<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001493152-16-010458.txt : 20160601
<SEC-HEADER>0001493152-16-010458.hdr.sgml : 20160601
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20160601102655
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001493152-16-010458
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	POS AM
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		4
FILED AS OF DATE:		20160601
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20160601

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			RITTER PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001460702
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				263474527
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		POS AM
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-208818
		FILM NUMBER:		161688223

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1880 CENTURY PARK EAST, SUITE 1000
		CITY:			LOS ANGELES
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			90067
		BUSINESS PHONE:		310-203-1000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1880 CENTURY PARK EAST, SUITE 1000
		CITY:			LOS ANGELES
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			90067
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>POS AM
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>pos-am.htm
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>As
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 1, 2016.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Registration
No. 333-208818</B></FONT></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 4pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 100%">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>UNITED
STATES</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 12pt"><B>WASHINGTON,
D.C. 20549</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>POST-EFFECTIVE
AMENDMENT NO. 2</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>TO</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>FORM
S-1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>REGISTRATION
STATEMENT UNDER</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>THE
SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>RITTER
PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Exact
name of Registrant as specified in its charter)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Delaware
    </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>2834
    </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>26-3474527</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(State
                                         or other jurisdiction of</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">incorporation
        or organization)</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Primary
                                         Standard Industrial</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Classification
        Code Number)</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(I.R.S.
                                         Employer</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Identification
        Number)</FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>1880
Century Park East #1000</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Los
Angeles, CA 90067</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(310)
203-1000</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant&rsquo;s principal executive offices)<B> </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Michael
D. Step</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Chief
Executive Officer</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Ritter
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>1880
Century Park East #1000</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Los
Angeles, CA 90067</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(310)
203-1000</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Name,
address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)<B> </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Copies
to: </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Michael
Sanders, Esq.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>David
T. Mittelman, Esq.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Reed
Smith LLP</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>1901
Avenue of the Stars, Suite 700</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Los
Angeles, California 90067-6078</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Telephone:
(310) 734-5200</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Approximate
date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:</B> From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under
the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. [X]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please
check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement
for the same offering. [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list
the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list
the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller
reporting company. See the definitions of&thinsp; &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer&rdquo; and &ldquo;smaller
reporting company&rdquo; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 20%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large
    accelerated filer </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 48%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 26%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated
    filer </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated
    filer </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]
    (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller
    reporting company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[X]</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Registrant is an &ldquo;emerging growth company,&rdquo; as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. This registration statement
complies with the requirements that apply to an issuer that is an emerging growth company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>EXPLANATORY
NOTE</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 (this &ldquo;Post-Effective Amendment&rdquo;) to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No.
333-208818) (the &ldquo;Registration Statement&rdquo;), as declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;)
on February 11, 2016, is being filed to include the information contained in the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for
the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 that was filed with the SEC on March 21, 2016 and the Company&rsquo;s Quarterly Report
on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2016 that was filed with the SEC on May 9, 2016, and to make certain other
updates contained herein.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
information included in this filing updates the Registration Statement and the prospectus contained therein. No additional securities
are being registered under this Post-Effective Amendment. All applicable registration fees were paid at the time of the original
filing of the Registration Statement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red">The
information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The selling stockholder may not sell these securities
until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is
not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the
