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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2023

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission file number: 001-37515

Aqua Metals, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 47-1169572
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification no.)

5370 Kietzke Lane, Suite 201

Reno, Nevada 89511

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(775) 446-4418

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class of stock: | Trading symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Stock | AQMS | The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act):

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  | Emerging Growth Company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 3, 2023, there were 103,184,859 outstanding shares of the common stock of Aqua Metals, Inc.

Table of Contents

|  | Page
| PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 4
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 13
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 17
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 17
| PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 18
Item 6. | Exhibits | 25

Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

AQUA METALS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

|  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (Note 2) |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 6,196 |  |  | $ | 7,082 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 12 |
Lease receivable, current portion |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,527 |
Inventory |  |  | 631 |  |  |  | 278 |
Assets held for sale |  |  | — |  |  |  | 47 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 183 |  |  |  | 263 |
Total current assets |  |  | 7,114 |  |  |  | 23,209 |
Non-current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 11,951 |  |  |  | 7,343 |
Intellectual property, net |  |  | 371 |  |  |  | 461 |
Investment in LINICO |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 2,000 |
Other assets |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 489 |
Total non-current assets |  |  | 14,767 |  |  |  | 10,293 |
Total assets |  | $ | 21,881 |  |  | $ | 33,502 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 776 |  |  | $ | 1,075 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 1,986 |  |  |  | 1,780 |
Building purchase deposit |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,250 |
Lease liability, current portion |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | 307 |
Note payable, current portion |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 5,899 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 3,112 |  |  |  | 12,311 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease liability, non-current portion |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 275 |
Note payable, non-current portion |  |  | 2,908 |  |  |  | — |
Total liabilities |  |  | 6,138 |  |  |  | 12,586 |
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 13) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock; $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 84,018,082 and 83,507,450, shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023, respectively and 79,481,751 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 79 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 224,878 |  |  |  | 220,114 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (208,642 | ) |  |  | (199,277 | )
Treasury stock, at cost; common shares: 510,632 and nil as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively |  |  | (577 | ) |  |  | — |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 15,743 |  |  |  | 20,916 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 21,881 |  |  | $ | 33,502 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

1

Table of Contents

AQUA METALS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Product sales |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |
Operating cost and expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Plant operations |  |  | 1,481 |  |  |  | 1,048 |  |  |  | 2,546 |  |  |  | 2,043 |
Research and development cost |  |  | 525 |  |  |  | 521 |  |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | 1,072 |
General and administrative expense |  |  | 2,849 |  |  |  | 2,390 |  |  |  | 5,855 |  |  |  | 5,154 |
Total operating expense |  |  | 4,855 |  |  |  | 3,959 |  |  |  | 9,371 |  |  |  | 8,269 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (4,855 | ) |  |  | (3,955 | ) |  |  | (9,371 | ) |  |  | (8,265 | )
Other income and (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 739 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 590 |
Interest expense |  |  | (255 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (431 | ) |  |  | (12 | )
Interest and other income |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | 113 |
Total other income, net |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 789 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 691 |
Loss before income tax expense |  |  | (4,759 | ) |  |  | (3,166 | ) |  |  | (9,365 | ) |  |  | (7,574 | )
Income tax expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | )
Net loss |  | $ | (4,759 | ) |  | $ | (3,166 | ) |  | $ | (9,365 | ) |  | $ | (7,576 | )
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted |  |  | 84,184,884 |  |  |  | 75,215,009 |  |  |  | 82,743,345 |  |  |  | 73,584,761 |
Basic and diluted net loss per share |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | ) |  | $ | (0.11 | ) |  | $ | (0.10 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

Table of Contents

AQUA METALS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share amounts)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Stockholders' |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Equity (Deficit) |
Balances, March 31, 2023 |  |  | 82,670,169 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 223,453 |  |  | $ | (203,883 | ) |  |  | 510,632 |  |  | $ | (577 | ) |  | $ | 19,076 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |
Common stock issued to employees and directors, includes RSUs vesting |  |  | 58,652 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock issued for ATM share sales, net of $25 transaction costs |  |  | 746,754 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 794 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 795 |
Common stock issued for director fees |  |  | 31,875 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,759 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,759 | )
Balances, June 30, 2023 |  |  | 83,507,450 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 224,878 |  |  | $ | (208,642 | ) |  |  | 510,632 |  |  | $ | (577 | ) |  | $ | 15,743 |
Balances, December 31, 2022 |  |  | 79,481,751 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 220,114 |  |  | $ | (199,277 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,916 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,285 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,285 |
RSUs issued for consulting services |  |  | 15,781 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |
Common stock issued to employees and directors, includes RSUs vesting |  |  | 880,763 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Common stock withheld to satisfy tax withholdings on RSUs vesting |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 510,632 |  |  |  | (577 | ) |  |  | (577 | )
Common stock issued for employee stock purchase plan sales |  |  | 192,707 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 122 |
Common stock issued for class action settlement |  |  | 469,366 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 501 |
Common stock issued for ATM share sales, net of $87 transaction costs |  |  | 2,409,707 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 2,781 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,784 |
Common stock issued for director fees |  |  | 57,375 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,365 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,365 | )
Balances, June 30, 2023 |  |  | 83,507,450 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 224,878 |  |  | $ | (208,642 | ) |  |  | 510,632 |  |  | $ | (577 | ) |  | $ | 15,743 |
Balances, March 31, 2022 |  |  | 74,934,199 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 215,799 |  |  | $ | (188,256 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,618 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 534 |
Common stock issued to employees and directors, includes RSUs vesting |  |  | 19,481 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock issued for ATM share sales, net of $22 transaction costs |  |  | 819,135 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 697 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 698 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,166 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,166 | )
Balances, June 30, 2022 |  |  | 75,772,815 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 217,030 |  |  | $ | (191,422 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,684 |
Balances, December 31, 2021 |  |  | 70,416,552 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 211,309 |  |  | $ | (183,846 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,533 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,138 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,138 |
Common stock issued to employees and directors, includes RSUs vesting |  |  | 1,139,129 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Common stock issued for ATM share sales, net of $143 transaction costs |  |  | 4,217,134 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 4,583 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,588 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,576 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,576 | )
Balances, June 30, 2022 |  |  | 75,772,815 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 217,030 |  |  | $ | (191,422 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,684 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AQUA METALS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (9,365 | ) |  | $ | (7,576 | )
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and ROU asset amortization |  |  | 455 |  |  |  | 548 |
Amortization of intellectual property |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 90 |
Fair value of common stock issued for director fees |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | — |
Fair value of common stock issued for consulting services |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | 1,139 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | — |
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | (590 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from leasing of building |  |  | 12,278 |  |  |  | 410 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | (90 | ) |  |  | 273 |
Inventory |  |  | (353 | ) |  |  | 95 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 45 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | (5 | )
Accrued expenses |  |  | 1,024 |  |  |  | (11 | )
Other assets and liabilities |  |  | (147 | ) |  |  | (357 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 5,472 |  |  |  | (5,939 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (5,503 | ) |  |  | (973 | )
Proceeds from sale of equipment |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 1,145 |
Equipment deposits and other assets |  |  | (75 | ) |  |  | (33 | )
Investment in LINICO |  |  | — |  |  |  | (500 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (5,511 | ) |  |  | (361 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | — |
Payments on note payable |  |  | (6,000 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from note payable, net |  |  | 2,932 |  |  |  | — |
Cash paid for tax withholdings on RSUs vesting |  |  | (577 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from ATM, net |  |  | 2,784 |  |  |  | 4,588 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | (847 | ) |  |  | 4,588 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (886 | ) |  |  | (1,712 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 7,082 |  |  |  | 8,137 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 6,196 |  |  | $ | 6,425 |

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 309 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash transactions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in property, plant and equipment resulting from change in accounts payable |  | $ | 349 |  |  | $ | (218 | )
Change in property, plant and equipment resulting from change in accrued expenses |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | — |
Change in equity resulting from change in accrued expenses |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AQUA METALS, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

1. Organization

Aqua Metals (NASDAQ: AQMS) is engaged in the business of applying its commercialized clean, water-based recycling technology principles to develop the clean and cost-efficient recycling solutions for both lead and lithium-ion (“Li”) batteries. Our recycling process is a patented hydro and electrometallurgical technology that is a novel, proprietary and patented process we developed and named AquaRefining. AquaRefining is a low-emissions, closed-loop recycling technology that replaces polluting furnaces and hazardous chemicals with electricity-powered electroplating to recover valuable metals and materials from spent batteries with higher purity, lower emissions, and with minimal waste. The modular “Aqualyzers” cleanly generate ultra-pure metal one atom at a time, closing the sustainability loop for the rapidly growing energy storage economy.

