rules and regulations thereunder are not intended to and shall not limit the requirements applicable to nominations for the election to the Board of Directors to be considered
pursuant to Section&nbsp;6(c) of these Bylaws. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;7.</B> <B>Notice of Meetings.</B> Except as otherwise
provided by law, notice, given in writing or by electronic transmission, of each meeting of stockholders shall be given not less than ten (10)&nbsp;nor more than sixty (60)&nbsp;days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to
vote at such meeting, such notice to specify the place, if any, date and hour, in the case of special meetings, the purpose or purposes of the meeting, and the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be
deemed to be present in person and vote at any such meeting. If mailed, notice is given when deposited in the United States mail, postage </P>
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prepaid, directed to the stockholder at such stockholder&#146;s address as it appears on the records of the corporation. Notice of the time, place, if any, and purpose of any meeting of
stockholders may be waived in writing, signed by the person entitled to notice thereof or by electronic transmission by such person, either before or after such meeting, and will be waived by any stockholder by his or her attendance thereat in
person, by remote communication, if applicable, or by proxy, except when the stockholder attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully
called or convened. Any stockholder so waiving notice of such meeting shall be bound by the proceedings of any such meeting in all respects as if due notice thereof had been given. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;8.</B> <B>Quorum.</B> At all meetings of stockholders, except where otherwise provided by statute or by the
Certificate of Incorporation, or by these Bylaws, the presence, in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or by proxy duly authorized, of the holders of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">one-third</FONT> of the voting power of the
outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. In the absence of a quorum, any meeting of stockholders may be adjourned, from time to time, either by the chairperson of the meeting or by vote
of the holders of a majority of voting power of the shares represented thereat, but no other business shall be transacted at such meeting. The stockholders present at a duly called or convened meeting, at which a quorum is present, may continue to
transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum. Except as otherwise provided by statute or by applicable stock exchange rules, or by the Certificate of Incorporation or these
Bylaws, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of the majority of the voting power of the shares present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy duly authorized at the meeting and
entitled to vote generally on the subject matter shall be the act of the stockholders. Except as otherwise provided by statute, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes of the shares
present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote generally on the election of directors. Where a separate vote by a class or classes or series is required, except where otherwise
provided by statute, by applicable stock exchange rules or by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">one-third</FONT> of the voting power of the outstanding shares of such class or classes or series,
present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy duly authorized, shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to that vote on that matter. Except where otherwise provided by statute, by applicable
stock exchange rules or by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the affirmative vote of the majority (plurality, in the case of the election of directors) of shares of such class or classes or series present in person, by remote
communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the meeting shall be the act of such class or classes or series. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;9.</B> <B>Adjournment and Notice of Adjourned Meetings.</B> Any meeting of stockholders, whether annual or
special, may be adjourned from time to time either by the chairperson of the meeting or by the vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the shares present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at
the meeting. When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place, if any, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time and place, if any, thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. At the adjourned
meeting, the corporation may transact any business that might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than thirty (30)&nbsp;days or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a
notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;10.</B> <B>Voting Rights.</B> For the purpose of determining those stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting
of the stockholders, except as otherwise provided by law, only persons in whose names shares stand on the stock records of the corporation on the record date, as provided in Section&nbsp;12 of these Bylaws, shall be entitled to vote at any meeting
of stockholders. Every person entitled to vote shall have the right to do so either in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or by an agent or agents authorized by a proxy granted in accordance with Delaware law. An agent so appointed need
not be a stockholder. No proxy shall be voted after three (3)&nbsp;years from its date of creation unless the proxy provides for a longer period. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;11.</B> <B>Joint Owners of Stock.</B> If shares or other securities having voting power stand of record in the
names of two (2)&nbsp;or more persons, whether fiduciaries, members of a partnership, joint tenants, tenants in common, tenants by the entirety, or otherwise, or if two (2)&nbsp;or more persons have the same fiduciary relationship respecting the
same shares, unless the Secretary is given written notice to the contrary and is furnished with a copy of the instrument or order appointing them or creating the relationship wherein it is so provided, their acts with respect to
</P>
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voting shall have the following effect: (a)&nbsp;if only one (1)&nbsp;votes, his or her act binds all; (b)&nbsp;if more than one (1)&nbsp;votes, the act of the majority so voting binds all;
