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2023

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_____________________________

FORM 10-K

☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

for the transition period from to

Commission File Number 1-14105

AVALON HOLDINGS CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio | 34-1863889
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

One American Way, Warren, Ohio 44484-5555

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (330) 856-8800

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value | NYSE Amex

AWX

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☒
Emerging growth company ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on March 11, 2024 was $7.5 million. Assuming that the market value of Avalon Holdings Corporation’s Class B Common Stock was the same as its Class A Common Stock by reason of its one-to-one conversion rights, the market value of Class B Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on March 11, 2024 was approximately $1,333. The registrant had 3,287,647 shares of its Class A Common Stock and 611,784 shares of its Class B Common Stock outstanding as of March 11, 2024.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

1. | Portions of the Avalon Holdings Corporation Annual Report to Shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2023 (Parts I and II of Form 10-K).

2. | Portions of the Avalon Holdings Corporation Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference herein into Part III.

AVALON HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

As used in this report, the terms “Avalon,” “Company,” and “Registrant” mean Avalon Holdings Corporation, its wholly owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities when it has been determined that Avalon is the primary beneficiary of those company’s operations, taken as a whole, unless the context indicates otherwise.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I |  | Page
Item 1. | Business | 1
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 6
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 12
Item 1C. | Cybersecurity | 12
Item 2. | Properties | 12
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 13
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 13
Part II |  |
Item 5. | Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters | 14
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 14
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 14
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 14
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 14
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 15
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 15
Item 9B. | Other Information | 15
Part III |  |
Item 10. | Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant | 16
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 17
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management | 17
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions | 17
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 17
Part IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and Reports on Form 8-K | 18
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 21
Signatures | 22

Note on Incorporation by Reference

Throughout this report various information and data are incorporated by reference from Avalon’s 2023 Annual Report to Shareholders (hereinafter referred to as the “Annual Report to Shareholders”). Any reference in this report to disclosures in the Annual Report to Shareholders shall constitute incorporation by reference of that specific material into this Form 10-K.

PART 1

ITEM 1. | BUSINESS

General

Avalon Holdings Corporation (“Avalon” or the “Company”) was formed on April 30, 1998 as a subsidiary of American Waste Services, Inc. (“AWS”). On June 17, 1998, AWS distributed, as a special dividend, all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Avalon to the holders of AWS common stock on a pro rata and corresponding basis (the “Spin-off”). The history and organization of the remaining operations, some of which were contributed to Avalon as a result of the Spin-off, are described below.

In June 1990, AWS purchased approximately 5.6 acres of real estate located in Warren, Ohio on which it constructed Avalon’s corporate headquarters. In connection with the acquisition of such property, Avalon Lakes Golf, Inc. (“ALGI”), a former subsidiary of AWS and now an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Avalon, acquired the real and personal property associated with the Avalon Lakes Golf Course, an 18-hole golf course adjacent to the office property. The corporate headquarters and ALGI were contributed to Avalon by AWS. The Avalon corporate headquarters building includes a clubhouse, restaurant, golf simulators and a pro shop for the Avalon Golf and Country Club at Avalon Lakes Golf Course.

In 1995, American Waste Management Services, Inc. (“AWMS”) commenced its waste disposal brokerage and management operations and in 1997, American Landfill Management, Inc. (“ALMI”) started its captive landfill management operations. Both companies were contributed to Avalon by AWS and now are wholly owned subsidiaries of Avalon.

In November 2003, TBG, Inc. (“TBG”), a subsidiary of ALGI, entered into a long-term lease agreement with Squaw Creek Country Club to lease and operate its golf course and related facilities. As a result of the transaction, Avalon created a newly organized subsidiary, Avalon Golf and Country Club, Inc. (“AGCC”) which manages all the golf courses and related operations.

In October 2006, Avalon, through a newly created subsidiary, Avalon Country Club at Sharon, Inc. (“Sharon”), completed the acquisition of the Sharon Country Club assets. The primary assets of the Sharon club include the golf course and clubhouse. Avalon renovated the clubhouse and constructed additional recreational facilities and operates the Sharon facilities as part of its Avalon Golf and Country Club.

In June 2011, AWMS Water Solutions, LLC was formed to acquire options on properties for the purpose of operating salt water injection wells. AWMS Water Solutions, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Avalon, manages all the salt water injection well operations, including the marketing and sales function and all decisions regarding the well operations for a percentage of the gross revenues.

In August 2013, Avalon created a new Ohio limited liability company, AWMS Holdings, LLC, to act as a holding company to form and own a series of wholly owned subsidiaries that will own and operate salt water injection wells and facilities (together the “facilities”). AWMS Holdings, LLC, offers investment opportunities to accredited investors by selling membership units of AWMS Holdings, LLC through private placement offerings. The monies received from these offerings, along with internally contributed capital, are used to construct the facilities necessary for the operation of salt water injection wells. As a result of the private placement offering, Avalon is not the majority owner of AWMS Holdings, LLC; however, due to the managerial control of AWMS Water Solutions, LLC, AWMS Holdings, LLC is a variable interest entity (“VIE”), and the financial statements of AWMS Holdings, LLC and subsidiaries are included in Avalon’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2013, AWMS Holdings, LLC formed its first wholly owned subsidiary, AWMS Rt. 169, LLC, to own and operate two salt water injection wells. AWMS Rt. 169, LLC leases 5.2 acres on which the salt water injection wells are located. As further described below, based on the Chief of the Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management’s decision, the operations of the two salt water injection wells are currently suspended.

In August 2014, Avalon, through a newly created subsidiary, The Avalon Resort and Spa LLC, completed the acquisition of The Magnuson Grand Hotel in Howland, Ohio. Subsequent to the acquisition, The Magnuson Grand Hotel was renamed and now operates as The Grand Resort. The primary assets of The Grand Resort include the hotel, indoor junior Olympic size swimming pool, outdoor resort pool, Roman Bath, fitness center, restaurants, bars, cigar lounge, salon and spa, banquet and conference facilities and adjoining recreation and tennis center. The Grand Resort is located adjacent to Avalon’s corporate headquarters and the Avalon Lakes Golf Course. The Grand Resort operates in conjunction with the Avalon Golf and Country Club.

1

In July 2016, the Company formed Avalon Resorts and Clubs, Inc. (“ARCI”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Avalon, the purpose of which is to hold the corporate activity of Avalon Clubs, Inc. and Avalon Resorts, Inc., both formed concurrently with ARCI. Avalon Clubs, Inc. was formed to hold the wholly owned subsidiaries of the Avalon Golf and Country Club, while Avalon Resorts, Inc. holds the operations of The Grand Resort.

In March 2018, Avalon, through a newly created subsidiary, Avalon Mahoning Sports Center, Inc., completed the acquisition of the Boardman Tennis Center property in Boardman, Ohio. Subsequent to the acquisition, the Boardman Tennis Center property was renamed and now operates as the Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman. The primary assets of the Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman include the acquired real property consisting of the building and associated land. The Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman facility is a multipurpose recreation center including indoor tennis, basketball, volleyball and pickleball courts and a fitness area. The Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman operates as part of its Avalon Golf and Country Club.

In May 2019, Havana Cigar Shop, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Avalon, completed the acquisition of the New Castle Country Club real property assets located in New Castle, Pennsylvania. Subsequent to the acquisition, Havana Cigar Shop, Inc. was named and now operates as Avalon Field Club at New Castle. The primary assets of Avalon Field Club at New Castle include the acquired real property consisting of the golf course and associated clubhouse. Avalon Field Club at New Castle operates as part of its Avalon Golf and Country Club. During 2022 the existing clubhouse renovation was primarily completed.