We are in the process of demonstrating that Li AquaRefining, which is fundamentally non-polluting, can create the highest quality and highest yields of recovered minerals from lithium-ion batteries with lower waste streams and lower costs than existing alternatives. We have already demonstrated at our pilot facility our ability to recover key valuable minerals in lithium-ion batteries, such as lithium hydroxide, copper, nickel, cobalt, and other compounds in early 2023. Our goal is to process commercial quantities of nickel, cobalt, and copper in a pure metal form that can be sold to the general metals and superalloy markets and can be made into battery precursor compound materials with known processes already used in the mining industry. We have installed, commissioned, and began to operate the first Li AquaRefining pilot plant, scaling towards a commercial demonstration operation through 2023.

Our focus for the lead market is providing equipment and licensing of our lead acid battery recycling technologies in an enabler model which allows us to work with anyone in the industry globally and address the entire marketplace. Our focus for the lithium market includes operating and licensing our first-of-a-kind lithium battery recycling facility, utilizing electricity to recycle instead of intensive chemical processes, fossil fuels, or high-temperature furnaces.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

The significant accounting policies and estimates used in preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements are described in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the notes thereto, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, on March 9, 2023. There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates ("ASU") of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by such accounting principles for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (which include normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary to present fairly each of the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2023, the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders' equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, as applicable, have been made. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 has been derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of such date, but it does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2022, which are included on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 9, 2023.

The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its Subsidiaries, both of which are wholly-owned subsidiaries. Significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the carrying amount and valuation of long-lived assets, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, the determination of stock-based compensation expense and the determination of the fair value of stock warrants issued. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments with original or remaining maturities of ninety days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash balances in large financial institutions. Periodically, such balances may be in excess of federally insured limits.

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AQUA METALS, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is recorded on a first-in, first-out basis using the weighted average method. Net realizable value is determined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The Company records a write-down, if necessary, to reduce the carrying value of inventory to its net realizable value. The effect of these write-downs is to establish a new cost basis in the related inventory, which is not subsequently written up.

Net loss per share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock method or the if-converted method, as applicable. For purposes of this calculation, stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and warrants to purchase common stock are considered to be common stock equivalents and are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share when their effect is dilutive. The following shares underlying outstanding convertible notes, stock options, RSUs and warrants to purchase common stock were anti-dilutive due to a net loss in the periods presented and, therefore, were excluded from the dilutive weighted average securities computation for the three and six months ended June 30, as indicated below:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
Excluded potentially dilutive weighted average securities (1): |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Options to purchase common stock |  |  | 417,749 |  |  |  | 1,020,949 |  |  |  | 704,316 |  |  |  | 1,023,814 |
Unvested restricted stock units |  |  | 6,181,141 |  |  |  | 4,126,930 |  |  |  | 5,770,715 |  |  |  | 4,277,456 |
Financing warrants to purchase common stock |  |  | 6,372 |  |  |  | 6,372 |  |  |  | 6,372 |  |  |  | 6,372 |
Total potential dilutive weighted average securities |  |  | 6,605,262 |  |  |  | 5,154,251 |  |  |  | 6,481,403 |  |  |  | 5,307,642 |

(1) | Securities are presented on a weighted average outstanding calculation as required if the securities were dilutive.

Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is calculated on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the life of the asset or the remaining term of the lease. We periodically evaluate our property, plant and equipment assets for indications that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.

Intellectual property, net

Intellectual property consists of patent applications contributed to the Company by the founding stockholders and patent applications for technology developed by the Company. The useful life of this intellectual property has been determined to be ten years and the assets are being amortized straight-line over this period. The Company periodically evaluates its intangible and other long-lived assets for indications that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable and the remaining estimated lives of its long-lived assets. The Company evaluates the need to record impairment during each reporting period.

Investment in LINICO

Investments, which may be made from time to time for strategic reasons (and not to engage in the business of investments) are included in non-current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Investments are recorded at cost and the Company analyzes the value of investments on a quarterly basis.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use assets (“ROU assets”) and short-term and long-term lease liabilities are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating and finance lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For lease agreements with terms less than 12 months, the Company has elected the short-term lease measurement and recognition exemption, and the Company recognizes such lease payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

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AQUA METALS, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

Segment and geographic information

Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Chief Executive Officer. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise engaging in business activities for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by the CODM in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The CODM views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment, and the Company operates in only one geographic segment.

Concentration of credit risk

The Company did not generate significant revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, except for nominal revenue generated during the second quarter of 2022 from the sale of inventory. The Company did not have a trade receivable balance as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The accounts receivable balance on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2023 consisted of proceeds from a non-recurring engineering (NRE) agreement with 6K Energy and the sale of equipment. The accounts receivable balance on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 consisted of proceeds from the sale of equipment.

Research and development

Research and development expenditures are expensed as incurred.

Recent accounting pronouncements

There were no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the six months ended June 30, 2023 that are of significance or potential significance to the Company.

3. Revenue recognition

The Company has historically generated revenues by recycling lead acid batteries (“LABs”) and selling the recovered lead to its customers.

The Company was not in commercial production during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Historically, Company products transferred to customers at a single point in time accounted for 100% of its revenue.

4. Lease receivable

The Company has entered into an Industrial Lease Agreement with LINICO Corporation, a Nevada corporation ("LINICO"), dated February 15, 2021 pursuant to which the Company has leased to LINICO its 136,750 square foot recycling facility at TRIC. The lease commenced April 1, 2021 and expired on March 31, 2023. During the lease term, LINICO (or its parent, Comstock Inc.) had the option to purchase the land and facilities at a purchase price of $14.25 million if the option was exercised and the sale was completed by October 1, 2022 or $15.25 million if the option was exercised prior to March 31, 2023. The purchase option was subject to LINICO’s payment of a nonrefundable deposit of $1.25 million, which was paid on October 15, 2021, and a second nonrefundable deposit of $2.0 million, which was paid on October 25, 2022. Both deposits were applied towards the purchase price. Under the Industrial Lease Agreement, Comstock had the right to exercise the purchase option in lieu of LINICO, and the transaction would follow the same terms of the original agreement. On March 31, 2023, Aqua Metals, Inc. received a notice of Comstock Inc.’s exercise of the option to purchase the land and building located at 2500 Peru Dr., McCarran, Nevada. On April 26, 2023, the Company sold the real property to Comstock in consideration of the final payment of $12 million. After paying the note payable as noted in Note 11, the Company received the net proceeds of approximately $5.7 million.

The lease agreement was a triple-net lease pursuant to which LINICO was responsible for all fixed costs, including maintenance, utilities, insurance, and property taxes. The lease agreement provided for LINICO’s monthly lease payments starting at $68,000 per month and increasing to $100,640 in the last six months of the lease. The Company accounted for the Industrial Lease and Option to Purchase Agreement as a sales-type lease. As a component of the accounting for the agreement, the Company recognized the estimated fair market value of the land and plant of $17.0 million as a lease receivable, which is reflected on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. The implied interest rate of 0.5% was utilized for the amortization of the scheduled building lease/purchase payments outlined in the agreement. The Company applies the monthly payments received as a reduction to lease receivable and interest income. The interest income recognized from the agreement is included in "Interest and other income" on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized a reduction in the lease receivable balance of approximately $12.3 million net of nonrefundable deposits applied towards the purchase price and recorded $24,000 of interest income related to this agreement.

5. Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Finished goods |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 28 |
Work in process |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Raw materials |  |  | 603 |  |  |  | 250 |
Total inventory |  | $ | 631 |  |  | $ | 278 |

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AQUA METALS, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

6. Assets held for sale

Assets are classified as held for sale when, among other factors, they are identified and marketed for sale in their present condition, management is committed to their disposal, and the sale of the asset is probable within one year. Management believes these assets are no longer necessary for the Company's future operating plans. As of June 30, 2023, all assets held for sale were sold.

7. Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Useful Life |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset Class |  | (Years) |  |  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Operational equipment |  |  | 3 - 10 |  |  | $ | 4,501 |  |  | $ | 1,445 |
Lab equipment |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 730 |  |  |  | 730 |
Computer equipment |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |
Office furniture and equipment |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 90 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 80 |
Land |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,141 |  |  |  | — |
Building |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 3,131 |  |  |  | — |
Equipment under construction |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,789 |  |  |  | 6,486 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,468 |  |  |  | 8,837 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,517 | ) |  |  | (1,494 | )
Total property, plant and equipment, net |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,951 |  |  | $ | 7,343 |

Property, plant and equipment depreciation expense was $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and $0.1 million and $0.2 million three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. Equipment under construction is comprised of various components being manufactured or installed by the Company.

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AQUA METALS, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

8. Investments

On February 15, 2021, the Company entered into a Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with LINICO Corporation, a Nevada Corporation, or ("LINICO"), that provided for the Company's issuance of 375,000 shares (“Aqua Shares”) of the Company's common stock in consideration of LINICO’s issuance of 1,500 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock, at a stated aggregate value of $1.5 million, along with a three-year warrant (“Series A Warrant”) to purchase an additional 500 shares of LINICO Series A Preferred Stock at an exercise price of $1,000 per share. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company exercised the warrant for all 500 LINICO Series A Preferred shares. Following the exercise, the Company held a total of 2,000 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock representing approximately 12% of LINICO common stock on a fully diluted basis.