(c)&nbsp;if more than one (1)&nbsp;votes, but the vote is evenly split on any particular matter, each faction may vote the securities in question proportionally, or may apply to the Delaware Court of Chancery for relief as provided in the DGCL,
Section&nbsp;217(b). If the instrument filed with the Secretary shows that any such tenancy is held in unequal interests, a majority or even-split for the purpose of subsection (c)&nbsp;shall be a majority or even-split in interest. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;12.</B> <B>List of Stockholders.</B> The Secretary shall prepare and make, at least ten (10)&nbsp;days before
every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at said meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such
list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, (a)&nbsp;on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice
of the meeting, or (b)&nbsp;during ordinary business hours, at the principal place of business of the corporation. In the event that the corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the corporation may take reasonable
steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the corporation. The list shall be open to examination of any stockholder during the time of the meeting as provided by law. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;13.</B> <B>Action Without Meeting</B>. No action shall be taken by the stockholders except at an annual or
special meeting of stockholders called in accordance with these Bylaws, and no action shall be taken by the stockholders by written consent or by electronic transmission. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;14.</B> <B>Organization</B>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> At every meeting of stockholders, the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, or, if a Chairperson has not been appointed or is
absent, the Chief Executive Officer, or, if the Chief Executive Officer is absent, the President, or, if the President is absent, a chairperson of the meeting chosen by a majority in interest of the stockholders entitled to vote, present in person
or by proxy, shall act as chairperson. The Secretary, or, in his or her absence, an Assistant Secretary directed to do so by the Chief Executive Officer or the President, shall act as secretary of the meeting. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be entitled to make such rules or regulations for the conduct of meetings of
stockholders as it shall deem necessary, appropriate or convenient. Subject to such rules and regulations of the Board of Directors, if any, the chairperson of the meeting shall have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and
procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such chairperson, are necessary, appropriate or convenient for the proper conduct of the meeting, including, without limitation, establishing an agenda or order of business for the meeting,
rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present, limitations on participation in such meeting to stockholders of record of the corporation and their duly authorized and constituted proxies and such other
persons as the chairperson shall permit, restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof, limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments by participants and regulation of the opening and closing of
the polls for balloting on matters which are to be voted on by ballot. The date and time of the opening and closing of the polls for each matter upon which the stockholders will vote at the meeting shall be announced at the meeting. Unless and to
the extent determined by the Board of Directors or the chairperson of the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be required to be held in accordance with rules of parliamentary procedure. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE IV </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>DIRECTORS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;15.</B> <B>Number and Term of Office</B>. The authorized number of directors of the corporation will be fixed by
the Board of Directors from time to time. Directors need not be stockholders unless so required by the Certificate of Incorporation. If for any cause, the directors have not been elected at an annual meeting, they may be elected as soon thereafter
as convenient. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;16.</B> <B>Powers</B>. The business and affairs of the corporation will be managed by or
under the direction of the Board of Directors, except as otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;17.</B> <B>Term of Directors</B>. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect
additional directors under specified circumstances, directors will be elected at each annual meeting of stockholders to serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her
death, resignation or removal. No decrease in the number of directors constituting the Board of Directors will shorten the term of any incumbent director. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;18.</B> <B>Vacancies</B>. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, and subject to the
rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, any vacancies on the Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation, disqualification, removal or other causes and any newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the
number of directors will, unless the Board of Directors determines by resolution that any such vacancies or newly created directorships will be filled by stockholders, be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in
office, even though less than a quorum of the Board of Directors, or by a sole remaining director; <I>provided, however</I>, that whenever the holders of any class or classes of stock or series thereof are entitled to elect one or more directors by
the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, vacancies and newly created directorships of such class or classes or series will, unless the Board of Directors determines by resolution that any such vacancies or newly created directorships will
be filled by stockholders, be filled by a majority of the directors elected by such class or classes or series thereof then in office, or by a sole remaining director so elected. Any director elected in accordance with the preceding sentence will
hold office for the remainder of the full term of the director for which the vacancy was created or occurred and until such director&#146;s successor has been elected and qualified. A vacancy in the Board of Directors will be deemed to exist under
this Bylaw in the case of the death, removal or resignation of any director. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;19.</B> <B>Resignation</B>.