In March 2021, Avalon created a new Ohio limited liability company, Avalon Med Spa, LLC. Avalon Med Spa, LLC, located in Warren, Ohio, provides elective appearance improving nonsurgical aesthetic services under the supervision of a licensed physician. Avalon Med Spa, LLC, offers investment opportunities to accredited investors by selling membership units through private placement offerings. The monies received from these offerings, along with internally contributed capital, are used to purchase medical spa equipment and construct the facilities necessary for operation. Avalon operates and manages all decisions regarding the medical spa operations for a percentage of the gross revenues. As a result of the private placement offering, Avalon is the majority owner of Avalon Med Spa, LLC owning 50.1% of the company. Avalon Med Spa, LLC is a VIE, and the financial statements of Avalon Med Spa, LLC are included in Avalon’s consolidated financial statements.

Business Segments Information

Avalon’s business segments are waste management services and golf and related operations. The waste management services segment includes waste disposal brokerage and management services, captive landfill management operations and salt water injection well operations. The golf and related operations segment includes the operation and management of four golf courses and related clubhouses, a hotel, fitness centers, tennis courts, salon and spa services, dining, banquet and conference facilities. In 2023, one customer of the waste management services segment accounted for 12% of the waste management services segment’s net operating revenues to external customers and 6% of Avalon’s consolidated net operating revenues. In 2022, two customers of the waste management services segment accounted for 22% of the waste management services segment’s net operating revenues to external customers and 14% of Avalon’s consolidated net operating revenues.

Waste Management Services

Avalon’s waste management subsidiaries provide hazardous and nonhazardous waste disposal brokerage and management services, captive landfill management services and salt water injection well operations. Waste management services are provided to industrial, commercial, municipal and governmental customers primarily in selected northeastern and midwestern United States markets. For the years 2023 and 2022, the net operating revenues related to waste management services represented approximately 55% and 61%, respectively, of Avalon’s total consolidated net operating revenues

AWMS assists customers with managing and disposing of wastes at approved treatment and disposal sites based upon a customer’s needs.

Because waste generators remain liable for their waste, both before and after disposal, they require assurance that their waste will be safely and properly transported, treated and disposed of. To give customers this confidence, as well as to limit its own potential liability, AWMS has instituted procedures designed to minimize the risks of improper handling or disposal of waste.

2

Before AWMS will provide waste brokerage or management services, a potential customer must complete a detailed waste profile setting forth the amount, chemical composition and any unique characteristics for each type of waste to be handled. Representative samples of the waste are analyzed by a state or federally certified laboratory. In addition, an AWMS representative generally inspects the process generating the waste, the location where the waste may be temporarily stored or the site of the remediation project producing the waste, and interviews representatives of the generator familiar with the waste. This inspection, along with the laboratory results, allows AWMS to determine whether the waste is within acceptable parameters for disposal and, if so, what special handling and treatment procedures must be instituted. If the waste is continuously generated, new representative samples are tested on a periodic basis.

These procedures are important to both AWMS and its customers because the key to proper handling of waste is accurate identification. Hazardous waste which is not identified as such, and thus, improperly disposed of can result in substantial liability to the waste generator, the disposal facility, AWMS and potentially to all other waste generators that have used the disposal site. Conversely, waste that could safely and legally be disposed of in a solid waste landfill, but is instead sent to a hazardous waste facility for treatment and disposal, will result in substantial and unnecessary expense to the generator.

ALMI is a landfill management company that provides technical and operational services to customers owning captive disposal facilities. A captive disposal facility only disposes of waste generated by the owner of such facility. ALMI provides turnkey services, including daily operations, facilities management and management reporting for its customers. Currently, ALMI manages one captive disposal facility located in Ohio. In addition, American Construction Supply, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of ALMI, sells construction mats.

AWMS Holdings, LLC, is a holding company that was created to form and own a series of wholly owned subsidiaries that own and operate salt water injection wells and facilities. AWMS Holdings, LLC, offers investment opportunities to accredited investors by selling membership units of AWMS Holdings, LLC through private placement offerings. The monies received from these offerings, along with internally contributed capital, are used to construct the facilities necessary for the operation of salt water injection wells. AWMS Water Solutions, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Avalon, manages the operations, including the marketing and sales function and all the decisions regarding the well operations for a percentage of the gross revenues. As a result of the private placement offering, Avalon is not the majority owner of AWMS Holdings, LLC; however, due to the managerial control of AWMS Water Solutions, LLC, AWMS Holdings, LLC is a VIE, and the financial statements of AWMS Holdings, LLC and subsidiaries are included in Avalon’s consolidated financial statements.

AWMS Holdings, LLC formed its first wholly owned subsidiary, AWMS Rt. 169, LLC, to own and operate two salt water injection wells. AWMS Rt. 169, LLC leases 5.2 acres on which the salt water injection wells are located. As further described below, based on the Chief of the Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management’s decision, the operations of the two salt water injection wells are currently suspended.

Golf and Related Operations

Avalon’s golf and related operations segment includes the operation and management of four golf courses and related country clubs and facilities, a hotel and its associated resort amenities and an athletic center. For the years 2023 and 2022, the net operating revenues related to the golf and related operations represented approximately 45% and 39%, respectively, of Avalon’s total consolidated net operating revenues.

ALGI owns and operates a Pete Dye designed championship golf course located in Warren, Ohio. ALGI generates revenue from membership dues, greens fees, cart rentals, merchandise, and food and beverage sales.

TBG, a subsidiary of ALGI, entered into a long-term agreement with Squaw Creek Country Club to lease and operate its golf course and related facilities. The lease, which commenced on November 1, 2003, has an initial term of ten (10) years with four (4) consecutive ten (10) year renewal term options unilaterally exercisable by TBG. In addition to a championship golf course, the Squaw Creek facilities include a swimming pool, tennis courts and a clubhouse that includes a fitness center, dining and banquet facilities. TBG generates its revenue in the same manner as ALGI, but also generates revenues from tennis and swimming.

In October 2006, Avalon, through its subsidiary, Avalon Country Club of Sharon, Inc., completed the acquisition of the Sharon Country Club assets. The primary assets of Sharon include the golf course and clubhouse which includes, dining and banquet facilities, a swimming pool, salon and spa services and a fitness center. Sharon generates its revenue in the same manner as ALGI and TBG, but also generates revenues from its fitness center and salon and spa services.

3

In November 2003, Avalon formed the Avalon Golf and Country Club to manage its golf courses and the related operations. Members of the Avalon Golf and Country Club are entitled to privileges at all the facilities. Membership requires payment of annual dues. Members receive several benefits including reduced greens fees, preferential tee times and discounts on merchandise. In addition, members of the Avalon Golf and Country Club also have access to all of the amenities offered by The Grand Resort. The Avalon Golf and Country Club competes with many public courses and country clubs in the area. Although the golf courses continue to be available to the general public, the primary source of revenues is derived from the members of the Avalon Golf and Country Club. Avalon believes that the combination of its golf facilities and The Grand Resort will result in additional memberships in the Avalon Golf and Country Club. The ability to retain current members and attract new members has been an ongoing challenge. Avalon is continually using different marketing strategies to attract new members, such as local television advertising and various membership promotions. A significant decline in members could adversely affect the future financial performance of Avalon.

In August 2014, Avalon, through a newly created subsidiary, The Avalon Resort and Spa LLC, completed the acquisition of The Magnuson Grand Hotel in Howland, Ohio. Subsequent to the acquisition, The Magnuson Grand Hotel was renamed and now operates as The Grand Resort. The primary assets of The Grand Resort include the hotel, indoor junior Olympic size swimming pool, outdoor resort pool, Roman Bath, fitness center, restaurants, bars, cigar lounge, salon and spa, banquet and conference facilities and adjoining tennis center. The Grand Resort is located adjacent to Avalon’s corporate headquarters and the Avalon Lakes Golf Course. The Grand Resort provides guests with a self-contained vacation experience, offering hotel guests golf packages to all of the golf courses of the Avalon Golf and Country Club and allows its guests to utilize the facilities at each of the clubhouses. Members of the Avalon Golf and Country Club also have access to all of the amenities offered by The Grand Resort. The Grand Resort earns revenues through room rentals, food and beverage sales, merchandise sales, salon and spa services, tennis and fitness activities. The Grand Resort operates in conjunction with the Avalon Golf and Country Club.