The Company accounted for the LINICO investment under ASC 321, Investments-Equity Securities, using the measurement alternative of recording at cost as the investment in LINICO doesn’t have a readily determinable fair value.

The LINICO Series A Preferred Stock is senior to all other capital stock of LINICO with regard to dividends and distributions upon liquidation, dissolution and sale of the company. Each share of LINICO Series A Preferred Stock is entitled to one vote per share and votes with the common stock on all matters, subject to certain protective provisions that require the approval of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock voting as a class. The Series A Preferred Stock accrues a cumulative dividend of 8% per annum on the original stated value of $1,000 per share, and all accrued and unpaid dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock must be paid in full prior to the payment of any dividends on any other shares of LINICO capital stock. In the event of any liquidation or dissolution of LINICO, which would include a sale of LINICO, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock shall receive the return of their stated value of $1,000 per share plus all accrued and unpaid dividends prior to any distribution to the holders of any other capital stock of LINICO, following which the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock shall participate in the distribution of any remaining assets with the holders of the junior stock on an as-converted basis. The Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into shares of LINICO common stock at the Company's option and is automatically converted into LINICO common stock upon the election of the holders of a majority of the LINICO Series A Preferred Stock or upon a qualifying IPO of LINICO common stock. The Series A Preferred Stockholders are also provided with preemptive rights allowing them the right to purchase their proportional share of certain future LINICO equity issuances.

The Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement includes customary representations, warranties, and covenants by LINICO and the Company.

As LINICO’s sale of the 375,000 of Aqua Shares resulted in net proceeds to LINICO that were less than $1,500,000, the Company was required to pay LINICO the difference of $232,000 in cash.

In connection with the investment transactions, the Company also entered into an Investors Rights Agreement and a Voting Agreement, each dated February 15, 2021, pursuant to which LINICO granted the Company customary demand and piggyback registration rights, information rights and the right to nominate one person to the LINICO board of directors as long as the Company is the owner of at least 10% of the LINICO common stock on a fully-diluted basis.

Comstock Inc., a Nevada corporation (NYSE-MKT: LODE), is the beneficial owner of approximately 88% of the common shares of LINICO. The Company's Chief Financial Officer, Judd Merrill, was a member of the board of directors of Comstock Inc. until April 5, 2023.

9. Accrued expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Payroll related |  | $ | 1,134 |  |  | $ | 418 |
Property, plant and equipment related |  |  | 560 |  |  |  | 770 |
Other |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 41 |
Professional services |  |  | 121 |  |  |  | 51 |
Class action settlement |  |  | — |  |  |  | 500 |
|  | $ | 1,986 |  |  | $ | 1,780 |

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AQUA METALS, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

10. Leases

As of June 30, 2023, the Company maintained two finance leases for equipment and two operating leases for real estate. The operating leases have current terms of 36 and 37 months and include one or more options to extend the duration of the agreements. These operating leases are included in "Other assets" on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets and represent the Company's right to use the underlying assets for the term of the leases. The Company's obligation to make lease payments are included in "Lease liability, current portion" and "Lease liability, non-current portion" on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Based on the present value of the lease payments for the remaining lease term of the Company's existing leases, as of June 30, 2023, total right-of-use assets were approximately $0.34 million and operating lease liabilities were approximately $0.36 million. As of June 30, 2022, the Company's total right-of-use assets were approximately $0.58 million and operating lease liabilities were approximately $0.59 million.

The Company currently maintains two finance leases for equipment. In November 2021, the Company entered into a finance lease for a modular laboratory which expires in October 2024. The second finance lease is for warehouse equipment that expires in September 2023.

Information related to the Company's right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Six Months Ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 214 |
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 207 |
Cash paid for finance lease liabilities |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Interest expense |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 5 |

|  | June 30, 2023 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) - operating leases |  |  | 1.4 |
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases |  |  | 6.16 | %
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) - finance leases |  |  | 0.8 |
Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases |  |  | 7.48 | %

Future maturities of lease liabilities as of June 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Due in 12-month period ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Operating Leases |  |  | Finance Leases |
2023 |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 65 |
2024 |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 18 |
2025 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Less imputed interest |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | (4 | )
Total lease liabilities |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 79 |
Current lease liabilities |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 61 |
Non-current lease liabilities |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 18 |
|  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 79 |

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AQUA METALS, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

11. Notes payable

On September 30, 2022, Aqua Metals Reno, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a Loan Agreement with Summit Investment Services, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company as to an undivided 90.8334% interest, Darren McBride, Trustee of the Arduino 1 Trust, U/A dated April 25, 2022, as to an undivided 8.3333% interest and Jason Yelowitz, Trustee of the Jason Yelowitz 2006 Trust, Dated March 31, 2006 as to an undivided .8333% interest (collectively, the “Lenders”), pursuant to which the Lenders provided us with a loan in the amount of $6 million. The loan accrued interest at a fixed annual rate of 8.50%. Interest-only payments were due monthly for the first twenty-four months and the principal and all unpaid accrued interest was due on September 29, 2024. The loan was collateralized by a first priority lien interest on our land and recycling facility at TRIC. The costs associated with obtaining the loan were recorded as a reduction to the carrying amount of the note and were being amortized over the life of the loan. We had the right to prepay the loan at any time, provided that we must pay guaranteed minimum interest of $255,000 (6-months of interest). The Loan Agreement includes representations, warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants that are customary of institutional loan agreements. On April 26, 2023, the property at TRIC was sold and the proceeds from the sale were used to pay off the loan. Upon the completion of the sale, the commitments and obligations per our loan agreement with the Lenders were terminated. All amounts outstanding on April 26, 2023 were paid.

On February 1, 2023, Aqua Metals Reno, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a Loan Agreement with Summit Investment Services, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company (the “Lender”), pursuant to which the Lender provided us with a loan in the amount of $3 million. The loan proceeds were used to purchase a building located at 2999 Waltham Way McCarran, NV 89434 (the “Building”). The loan accrues interest at a fixed annual rate of 9.50%. Interest-only payments are due monthly for the first twenty-four months and the principal and all unpaid interest is due on March 1, 2025. We have the right to prepay the loan at any time, provided that we must pay guaranteed minimum interest of $213,750 (9-months of interest). The Loan Agreement includes representations, warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants that are customary of institutional loan agreements. The loan is collateralized by a first priority lien on the building and site improvements, and is guaranteed by Aqua Metals, Inc.

Notes payable is comprised of the following (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Notes payable, current portion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Lenders, net of issuance costs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,899 |
Summit Investment Services, LLC, net of issuance costs |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | — |
Total notes payable, current portion |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 5,899 |
Notes payable, non-current portion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Summit Investment Services, LLC, net of issuance costs |  | $ | 2,908 |  |  | $ | — |
Total notes payable, non-current portion |  | $ | 2,908 |  |  | $ | — |

12. Stockholders’ equity

Shares issued

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 789,616 shares of common stock upon vesting of Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs") granted by the Company to management and employees. We withheld 510,632 shares to satisfy approximately $577,000 of employees’ tax obligations during the six months ended June 30, 2023. We treat shares of common stock withheld for tax purposes on behalf of our employees in connection with the vesting of RSUs in a similar manner as common stock repurchases and reported as treasury stock.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 91,147 shares of common stock upon vesting of RSUs granted to Board members.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 2,409,707 shares of common stock pursuant to the At The Market Issuance Sales Agreement for net proceeds of $2.8 million.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 15,781 shares of common stock to a former Board member to fulfill obligations related to consulting services.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 57,375 shares of common stock to a Board member related to director fees.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 469,366 shares of common stock upon the settlement of the securities class action lawsuit.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 192,707 shares of common stock pursuant to the employee stock purchase plan.

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AQUA METALS, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

Stock-based compensation

The stock-based compensation expense was allocated as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Plant operations |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 48 |
Research and development cost |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 36 |
General and administrative expense |  |  | 559 |  |  |  | 493 |  |  |  | 1,199 |  |  |  | 1,055 |
Total |  | $ | 599 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 1,286 |  |  | $ | 1,139 |

There were no options issued during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 or the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

Restricted stock units

During the first quarter of 2023, the Company granted 64,149 RSUs, all of which were subject to vesting, with a grant date fair value of $70,000 to employees. The shares vest in three equal installments over a three-year period.

During the second quarter of 2023, the Company granted 204,547 RSUs, all of which were subject to vesting, with a grant date fair value of $225,000 to Board Members. The shares vest in four equal installments over a twelve-month period.