offer or sale is not permitted.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red"><B>PRELIMINARY
    PROSPECTUS </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red"><B>SUBJECT
    TO COMPLETION </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red"><B>DATED
    JUNE 1, 2016</B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="logo1.jpg" ALT=""><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>1,577,699
Shares</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
Stock</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
prospectus relates to the sale of up to 1,577,699 shares of our common stock by Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, or Aspire Capital. Aspire
Capital is also referred to in this prospectus as the selling stockholder. The prices at which the selling stockholder may sell
the shares will be determined by the prevailing market price for the shares or in negotiated transactions. We will not receive
proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholder. However, we have received proceeds of $1.0 million, and may receive
additional proceeds of up to $9.0 million, for an aggregate of $10.0 million, from the sale of our common stock to the selling
stockholder, pursuant to a common stock purchase agreement entered into with the selling stockholder on December 18, 2015.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
selling stockholder is an &ldquo;underwriter&rdquo; within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We will pay
the expenses of registering these shares, but all selling and other expenses incurred by the selling stockholder will be paid
by the selling stockholder.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol &ldquo;RTTR.&rdquo; On May 31, 2016 the last reported
sale price per share of our common stock was $1.65 per share.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">You
should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, together with additional information described under the headings &ldquo;Incorporation
of Certain Documents by Reference&rdquo; and &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information,&rdquo; carefully before you invest in
any of our securities.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Investing
in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; on page 8</B> <B>of this prospectus.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Neither
the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or
passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
date of this prospectus is &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
, 2016.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>TABLE
OF CONTENTS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Prospectus
    Summary</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Risk
    Factors</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cautionary
    Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Industry Data</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Aspire Capital Transaction</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Use
    of Proceeds</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description
    of Capital Stock</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Selling
    Stockholder</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Plan
    of Distribution</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Legal
    Matters</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Experts</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Where
    You Can Find More Information</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Information
    Incorporated by Reference</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Neither
we nor the selling stockholder has authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than as contained
in this prospectus or incorporated by reference herein. We and the selling stockholder take no responsibility for, and provide
no assurance as to the reliability of, any information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the
shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained
in this prospectus and incorporate by reference herein is current only as of its date.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
investors outside of the United States: Neither we nor the selling stockholder have done anything that would permit this offering
or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in
the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about, and to observe any restrictions relating to, this offering and
the distribution of this prospectus outside of the United States.</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: Black 1.5pt solid">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_001"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PROSPECTUS
        SUMMARY </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>This
        summary highlights certain information about us, this offering and selected information contained in the prospectus. This
        summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding whether to
        invest in our common stock. For a more complete understanding of our company and this offering, we encourage you to read
        and consider the more detailed information in the prospectus and incorporated by reference herein, including &ldquo;Risk
        Factors&rdquo; and the financial statements and related notes. Unless we specify otherwise, all references in this prospectus
        to &ldquo;Ritter Pharmaceuticals,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;our,&rdquo; &ldquo;us&rdquo; and &ldquo;our company&rdquo;
        refer to Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</I></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
        Business </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ritter
        Pharmaceuticals, Inc. develops novel therapeutic products that modulate the human gut microbiome to treat gastrointestinal
        diseases. We are advancing human gut health research by exploring the metabolic capacity of the gut microbiota and translating
        the functionality of prebiotic-based therapeutics into applications intended to have a meaningful impact on a patient&rsquo;s
        health. &ldquo;Prebiotics&rdquo; is a general term used to refer to chemicals that induce the growth and/or activity of
        commensal microorganisms that contribute to the well-being of their host.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
        first novel microbiome modulator, RP-G28, an orally administered, high purity galacto-oligosaccharide (a carbohydrate
        found naturally, at least in small amounts, in plants, consisting of three to ten simple sugars linked together), is currently
        under development for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance. RP-G28, is designed to stimulate
        the growth of lactose-metabolizing bacteria in the colon, thereby effectively adapting the gut microbiome to assist in
        digesting the lactose that reaches the large intestine. RP-G28 has the potential to become the first drug approved by
        the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance. RP-G28
        has been studied in a Phase 2a clinical trial and is a first-in-class compound.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
        Market Opportunity </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lactose