In July 2016, the Company formed ARCI, a wholly owned subsidiary of Avalon, the purpose of which is to hold the corporate activity of Avalon Clubs, Inc. and Avalon Resorts, Inc., both formed concurrently with ARCI. Avalon Clubs, Inc. was formed to hold the wholly owned subsidiaries of the Avalon Golf and Country Club, while Avalon Resorts, Inc. holds the operations of The Grand Resort.

In March 2018, Avalon, through a newly created subsidiary, Avalon Mahoning Sports Center, Inc., completed the acquisition of the Boardman Tennis Center property in Boardman, Ohio. Subsequent to the acquisition, the Boardman Tennis Center property was renamed and now operates as the Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman. The primary assets of the Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman include the acquired real property consisting of the building and associated land. The Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman facility is a multipurpose recreation center including indoor tennis, basketball, volleyball and pickleball courts and a fitness area. Members of the Avalon Golf and Country Club have access to the facility and all the athletic and fitness related activities offered by the Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman. In addition, hotel guests at The Grand Resort can utilize the facility during their stay. The Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman earns revenue through membership fees, athletic and fitness related activities. The Avalon Athletic Club at Boardman operates as part of its Avalon Golf and Country Club.

In May 2019, Havana Cigar Shop, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Avalon, completed the acquisition of the New Castle Country Club assets located in New Castle, Pennsylvania. Subsequent to the acquisition, Havana Cigar Shop, Inc. was named and now operates as Avalon Field Club at New Castle. The primary assets of Avalon Field Club at New Castle include the acquired real property consisting of the golf course and associated clubhouse. Avalon Field Club at New Castle earns revenue from membership dues, greens fees, cart rentals, merchandise, and food and beverage sales. Avalon Field Club at New Castle operates as part of its Avalon Golf and Country Club. During 2022 the existing clubhouse renovation was primarily completed.

In March 2021, Avalon created a new Ohio limited liability company, Avalon Med Spa, LLC. Avalon Med Spa, LLC, located in Warren, Ohio, earns revenue by providing elective appearance improving nonsurgical aesthetic services under the supervision of a licensed physician. Avalon Med Spa, LLC, offers investment opportunities to accredited investors by selling membership units through private placement offerings. The monies received from these offerings, along with internally contributed capital, are used to purchase medical spa equipment and construct the facilities necessary for operation. Avalon operates and manages all decisions regarding the medical spa operations for a percentage of the gross revenues. As a result of the private placement offering, Avalon is the majority owner of Avalon Med Spa, LLC owning 50.1% of the company. Avalon Med Spa, LLC is a VIE, and the financial statements of Avalon Med Spa, LLC are included in Avalon’s consolidated financial statements.

The golf courses are significantly dependent upon weather conditions during the golf season as a result of being located in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania. Avalon’s financial performance is adversely affected by adverse weather conditions.

4

Governmental regulations

A portion of Avalon’s waste brokerage and management services revenues is derived from the disposal and/or transportation of out-of-state waste. Any law or regulation restricting or impeding the transportation of waste or the acceptance of out-of-state waste for disposal could have a negative effect on Avalon.

Avalon’s golf course operations, The Grand Resort and multipurpose recreation center currently hold liquor licenses for their respective facilities. If, for some reason, any one of these facilities were to lose their liquor license, the financial performance of the golf and related operations would be adversely affected.

Sales and marketing

Avalon’s sales and marketing approach is decentralized, with each business segment being responsible for its own sales and marketing efforts. Each business segment employs its own sales force which concentrates on expanding its business.

Competition

The hazardous and nonhazardous waste disposal brokerage and management business is highly competitive and fragmented. Avalon’s waste disposal brokerage and management business competes with other brokerage companies, as well as, with companies which own treatment and disposal facilities. In addition to price, knowledge and service are key factors when competing for waste disposal brokerage and management business. Avalon’s waste disposal brokerage and management operations obtain and retain customers by providing services and identifying cost-efficient disposal options unique to a customer’s needs. Consolidation within the solid waste industry has resulted in a reduction in the number of disposal options available to waste generators and may cause disposal pricing to increase. Avalon may need to absorb all or a portion of these cost increases depending upon competitive conditions at the time.

Avalon’s golf courses are located in Warren, Ohio, Vienna, Ohio, Sharon, Pennsylvania and New Castle, Pennsylvania and compete with many public courses and country clubs in the area.

The Grand Resort’s principal competitors are operators of full service, select service and extended stay properties, including major hospitality chains with well-established and recognized brands. We also compete against small chains and independent and local owners and operators. We compete for guests based primarily on the resort complex and country club experience created through the combination of the resort and country club operations.

Insurance

Avalon carries $11,000,000 of liability insurance coverage. This insurance includes coverage for comprehensive general liability, automobile liability and other customary coverage. In addition, Avalon also carries $6,000,000 of separate liability insurance coverage for the golf courses and related operations. Avalon carries comprehensive property damage coverage and, also, professional liability insurance for its fitness, swimming, salon and spa activities. No assurance can be given that such insurance will be available in the future or, if available, that the premiums for such insurance will be reasonable.

If Avalon were to incur a substantial liability for damages not covered by insurance or in excess of its policy limits or at a time when Avalon no longer is able to obtain appropriate liability insurance, its financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Employees

As of December 31, 2023, Avalon had 755 employees, 34 of whom were employed by the waste management services segment, 700 of whom were employed by the golf and related operations and 21 of whom were employed in financial and administrative activities. Avalon believes that it has a good relationship with its employees.

Our principal human capital management objectives are to attract, retain and develop employees for key roles and future leadership positions through a variety of training and development programs. Our commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion is critical to effective human capital management. We seek diverse talent internally and externally in an effort to achieve broader diverse representation throughout our company.

Other business factors

None of Avalon’s business segments is materially dependent on patents, trademarks, licenses, franchises or concessions, other than permits, licenses and approvals issued by regulatory agencies. Avalon does not sponsor significant research and development activities.

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ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS

The following factors, as well as, factors described elsewhere in the Form 10-K, or in other filings by Avalon with the Securities and Exchange Commission, could adversely affect Avalon’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Other factors not presently known to us or that we presently believe are not material could also affect our business operations and financial results.

Voting control by management

Avalon has two classes of common stock, Class A and Class B. Each share of Class A Common Stock is entitled to one vote and each share of Class B Common Stock is entitled to ten votes on all matters submitted to a vote of the shareholders. Except for the election of Avalon’s Board of Directors, the Class A Common Stock and the Class B Common Stock vote together as a single class on all matters presented for a vote to the shareholders. The holders of the Avalon Class B Common Stock, which consists principally of the management of Avalon, have approximately 66 percent of the aggregate voting power of the outstanding Avalon Common Stock. Currently, the holders of the Avalon Class A Common Stock will not, either alone or acting collectively, be able to elect a majority of the members of Avalon’s Board of Directors (the “Avalon Board”) or control many corporate actions. However, the holders of the Avalon Class A Common Stock, voting as a separate class, have the right to elect the number of directors equal to at least 25 percent of the total Board of Directors of Avalon until the outstanding Avalon Class B Common Stock constitutes less than 50 percent of the total voting power of the outstanding Avalon Common Stock, after which time the holders of the Avalon Class A and Class B Common Stock will vote as a single class for the election of directors and all matters presented for a vote to the shareholders. The holders of a majority of all outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock, voting as separate classes, must also approve amendments to the Articles of Incorporation that adversely affect the shares of their class.