13. Commitments and contingencies

Legal proceedings

See Item 1. Legal Proceedings

14. Subsequent events

On July 18, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Yulho SPA”), with Yulho Co, Ltd., a Korean-based company engaged in the recycling of lithium-ion batteries (“Yulho”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to Yulho in a registered direct offering (the “Yulho Offering”) 4,545,455 shares (“Yulho Shares”) of Company common stock, at an offering price of $ 1.10 per share, for the gross proceeds of $5 million before selling commissions and other offering expenses payable by the Company. The transaction under the Yulho SPA closed on August 4, 2023.

In addition to the capital investment, the Company entered into an Agreement to Execute a License Agreement (“Yulho Agreement”) with Yulho pursuant to which each party has agreed to use their good faith best efforts to negotiate and execute a definitive license agreement (“Yulho License Agreement”) within the 75 days following execution of the Yulho Agreement. Pursuant to the proposed Yulho License Agreement, the Company will grant Yulho a license to our AquaRefining technology for Yulho’s use in recycling lithium-ion batteries in the Republic of Korea. Under the proposed Yulho License Agreement, Yulho will pay the Company a royalty on net sales. The Company will agree to support and assist Yulho in business development efforts in establishing offtake partnerships for the Yulho recycled metals. The Company will also work with Yulho to engage with potential partners to foster and expand business opportunities. The Yulho License Agreement is expected to contain customary representations, warranties and covenants for agreements of such nature.

On July 21, 2023, the Company completed a public offering of 18,193,000 shares of Company common stock, at the public offering price of $1.10 per share. After the deduction of the underwriter’s discount and the underwriter expenses payable by us, we received net proceeds of $18.5 million.

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date which the condensed consolidated financial statements were available to be issued. Based upon this review, the Company did not identify any subsequent events that would have required adjustment or disclosure.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Cautionary Statement

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto contained elsewhere in this report. The information contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q is not a complete description of our business or the risks associated with an investment in our common stock. We urge you to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 9, 2023, or our Annual Report.

In this report we make, and from time to time we otherwise make written and oral statements regarding our business and prospects, such as projections of future performance, statements of management’s plans and objectives, forecasts of market trends, and other matters that are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Statements containing the words or phrases “will likely result,” “are expected to,” “will continue,” “is anticipated,” “estimates,” “projects,” “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “target,” “goal,” “plans,” “objective,” “should” or similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which may appear in our documents, reports, filings with the SEC, and news releases, and in written or oral presentations made by officers or other representatives to analysts, stockholders, investors, news organizations and others, and in discussions with management and other of our representatives.

Our future results, including results related to forward-looking statements, involve a number of risks and uncertainties, including those risks included below in Part II, Item 1 “Risk Factors”. No assurance can be given that the results reflected in any forward-looking statements will be achieved. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made. Our forward-looking statements are based upon assumptions that are sometimes based upon estimates, data, communications and other information from suppliers, government agencies and other sources that may be subject to revision. Except as required by law, we do not undertake any obligation to update or keep current either (i) any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances arising after the date of such statement or (ii) the important factors that could cause our future results to differ materially from historical results or trends, results anticipated or planned by us, or which are reflected from time to time in any forward-looking statement.

General

Aqua Metals is engaged in the business of applying its commercialized clean, water-based recycling technology principles to develop the clean and cost-efficient recycling solutions for both lead and lithium-ion (“Li”) batteries. Our recycling process is a patented hydro and electrometallurgical technology that is a novel, proprietary and patented process we developed and named AquaRefining. AquaRefining is a low-emissions, closed-loop recycling technology that has the potential to replace polluting furnaces and hazardous chemicals with electricity-powered electroplating to recover valuable metals and materials from spent batteries with higher purity, lower emissions, and with minimal waste. The modular “Aqualyzers” cleanly generate ultra-pure metal one atom at a time, closing the sustainability loop for the rapidly growing energy storage economy.

Our process was originally designed for lead recycling. Lead is a globally traded commodity with a worldwide market value in excess of $20 billion. We are also applying our commercialized clean, water-based recycling technology principles with the goal of developing the cleanest and most cost-efficient recycling solution for lithium-ion batteries. We believe our process has the potential to produce higher quality products at a lower operating cost without the damaging effects of furnaces and greenhouse emissions. Aqua Metals estimates the total addressable market for lithium-ion battery recycling will be approximately $9 billion by 2025 and grow to exceed lead battery recycling by the end of the decade.

In February 2021, we announced our entry into the lithium-ion battery (LiB) recycling market through a key provisional patent we filed that applies the same innovative AquaRefining approach. In August 2021, we announced we had established our Innovation Center in TRIC focused on applying our proven technology to LiB recycling research and development and prototyping. Our strategic decision to apply our proven clean, closed-loop hydrometallurgical and electrochemical recycling experience to lithium-ion battery recycling is designed to meet the growing demand for critical metals driven by the global transition to electric vehicles; growth in internet data centers; and alternative energy applications including solar, wind, and grid-scale storage.

During the first half of 2022, we announced our ability to recover copper, lithium hydroxide, nickel and cobalt from lithium-ion battery black mass at the Company’s Innovation Center. During 2022, we built our fully-integrated pilot system, located within the Company’s Innovation Center, which is designed to allow Aqua Metals to be the first company in North America to recycle battery minerals from black mass and sell them in the U.S. and position the Company as the first LiB recycler in North America to align with the U.S. government’s goal of retaining strategic battery minerals within the domestic supply chain.

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During 2022, we conducted environmental comparisons based on Argonne National Lab’s modeling of lithium battery supply chains – called EverBatt. The initial results indicate that AquaRefining is a cleaner approach to LiB recycling, producing far less CO2 waste streams than the two evaluated primary processes currently on the market which include smelting and chemically driven hydrometallurgical process. In December 2022, we completed equipment installation and began to operate our first-of-a-kind LiB recycling facility, utilizing electricity to recycle instead of intensive chemical processes, fossil fuels, or high-temperature furnaces. In January 2023, Aqua Metals recovered its first metals from recycling lithium batteries using the patent-pending Li AquaRefining process and is currently scaling operations at the Company’s pilot facility. In June 2023, we announced the completion of our groundbreaking Li AquaRefining™ recycling pilot, transition to 24/5 operations and production of high-purity, saleable quantities of sustainably recycled battery materials.

In February 2023, we acquired a five-acre recycling campus at TRIC. The facility is designed, when fully developed, to process up to 10,000 tonnes of lithium-ion battery material each year using our proprietary AquaRefining technology. Subject to our receipt of development financing on a timely basis, we expect to complete development of Phase One, including all equipment installation, by the end of the first half of 2024 and to commence operations at the new campus in 2024. Our initial plans call for upgrading the current building to install a commercial-scale Li AquaRefining system capable of recycling 3,000 tonnes of lithium battery ‘black mass’ each year. The purchase of the new property was funded with a non-dilutive loan.

As noted below, in July 2023, we completed a public offering of our common stock for net proceeds of $18.5 million and entered into a securities purchase agreement with a strategic partner for our sale of another $5 million of our common stock. We intend to use the net proceeds from the two capital raises for working capital, including expenditures related to the commencement of the Phase One build-out of our recently acquired five-acre recycling campus at the Tahoe Reno Industrial Center in McCarran, Nevada, and general corporate purposes. We are currently pursuing additional capital, with an emphasis on debt financing and government grants, in order to finance the completion of the Phase One build-out. However, there can be no assurance that such funds will be available.

On July 18, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Yulho Co, Ltd., a Korean-based company engaged in the recycling of lithium-ion batteries, pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to Yulho in a registered direct offering (4,545,455 shares of our common stock, at an offering price of $1.10 per share, for the gross proceeds of $5 million before selling commissions and other offering expenses payable by us. The transaction closed on August 4, 2023.

In addition to the capital investment, we entered into an Agreement to Execute a License Agreement or the Yulho Agreement, with Yulho pursuant to which each party has agreed to use their good faith best efforts to negotiate and execute a definitive license agreement, or the Yulho License Agreement, within the 75 days following execution of the Yulho Agreement. Pursuant to the proposed Yulho License Agreement, we will grant Yulho a license to our AquaRefining technology for Yulho’s use in recycling lithium-ion batteries in the Republic of Korea. Under the proposed Yulho License Agreement, Yulho will pay us a royalty on net sales. We will agree to support and assist Yulho in business development efforts in establishing offtake partnerships for the Yulho recycled metals. We will also work with Yulho to engage with potential partners to foster and expand business opportunities. The Yulho License Agreement is expected to contain customary representations, warranties and covenants for agreements of such nature.

On July 21, 2023, we completed a public offering of 18,193,000 shares of our common stock, at the public offering price of $1.10 per share. After the deduction of the underwriter’s discount and the underwriter expenses payable by us, we received net proceeds of $18.5 million.