Any director may resign at any time by delivering his or her notice in writing or by electronic transmission to the Secretary, such resignation to specify whether it will be effective at a particular time, upon receipt by the Secretary or at the
pleasure of the Board of Directors. If no such specification is made, it will be deemed effective at the pleasure of the Board of Directors. When one or more directors resigns from the Board of Directors, effective at a future date, a majority of
the directors then in office, including those who have so resigned, will have power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take effect when such resignation or resignations become effective, and each director so chosen will hold
office for the unexpired portion of the term of the director whose place is vacated and until his or her successor has been duly elected and qualified. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;20.</B> <B>Removal</B>. Subject to any limitations imposed by applicable law, the Board of Directors or any
director may be removed from office at any time (i)&nbsp;with cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of all then-outstanding shares of capital stock of the corporation entitled to vote generally at an election
of directors or (ii)&nbsp;without cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">sixty-six</FONT> and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">two-thirds</FONT> percent (66 2/3%) of the voting power of all
then-outstanding shares of capital stock of the corporation, entitled to elect such director. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section&nbsp;21. Meetings </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> <B>Regular Meetings</B>. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, regular meetings of the Board of
Directors may be held at any time or date and at any place within or without the State of Delaware that has been designated by the Board of Directors and publicized among all directors, either orally or in writing, including a voice-messaging system
or other system designated to record and communicate messages, facsimile, or by electronic mail or other electronic means. No further notice will be required for a regular meeting of the Board of Directors. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> <B>Special Meetings</B>. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, special meetings of the Board of
Directors may be held at any time and place within or without the State of Delaware whenever called by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer (if a director), the President (if a director) or any director. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">7 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(c)</B> <B>Meetings by Electronic Communications Equipment</B>. Any member of the Board
of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may participate in a meeting by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting
by such means constitutes presence in person at such meeting. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(d)</B> <B>Notice of Special Meetings</B>. Notice of the time and place
of all special meetings of the Board of Directors will be orally or in writing, by telephone, including a voice messaging system or other system or technology designed to record and communicate messages, facsimile, telegraph or telex, or by
electronic mail or other electronic means, during normal business hours, at least 24 hours before the date and time of the meeting. If notice is sent by US mail, it will be sent by first class mail, postage prepaid at least three days before the
date of the meeting. Notice of any meeting may be waived in writing or by electronic transmission at any time before or after the meeting and will be waived by any director by attendance thereat, except when the director attends the meeting for the
express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(e)</B> <B>Waiver of Notice</B>. The transaction of all business at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or any committee thereof,
however called or noticed, or wherever held, will be as valid as though had at a meeting duly held after regular call and notice, if a quorum be present and if, either before or after the meeting, each of the directors not present who did not
receive notice signs a written waiver of notice or waives notice by electronic transmission. All such waivers will be filed with the corporate records or made a part of the minutes of the meeting. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;22.</B> <B>Quorum and Voting</B>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> Unless the Certificate of Incorporation requires a greater number, a quorum of the Board of Directors will consist of a majority of
the total number of directors then serving; <I>provided, however</I>, that such number will never be less than <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">one-third</FONT> of the total number of directors authorized except that when one director is authorized,
then one director will constitute a quorum. At any meeting, whether a quorum be present or otherwise, a majority of the directors present may adjourn from time to time until the time fixed for the next regular meeting of the Board of Directors,
without notice other than by announcement at the meeting. If the Certificate of Incorporation provides that one or more directors will have more or less than one vote per director on any matter, every reference in this Section to a majority or other
proportion of the directors will refer to a majority or other proportion of the votes of the directors. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> At each meeting of the
Board of Directors at which a quorum is present, all questions and business will be determined by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present, unless a different vote be required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these
Bylaws. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;23.</B> <B>Action Without Meeting</B>. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of
Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting, if all members of the Board of Directors or committee, as the case may
be, consent in writing or by electronic transmission, and such writing or writings or transmission or transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee. Such filing will be in paper form if the minutes
are maintained in paper form and will be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;24.</B> <B>Fees and Compensation</B>. Directors will be entitled to such compensation for their services as may
be approved by the Board of Directors, including, if so approved, by resolution of the Board of Directors, a fixed sum and expenses of attendance, if any, for attendance at each regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors and at any meeting
of a committee of the Board of Directors. Nothing herein contained is to be construed to preclude any director from serving the corporation in any other capacity as an officer, agent, employee, or otherwise and receiving compensation therefor. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;25.</B> <B>Committees</B>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> <B>Executive Committee</B>. The Board of Directors may appoint an Executive Committee to consist of one or more members of the
Board of Directors. The Executive Committee, to the extent permitted by law and provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors, will have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business
and affairs of the corporation, and may authorize the seal of the corporation to be affixed to all papers that may require it; but no such committee will have the power or authority in reference to (i)&nbsp;approving or adopting, or recommending to
the stockholders, any action or matter expressly required by the DGCL to be submitted to stockholders for approval, or (ii)&nbsp;adopting, amending or repealing any bylaw of the corporation. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> <B>Other Committees</B>. The Board of Directors may, from time to time, appoint such other committees as may be permitted by law.
Such other committees appointed by the Board of Directors will consist of one or more members of the Board of Directors and will have such powers and perform such duties as may be prescribed by the resolution or resolutions creating such committees,
but in no event will any such committee have the powers denied to the Executive Committee in these Bylaws. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(c)</B> <B>Term</B>. The
Board of Directors, subject to any requirements of any outstanding series of Preferred Stock and the provisions of paragraphs (a)&nbsp;or (b) of this Section may at any time increase or decrease the number of members of a committee or terminate the
existence of a committee. The membership of a committee member will terminate on the date of his or her death or voluntary resignation from the committee or from the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may at any time for any reason remove
any individual committee member and the Board of Directors may fill any committee vacancy created by death, resignation, removal or increase in the number of members of the committee. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as
alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee, and, in addition, in the absence or disqualification of any member of a committee, the member or members thereof present at any
meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(d)</B> <B>Meetings</B>. Unless the Board of Directors otherwise provide, regular meetings of the Executive Committee or any other
committee appointed pursuant to this Section will be held at such times and places as are determined by the Board of Directors, or by any such committee, and when notice thereof has been given to each member of such committee, no further notice of
such regular meetings need be given thereafter. Special meetings of any such committee may be held at any place that has been determined from time to time by such committee, and may be called by any director who is a member of such committee, upon
notice to the members of such committee of the time and place of such special meeting given in the manner provided for the giving of notice to members of the Board of Directors of the time and place of special meetings of the Board of Directors.