Each share of Class B Common Stock is convertible, at any time, at the option of the shareholder, into one share of Class A Common Stock. Shares of Class B Common Stock are also automatically converted into shares of Class A Common Stock on the transfer of such shares to any person other than Avalon, another holder of Class B Common Stock or a Permitted Transferee, as defined in Avalon’s Articles of Incorporation.

Certain anti-takeover provisions of Articles of Incorporation, Code of Regulations and Ohio Law

The Articles of Incorporation and Code of Regulations of Avalon, as well as, Ohio statutory law, contain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging an acquisition of control of Avalon not approved by the Avalon Board. Such provisions may also have the effect of discouraging third parties from making proposals involving an acquisition or change of control of Avalon, even though such proposals, if made, might be considered desirable by a majority of the Avalon stockholders. Such provisions could also have the effect of making it more difficult for third parties to cause the replacement of the current management of Avalon without the concurrence of the Avalon Board. These provisions have been designed to enable Avalon to develop its business and foster its long-term growth without disruptions caused by the threat of a takeover not deemed by the Avalon Board to be in the best interest of Avalon and its stockholders.

Dividend policy

The dividend policy of Avalon is determined by the Avalon Board. Avalon intends to retain earnings for use in the operation and expansion of its business and, therefore, does not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Avalon’s market for shares may be subject to greater volatility and limited daily activity

Market fluctuations, as well as economic conditions, may adversely affect the market price of the Avalon Class A Common Stock. Given the relatively small market capitalization of Avalon, the market for its Class A Common Stock may be subject to greater volatility than would be the case for a large company. In addition, the selling and buying of shares on a daily basis may be limited because of the relatively small capitalization of Avalon.

Government regulations

A portion of Avalon’s waste brokerage and management services revenues is derived from the disposal and/or transportation of out-of-state waste. Any law or regulation restricting or impeding the transportation of waste or the acceptance of out-of-state waste for disposal could have a negative effect on Avalon.

Avalon’s golf course operations, The Grand Resort and multipurpose recreation center currently hold liquor licenses for their respective facilities. If, for some reason, any one of these facilities were to lose their liquor license, the financial performance of the golf and related operations would be adversely affected.

6

Legal matters

In the ordinary course of conducting its business, Avalon becomes involved in lawsuits, administrative proceedings and governmental investigations, including those relating to environmental matters. Some of these proceedings may result in fines, penalties or judgments being assessed against Avalon which, from time to time, may have an impact on its business and financial condition. Although the outcome of such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management assesses the probability of loss and accrues a liability as appropriate. Avalon does not believe that any uninsured ultimate liabilities, fines or penalties resulting from such pending proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its liquidity, financial position or results of operations.

Credit and collections

Economic challenges throughout the industries served by Avalon may result in payment defaults by customers. While Avalon continuously endeavors to limit customer credit risks, customer-specific financial downturns are not controllable by management. Significant customer payment defaults would have a material adverse impact upon Avalon’s future financial performance.

Competitive pressures

Avalon’s waste brokerage and management services business obtains and retains customers by providing services and identifying cost-efficient disposal options unique to a customer’s needs. Consolidation within the solid waste industry has resulted in reducing the number of disposal options available to waste generators and may cause disposal pricing to increase. Avalon’s waste brokerage and management services business may not be able to pass these price increases onto some of its customers, which, in turn, may adversely impact Avalon’s future financial performance.

Unfavorable general economic conditions could adversely affect our business and financial results

Our operations are substantially affected by economic conditions, including inflation, which can impact consumer disposable income levels and spending habits. Economic conditions can also be impacted by a variety of factors including epidemics, pandemics and actions taken by governments to manage economic matters, whether through initiatives intended to control wages, unemployment, inflation, taxation and other economic drivers. Adverse economic conditions could pressure Avalon’s business and operating performance and financial results may suffer.

Numerous economic factors, including a recession, other economic downturns, inflation and the potential for a decrease in consumer spending, could adversely affect us

Various adverse economic conditions, including a recession, other economic downturns and inflation could decrease consumer discretionary spending and adversely affect our financial performance. Rising inflation rates have led to increased interest rates. A recession or other economic downturn could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. The products and services that are golf and related operations offer are products or services that consumers may view as discretionary rather than necessities. Our results of operations are sensitive to changes in macroeconomic conditions that impact consumer spending, including discretionary spending. Other factors, including consumer confidence, employment levels, interest rates, fuel and energy costs, tax rates, and consumer debt levels could reduce consumer spending or change consumer purchasing habits. Slowdowns in the U.S. or global economy, or an uncertain economic outlook, could materially adversely affect consumer spending habits and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Challenges with respect to labor, including availability and cost, could impact our business and results of operations

Avalon’s success depends in part on our ability to recruit, motivate and retain qualified individuals to work in an intensely competitive labor market. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, challenges in adequately staffing, which can negatively impact operations. Our ability to meet labor needs is generally subject to external factors, including the availability of sufficient workforce, unemployment levels and prevailing wages in the markets in which we operate. Increased costs and competition associated with recruiting, motivating and retaining qualified employees could have a negative impact on Avalon’s operating margins and profitability.

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The waste brokerage and management division employs individuals with unique capabilities and knowledge in the handling, disposal and transportation of both hazardous and non-hazardous waste. In addition, the majority of the senior management and sales representatives have been employed by Avalon for many years and are approaching retirement age. Over the years, the waste brokerage and management division has had difficulty finding qualified individuals with the required expertise in specific geographic areas. Our inability to replace these individuals upon retirement, with the required expertise could have a negative impact on the profitability of the waste brokerage and management division.

Changes in commodity and other operating costs could adversely affect our results of operations

The profitability of our golf and related operations segment depends on our ability to anticipate and react to changes in commodity costs, including food, supplies, fuel, utilities and other operating costs, including labor. Volatility in certain commodity prices and fluctuations in labor costs have adversely affected, and in the future, could adversely affect Avalon’s operating results. An increase in commodity costs could have an adverse impact on our profitability.

Effective succession planning is important to our continued success

Effective succession planning is important to our long-term success. Failure to effectively identify, develop and retain key personnel, recruit high-quality candidates and ensure smooth management and personnel transitions could disrupt our business and adversely affect our results.

A majority of Avalon’s business is not subject to long-term contracts

A significant portion of Avalon’s business is generated from waste brokerage and management services provided to customers and is not subject to long-term contracts. In light of current economic, regulatory and competitive conditions, there can be no assurance that Avalon’s current customers will continue to transact business with Avalon at historical levels. Failure by Avalon to retain its current customers or to replace lost business could adversely impact the future financial performance of Avalon.

Avalon’s captive landfill management business is dependent upon a single customer as its sole source of revenue. If the captive landfill management business is unable to retain this customer, Avalon’s future financial performance could be adversely impacted.

A significant source of the golf and related operations revenues is derived from the members of the Avalon Golf and Country Club. Members are obligated to pay dues for a one year period. As such, the golf and related operations is primarily dependent on the sale and renewal of memberships in the Avalon Golf and Country Club, on a year to year basis.

Avalon's loan and security agreement may obligate it to repay debt before its maturity

The Company’s loan and security agreement contains certain covenants and events of default. Should Avalon be unable to meet one or more of these covenants, its lender may require it to repay any outstanding balance prior to the expiration date of the agreement. Our ability to comply with the financial and other covenants in our loan and security agreement may be affected by worsening economic or business conditions, or other events that may be beyond our control. Although the Company believes that cash generated from operations will be sufficient to meet obligations under our loan and security agreement, we cannot provide assurance that our business will generate cash flow from operating activities in amounts sufficient to enable us to service debt and meet these covenants. We may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness, on or before maturity. The Company cannot assure that additional sources of financing would be available to pay off any long-term borrowings under the loan and security agreement, so as to avoid default.