Our focus for the lead market is providing equipment and licensing of our lead acid battery recycling technologies in an enabler model which allows us to work with anyone in the industry globally and address the entire marketplace. Our focus for the lithium market includes operating our first-of-a-kind lithium battery recycling facility, utilizing electricity to recycle instead of intensive chemical processes, fossil fuels, or high-temperature furnaces. We are also pursuing potential partnership and/or joint ventures agreements and licensing agreements, particularly as our Li AquaRefining matures through 2023 and into 2024. We believe that Aqua Metals is in a position to become one of the few critical minerals recovery players for which our environmental and economic value proposition should generate both great commercial wins and potentially government grants to accelerate our credibility and progress.

Plan of Operations

Our business strategy is based on the pursuit of building, operating and licensing Li AquaRefining recycling capacity to meet the growing demand for critical metals in lithium-ion batteries driven by innovations in automobile batteries, growth in internet data centers, and alternative energy applications, including solar, wind, and grid-scale storage. We are also continuing to pursue equipment supply and licensing opportunities within the lead acid battery recycling marketplace.

We are in the process of demonstrating that Li AquaRefining, which is fundamentally non-polluting, can create the highest quality and highest yields of recovered minerals from lithium-ion batteries with lower waste streams and lower costs than existing alternatives. We have already demonstrated at our pilot facility our ability to recover key valuable minerals in lithium-ion batteries, such as lithium hydroxide, copper, nickel, cobalt, and other compounds. Our goal is to process commercial quantities of nickel, cobalt, and copper in a pure metal form that can be sold to the general metals and superalloy markets and can be made into battery precursor compound materials with known processes already used in the mining industry. We have installed, commissioned, and began to operate the first Li AquaRefining pilot plant at the end of 2022, scaling towards a commercial demonstration plant operation with capacity of processing approximately 3,000 tonnes of black mass per year. The location for the pilot demonstration is currently the Innovation Center with expansion to happen at our new 5-acre recycling campus starting with processing ~3,000 tonnes of black mass/ year in 2024 and growing to commercial quantities of ~10,000 tonnes / year or more of production starting in 2025 and 2026, which would be enough material to build ~100,000 average EVs or ~400,000 average home energy storage systems. At today’s metals prices, this capacity could also generate $200,000,000 plus of revenues for the company.

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Results of Operations

We have not engaged in commercial operations since 2019, and since that time our operations have been devoted to improvements to our AquaRefining processes and developing our Li AquaRefining battery recycling technology. During 2022, we spent approximately $3.1 million on research and development, which includes the build out of the initial Li battery recycling pilot at the Innovation Center. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, Aqua Metals is focused on quickly advancing from the planning and validation phases to execution and operation of our pilot facility and the build out of our commercial facility. We did not earn any revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 other than nominal revenue generated during the second quarter of 2022 from the sale of inventory. The following table summarizes our results of operations with respect to the items set forth below for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 together with the dollar and percentage changes in those items (in thousands).

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Favorable |  |  | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Favorable |  |  | % |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | (Unfavorable) |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | (Unfavorable) |  |  | Change |
Product sales |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )%
Plant operations |  |  | 1,481 |  |  |  | 1,048 |  |  |  | (433 | ) |  |  | 41.3 | % |  |  | 2,546 |  |  |  | 2,043 |  |  |  | (503 | ) |  |  | 24.6 | %
Research and development cost |  |  | 525 |  |  |  | 521 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | 1,072 |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | (9.5 | )%
General and administrative expense |  |  | 2,849 |  |  |  | 2,390 |  |  |  | (459 | ) |  |  | 19.2 | % |  |  | 5,855 |  |  |  | 5,154 |  |  |  | (701 | ) |  |  | 13.6 | %
Total operating expense |  | $ | 4,855 |  |  | $ | 3,959 |  |  | $ | (896 | ) |  |  | 22.6 | % |  | $ | 9,371 |  |  | $ | 8,269 |  |  | $ | (1,102 | ) |  |  | 13.3 | %

Plant operations include raw materials, supplies and related costs, salaries and benefits, consulting and outside services costs, inventory adjustments, depreciation and amortization costs and insurance, travel and overhead costs. Plant operations increased approximately 41% and 25% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in plant operations was primarily due to the increase in plant operations costs, as we began to operate the pilot facility and to process black mass.

Research and development cost includes expenditures related to the improvement of the AquaRefining technology and the development of our lithium-ion battery recycling process. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, research and developments costs increased $4,000, or approximately 1% compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, research and developments costs decreased $102,000, or approximately 10% compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was driven by our focus to operate our recycling pilot at the Innovation Center.

General and administrative expense increased approximately 19% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022 and approximately 14% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in general and administrative expenses includes changes in payroll and payroll related expenses as we ramp up and support the growth of our lithium-ion recycling business model, in addition to increases in professional fees.

The following table summarizes our other income and interest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 together with the dollar and percentage changes in those items (in thousands).

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Favorable |  |  |  | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Favorable |  |  |  | %
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | (Unfavorable) |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | (Unfavorable) |  |  | Change |
Other income and (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 739 |  |  | $ | (736 | ) |  |  | (99.6 | )% |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | (567 | ) |  |  | (96.1 | )%
Interest expense |  |  | (255 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (243 | ) |  |  | 2025.0 | % |  |  | (431 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (419 | ) |  |  | 3491.7 | %
Interest and other income |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | 461.3 | % |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | 266.4 | %
Total other income, net |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | (693 | ) |  |  | (87.8 | )% |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 691 |  |  | $ | (685 | ) |  |  | (99.1 | )%

We recognized a gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment of approximately $3,000 and $23,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to a gain of $739,000 and $590,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the gain on property, plant and equipment resulted from the write-off of plant commitment accrued expenses. Plant clean-up and repair of fire damaged areas began in 2021 and were completed by the end of June 30, 2022.

The increase in interest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 is due to the interest paid on the notes payable.

We recognized approximately $348,000 and $414,000 in interest and other income during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, an increase from $62,000 and $113,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. The increase in interest and other income is primarily due to the increase in interest received on our bank deposits and the miscellaneous income from the non-recurring engineering agreement with 6K Energy.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2023, we had total assets of $21.9 million and working capital of $4.0 million.

The following table summarizes our cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities (in thousands):

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 5,472 |  |  | $ | (5,939 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (5,511 | ) |  | $ | (361 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | $ | (847 | ) |  | $ | 4,588 |

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $5.5 million. Net cash provided by operating activities includes approximately $12.3 million of cash received related to our lease receivable offset by operating expenses. Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $5.9 million. Net cash used in operating activities during each of these periods consisted primarily of our net loss adjusted for non-cash items such as depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and loss (gain) on the disposal of property, plant and equipment, as well as net changes in working capital.

Net cash used in investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $5.5 million and consisted mainly of $4.3 million utilized towards the purchase of the building located at 2999 Waltham Way McCarran, NV 89434 and $1.2 million utilized towards purchases of fixed assets. Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $0.4 million and consisted mainly of $1.0 million utilized towards the purchase of property, plant and equipment, $1.1 million of proceeds from the sale of equipment and $0.5 million utilized towards the warrant exercise.

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

Net cash used in financing activities of $0.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 consisted of $2.8 million in net proceeds from the sale of Aqua Metals shares pursuant to the at-the-market offering, or ATM, and $2.9 million in net proceeds from the loan agreement secured with the Summit Investment Services, LLC offset by the $6 million used to pay off the note payable as noted in Note 11 and by $0.6 million related to tax withholdings to cover RSU vesting. Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was approximately $4.6 million in net proceeds from the sale of Aqua Metals shares pursuant to the ATM.

As of June 30, 2023, we had total cash of $6.2 million and working capital of $4.0 million. However, in July 2023, we completed a public offering of 18,193,000 shares of our common stock, at the public offering price of $1.10 per share. After the deduction of the underwriter’s discount and the underwriter expenses payable by us, we received net proceeds of $18.5 million. As of the date of this report, and after giving effect to the net proceeds of our July 2023 public offering we believe that we have sufficient capital to fund our proposed operating plan for, at least, 12 months following the date of this report, including the commencement of the Phase One build-out of our recently acquired five-acre recycling campus at TRIC. However, as of the date of this report, we believe that we will require additional capital in order to fund our proposed business plan beyond the next 12 months, including the completion of the Phase One build-out of our recycling campus at TRIC and start of our full-scale commercial operations.

We intend to raise additional capital through conventional loans, potential government backed debt offerings, government grants or through the sale of our common shares via our current at-the-market offering. In that regard, on July 18, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Yulho, pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to Yulho in a registered direct offering 4,545,455 shares of our common stock, at an offering price of $1.10 per share, for the gross proceeds of $5 million. The transaction closed on August 4, 2023. However, there can be no assurance that additional capital will be available to us on reasonable terms or at all. Funding that includes the sale of our equity may be dilutive. If financing is not available on satisfactory terms, we will be unable to further pursue our business plans and we will be unable to continue operations.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

No material changes from what was reported in the 2022 Form 10-K.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Based on that evaluation, management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three month period ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before purchasing our common stock, you should read and consider carefully the following risk factors as well as all other information contained in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes. Each of these risk factors, either alone or taken together, could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our common stock. There may be additional risks that we do not presently know of or that we currently believe are immaterial, which could also impair our business and financial position. If any of the events described below were to occur, our financial condition, our ability to access capital resources, our results of operations and/or our future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected and the market price of our common stock could decline. As a result, you could lose some or all of any investment you may make in our common stock.