Notice of any special meeting of any committee may be waived in writing at any time before or after the meeting and will be waived by any director by attendance thereat, except when the director attends such special meeting for the express purpose
of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors in the resolutions authorizing the creation of the
committee, a majority of the authorized number of members of any such committee will constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and the act of a majority of those present at any meeting at which a quorum is present will be the act of such
committee. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;26.</B> <B>Organization</B>. At every meeting of the directors, the Chairman of the Board of
Directors, or, if a Chairman has not been appointed or is absent, the Chief Executive Officer (if a director), or if the Chief Executive Officer is not a director or is absent, the President (if a director), or if the President is not a director or
is absent, the most senior Vice President (if a director) or, in the absence of any such person, a chairman of the meeting chosen by a majority of the directors present, will preside over the meeting. The Secretary, or in his or her absence, any
Assistant Secretary directed to do so by the Chief Executive Officer or President, will act as secretary of the meeting. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE V </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>OFFICERS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;27.</B> <B>Officers Designated.</B> The officers of the corporation shall include, if and when designated by the
Board of Directors, the Chairperson, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, one or more Vice Presidents, the Secretary, the Chief Financial Officer and the Treasurer. The Board of Directors may also appoint one or more Assistant Secretaries and
Assistant Treasurers and such other officers and agents with such powers and duties as it shall deem necessary. The Board of Directors may assign such additional titles to one or more of the officers as it shall deem appropriate. Any one person may
hold any number of offices of the corporation at any one time unless specifically prohibited therefrom by law. The salaries and other compensation of the officers of the corporation shall be fixed by or in the manner designated by the Board of
Directors. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section&nbsp;28. Tenure and Duties of Officers. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> <B>General.</B> All officers shall hold office at the pleasure of the Board of Directors and until their successors shall have been
duly elected and qualified, unless sooner removed. Any officer elected or appointed by the Board of Directors may be removed at any time by the Board of Directors. If the office of any officer becomes vacant for any reason, the vacancy may be filled
by the Board of Directors. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> <B>Duties of Chief Executive Officer.</B> The Chief Executive Officer shall preside at all meetings
of the stockholders and at all meetings of the Board of Directors (if a director), unless the Chairperson of the Board of Directors has been appointed and is present. Unless an officer has been appointed Chief Executive Officer of the corporation,
the President shall be the chief executive officer of the corporation and shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, have general supervision, direction and control of the business and officers of the corporation. To the extent that a
Chief Executive Officer has been appointed and no President has been appointed, all references in these Bylaws to the President shall be deemed references to the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer shall perform other duties
commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(c)</B> <B>Duties of President.</B> The President shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and at all meetings of the Board of
Directors (if a director), unless the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, or the Chief Executive Officer has been appointed and is present. Unless another officer has been appointed Chief Executive Officer of the corporation, the President shall
be the chief executive officer of the corporation and shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, have general supervision, direction and control of the business and officers of the corporation.<B> </B>The President shall perform other
duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(d)</B> <B>Duties of Vice Presidents.</B> A Vice President may assume and perform the duties of the President in the absence or disability
of the President or whenever the office of President is vacant. A Vice President shall perform other duties commonly incident to their office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the Chief
Executive Officer, or, if the Chief Executive Officer has not been appointed or is absent, the President shall designate from time to time. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(e)</B> <B>Duties of Secretary.</B> The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors and shall
record all acts and proceedings thereof in the minute book of the corporation. The Secretary shall give notice in conformity with these Bylaws of all meetings of the stockholders and of all meetings of the Board of Directors and any committee
thereof requiring notice. The Secretary shall perform all other duties provided for in these Bylaws and other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall
designate from time to time. The Chief Executive Officer, or if no Chief Executive Officer is then serving, the President may direct any Assistant Secretary or other officer to assume and perform the duties of the Secretary in the absence or
disability of the Secretary, and each Assistant Secretary shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer, or if
no Chief Executive Officer is then serving, the President shall designate from time to time. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(f)</B> <B>Duties of Chief Financial Officer.</B> The Chief Financial Officer shall keep
or cause to be kept the books of account of the corporation in a thorough and proper manner and shall render statements of the financial affairs of the corporation in such form and as often as required by the Board of Directors or the Chief