        intolerance is a common condition attributed to insufficient levels of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to properly
        digest lactose, a complex sugar found in milk and milk-containing foods. People with lactose intolerance who ingest lactose-containing
        foods may experience painful and embarrassing digestive symptoms.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lactose
        intolerance is a widespread condition affecting over one billion people worldwide and over 40 million people in the United
        States (or 15% of the U.S. population), with an estimated nine million of those individuals demonstrating moderate to
        severe symptoms <I>[NIH Consensus Statement, LIH, Vol. 27, #2 (February 2010); Objective Insights, &ldquo;Market Research
        Analysis and Forecasts on Lactose Intolerance and RP-G28,&rdquo; p. 4 and 7 (June 2012)]</I>.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
        the United States alone, we believe lactose intolerance is a large and underserved market. Current annual spending on
        over-the-counter lactose intolerance aids in the United States has been estimated at approximately $2.45 billion <I>[Zpryme
        Research &amp; Consulting, &ldquo;The Digestive Health Prescription Drug Market,&rdquo; (May 2009)]. </I>However, these
        options are limited and there is no long-term treatment available.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
        most common therapeutic approach is dairy avoidance, which physicians recommend to the majority of their patients. However,
        dairy avoidance may lead to inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, which can predispose individuals to decreased bone
        accrual, osteoporosis, and other adverse health outcomes. The 2010 National Institutes of Health conference on lactose
        intolerance highlighted the long-term consequences of dairy avoidance demonstrating both the importance of treating the
        condition and the need to find improved solutions for patients.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
        Leading Product Candidate &mdash; RP-G28 </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        completed a double-blinded, randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled Phase 2a clinical study of RP-G28. The purpose
        of the study was to assess the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of RP-G28 compared to a placebo when administered
        to subjects with symptoms associated with lactose intolerance.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">An
        additional goal was to establish proof-of-concept that treatment with RP-G28 facilitates improved lactose metabolism via
        the adaptation of intestinal bacteria metabolism (i.e., colonic adaptation). The study evaluated RP-G28 in 62 patients
        with lactose intolerance over a treatment period of 35 consecutive days. Post-treatment, subjects reintroduced dairy into
        their diets and were followed for an additional 30 days. The results of our Phase 2a study were published in Nutrition
        Journal in a manuscript entitled, &ldquo;Improving lactose digestion and symptoms of lactose intolerance with a novel
        galacto-oligosaccharide (RP-G28): a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.&rdquo;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Key
    findings of the Phase 2a study include:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RP-G28
    was well tolerated, with no significant adverse events reported. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    combined data suggest that RP-G28 exerted a positive therapeutic effect and clinically meaningful benefits to patients on
    treatment, though not all results were statistically significant. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Positive
    trends were seen when the entire per protocol study population was analyzed, including some statistically significant subgroup
    analysis. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Treated
    subjects reported increased tolerance to lactose and dairy foods: reduced lactose intolerance symptoms (gas, bloating, cramping
    and abdominal pain) were reported in subjects on RP-G28, a durable reduction in abdominal pain (p=0.019) was reported, and
    treated patients were 6 times more likely to describe themselves as lactose tolerant (p=0.039). We believe these results are
    signals of a clinically meaningful benefit to patients treated with RP-G28. P-value is a conventional statistical method for
    measuring the statistical significance of clinical results. In clinical trials, the &ldquo;p-value&rdquo; is the probability
    that the result was obtained by chance. By convention, a &ldquo;p-value&rdquo; that is less than 0.05 is considered statistically
    significant. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Principal
    Component Analysis (PCA), a multivariate method that helps transform a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller
    number of uncorrelated variables called principal components, thereby reducing the dimensions of a complex dataset, also showed
    statistically significant shifts in the microbiome of subjects fed RP-G28, compared to placebo, at 66 days. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
                                         sum, positive trends were seen when the entire per protocol study population was analyzed,
                                         including some statistically significant subgroup analysis. We believe these positive
                                         trends along with the benign safety profile seen in the Phase 2a study support continued
                                         drug development of RP-G28. We held a Type C meeting with the FDA&rsquo;s Division of
                                         Gastroenterology and Inborn Errors Products on February 20, 2013. The purpose of the
                                         meeting was to obtain the FDA&rsquo;s feedback on the planned Phase 2 program and Phase
                                         3 programs, inform the FDA of our ongoing development plans, gain feedback on relevant
                                         clinical trial design and end points related to patient meaningful benefits, and to inform
                                         the FDA of the status of our product characterization. We believe that this meeting was
                                         a significant step forward in streamlining the pathway to initial U.S. approval of RP-G28
                                         to reduce symptoms and frequency of symptomatic episodes associated with lactose intolerance.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Following
analysis of the Phase 2a clinical trial, discussions with the FDA about the clinical development plan, and further discussions
with our regulatory consultants, we intend to conduct our planned Phase 2b clinical trial as an adaptive design Phase 2b/3 clinical
trial. A trial that is designed as an adaptive seamless clinical trial refers to a trial that combines the objectives of what
are typically separate trials into a single uninterrupted trial with multiple objectives. We believe this trial could serve as
one of two pivotal trials should the resulting data and the FDA be supportive of this trial as a pivotal trial. Neither the FDA
nor any other comparable governmental agency has considered the Phase 2b/3 study or our current development plan for RP-G28, and