Risks Relating to Our Business

We have a limited operating history and limited revenue producing operations and are currently undertaking a reset of our business strategy. Therefore, it is difficult for potential investors to evaluate our business. We formed our corporation in June 2014. From inception through June 30, 2023, we generated a total of $11.7 million of revenue, all of which was derived primarily from the sale of lead compounds and plastics and, to a lesser extent, the sale of lead bullion and AquaRefined lead, and all but approximately $285,000 of which was derived prior to the November 2019 fire at our former LAB recycling facility at TRIC. Following the TRIC fire, we chose to suspend all plant-based revenue producing operations, entered into a lease-to-buy agreement with respect to TRIC and have shifted our business model to focus exclusively on the licensing of our AquaRefining technology to partners engaged in LAB recycling. We also commenced the research and development of the application of our AquaRefining technology to the recycling of lithium-ion batteries. Based upon our success to date in recovering high value metals from lithium-ion batteries using our AquaRefining technology, we have commenced the development of a five-acre recycling campus designed to process up to 10,000 tonnes of lithium-ion battery material annually. While we intend to continue to pursue our licensing business model, the development of our lithium-ion battery recycling facility represents a significant change in our business strategy and course of operations. As of the date of this report, we estimate that we will begin to realize modest revenues from lithium-ion battery recycling in 2024, however we are unable to estimate when we expect to commence any meaningful commercial or revenue producing operations from either our licensing model or our lithium-ion battery recycling facility. Our limited operating history makes it difficult for potential investors to evaluate our technology or prospective operations and we are, for all practical purposes, an early-stage company subject to all the risks inherent in the initial organization, financing, expenditures, complications and delays in a new business, including, without limitation:

| • | our ability to successfully apply, and realize the expected benefits of applying, our AquaRefining technology to the plating of high value metals found in lithium-ion batteries, including cobalt, nickel, and copper;

| • | the timing and success of our plan of commercialization and the fact that we have not entered into a commercial license for our AquaRefining technology and only have recently commenced the development of our lithium-ion recycling facility;

| • | our ability to successfully develop our proposed lithium-ion recycling facility;

| • | our ability to demonstrate that our AquaRefining technology can recycle either LABs or lithium-ion batteries on a commercial scale; and
| • | our ability to license our AquaRefining process and sell our AquaRefining equipment to Yulho, ACME Metal Enterprise Co., Ltd and other recyclers of LABs and lithium-ion batteries.

Investors should evaluate an investment in us in light of the uncertainties encountered by developing companies in a competitive environment. There can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful or that we will ultimately be able to attain profitability.

We recently commenced the development of a lithium-ion recycling facility, however we are in the early stages of developing the facility and there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully develop the facility or, if we do, realize the expected benefits of the facility. In January 2023, we announced our plans to conduct the phased development of a five-acre recycling campus in the Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center, or TRIC, in McCarran, Nevada. The facility is designed, when fully developed, to process up to 10,000 tonnes of lithium-ion battery material each year using our proprietary AquaRefining technology. On February 1, 2023, we closed on the acquisition financing and purchased the five-acre site, plus the existing 21,000 square foot building, and as noted elsewhere, in July 2023 we raised a net of $18.5 million in a public offering of our common shares the net proceeds of which will allow us to commencement of the Phase One build-out of the facility. We will need additional financing to complete the build-out of Phase One, which we intend to pursue through conventional non-dilutive loans, potential government backed debt offerings, government grants or through the sale of our common stock via our current at-the-market offering or otherwise including the close of our proposed $5 million sale of common stock to Yulho. Subject to our receipt of development financing on a timely basis, we expect to complete development of Phase One, including all equipment installation, by the end of first quarter of 2024 and to commence operations at the new campus in the second quarter of 2024. However, there can be no assurance we will be able to do so.

We have initiated the research and development of the application of our AquaRefining technology to the recycling and recovery of lithium-ion batteries, however there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. In September 2021, we announced the establishment of our Innovation Center, in McCarran, Nevada, focused on applying our AquaRefining technology to lithium-ion battery recycling research and development and prototype system activities. Earlier in 2021, we filed a provisional patent for recovering high-value metals from recycled lithium-ion batteries to complement the patents for AquaRefining. At the end of 2022 and through second quarter of 2023, we successfully recovered all valuable materials from spent lithium batteries at production scale using our AquaRefining technology: lithium hydroxide, copper, nickel, cobalt, and manganese dioxide. We are continuing our efforts to improve our Li AquaRefining process; however, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful or that we will be able to conduct the recycling and recovery of the high value metals from lithium-ion batteries on a commercial scale.

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Our business strategy includes licensing arrangements and entering into joint ventures and strategic alliances, however as of the date of this report we have no such agreements in place and there can be no assurance we will be able to do so. Failure to successfully integrate such licensing arrangements, joint ventures, or strategic alliances into our operations could adversely affect our business. We propose to commercially exploit our AquaRefining process primarily by licensing our technology to third parties and entering into joint ventures and strategic relationships with parties involved in the manufacture and recycling of LABs, and lithium-ion batteries. In July 2021, we entered into an agreement with ACME Metal Enterprise Co., Ltd to deploy and potentially license our AquaRefining equipment at ACME’s LAB recycling facility in Keelung, Taiwan, however as of the date of this report, our collaboration with ACME has not led to a licensing arrangement. In July 2023, we entered into an Agreement to Execute a License Agreement with Yulho pursuant to which each party has agreed to use their good faith best efforts to negotiate and execute a definitive license agreement by which we would grant Yulho a license to our AquaRefining technology for Yulho’s use in recycling lithium-ion batteries in the Republic of Korea. We are also currently seeking to negotiate agreements with others. However, there can be no assurance we will be able to conclude a licensing agreement with ACME, Yulho or any others, or that we will be able to do so on terms that benefit us. Our ability to enter into licensing, joint ventures and strategic relationships with third parties will depend on our ability to demonstrate the technological and commercial advantages of our AquaRefining process, of which there can be no assurance. Also, even if we are able to enter into licensing, joint venture or strategic alliance agreements, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain the expected benefits of any such arrangements. In addition, licensing programs, joint ventures and strategic alliances may involve significant other risks and uncertainties, insufficient revenue generation to offset liabilities assumed and expenses associated with the transaction, potential additional challenges in protecting our intellectual property, and unidentified issues not discovered in our due diligence process, such as product quality, technology issues and legal contingencies. In addition, we may be unable to effectively integrate any such programs and ventures into our operations. Our operating results could be adversely affected by any problems arising during or from any licenses, joint ventures or strategic alliances.

Our business is dependent upon our successful implementation of novel technologies and processes and there can be no assurance that we will be able to implement such technologies and processes in a manner that supports the successful commercial roll-out of our business model. While much of the technology and processes involved in battery recycling operations are widely used and proven, our AquaRefining process is largely novel and, to date, has been demonstrated on a modest scale of operations. While we have shown that our proprietary technology can produce AquaRefined lead from LABs and high value metals from lithium-ion batteries on a small scale, we have not processed either LABs or lithium-ion batteries on a commercial scale. We recently commenced the development of a five-acre recycling campus designed to process lithium-ion batteries, however there can be no assurance that we will be able to complete the development of the recycling facility or, if we are able to do so, that we will be able to successfully process lithium-ion batteries on a commercial scale. In this regard, as we developed our LAB recycling facility at TRIC during 2018 and 2019, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter unforeseen complications as we pursue our revised business model.

We will need additional financing to execute our business plan and fund operations, which additional financing may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. As of June 30, 2023, we had total cash of $6.2 million and working capital of $4.0 million. However, in July 2023, we completed a public offering of 18,193,000 shares of our common stock, at the public offering price of $1.10 per share. After the deduction of the underwriter’s discount and the underwriter expenses payable by us, we received net proceeds of $18.5 million. As of the date of this report, and after giving effect to the net proceeds of our July 2023 public offering, we believe that we have sufficient capital to fund our proposed operating plan for, at least, 12 months following the date of this report, including the commencement of the Phase One build-out of our recently acquired five-acre recycling campus at TRIC. However, as of the date of this report, we believe that we will require additional capital in order to fund our proposed business plan beyond the next 12 months, including the completion of the Phase One build-out of our recycling campus at TRIC and start of our full-scale commercial operations. We intend to raise additional capital through conventional loans, potential government backed debt offerings, government grants or through the sale of our common shares via our current at-the-market offering. In that regard, on July 18, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Yulho, pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to Yulho in a registered direct offering 4,545,455 shares of our common stock, at an offering price of $1.10 per share, for the gross proceeds of $5 million. The transaction closed on August 4, 2023. However, there can be no assurance that additional capital will be available to us on reasonable terms or at all. Funding that includes the sale of our equity may be dilutive. If financing is not available on satisfactory terms, we will be unable to further pursue our business plans and we will be unable to continue operations.