Executive Officer, or if no Chief Executive Officer is then serving, the President. The Chief Financial Officer, subject to the order of the Board of Directors, shall have the custody of all funds and securities of the corporation. The Chief
Financial Officer shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer, or if no Chief Executive Officer is then
serving, the President shall designate from time to time. To the extent that a Chief Financial Officer has been appointed and no Treasurer has been appointed, all references in these Bylaws to the Treasurer shall be deemed references to the Chief
Financial Officer. The President may direct the Treasurer, if any, or any Assistant Treasurer, or the controller or any assistant controller to assume and perform the duties of the Chief Financial Officer in the absence or disability of the Chief
Financial Officer, and each Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer and each controller and assistant controller shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of
Directors or the Chief Executive Officer, or if no Chief Executive Officer is then serving, the President shall designate from time to time. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(g)</B> <B>Duties of Treasurer.</B> Unless another officer has been appointed Chief Financial Officer of the corporation, the Treasurer
shall be the chief financial officer of the corporation and shall keep or cause to be kept the books of account of the corporation in a thorough and proper manner and shall render statements of the financial affairs of the corporation in such form
and as often as required by the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer, or if no Chief Executive Officer is then serving, the President, and, subject to the order of the Board of Directors, shall have the custody of all funds and
securities of the corporation.<B> </B>The Treasurer shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer, or if no
Chief Executive Officer is then serving, the President and Chief Financial Officer (if not Treasurer) shall designate from time to time. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;29.</B> <B>Delegation of Authority.</B> The Board of Directors may from time to time delegate the powers or
duties of any officer to any other officer or agent, notwithstanding any provision hereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;30.</B>
<B>Resignations.</B> Any officer may resign at any time by giving notice in writing or by electronic transmission to the Board of Directors or to the Chief Executive Officer, or if no Chief Executive Officer is then serving, the President or to the
Secretary. Any such resignation shall be effective when received by the person or persons to whom such notice is given, unless a later time is specified therein, in which event the resignation shall become effective at such later time. Unless
otherwise specified in such notice, the acceptance of any such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation shall be without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the corporation under any contract with the resigning
officer. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;31.</B> <B>Removal.</B> Any officer may be removed from office at any time, either with or without
cause, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors in office at the time, or by the unanimous written consent of the directors in office at the time, or by any committee or by the Chief Executive Officer or by other superior officers upon
whom such power of removal may have been conferred by the Board of Directors. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE VI </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>EXECUTION OF CORPORATE INSTRUMENTS AND VOTING </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>OF SECURITIES OWNED BY THE CORPORATION </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;32.</B> <B>Execution of Corporate Instruments.</B> The Board of Directors may, in its discretion, determine the
method and designate the signatory officer or officers, or other person or persons, to execute on behalf of the corporation any corporate instrument or document, or to sign on behalf of the corporation the corporate name without limitation, or to
enter into contracts on behalf of the corporation, except where otherwise provided by law or these Bylaws, and such execution or signature shall be binding upon the corporation. All checks and drafts drawn on banks or other depositaries on funds to
the credit of the corporation or in special accounts of the corporation shall be signed by such person or persons as the Board of Directors shall authorize so to do. Unless authorized or ratified by the Board of Directors or within the agency power
of an officer, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power or authority to bind the corporation by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or for any amount. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;33.</B> <B>Voting of Securities Owned by the Corporation.</B>
All stock and other securities of other corporations owned or held by the corporation for itself, or for other parties in any capacity, shall be voted, and all proxies with respect thereto shall be executed, by the person authorized so to do by
resolution of the Board of Directors, or, in the absence of such authorization, by the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, or any Vice President. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE VII </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>SHARES OF
STOCK </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;34.</B> <B>Form and Execution of Certificates.</B> The shares of the corporation shall be
represented by certificates, or shall be uncertificated if so provided by resolution or resolutions of the Board of Directors. Certificates for the shares of stock, if any, shall be in such form<B> </B>as is consistent with the Certificate of
Incorporation and applicable law. Every holder of stock in the corporation represented by certificate<B> </B>shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by or in the name of the corporation by the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, or the
President or any Vice President and by the Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer or the Secretary or Assistant Secretary, certifying the number of shares owned by him in the corporation. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be facsimiles.