Golf memberships and liquor licenses

The Avalon Golf and Country Club operates four golf courses and related country clubs and a multipurpose recreation center. The Avalon Golf and Country Club facilities also offer swimming pools, fitness centers, tennis courts, dining and banquet facilities, salon and spa services. In addition, The Grand Resort provides guests with a self-contained vacation experience, offering hotel guests golf packages to all of the golf courses of the Avalon Golf and Country Club and allows its guests to utilize the facilities at each of the clubhouses. Members of the Avalon Golf and Country Club also have access to all of the amenities offered by The Grand Resort. The Avalon Golf and Country Club competes with many public courses and country clubs in the area. Although the golf courses continue to be available to the general public, the primary source of revenues is derived from the members of the Avalon Golf and Country Club. Avalon believes that the combination of its golf facilities and The Grand Resort will result in additional memberships in the Avalon Golf and Country Club. The ability to retain current members and attract new members has been an ongoing challenge. Avalon is continually using different marketing strategies to attract new members, such as local television advertising and various membership promotions. A significant decline in members could adversely affect the future financial performance of Avalon.

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Avalon’s golf course operations, The Grand Resort and multipurpose recreation center currently hold liquor licenses for their respective facilities. If, for some reason, any one of these facilities were to lose their liquor license, the financial performance of the golf and related operations would be adversely affected.

Seasonality

Avalon’s operations are somewhat seasonal in nature since a significant portion of those operations are primarily conducted in selected northeastern and midwestern states. Additionally, Avalon’s golf courses are located in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania and are significantly dependent upon weather conditions during the golf season. As a result, Avalon’s financial performance could be adversely affected by adverse weather conditions.

Environmental liabilities

Avalon may be subject to liability for environmental contamination caused by pollutants, the transportation, treatment or disposal of which was arranged for by Avalon or one of its predecessors.

Although Avalon has compliance guidelines for its waste brokerage and management services business, Avalon could still incur a substantial liability for environmental damage not covered by or in excess of its insurance policy limits and, as such, its financial condition could be adversely affected.

Saltwater disposal wells

Saltwater disposal wells are regulated by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (“ODNR”), with portions of the disposal facilities regulated by the Ohio EPA. As exploitation of the Marcellus and Utica shale formations by the hydrofracturing process develops, regulatory and public awareness of the environmental risks of saltwater brine and its disposal in saltwater disposal wells is growing and consequently, it is expected that regulation governing the construction and operation of saltwater disposal wells will increase in scope and complexity. Increased regulation may result in increased construction and/or operating costs, which could adversely affect the financial results of Avalon.

The saltwater disposal wells are currently not operational. Assuming operations resume in the future, there is a risk during the operation of an environmental event causing contamination to the water tables in the surrounding area, or seismic events. The occurrence of a spill or contamination at a disposal well site could result in remedial expenses and/or result in the operations at the well site being suspended and/or terminated by the Ohio EPA or the ODNR. Incurring remedial expenses and /or a suspension or termination of Avalon’s right to operate one or more saltwater disposal wells at the well site could have an adverse effect on Avalon’s financial results.

As a result of a seismic event with a magnitude of 2.1 occurring on August 31, 2014, the Chief of the Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management (“Chief” or “Division”) issued Orders on September 3, 2014 to immediately suspend all operations of Avalon’s two saltwater injection wells until the Division could further evaluate the wells. The Orders were based on the findings that the two saltwater injection wells were located in close proximity to an area of known seismic activity and that the saltwater injection wells pose a risk of increasing or creating seismic activity.

On September 5, 2014, Avalon submitted the information required by the Chief’s Order in regards to its AWMS #1 injection well, and the Chief lifted the suspension for that well on September 18, 2014. On September 19, 2014, Avalon submitted information and a written plan required by the Chief’s Order proposing the establishment of certain operations and management controls on injections for the AWMS #2 injection well. To date, the Division has not responded to that plan despite Avalon’s requests for feedback.

On October 2, 2014, Avalon filed an appeal with the Ohio Oil and Gas Commission (the “Commission”) disputing the basis for suspending operations of AWMS #2 and also the authority of the Chief to immediately suspend such operations. On March 11, 2015, an appeal hearing was held. The Chief stated during the hearing that the suspension order is temporary, and he expects that AWMS #2 will be allowed to resume operations once the state’s final policymaking is complete.

On August 12, 2015, the Commission upheld the temporary suspension of injection operations of AWMS #2 stating that the temporary suspension would allow the Chief more time to fully evaluate the facts in anticipation of the Division’s implementation of a comprehensive regulatory plan that will specifically address injection-induced seismicity.

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Avalon appealed that decision to the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas (the “Court”), and on November 1, 2016 an appeal hearing was held in that Court. On December 23, 2016, the Court issued its Decision and Order in Avalon’s favor, and vacated the Commission’s decision. The Court found that the Division’s suspension and refusal to work with the Company over the 26 month period was arbitrary and not in accordance with reason. Subsequent to the ruling, and in accordance with the Court’s Decision and Order, both Avalon and the Division submitted their proposed restart plans to the Court. Avalon’s plan sets forth both the initial volumes and pressures and increases in volume and pressure while continuously monitoring seismicity and addressing the concerns of public health and safety.

On February 21, 2017, the Court issued its Final Decision and Order. The Court’s Final Decision and Order set forth conditions for restarting the AWMS #2 salt water injection well in accordance with the proposed restart plans filed by Avalon with minor revisions. On February 22, 2017, the Division appealed the Final Decision and Order and filed a Motion to Stay the Court Order. The Motion to Stay was granted by the Ohio 10th District Court of Appeals on March 21, 2017.

On September 14, 2017, an appeal hearing was held in the Ohio 10th District Court of Appeals and on July 31, 2018 a decision was issued on the appeal. The decision reinstated the previous Ohio Oil and Gas Commission decision in this matter.

On September 12, 2018, the Company appealed the Ohio 10th District Court of Appeals decision to the Supreme Court of Ohio. On November 21, 2018, the Company received notice from the Supreme Court of Ohio that the court would not accept for review the Company’s appeal of the Ohio 10th District Court of Appeals decision on the Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management’s appeal of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas February 21, 2017 entry allowing restart of the Company’s AWMS Water Solutions, LLC #2 salt water injection well.

On April 5, 2019, Avalon filed with the Oil and Gas Commission a motion to vacate its prior decisions in this matter. The Oil and Gas Commission scheduled a hearing on this motion for August 13, 2019. Before the hearing began, and in response to the Division’s motion to dismiss the Company’s motion to vacate, the Commission dismissed the matter. The Company appealed that decision to the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas. In April 2020, the Division’s motion to dismiss and the Company’s opposition were reviewed by the Court. Following the restart orders received on May 24, 2021, and discussed below, the Court dismissed the complaint.

Concurrently with the filing of the appeal with the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, the Company filed a writ of mandamus in the 10th District Court of Appeals on August 30, 2019 to compel the chief of the Division to issue restart orders, or alternative orders that would allow the Company to either restart the AWMS #2 well, or appeal said orders to the Oil and Gas Commission in accordance with Ohio Law. On October 6, 2020 and in response to a motion from the Division, the Court dismissed this complaint for writ of mandamus.

In addition, on August 26, 2016, Avalon filed a complaint in the 11th Appellate District Court in Trumbull County, Ohio for a Peremptory Writ of Mandamus to compel the Director of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (“ODNR”) to initiate appropriations procedures to determine damages from the illegal regulatory taking of the Company’s property, or issue an alternative remedy at law. The Company believes that the actions, and lack of responsible actions, by the ODNR is a clear violation of the Company’s property rights and a violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution; Article I, Section 19 of the Ohio Constitution; and Ohio Revised Code Chapter 163.