we do not intend to request a meeting with the FDA to discuss these matters. Regulatory authorities in the United States and Europe
have both published guidance documents on the use and implementation of adaptive design trials. In addition, the regulations governing
INDs are extensive and involve numerous notification requirements including that, generally, an IND supplement must be submitted
to and cleared by the FDA before a sponsor or an investigator may make any change to the investigational plan that may affect
its scientific soundness or the rights, safety or welfare of human subjects. We intend to comply with these requirements. We believe
we will need to submit an IND supplement containing amended protocols for a Phase 2b/3 adaptive trial to FDA for review. These
amended protocols must also be approved by the IRB with responsibility for review and approval of the Phase 2b/3 study.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Phase 2b/3 clinical trial that we intend to conduct is being designed as a multi-center double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical
trial of approximately 300 subjects to determine the maximum tolerated dose and optimal dose-escalation schedule for RP-G28. The
trial is going to assess patients with moderate to severe abdominal pain as measured by a pain Likert scale after a lactose challenge,
in which lactose intolerance symptoms and hydrogen production via hydrogen breath test will be assessed for five hours post-lactose
dose, as well as several additional secondary endpoints.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have not consulted with the FDA about our intent to use abdominal pain as a primary endpoint for the Phase 2b/3 pivotal clinical
trial. During our Type C Meeting with the FDA in February 2013, we had proposed that future studies with RP-G28 in subjects with
lactose intolerance would utilize a total lactose intolerance symptom score, measured by a patient reporting instrument that we
were going to develop, as the primary, stand-alone endpoint. However, based on RP-G28&rsquo;s mechanism of action, data from the
Phase 2a clinical study, further research conducted after the Type C Meeting in 2013 along with FDA guidance and products under
the review of the Division of Gastroenterology and Inborn Errors Products, we subsequently decided to use abdominal pain as the
primary endpoint for a Phase 2b/Phase 3 study. We believe that evaluation of abdominal pain is a reliable clinical assessment
of treatment response and treatment benefit in a lactose intolerant patient.</FONT></P>

</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: Black 1.5pt solid"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
Competitive Strengths </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Market
Opportunity </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RP-G28
has the potential to become the first approved drug in the United States and Europe for the reduction of symptoms associated with
lactose intolerance.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Renowned
Scientific Team and Management Team </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
leadership team has extensive biotechnology/pharmaceutical expertise in discovering, developing, licensing and commercializing
therapeutic products. We have attracted a scientific team comprised of innovative researchers who are renowned in their knowledge
and understanding of the host-microbiome in the field of lactose intolerance and gastroenterology.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Substantial
Patent Portfolio and Product Exclusivity </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have an issued patent in the United Kingdom directed to compositions of non-digestible carbohydrates, and we have issued patents
in the United States directed to methods of using such compositions for the treatment of lactose intolerance and symptoms. Additional
worldwide patent applications are pending. The patent applications include claims covering compositions, methods, formulations
and packaging.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, in July 2015 we acquired the rights, title and interest to certain patents and related patent applications with claims
covering a process for producing ultra high purity galacto-oligosaccharide active pharmaceutical ingredients, including RP-G28,
from our supplier. See &ldquo;Business&mdash;Clinical Supply and Cooperation Agreement with Ricerche Sperimentali Montale and
Inalco SpA&rdquo; for additional details regarding the second amendment to the exclusive supply agreement and our exercise of
the exclusive option.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
Growth Strategy </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
order to achieve our objective of developing safe and effective applications to treat conditions associated with microbiome dysfunctions,
our near-term and long-term strategies include the following:</FONT></P>

</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">complete
    an adaptive design Phase 2b/3 clinical trial and any additional pivotal studies of RP-G28 for the reduction of symptoms associated
    with lactose intolerance; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">seek
    regulatory approval of RP-G28 for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance if the clinical trials are
    successful, initially in the United States and subsequently in the rest of the world; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">develop
    and commercialize RP-G28 either by ourselves or in collaboration with others throughout the world; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">explore
    the use of RP-G28 for additional potential therapeutic indications and orphan indications; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">establish
    the Company as a leader in developing therapeutics that modulate the human gut microbiome; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">continue
    to develop a robust and defensible patent portfolio, including patents we own and those we plan to in-license in the future;
    and </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">continue
    to optimize our product development and manufacturing capabilities both internally and through outside manufacturers. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risks
                    Relating to Our Business</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are an early stage pharmaceutical company, and our business and ability to execute our business strategy are subject to a number
of risks of which you should be aware before you decide to buy our common stock. In particular, you should consider the risks
discussed in the &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; section of this prospectus and documents incorporated by reference herein, including,
but not limited to, the following:</FONT></P>

</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    have incurred net losses in each year since our inception. We expect to incur net losses and negative operating cash flow
    for the foreseeable future, and may never achieve or maintain profitability. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    will require substantial additional funding to complete the development and commercialization of RP-G28 and to fund our operations
    generally and such funding may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: Black 1.5pt solid">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    are substantially dependent on the success of our only product candidate, RP-G28, which is under clinical development. We