In case any officer, transfer agent, or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent, or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued
with the same effect as if he were such officer, transfer agent, or registrar at the date of issue. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;35.</B>
<B>Lost Certificates.</B> A new certificate or certificates shall be issued in place of any certificate or certificates theretofore issued by the corporation alleged to have been lost, stolen, or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that
fact by the person claiming the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen, or destroyed. The corporation may require, as a condition precedent to the issuance of a new certificate or certificates, the owner of such lost, stolen, or destroyed
certificate or certificates, or the owner&#146;s legal representative, to agree to indemnify the corporation in such manner as it shall require or to give the corporation a surety bond in such form and amount as it may direct as indemnity against
any claim that may be made against the corporation with respect to the certificate alleged to have been lost, stolen, or destroyed. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;36.</B> <B>Transfers</B>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> Transfers of record of shares of stock of the corporation shall be made only upon its books by the holders thereof, in person or by
attorney duly authorized, and, in the case of stock represented by certificate, upon the surrender of a properly endorsed certificate or certificates for a like number of shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> The corporation shall have power to enter into and perform any agreement with any number of stockholders of any one or more classes
of stock of the corporation to restrict the transfer of shares of stock of the corporation of any one or more classes owned by such stockholders in any manner not prohibited by the DGCL. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section&nbsp;37. Fixing Record Dates. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> In order that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any
adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall, subject to applicable
law, not be more than sixty (60)&nbsp;nor less than ten (10)&nbsp;days before the date of such meeting. If no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting
of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held. A determination of
stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; <I>provided, however,</I> that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> In order that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to receive
payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or the stockholders entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of
Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall be not more than sixty (60)&nbsp;days prior to such action. If no
record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;38.</B> <B>Registered Stockholders.</B> The corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a
person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive dividends, and to vote as such owner, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of any other person whether or
not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of Delaware. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE VIII </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>OTHER SECURITIES OF THE CORPORATION </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;39.</B> <B>Execution of Other Securities.</B> All bonds, debentures and other corporate securities of the
corporation, other than stock certificates (covered in Section&nbsp;34), may be signed by the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer, the President or any Vice President, or such other person as may be authorized by the
Board of Directors, and the corporate seal impressed thereon or a facsimile of such seal imprinted thereon and attested by the signature of the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, or the Chief Financial Officer or Treasurer or an Assistant
Treasurer; <I>provided, however,</I> that where any such bond, debenture or other corporate security shall be authenticated by the manual signature, or where permissible facsimile signature, of a trustee under an indenture pursuant to which such
bond, debenture or other corporate security shall be issued, the signatures of the persons signing and attesting the corporate seal on such bond, debenture or other corporate security may be the imprinted facsimile of the signatures of such persons.
Interest coupons appertaining to any such bond, debenture or other corporate security, authenticated by a trustee as aforesaid, shall be signed by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer of the corporation or such other person as may be authorized
by the Board of Directors, or bear imprinted thereon the facsimile signature of such person. In case any officer who shall have signed or attested any bond, debenture or other corporate security, or whose facsimile signature shall appear thereon or
on any such interest coupon, shall have ceased to be such officer before the bond, debenture or other corporate security so signed or attested shall have been delivered, such bond, debenture or other corporate security nevertheless may be adopted by
the corporation and issued and delivered as though the person who signed the same or whose facsimile signature shall have been used thereon had not ceased to be such officer of the corporation. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE IX </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>DIVIDENDS
</B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;40.</B> <B>Declaration of Dividends.</B> Dividends upon the capital stock of the corporation, subject
to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable law, if any, may be declared by the Board of Directors pursuant to law at any regular or special meeting. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of the capital
stock, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable law. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;41.</B>
<B>Dividend Reserve.</B> Before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any funds of the corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the Board of Directors from time to time, in their absolute discretion, think proper as a
reserve or reserves to meet contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the corporation, or for such other purpose as the Board of Directors shall think conducive to the interests of the corporation,
and the Board of Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve in the manner in which it was created. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE X </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>FISCAL YEAR </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;42.</B> <B>Fiscal Year.</B> The fiscal year of the corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the Board of
Directors. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE XI </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>INDEMNIFICATION </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section&nbsp;43. Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Employees and Other Agents. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> <B>Directors and Officers.</B> The corporation shall indemnify its directors and officers<B> </B>to the fullest extent not
prohibited by the DGCL or any other applicable law; <I>provided, however,</I> that the corporation may modify the extent of such indemnification by individual contracts with its directors and officers; and, <I>provided, further,</I> that the
corporation shall not be required to indemnify any director or officer in connection with any proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person unless (i)&nbsp;such indemnification is expressly required to be made by law, (ii)&nbsp;the
proceeding was authorized by the Board of Directors of the corporation, (iii)&nbsp;such indemnification is provided by the corporation, in its sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the corporation under the DGCL or any other applicable
law or (iv)&nbsp;such indemnification is required to be made under paragraph (d)&nbsp;of this Section&nbsp;43. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> <B>Employees
and other Agents</B>. The corporation shall have power to indemnify its employees and other agents as set forth in the DGCL or any other applicable law. The Board of Directors shall have the power to delegate the determination of whether
indemnification shall be given to any such person as the Board of Directors shall determine. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(c)</B> <B>Expenses.</B> The corporation