On March 18, 2019, Avalon received notice that the 11th Appellate District Court in Trumbull County, Ohio issued summary judgment in favor of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources in the writ of mandamus action that resulted from the suspension order of the Company’s salt water injection well. The decision was appealed to the Supreme Court of Ohio on April 5, 2019. Oral arguments in the case occurred on April 7, 2020. On September 23, 2020, the Supreme Court of Ohio ruled in favor of the Company. The Supreme Court of Ohio reversed the decision of the 11th Appellate District Court and remanded the case back to that court for a trial on the merits. The trial occurred in September and October 2021. On December 19, 2022, the 11th Appellate District Court denied the Company’s writ of mandamus action. The Court determined that the Company failed to establish a cognizable property interest that would necessitate a just compensation/takings analysis and accordingly denied the Company’s petition for writ of mandamus. The decision was appealed to the Supreme Court of Ohio on January 30, 2023 and on January 24, 2024 the Supreme Court of Ohio ruled in a unanimous decision to overturn the Court of Appeal’s decision. The Supreme Court of Ohio remanded to the Court again for a decision on the mandamus complaint as to whether the Company suffered a total or partial taking.

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On May 24, 2021, the Company received Chief’s Orders from the Division vacating the September 3, 2014 suspension orders for AWMS #2 and setting conditions for restart of that well. Among these conditions was a limit placed on the seismicity within three miles of the well. Under the Order, if a seismic event with a magnitude 2.1 or above occurs, the well must cease operations for an indefinite period of time until concurrence for subsequent restart is received from the Division. The Company appealed the May 2021 Chief’s Order to the Ohio Oil and Gas Commission, seeking reasonable operating conditions that will allow the facility to operate profitably while protecting human health and property. A hearing in this matter occurred in February 2022. On June 30, 2022, the Oil and Gas Commission rendered their decision for the Division in this matter, once again deferring to the Division in their decision. The Company appealed the decision to the Franklin County Ohio Court of Common Pleas on August 3, 2022. The company awaits a decision by the Court.

Changes in laws, regulations and accounting standards

Our implementation of new accounting rules and interpretations or compliance with changes in existing accounting rules could adversely affect our balance sheet or results of operations or cause unanticipated fluctuations in our results of operations in future periods.

Accounting estimates and judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and subsequent adjustments could have a material adverse effect on operating results for the period or periods in which the change is identified.

Long-lived asset impairment

Certain events or changes in circumstances may indicate that the recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets should be assessed. Such events or changes may include a significant decrease in market value, a significant change in the business climate in a particular market, or a current-period operating or cash flow loss combined with historical losses or projected future losses. If an event occurs or changes in circumstances are present, Avalon estimates the future cash flows expected to result from the use of the applicable groups of long-lived assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying value, Avalon would recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying value of the groups of long-lived assets exceeds their fair value. Avalon would determine the fair value by using quoted market prices, if available, for such assets; or if quoted market prices are not available, Avalon would discount the expected estimated future cash flows.

The ability to accurately predict future cash flows may impact the determination of fair value. Avalon’s assessments of cash flows represent management’s best estimate at the time of the impairment review. Avalon estimates the future cash flows expected to result from the use and, if applicable, the eventual disposition of the assets. The key variables that management must estimate include, among other factors, sales, costs, inflation and capital spending. Significant management judgment is involved in estimating these variables, and they include inherent uncertainties. If different cash flows had been estimated in the current period, the value of the long-lived assets could have been materially impacted. Furthermore, Avalon’s accounting estimates may change from period to period as conditions in markets change, and this could materially impact financial results in future periods.

Inflation

The Federal Reserve continues to pursue efforts to lower inflation by raising interest rates. The Federal Reserve increased its key interest rate four times in 2023 and seven times in 2022 as consumer goods prices continued to rise throughout the year. Our operations are substantially affected by economic conditions, including inflation, which can impact consumer disposable income levels and spending habits. Although Avalon has not entered into any long-term fixed price contracts that could have a material adverse impact upon its financial performance in periods of inflation, adverse economic conditions could pressure Avalon’s business and operating performance and financial results may suffer. In general, management believes that rising costs resulting from inflation could be passed on to customers; however, Avalon may need to absorb all or a portion of these cost increases depending upon competitive conditions at the time.

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ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

There were no unresolved comments from the Staff of the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission at December 31, 2023.

ITEM 1C. | CYBERSECURITY

Avalon faces various cyber risks, including, but not limited to, risks related to the storage of members’ information, and security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, litigation and potential liability. We utilize a multilayered, proactive approach to identify, evaluate, mitigate and prevent potential cyber and information security. Additionally, we devote significant resources to protecting the security of our computer systems, software, networks and other technology assets. Our efforts are designed to adapt with the evolution of information security risks and appropriate best practices and include physical, administrative and technical safeguards. The risk assessment is discussed with the audit committee and board of directors on at least an annual basis. Our practices are generally developed from, and benchmarked against, recognized cybersecurity frameworks, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework. Our management team also engages certain outside advisors and consultants to assist in the identification, oversight, evaluation and management of cybersecurity risks on a regular basis, as well as to advise on specific topics.

ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES

Avalon owns a 37,000 square foot headquarters building located on approximately 5.6 acres of property in Warren, Ohio adjacent to the Avalon Lakes Golf Course. The corporate and administrative offices of ALMI, AWMS and all the golf operations are located at the headquarters building of Avalon in Warren, Ohio. Avalon’s corporate headquarters building also includes a clubhouse, restaurant, golf simulators, pro shop for the Avalon Golf and Country Club at Avalon Lakes Golf Course and a medical spa.

ALGI owns an 18-hole golf course and practice facility on approximately 200 acres, a maintenance and storage building of approximately 12,000 square feet and a restaurant building of approximately 10,400 square feet. All of ALGI’s facilities are located in Warren, Ohio.

TBG, Inc. leases and operates the Avalon Golf and Country Club at Squaw Creek in Vienna, Ohio, which includes an 18-hole golf course and practice facility on approximately 224 acres, an outdoor swimming pool, 4 outdoor tennis courts, 4 indoor tennis courts and a 67,000 square foot clubhouse that includes a pro shop, fitness center, restaurants and banquet facilities.

Avalon Country Club at Sharon, Inc. owns an 18-hole golf course on approximately 130 acres in Hermitage, Pennsylvania. The clubhouse and recreational facilities are approximately 80,000 square feet and include a pro shop, dining and banquet facilities, an outdoor swimming pool, a salon and spa and fitness center.

The Avalon Resort and Spa LLC owns a 146,000 square foot hotel that includes an indoor junior Olympic size swimming pool, outdoor resort pool, Roman Bath, fitness center, cigar lounge, salon and spa, dining, banquet and conference facilities, a separate banquet facility of approximately 7,000 square feet, and 3 indoor tennis courts of approximately 4,500 square feet. The Grand Resort is located on approximately 9.3 acres in Warren, Ohio adjacent to the Avalon Lakes Golf Course.

Havana Cigar Shop, Inc. owns an 18-hole golf course located on approximately 200 acres in New Castle, Pennsylvania. The clubhouse is approximately 20,000 square feet and includes a pro shop, dining and banquet facilities.

The Avalon Mahoning Sports Center, Inc. owns a 55,000 square foot tennis and athletic facility that includes 6 indoor tennis, basketball, volleyball and pickelball courts and a fitness area, on approximately 3.5 acres in Youngstown, Ohio.

The captive landfill management operations use four pieces of equipment (bulldozers, excavators and backhoes) and two pieces of rolling stock, all of which are owned or leased by ALMI.

AWMS Rt. 169, LLC leases 5.2 acres on which the salt water injection wells and related facilities are located.