    cannot be certain that RP-G28 will receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if we receive regulatory
    approval. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Future
    clinical trials of RP-G28, or other product candidates, may not be successful. If we are unable to obtain required marketing
    approvals for, commercialize, obtain and maintain patent protection for or gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians,
    patients and healthcare payers of RP-G28, or other product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business
    will be materially harmed and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RP-G28
    and any other product candidates we may develop in the future will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements and any violations
    of these requirements could negatively affect our business and results of operation. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    delay or disruption in the manufacture and supply of RP-G28 (including delays related to required regulatory approvals) may
    negatively impact our operations. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    will be substantially dependent on third-party manufacturers to manufacture our products and key ingredients in sufficient
    quantities and on a timely basis, while complying with extensive FDA and European Medicines Agency, or EMA, requirements.
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    may not be able to manage our business effectively if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel and consultants. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
    we are unable to maintain valid and enforceable intellectual property rights or if our intellectual property rights are inadequate
    for RP-G28 and our product candidates, our competitive position could be harmed. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    could face competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and our operating results will suffer if we fail
    to compete effectively. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%; width: 0.1in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%; width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%; width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%; width: 0.1in">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3"><P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><B>Implications
                    of Being an Emerging Growth Company </B></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">We qualify as
        an &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. As an emerging
        growth company, we may take advantage of specified reduced disclosure and other requirements that are otherwise applicable
        generally to public companies. These provisions include:</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">being
    permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements in addition to any required unaudited interim financial
    statements with correspondingly reduced &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results
    of Operations&rdquo; disclosure; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">reduced
    disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation arrangements; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">not
    being required to hold a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation or golden parachute arrangements; and </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">exemption
    from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3"><P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt">We
                    have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards
                    under Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act. This election allows us to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting
                    standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until those standards apply
                    to private companies. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies
                    that comply with public company effective dates.</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">We will
        remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of&thinsp; (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth
        anniversary of the date we completed our initial public offering, which was June 29, 2015, (b) in which we have total
        annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means
        the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the prior June 30<SUP>th</SUP>,
        and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.
        We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these exemptions. We have taken advantage of reduced reporting
        requirements in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you
        receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt">We refer
        to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 in this prospectus as the &ldquo;JOBS Act,&rdquo; and references in
        this prospectus to &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; have the meaning associated with that term as used in the JOBS
        Act.</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: Black 1.5pt solid">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Notwithstanding
        the above, we are also currently a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; meaning that we are not an investment company,
        an asset-backed issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent company that is not a smaller reporting company and
        have a public float of less than $75 million and annual revenues of less than $50 million during the most recently completed
        fiscal year. In the event that we are still considered a smaller reporting company at such time as we cease to be an emerging
        growth company, the disclosure we will be required to provide in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission,
        or SEC, will increase, but will still be less than it would be if we were not considered either an emerging growth company
        or a smaller reporting company. Specifically, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies are able
        to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in their filings; are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b)
        of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the &ldquo;Sarbanes-Oxley Act&rdquo;) requiring that independent registered public
        accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of their internal control over financial reporting;
        and have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being
        required to provide two years of audited financial statements in their annual reports.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Corporate
        Information </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        were formed as a Nevada limited liability company on March 29, 2004 under the name Ritter Natural Sciences, LLC. On September
        16, 2008, we converted into a Delaware corporation under the name Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Our principal executive
        offices are located at 1880 Century Park East, #1000, Los Angeles, CA 90067, and our telephone number is (310) 203-1000.