shall advance to any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that he is or
was a director or officer, of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, prior to the final disposition of the
proceeding, promptly following request therefor, all expenses incurred by any director or officer in connection with such proceeding provided, however, that if the DGCL requires, an advancement of expenses incurred by a director or officer in his or
her capacity as a director or officer (and not in any other capacity in which service was or is rendered by such indemnitee, including, without limitation, service to an employee benefit plan) shall be made only upon delivery to the corporation of
an undertaking (hereinafter an &#147;undertaking&#148;), by or on behalf of such indemnitee, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal (hereinafter
a &#147;final adjudication&#148;) that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses under this Section&nbsp;45 or otherwise. Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless otherwise determined pursuant to paragraph (e)&nbsp;of this
Section&nbsp;45, no advance shall be made by the corporation to an officer of the corporation (except by reason of the fact that such officer is or was a director of the corporation in which event this sentence shall not apply) in any action, suit
or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, if a determination is reasonably and promptly made (i)&nbsp;by a majority vote of directors who were not parties to the proceeding, even if not a quorum, or (ii)&nbsp;by a
committee of such directors designated by a majority vote of such directors, even though less than a quorum, or (iii)&nbsp;if there are no such directors, or such directors so direct, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, that the facts
known to the decision-making party at the time such determination is made demonstrate clearly and convincingly that such person acted in bad faith or in a manner that such person did not believe to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the
corporation. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">14 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(d)</B> <B>Enforcement.</B> Without the necessity of entering into an express contract,
all rights to indemnification and advances to directors and officers under this Section&nbsp;43 shall be deemed to be contractual rights and be effective to the same extent and as if provided for in a contract between the corporation and the
director or officer. Any right to indemnification or advances granted by this Section&nbsp;43 to a director or officer shall be enforceable by or on behalf of the person holding such right in any court of competent jurisdiction if (i)&nbsp;the claim
for indemnification or advances is denied, in whole or in part, or (ii)&nbsp;no disposition of such claim is made within ninety (90)&nbsp;days of request therefor. To the extent permitted by law, the claimant in such enforcement action, if
successful in whole or in part, shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting the claim. In connection with any claim for indemnification, the corporation shall be entitled to raise as a defense to any such action that the claimant
has not met the standards of conduct that make it permissible under the DGCL or any other applicable law for the corporation to indemnify the claimant for the amount claimed. In connection with any claim by an officer of the corporation (except in
any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that such officer is or was a director of the corporation) for advances, the corporation shall be entitled to raise a defense as to any
such action clear and convincing evidence that such person acted in bad faith or in a manner that such person did not believe to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, or with respect to any criminal action or proceeding that
such person acted without reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was lawful. Neither the failure of the corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to
the commencement of such action that indemnification of the claimant is proper in the circumstances because he has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the DGCL or any other applicable law, nor an actual determination by the
corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) that the claimant has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create a presumption that claimant has not met the
applicable standard of conduct. In any suit brought by a director or officer to enforce a right to indemnification or to an advancement of expenses hereunder, the burden of proving that the director or officer is not entitled to be indemnified, or
to such advancement of expenses, under this Section&nbsp;43 or otherwise shall be on the corporation. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(e)</B> <B><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-Exclusivity</FONT> of Rights. </B>The rights conferred on any person by this Section&nbsp;45 shall not be exclusive of any other right which such person may have or hereafter acquire under any applicable statute,
provision of the Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in his or her official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding office. The
corporation is specifically authorized to enter into individual contracts with any or all of its directors, officers, employees or agents respecting indemnification and advances, to the fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL or any other
applicable law. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(f)</B> <B>Survival of Rights. </B>The rights conferred on any person by this Section&nbsp;45 shall continue as to a
person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or other agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(g)</B> <B>Insurance. </B>To the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL or any other applicable law, the corporation, upon approval by the
Board of Directors, may purchase insurance on behalf of any person required or permitted to be indemnified pursuant to this Section&nbsp;43. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(h)</B> <B>Amendments. </B>Any repeal or modification of this Section&nbsp;45 shall only be prospective and shall not affect the rights
under this Section&nbsp;43 in effect at the time of the alleged occurrence of any action or omission to act that is the cause of any proceeding against any agent of the corporation. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(i)</B> <B>Saving Clause. </B>If this Section&nbsp;43 or any portion hereof shall be invalidated on any ground by any court of competent
jurisdiction, then the corporation shall nevertheless indemnify each director and officer to the full extent not prohibited by any applicable portion of this Section&nbsp;45 that shall not have been invalidated, or by any other applicable law. If
this Section&nbsp;43 shall be invalid due to the application of the indemnification provisions of another jurisdiction, then the corporation shall indemnify each director and executive officer to the full extent under any other applicable law. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">15 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(j)</B> <B>Certain Definitions. </B>For the purposes of this Section&nbsp;43, the
following definitions shall apply: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(1) The term &#147;proceeding&#148; shall be broadly construed and shall include, without limitation,
the investigation, preparation, prosecution, defense, settlement, arbitration and appeal of, and the giving of testimony in, any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(2) The term &#147;expenses&#148; shall be broadly construed and shall include, without limitation, court costs, attorneys&#146; fees,
witness fees, fines, amounts paid in settlement or judgment and any other costs and expenses of any nature or kind incurred in connection with any proceeding. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(3) The term the &#147;corporation&#148; shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any
constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers, and employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a
director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other
enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the provisions of this Section&nbsp;45 with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as he would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(4) References to a &#147;director,&#148; &#147;executive officer,&#148; &#147;officer,&#148; &#147;employee,&#148; or &#147;agent&#148;
of the corporation shall include, without limitation, situations where such person is serving at the request of the corporation as, respectively, a director, executive officer, officer, employee, trustee or agent of another corporation, partnership,