Generally, Avalon’s fixed assets are in good condition and are satisfactory for the purposes for which they are intended

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ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the ordinary course of conducting its business, Avalon becomes involved in lawsuits, administrative proceedings and governmental investigations, including those related to environmental matters. Some of these proceedings may result in fines, penalties or judgments being assessed against Avalon which, from time to time, may have an impact on its business and financial condition. Although the outcome of such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, Avalon does not believe that any uninsured ultimate liabilities, fines or penalties resulting from such pending proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on its liquidity, financial position or results of operations. See Item 1. “Business—Insurance.”

ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

Information with respect to the following items can be found on the indicated pages of Exhibit 13.1, the 2023 Annual Report to Shareholders, if not otherwise included herein.

ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

| Page(s)
Common stock information | 45
Dividend policy | 45

ITEM 6. | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Not required for Smaller Reporting Company

ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 2-15

ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not required for Smaller Reporting Company.

ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 248) | 41
Financial Statements: |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 16
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 17
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 18
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 19
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 20-40

Information regarding financial statement schedules is contained in Item 15(a) of Part IV of this report.

The consolidated financial statements and schedule listed in items 15(a)(1) and (a)(2) hereof are incorporated herein by reference and are filed as part of this report.

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ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None

ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), Avalon’s management conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by the 2023 Annual Report. For purposes of the foregoing, the term disclosure controls and procedures means controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Avalon’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives as outlined above. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that they believe that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.

Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting is set forth on page 42 of our 2023 Annual Report, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the fourth fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION

None

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PART III

ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT

The information required by Item 10 regarding Directors is contained under the caption “Election of Directors” in the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year, which information under such caption is incorporated herein by reference. The following information with respect to the Executive Officers of Avalon is included pursuant to Instruction 3 of Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K:

Name | Age | Position
Ronald E. Klingle | 76 | Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and a Director
Michael J. Havalo | 39 | Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary
Frances R. Klingle | 77 | Chief Administrative Officer
Kenneth J. McMahon | 71 | Chief Executive Officer and President of American Waste Management Services, Inc.
Christine M. Bell | 55 | President of Avalon Golf and Country Club and Director

The above-listed individuals have been elected to the offices set opposite their names to hold office at the discretion of the Board of Directors of Avalon or its subsidiaries, as the case may be.

Ronald E. Klingle has been a director and Chairman of the Board of the Company since June 1998. He was Chief Executive Officer from June 1998 until December 2002. He reassumed and held the position of Chief Executive Officer from March 15, 2004 until February 28, 2010. On February 16, 2011 he again assumed the position of Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Klingle has over 40 years of environmental experience and received his Bachelor of Engineering degree in Chemical Engineering from Youngstown State University. Mr. Klingle is the spouse of Frances R. Klingle who is the Chief Administrative Officer of the Company.

Michael J. Havalo was appointed Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of the Company in June 2023. Mr. Havalo previously served as the Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer at McDonald Steel Corporation. Prior to McDonald Steel Corporation, Mr. Havalo worked for Hill, Barth & King, LLC, public accounting firm. Mr. Havalo received his Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Accounting from Youngstown State University and has been a Certified Public Accountant since 2010.

Frances R. Klingle has been Chief Administrative Officer since June 1998. She was Controller of Avalon from June 1998 to April 2002. Ms. Klingle received a Bachelor of Arts degree in French from Kent State University and has completed postgraduate work in accounting at Youngstown State University. Mrs. Klingle is the spouse of Ronald E. Klingle who is Chairman of the Board and a director of Avalon.

Kenneth J. McMahon has been Chief Executive Officer and President of American Waste Management Services, Inc. since June 1998. Mr. McMahon had previously been Executive Vice President, Sales and a director of American Waste Services, Inc. from September 1996 to June 1998. Mr. McMahon received a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in finance and his Master of Business Administration degree from Youngstown State University.

Christine M. Bell has been a director of the Company since April 2021. Ms. Bell was appointed President of Avalon Golf and Country Club in August 2013 and The Grand Resort in August 2014. She joined the Avalon management team in June of 2007 and is responsible for overall operations at The Grand Resort and all country club locations. Christine began her career in the hospitality industry employed by the Meyer Jabara Hotel Group from 1991 to 2007 where she served in a variety of management positions, including Director of Sales and Catering for the Holiday Inn Metroplex in Youngstown, Ohio and the Sheraton Inn in Canton, Ohio. Christine earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Commercial Recreation and Tourism with a Business Management Minor from Kent State University.

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CODE OF ETHICS

Avalon has adopted a Code of Ethics in the form of Standards of Business Ethics and Conduct. Such code applies to all employees of Avalon including its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller and persons performing similar functions. The Code of Ethics is posted on our website at http://www.avalonholdings.com.

Copies of Avalon’s Code of Ethics may be obtained without charge by any shareholder. Written requests for copies should be directed to the Secretary of Avalon Holdings Corporation, One American Way, Warren, Ohio 44484.

ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by Item 11 is contained under the captions “Executive Compensation,” and “Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers” in the Proxy Statement. The information under such captions is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

The information required by Item 12 is contained under the captions “Voting Securities and Principal Holders Thereof” and “Stock Ownership of Management” in the Proxy Statement which information under such captions is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS

The information required by Item 13 is contained under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” in the Proxy Statement which information under such captions is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by Item 14 is contained under the caption “Independent Public Accountants” in the Proxy Statement which information under such captions is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K

(a) | The following documents are filed as part of this report:

| 1. | Financial Statements and Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms (See Part II, Item 8 of this report regarding incorporation by reference from the 2023 Annual Report to Shareholders).

| 2. | Financial Statement Schedule required to be filed by Item 8 and Paragraph (d) of this Item 15.

The following financial statement schedule, which is applicable for years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, should be read in conjunction with the previously referenced financial statements.

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

The financial statement schedule is located on page 23 of this report. The other schedules are omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the information required is shown in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.

| 3. | Exhibits.

Registrant will furnish to any shareholder, upon written request, any of the following exhibits upon payment by such shareholder of the Registrant’s reasonable expenses in furnishing any such exhibit.

Exhibit No.

| 2.1 | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of February 6, 1998, entered into by and among USA Waste Services, Inc. (“USA”), C&S Ohio Corp. and American Waste Services, Inc. (“AWS”), incorporated by reference to Avalon Holdings Corporation Registration Statement on Form 10, Exhibit 2.1.
| 2.2 | Form of Contribution and Distribution Agreement, dated as of May 7, 1998, by and between AWS and Avalon Holdings Corporation (“Avalon”), incorporated by reference to Avalon Holdings Corporation Registration Statement on Form 10, Exhibit 2.2.
| 3.1 | Articles of Incorporation of Avalon incorporated by reference to Avalon Holdings Corporation Registration Statement on Form 10, Exhibit 3.1.
| 3.2 | Code of Regulations of Avalon incorporated by reference to Avalon Holdings Corporation Registration Statement on Form 10, Exhibit 3.2.
| 4.1 | Form of certificate evidencing shares of Class A common stock, par value $.01, of Avalon Holdings Corporation incorporated by reference to Avalon Holdings Corporation Registration Statement on Form 10, Exhibit 4.1.
| 4.2 | Avalon Holdings Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.2 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form S-8 filed on February 25, 2010.
| 4.3 | Avalon Holdings Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.2 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form S-8 filed on April 26, 2019.
| 10.1 | Form of Tax Allocation Agreement, dated as of May 7, 1998, by and among AWS, Avalon and USA incorporated by reference to Avalon Holdings Corporation Registration Statement on Form 10, Exhibit 10.1.
| 10.2 | Lease Agreement with Squaw Creek Country Club, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.3 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2003.
| 10.3 | Stock Purchase Agreement dated as of June 30, 2004 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and BMC International, Inc. for the purchase of DartAmericA, Inc., incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.4 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2004.
| 10.4 | Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2022 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Laurel Capital Corporation, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.1 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2022.