        Our website address is <I>www.ritterpharmaceuticals.com</I>. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through,
        our website is not part of this prospectus.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        previously marketed a product under the Lactagen trademark. This prospectus may contain references to our trademark and
        to trademarks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus,
        including logos, artwork and other visual displays, may appear without the <SUP>&reg;</SUP> or <SUP>TM</SUP> symbols,
        but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable
        law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use
        or display of other companies&rsquo; trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship
        of us by, any other company.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>THE
    OFFERING</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2.75in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
    Stock being Offered by the Selling Stockholder </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1,577,699
    shares</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
    Stock Outstanding </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8,584,661
                                         shares</FONT>&nbsp;</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
    Stock Outstanding After the Offering </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9,473,496
    shares</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Use
    of Proceeds </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    selling stockholder will receive all of the proceeds from the sale of the shares offered for sale by it under this prospectus.
    We will not receive proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholder. However, we have received proceeds of
    $1.0 million, and may receive up to $9.0 million additional proceeds, for an aggregate of $10.0 million from the sale of our
    common stock to the selling stockholder under the common stock purchase agreement described below. Any proceeds from the selling
    stockholder that we receive under the purchase agreement are expected be used for working capital and general corporate purposes,
    including research and development activities.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>NASDAQ
    Capital Market Symbol </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RTTR</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risk
    Factors </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Investing
    in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully review and consider the &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
    section of this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider before deciding to invest in shares of our common stock.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding following this offering is based on an aggregate of 8,584,661 shares
    outstanding as of April 11, 2016 and includes the 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares and 188,864 Commitment Shares described
    below, but excludes:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1,962,877
    shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding options as of April 11, 2016, at a weighted average exercise
    price of&thinsp; $7.01 per share, of which 791,824 shares are vested as of such date; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">145,448
    shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan; and</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">578,323
    shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding as of April 11, 2016.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
                                         information in this prospectus gives effect to the 1-for-7.15 reverse stock split of
                                         our common stock which was effected on June 17, 2015.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
Stock Issued and Issuable to the Selling Stockholder</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
December 18, 2015, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement, or the Purchase Agreement, with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC,
an Illinois limited liability company, or Aspire Capital or the selling stockholder, which provides that, upon the terms and subject
to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million
of our shares of common stock over the approximately 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement. In consideration for entering into
the Purchase Agreement, concurrently with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued to Aspire Capital 188,864 shares
of our common stock as a commitment fee, or the Commitment Shares. Upon execution of the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed
to sell to Aspire Capital 500,000 shares of common stock, or the Initial Purchase Shares, at $2.00 per share for proceeds of $1.0
million.<B> </B>Concurrently with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we also entered into a registration rights agreement with
Aspire Capital, or the Registration Rights Agreement, in which we agreed to file one or more registration statements, including
the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act
of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, the sale of the shares of our common stock that have been and may be issued to Aspire
Capital under the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: Black 1.5pt solid">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
        of April 11, 2016 there were 8,584,661 shares of our common stock outstanding (of which 5,267,606 shares were held by
        non-affiliates including Aspire Capital) which includes the 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares and the 188,864 Commitment
        Shares that have already been issued to Aspire Capital, but excludes the 888,835 shares of common stock that we may issue
        to Aspire Capital after this registration statement is declared effective under the Securities Act. If all of such 1,577,699
        shares of our common stock offered hereby were issued and outstanding as of the date hereof, such shares would represent
        16.7% of the total common stock outstanding or 25.6% of the non-affiliate shares of common stock outstanding as of December
        30, 2015.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
        aggregate number of shares that we may issue to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement may in no case exceed 1,577,699
        shares of our common stock (which is equal to approximately 19.99% of the common stock outstanding on the date of the
        Purchase Agreement), unless (i) stockholder approval is obtained to issue more, in which case this 1,577,699 share limitation