Our business may be adversely affected by the recent coronavirus outbreak. In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China. In January 2020, this coronavirus spread to other countries, including the United States, and efforts to contain the spread of this coronavirus intensified. The outbreak and any preventative or protective actions that we or our partners and suppliers may take in respect of this coronavirus may result in a period of disruption to work in progress. Our partners’ and suppliers’ businesses could be disrupted, and our ongoing operations and license negotiations could be negatively affected. Any resulting financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time but may materially affect our business and financial condition. The extent to which the coronavirus impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact, among others.

Our business model is new and has not been proven by us or anyone else. We are engaged in the business of producing recycled lead from LABs and high value metals from lithium-ion batteries through a novel, and proven on a modest scale, technology. While the production of recycled LABs and lithium-ion batteries is an established business, to date virtually all recycled lead and high value metals have been produced by way of traditional smelting processes. To our knowledge, no one has successfully produced recycled lead or lithium-ion batteries in commercial quantities other than by way of smelting. In addition, neither we nor anyone else has ever successfully built a production line that commercially recycles LABs or lithium-ion batteries without smelting. Further, there can be no assurance that either we will be able to produce AquaRefined lead or high value metals from lithium-ion batteries in commercial quantities at a cost of production that will provide us with an adequate profit margin. The uniqueness of our AquaRefining process presents potential risks associated with the development of a business model that is untried and unproven.

Even if our licensees are successful in recycling lead or lithium-ion batteries using our processes, there can be no assurance that the AquaRefined lead or other recycled metals will meet the certification and purity requirements of the potential customers. A key component of our business plan is the production of recycled metals through our AquaRefining process. Our customers will require that our AquaRefined metals meet certain minimum purity standards and, in all likelihood, require independent assays to confirm the metal’s purity. As of the date of this report, we have produced limited quantities of AquaRefined lead. We have not produced AquaRefined metals in significant commercial quantities and there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so or, that such metals will meet the required purity standards of our customers. Further, while we have recently commenced the application of our AquaRefining process towards the recovery of high value metals found in lithium-ion batteries, such as cobalt, nickel, lithium hydroxide, copper, and manganese dioxide, we have only recently begun to conduct research and development in the recycling of lithium-ion batteries, and there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful or that we will be able to conduct the recycling and recovery of the high value metals from lithium-ion batteries on a commercial scale.

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While we have been successful in producing AquaRefined lead in small volumes, there can be no assurance that either we or our licensees will be able to replicate the process, along with all of the expected economic advantages, on a large commercial scale either for us or our prospective licensees. Our commercial operations have primarily involved the production of lead compounds and plastics from recycled LABs, and more recently, the sale of lead bullion and AquaRefined lead. In April 2018, we commenced the limited production of cast lead bullion (mixture of lead purchased to prime the kettles and AquaRefined lead from our AquaRefining process), and in June 2018, we commenced the sale of pure AquaRefined lead in the form of two tonne blocks. While we believe that our development, testing and limited production to date has validated the concept of our AquaRefining process, the limited nature of our operations to date are not sufficient to confirm the economic returns on our production of recycled lead. Further, we have only recently commenced commercial operations in the area of recycling of lithium-ion batteries. There can be no assurance that either us or our licensees will be able to produce AquaRefined lead or high value metals from lithium-ion batteries in commercial quantities at a cost of production that will provide us and our proposed licensees with an adequate profit margin.

Our business may be negatively affected by labor issues and higher labor costs. Our ability to maintain our workforce depends on our ability to attract and retain new and existing employees. As of the date of this report, none of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements and we consider our labor relations to be acceptable. However, we could experience workforce dissatisfaction which could trigger bargaining issues, employment discrimination liability issues as well as wage and benefit consequences, especially during critical operation periods. We could also experience a work stoppage or other disputes which could disrupt our operations and could harm our operating results. In addition, legislation or changes in regulations could result in labor shortages and higher labor costs. There can be no assurance that we may not experience labor issues that negatively impact our operations or results of operations.

Our intellectual property rights may not be adequate to protect our business. As of the date of this report, we have 2 issued US patents, 57 international patents, 2 international allowances and secured 1 allowance (US) related to our AquaRefining process.

We also have further patent applications pending in the United States and numerous corresponding patent applications pending in 19 additional jurisdictions relating to certain elements of the technology underlying our AquaRefining process and related apparatus and chemical formulations. However, no assurances can be given that any patent issued, or any patents issued on our current and any future patent applications, will be sufficiently broad to adequately protect our technology. In addition, we cannot assure you that any patents issued now or in the future will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented.

Even patents issued to us may not stop a competitor from illegally using our patented processes and materials. In such event, we would incur substantial costs and expenses, including lost time of management in addressing and litigating, if necessary, such matters. Additionally, we rely upon a combination of trade secret laws and nondisclosure agreements with third parties and employees having access to confidential information or receiving unpatented proprietary know-how, trade secrets and technology to protect our proprietary rights and technology. These laws and agreements provide only limited protection. We can give no assurance that these measures will adequately protect us from misappropriation of proprietary information.

Our processes may infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, which could lead to costly disputes or disruptions. The applied science industry is characterized by frequent allegations of intellectual property infringement. Though we do not expect to be subject to any of these allegations, any allegation of infringement could be time consuming and expensive to defend or resolve, result in substantial diversion of management resources, cause suspension of operations or force us to enter into royalty, license, or other agreements rather than dispute the merits of such allegation. If patent holders or other holders of intellectual property initiate legal proceedings, we may be forced into protracted and costly litigation. We may not be successful in defending such litigation and may not be able to procure any required royalty or license agreements on acceptable terms or at all.

Global economic conditions could negatively affect our prospects for growth and operating results. Our prospects for growth and operating results will be directly affected by the general global economic conditions of the industries in which our suppliers, partners and customer groups operate. We believe that the market price of battery metal is relatively volatile and reacts to general global economic conditions. Our business will be highly dependent on the economic and market conditions in each of the geographic areas in which we operate. These conditions affect our business by reducing the demand for LABs and LIBs and decreasing the price of lead in times of economic downturn and increasing the price of used batteries in times of increasing demand of LABs and recycled lead. There can be no assurance that global economic conditions will not negatively impact our liquidity, growth prospects and results of operations.

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We are subject to the risks of conducting business outside the United States. A part of our strategy involves our pursuit of growth opportunities in certain international market locations. We intend to pursue licensing or joint venture arrangements with local partners who will be primarily responsible for the day-to-day operations. Any expansion outside of the U.S. will require significant management attention and financial resources to successfully develop and operate any such facilities, including the sales, supply and support channels, and we cannot assure you that we will be successful or that our expenditures in this effort will not exceed the amount of any resulting revenues. Our international operations expose us to risks and challenges that we would otherwise not face if we conducted our business only in the United States, such as:

| • | increased cost of enforcing our intellectual property rights;

| • | diminished ability to protect our intellectual property rights;

| • | heightened price sensitivities from customers in emerging markets;

| • | our ability to establish or contract for local manufacturing, support and service functions;

| • | localization of our LABs and components, including translation into foreign languages and the associated expenses;

| • | compliance with multiple, conflicting and changing governmental laws and regulations;

| • | compliance with the Federal Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption laws;

| • | foreign currency fluctuations;

| • | laws favoring local competitors;

| • | weaker legal protections of contract terms, enforcement on collection of receivables and intellectual property rights and mechanisms for enforcing those rights;

| • | market disruptions created by public health crises in regions outside the United States;

| • | difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including challenges presented by relationships with workers’ councils and labor unions;

| • | issues related to differences in cultures and practices; and

| • | changing regional economic, political and regulatory conditions.

U.S. government regulation and environmental, health and safety concerns may adversely affect our business. Our operations and the operations of our licensees in the United States will be subject to the federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws applicable to the reclamation of lead acid batteries including the Occupational Safety and Health Act ("OSHA") of 1970 and comparable state statutes. Our facilities and the facilities of our licensees will have to obtain environmental permits or approvals to expand, including those associated with air emissions, water discharges, and waste management and storage. We and our licensees may face opposition from local residents or public interest groups to the installation and operation of our respective facilities. In addition to permitting requirements, our operations and the operations of our licensees are subject to environmental health, safety and transportation laws and regulations that govern the management of and exposure to hazardous materials such as the lead and acids involved in battery reclamation. These include hazard communication and other occupational safety requirements for employees, which may mandate industrial hygiene monitoring of employees for potential exposure to lead.