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| 10.5 | Mortgage Note, dated as of August 5, 2022 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Laurel Capital Corporation, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.2 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2022.
| 10.6 | Open-End Mortgage, Assignment of Leases, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing, dated August 1, 2022 and effective as of August 5, 2022 between Avalon Holdings Corporation, as mortgagor, and Laurel Capital Corporation, as mortgagee, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.3 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2022.
| 10.7 | Open-End Mortgage, Assignment of Leases, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing, dated August 1, 2022 and effective as of August 5, 2022 between Avalon Lakes Golf, Inc., as mortgagor, and Laurel Capital Corporation, as mortgagee, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.4 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2022.
| 10.8 | Open-End Mortgage, Assignment of Leases, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing, dated August 1, 2022 and effective as of August 5, 2022 between Avalon Resort and Spa, LLC., as mortgagor, and Laurel Capital Corporation, as mortgagee, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.5 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2022.
| 10.9 | Open-End Mortgage, Assignment of Leases, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing, dated August 1, 2022 and effective as of August 5, 2022 between Avalon Country Club at Sharon, Inc., as mortgagor, and Laurel Capital Corporation, as mortgagee, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.6 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2022.
| 10.10 | Open-End Mortgage, Assignment of Leases, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing, dated August 1, 2022 and effective as of August 5, 2022 between Avalon Mahoning Sports Center, Inc., as mortgagor, and Laurel Capital Corporation, as mortgagee, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.7 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2022.
| 10.11 | Open-End Mortgage, Assignment of Leases, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing, dated August 1, 2022 and effective as of August 5, 2022 between Havana Cigar Shop, Inc., as mortgagor, and Laurel Capital Corporation, as mortgagee (Parcel 1), incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.8 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2022.
| 10.12 | Open-End Mortgage, Assignment of Leases, Security Agreement and Fixture Filing, dated August 1, 2022 and effective as of August 5, 2022 between Havana Cigar Shop, Inc., as mortgagor, and Laurel Capital Corporation, as mortgagee (Parcel 2), incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.9 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2022.
| 10.13 | Business Loan Agreement (Asset Based), dated as of May 31, 2018 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.1 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2018.
| 10.14 | Promissory Note, dated as of May 31, 2018 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.2 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2018.
| 10.15 | Commercial Security Agreement, dated as of May 31, 2018 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, American Landfill Management, Inc., as grantor, and Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.3 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2018.
| 10.16 | Commercial Security Agreement, dated as of May 31, 2018 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, American Waste NJ LLC, as grantor, and Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.4 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2018.
| 10.17 | Commercial Security Agreement, dated as of May 31, 2018 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, American Waste Management Services, Inc., as grantor, and Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.5 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2018.

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| 10.18 | Loan Documents Addendum, dated as of May 31, 2018 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.6 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2018.
| 10.19 | Change in Terms Agreement, dated as of June 17, 2019 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.1 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on June 18, 2019.
| 10.20 | Business Loan Agreement (Asset Based), dated as of August 5, 2020 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Premier Bank formerly known as Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.1 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2020.
| 10.21 | Promissory Note, dated as of August 5, 2020 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Premier Bank formerly known as Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.2 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2020.
| 10.22 | Commercial Security Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2020 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, American Landfill Management, Inc., as grantor, and Premier Bank formerly known as Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.3 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2020.
| 10.23 | Commercial Security Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2020 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, American Waste NJ L.L.C., as grantor, and Premier Bank formerly known as Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.4 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2020.
| 10.24 | Commercial Security Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2020 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, American Waste Management Services, Inc., as grantor, and Premier Bank formerly known as Home Savings Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.5 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 6, 2020.
| 10.25 | Change in Terms Agreement, dated as of August 17, 2021 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly-owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Premier Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.1 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on August 18, 2021.
| 10.26 | Change in Terms Agreement, dated as of July 22, 2022 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly-owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, and Premier Bank, as lender, incorporated by reference at Exhibit 10.1 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on July 25, 2022.
| 10.27 | Commercial Security Agreement, dated as of September 18, 2023 between Avalon Holdings Corporation and certain wholly owned subsidiaries, as borrowers, American Waste Management Services, Inc., as grantor, and Premier Bank as lender, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.3 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 8-K filed on September 19, 2023.
| 11.1 | Omitted—inapplicable. See “Basic and diluted net loss per share” on page 30 of the 2023 Annual Report to Shareholders.
| 13.1 | Avalon Holdings Corporation 2023 Annual Report to Shareholders (except pages and information therein expressly incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K, the Annual Report to Shareholders, is provided for the information of the Commission and is not to be deemed “filed” as part of the Form 10-K).
| 14.1 | Code of Ethics, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to Avalon Holdings Corporation Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2010.
| 21.1 | Subsidiaries of Avalon Holdings Corporation.
| 23.1 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – Grant Thornton LLP.
| 31.1 | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 31.2 | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

20

| 32.1 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 32.2 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document, submitted electronically herewith.
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document, submitted electronically herewith.
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document, submitted electronically herewith
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document, submitted electronically herewith
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document, submitted electronically herewith
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document, submitted electronically herewith
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

(b) | Reports on Form 8-K

On April 26, 2023, announced the resignation of Bryan P. Saksa as Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary.

On June 26, 2023, announced the appointment of Michael J. Havalo as Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary

On January 24, 2024 Avalon reported that on December 19, 2022, the 11th Appellate District Court in Trumbull County, Ohio denied AWMS Water Solutions, LLC’s writ of mandamus action that resulted from the suspension order of the Company’s salt water injection well. The Company appealed this decision on January 30, 2023 and on January 24, 2024 the Supreme Court of Ohio ruled in a unanimous decision to overturn the Court of Appeal’s decision. The Supreme Court of Ohio remanded to the Court again for a decision on the mandamus complaint.

(c) | Reference is made to Item 15 (a)(3) above for the index of Exhibits.

(d) | Reference is made to Item 15 (a)(2) above for the index to the financial statements and financial statement schedules.

ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None

21

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized, on the 21st day of March, 2024.

| AVALON HOLDINGS CORPORATION
| (Registrant)
| /s/ Michael J. Havalo
| Michael J. Havalo –
| Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated, on the 21st day of March, 2024.

Signatures | Title
/s/ Ronald E. Klingle | Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer
Ronald E. Klingle | and Director
/s/ Michael J. Havalo | Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary
Michael J. Havalo |
/s/ Christine M. Bell | President, Avalon Golf and Country Club
Christine M. Bell | and Director
/s/ Kurtis D. Gramley | Director
Kurtis D. Gramley |
/s/ Stephen L. Gordon | Director
Stephen L. Gordon |
/s/ Timothy C. Coxson | Director
Timothy C. Coxson |

22

AVALON HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2022

(in thousands)

|  |  |  |  |  | Additions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DESCRIPTION |  | Balance at Beginning of Year |  |  | Charged (Credited) to Costs and Expenses |  |  | Charged to Other Accounts |  |  | Deductions / (Recoveries) |  |  | Balance at End of Year |
Year ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 56 | (1) |  | $ | 260 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance |  | $ | 2,488 |  |  | $ | 477 | (2) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,965 |
Year ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 37 | (1) |  | $ | 260 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance |  | $ | 2,351 |  |  | $ | 137 | (2) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,488 |

(1) Accounts receivable written-off as uncollectible, net of recoveries.

(2) Change in valuation allowance primarily for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

23

AVALON HOLDINGS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit

13.1 | 2023 Annual Report to Shareholders

21.1 | Subsidiaries of Avalon Holdings Corporation

23.1 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm –Grant Thornton LLP

31.1 | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2 | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Exhibit 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document

Exhibit 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

Exhibit 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

Exhibit 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

Exhibit 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document

Exhibit 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Exhibit 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

24