joint venture, trust or other enterprise. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(5) References to &#147;other enterprises&#148; shall include employee benefit plans;
references to &#147;fines&#148; shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to &#147;serving at the request of the corporation&#148; shall include any service as a director, officer,
employee or agent of the corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee, or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants, or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and
in a manner he reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner &#147;not opposed to the best interests of the corporation&#148; as referred to in
this section. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE XII </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>NOTICES </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;44.</B> <B>Notices</B>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(a)</B> <B>Notice to Stockholders.</B> Written notice to stockholders of stockholder meetings shall be given as provided in Section&nbsp;7
herein. Without limiting the manner by which notice may otherwise be given effectively to stockholders under any agreement or contract with such stockholder, and except as otherwise required by law, written notice to stockholders for purposes other
than stockholder meetings may be sent by United States mail or nationally recognized overnight courier, or by facsimile, telegraph or telex or by electronic mail or other electronic means. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(b)</B> <B>Notice to Directors.</B> Any notice required to be given to any director may be given by the method stated in subsection
(a)&nbsp;or as otherwise provided in these Bylaws. If such notice is not delivered personally, it shall be sent to such address as such director shall have filed in writing with the Secretary, or, in the absence of such filing, to the last known
post office address of such director. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(c)</B> <B>Affidavit of Mailing.</B> An affidavit of mailing, executed by a duly authorized and
competent employee of the corporation or its transfer agent appointed with respect to the stock affected or other agent, specifying the name and address or the names and addresses of the stockholder or stockholders, or director or directors, to whom
any such notice or notices was or were given, and the time and method of giving the same, shall in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts therein contained. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">16 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(d)</B> <B>Methods of Notice.</B> It shall not be necessary that the same method of
giving notice be employed in respect of all recipients of notice, but one permissible method may be employed in respect of any one or more, and any other permissible method or methods may be employed in respect of any other or others. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(e)</B> <B>Notice to Person with Whom Communication is Unlawful.</B> Whenever notice is required to be given, under any provision of law or
of the Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws of the corporation, to any person with whom communication is unlawful, the giving of such notice to such person shall not be required and there shall be no duty to apply to any governmental authority or
agency for a license or permit to give such notice to such person. Any action or meeting which shall be taken or held without notice to any such person with whom communication is unlawful shall have the same force and effect as if such notice had
been duly given. In the event that the action taken by the corporation is such as to require the filing of a certificate under any provision of the DGCL, the certificate shall state, if such is the fact and if notice is required, that notice was
given to all persons entitled to receive notice except such persons with whom communication is unlawful. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>(f)</B> <B>Notice to
Stockholders Sharing an Address. </B>Except as otherwise prohibited under DGCL, any notice given under the provisions of DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws shall be effective if given by a single written notice to stockholders who
share an address if consented to by the stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Such consent shall have been deemed to have been given if such stockholder fails to object in writing to the corporation within sixty (60)&nbsp;days
of having been given notice by the corporation of its intention to send the single notice. Any consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the corporation. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ARTICLE XIII </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>AMENDMENTS
</B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Section</B><B></B><B>&nbsp;45.</B> <B>Amendments. </B>Subject to the limitations set forth in Section&nbsp;43(h) of these Bylaws
or the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, the Board of Directors is expressly empowered to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the corporation. The stockholders also shall have power to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the
corporation; provided, however, that, in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of stock of the corporation required by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation, such action by stockholders shall require the affirmative vote of
the holders of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">sixty-six</FONT> and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">two-thirds</FONT> percent (66 2/3%) of the voting power of all of the then-outstanding shares of the capital stock of the corporation entitled to
vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">17 </P>

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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" />
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    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Written Communications</link:label>
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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020/dei-2020-01-31.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
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</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>sonm-20211105_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
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<!-- Creation date: 11/9/2021 1:44:56 AM Eastern Time -->
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<XML>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xbrl
  xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance"
  xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2020-01-31"
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<TYPE>XML
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<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.21.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140277018599368">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Nov. 05, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">SONIM TECHNOLOGIES INC<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001178697<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Nov.  05,  2021<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-38907<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">94-3336783<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">6500 River Place Boulevard<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Bldg. 7<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Three</a></td>
<td class="text">S#250<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Austin<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">TX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">78730<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(650)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">378-8100<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Security 12b Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">SONM<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod', window );">Entity Ex Transition Period</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The end date of the period reflected on the cover page if a periodic report. For all other reports and registration statements containing historical data, it is the date up through which that historical data is presented.  If there is no historical data in the report, use the filing date. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 3 such as an Office Park</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if an emerging growth company has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 7A<br> -Section B<br> -Subsection 2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