We and our licensees are also subject to inspection from time to time by various federal, state and local environmental, health and safety regulatory agencies and, as a result of these inspections, we and our licensees may be cited for certain items of non-compliance. For example, in August 2018, the Nevada Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or Nevada OSHA, delivered to us a citation and notification of penalty. The citation listed a number of items related to our compliance with Nevada OSHA’s Lead Standard. We reached a settlement agreement with Nevada OSHA on the amount of penalties associated with the citation. We also agreed to engage a lead compliance expert to audit our facility at TRIC for compliance with all provision of the Lead Standard and to generate a written report with findings of any noncompliance, recommended corrective actions, and a time frame to correct the findings of noncompliance. We agreed with Nevada OSHA to correct all findings of noncompliance within the time frame proposed by the lead compliance expert in their report. The lead compliance expert has been engaged, has visited the facility at TRIC and has completed the written report. We have corrected all findings of noncompliance in a timely manner.

Failure to comply with the requirements of federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws could subject our business and the businesses of our licensees to significant penalties (civil or criminal) and other sanctions that could adversely affect our business. In addition, in the event we are unable to operate and expand our AquaRefining process and operations as safe and environmentally responsible, we and our licensees may face opposition from local governments, residents or public interest groups to the installation and operation of our facilities.

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The development of new AquaRefining technology by us or our partners or licensees, and the dissemination of our AquaRefining process will depend on our ability to acquire necessary permits and approvals, of which there can be no assurance. As noted above, our AquaRefining processes will have to obtain environmental permits or approvals to operate, including those associated with air emissions, water discharges, and waste management and storage. In addition, we expect that any use of AquaRefining operations at our partner's facilities will require additional permitting and approvals. Failure to secure (or significant delays in securing) the necessary permits and approvals could prevent us and our partners and licensees from pursuing additional AquaRefining expansion, and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial results and growth prospects. Further, the loss of any necessary permit or approval could result in the closure of an AquaRefining facility and the loss of our investment associated with such facility.

Our business involves the handling of hazardous materials and we may become subject to significant fines and other liabilities in the event we mishandle those materials. The nature of our operations involves risks, including the potential for exposure to hazardous materials such as lead, that could result in personal injury and property damage claims from third parties, including employees and neighbors, which claims could result in significant costs or other environmental liability. Our operations also pose a risk of releases of hazardous substances, such as lead or acids, into the environment, which can result in liabilities for the removal or remediation of such hazardous substances from the properties at which they have been released, liabilities which can be imposed regardless of fault, and our business could be held liable for the entire cost of cleanup even if we were only partially responsible. We are also subject to the possibility that we may receive notices of potential liability in connection with materials that were sent to third-party recycling, treatment, and/or disposal facilities under the Federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, or CERCLA, and comparable state statutes, which impose liability for investigation and remediation of contamination without regard to fault or the legality of the conduct that contributed to the contamination, and for damages to natural resources. Liability under CERCLA is retroactive, and, under certain circumstances, liability for the entire cost of a cleanup can be imposed on any responsible party. Any such liability could result in judgments or settlements that restrict our operations in a manner that materially adversely effects our operations and could result in fines, penalties or awards that could materially impair our financial condition and even threaten our continued operation as a going concern.

We will be subject to foreign government regulation and environmental, health and safety concerns that may adversely affect our business. As our business expands outside of the United States, our operations will be subject to the environmental, health and safety laws of the countries where we do business, including permitting and compliance requirements that address the similar risks as do the laws in the United States, as well as international legal requirements such as those applicable to the transportation of hazardous materials. Depending on the country or region, these laws could be as stringent as those in the U.S., or they could be less stringent or not as strictly enforced. In some countries in which we are interested in expanding our business, such as Mexico and China, the relevant environmental regulatory and enforcement frameworks are in flux and subject to change. Compliance with these requirements will cause our business to incur costs, and failure to comply with these requirements could adversely affect our business.

In the event we are unable to present and operate our AquaRefining process and operations as safe and environmentally responsible, we may face opposition from local governments, residents or public interest groups to the installation and operation of our facilities.

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Risks Related to Owning Our Common Stock

The market price of our shares may be subject to fluctuation and volatility. You could lose all or part of your investment. The market price of our common stock is subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Since January 1, 2023, the reported high and low sales prices of our common stock have ranged from $0.97 to $1.69 through August 3, 2023. The market price of our shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

| • | actual or anticipated variations in our and our competitors’ results of operations and financial condition;

| • | changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if our shares are covered by analysts;

| • | development of technological innovations or new competitive products by others;

| • | regulatory developments and the decisions of regulatory authorities as to the approval or rejection of new or modified products;

| • | our sale or proposed sale, or the sale by our significant stockholders, of our shares or other securities in the future;

| • | changes in key personnel;

| • | success or failure of our research and development projects or those of our competitors;

| • | the trading volume of our shares; and

| • | general economic and market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance.

These factors and any corresponding price fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our shares and result in substantial losses being incurred by our investors. In the past, following periods of market volatility, public company stockholders have often instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could impose a substantial cost upon us and divert the resources and attention of our management from our business.

If securities or industry analysts do not continue to publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If industry analysts cease coverage of us, the trading price for our common stock would be negatively affected. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our common stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our common stock price and trading volume to decline. In addition, independent industry analysts may provide reviews of our AquaRefining technology, as well as competitive technologies, and perception of our offerings in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these reviews. We have no control over what these industry analysts report, and because industry analysts may influence current and potential customers, our brand could be harmed if they do not provide a positive review of our products and platform capabilities or view us as a market leader.

We may be at an increased risk of securities class action litigation. Historically, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because early-stage companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we were to be sued, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business. In 2017, a securities class action lawsuit and shareholder derivative lawsuit were filed against us. In 2021, we were able to settle both actions through our issuance of $500,000 of our common shares and our adoption of limited corporate governance reforms, however we incurred significant legal costs in defending both actions and our management was required to devote significant time in managing the defense of the actions.

We maintain director and officer insurance that we regard as reasonably adequate to protect us from potential claims. We are responsible for meeting certain deductibles under the policies and, in any event, we cannot assure you that the insurance coverage will adequately protect us from claims made. Further, the costs of insurance may increase and the availability of coverage may decrease. As a result, we may not be able to maintain our current levels of insurance at a reasonable cost, or at all, which might make it more difficult to attract qualified candidates to serve as executive officers or directors.

Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock, or the possibility that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future issuances or sales of our securities or the availability of our securities for future issuance or sale, will have on the market price of our common stock. Issuances or sales of substantial amounts of our securities, or the perception that such issuances or sales might occur, could negatively impact the market price of our common stock and the terms upon which we may obtain additional equity financing in the future.

We have not paid dividends in the past and have no plans to pay dividends. We plan to reinvest all of our earnings, to the extent we have earnings, in order to pursue our business plan and cover operating costs and to otherwise become and remain competitive. We do not plan to pay any cash dividends with respect to our securities in the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that we would, at any time, generate sufficient surplus cash that would be available for distribution to the holders of our common stock as a dividend. Therefore, you should not expect to receive cash dividends on our common stock.

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Our charter documents and Delaware law may inhibit a takeover that stockholders consider favorable. Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and applicable provisions of Delaware law may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in control or change in our management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares, or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. The provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws:

| • | limit who may call stockholder meetings;

| • | do not provide for cumulative voting rights;

| • | establish an advance notice procedure for stockholders' proposals to be brought before an annual meeting, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors, and

| • | provide that all vacancies may be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law may limit our ability to engage in any business combination with a person who beneficially owns 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock unless certain conditions are satisfied. This restriction lasts for a period of three years following the share acquisition. These provisions may have the effect of entrenching our management team and may deprive you of the opportunity to sell your shares to potential acquirers at a premium over prevailing prices. This potential inability to obtain a control premium could reduce the price of our common stock.

Our bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with the Company. Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any our directors, officers or other employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us or any our directors, officers or other employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This forum selection provision in our bylaws may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers or other employees.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No. | Description | Method of Filing
3.1 | First Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant | Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on July 22, 2015.
3.2 | Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant | Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 21. 2022.
3.3 | Certificate of Amendment to First Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant | Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 9, 2015.
3.4 | Certificate of Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation | Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2019
3.5 | Certificate of Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation | Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on July 21, 2022
31.1 | Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | Filed electronically herewith
31.2 | Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | Filed electronically herewith
32.1 | Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350). | Filed electronically herewith
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document | Filed electronically herewith
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | Filed electronically herewith
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | Filed electronically herewith
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | Filed electronically herewith
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | Filed electronically herewith
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | Filed electronically herewith
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |

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SIGNATURES

In accordance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | AQUA METALS, INC.
Date: | August 9, 2023 | By: | /s/ Stephen Cotton
|  |  | Stephen Cotton,
|  |  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | August 9, 2023 | By: | /s/ Judd Merrill
|  |  | Judd Merrill,
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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