        will not apply, or (ii) stockholder approval has not been obtained and at any time the 1,577,699 share limitation is reached
        and at all times thereafter the average price paid for all shares issued under the Purchase Agreement (including the Commitment
        Shares and the Initial Purchase Shares) is equal to or greater than $1.75, the Minimum Price, a price equal to the closing
        sale price of our common stock on the business date of the execution of the Purchase Agreement; provided that at no point
        in time shall Aspire Capital (together with its affiliates) beneficially own more than 19.99% of our common stock.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
        to the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, we have registered 1,577,699 shares of our common stock
        under the Securities Act, which includes the Commitment Shares and the Initial Purchase Shares that have already been
        issued to Aspire Capital, and 888,835 shares of common stock which we may issue to Aspire Capital after this registration
        statement is declared effective under the Securities Act. All 1,577,699 shares of common stock are being offered pursuant
        to this prospectus.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">After
        the SEC has declared effective the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, on any trading day on which
        the closing sale price of our common stock exceeds $0.50, we have the right, in our sole discretion, to present Aspire
        Capital with a purchase notice, or each a Purchase Notice, directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 100,000
        shares of our common stock per trading day, up to $9.0 million of our common stock in the aggregate at a per share price,
        or the Purchase Price, calculated by reference to the prevailing market price of our common stock (as more specifically
        described below).</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
        addition, on any date on which we submit a Purchase Notice for 100,000 shares to Aspire Capital and the closing sale price
        of our stock is equal to or greater than $0.50 per share of Common Stock , we also have the right, in our sole discretion,
        to present Aspire Capital with a volume-weighted average price purchase notice, or each a VWAP Purchase Notice, directing
        Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of stock equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the Company&rsquo;s common
        stock traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the next trading day, or the VWAP Purchase Date, subject to a maximum number
        of shares we may determine, or the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum, and a minimum trading price, or the VWAP Minimum
        Price Threshold (as more specifically described below). The purchase price per Purchase Share pursuant to such VWAP Purchase
        Notice, or the VWAP Purchase Price, is calculated by reference to the prevailing market price of our common stock (as
        more specifically described below).</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
        Purchase Agreement provides that the Company and Aspire Capital shall not effect any sales under the Purchase Agreement
        on any purchase date where the closing sale price of our common stock is less than $0.50 per share, or the Floor Price.
        This Floor Price and the respective prices and share numbers in the preceding paragraphs will be appropriately adjusted
        for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction.
        There are no trading volume requirements or restrictions under the Purchase Agreement, and we will control the timing
        and amount of any sales of our common stock to Aspire Capital. Aspire Capital has no right to require any sales by us,
        but is obligated to make purchases from us as we direct in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. There are no limitations
        on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future fundings, rights of first refusal, participation
        rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement. Aspire Capital may not assign its rights or obligations
        under the Purchase Agreement. The Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time, at our discretion, without any
        penalty or cost to us.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 52.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 52.5pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_002"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>RISK
FACTORS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Investing
in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risk set forth under &lsquo;Risk Factors&rsquo;
in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, which is incorporated by reference
in this prospectus, as well as the other information in this prospectus and incorporated by reference herein, including our financial
statements and related notes, before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the adverse
developments described in the risk factors could materially and adversely harm our business, financial condition, results of operations
or prospects. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><A NAME="a_003"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>CAUTIONARY
NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and
Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained
in this prospectus, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue,
projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth are forward-looking statements. These statements
involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements
to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
words &lsquo;anticipate,&rsquo; &lsquo;believe,&rsquo; &lsquo;could,&rsquo; &lsquo;estimate,&rsquo; &lsquo;expect,&rsquo; &lsquo;intend,&rsquo;
&lsquo;may,&rsquo; &lsquo;plan,&rsquo; &lsquo;potential,&rsquo; &lsquo;predict,&rsquo; &lsquo;project,&rsquo; &lsquo;should,&rsquo;
&lsquo;target,&rsquo; &lsquo;will,&rsquo; &lsquo;would&rsquo; and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking
statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include,
among other things, statements about:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our ability to sell
    shares of common stock to Aspire Capital pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and our ability to register and maintain the registration
    of the shares issued and issuable thereunder; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our ability to obtain
    additional financing; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the accuracy of
    our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues and capital requirements; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the success and
    timing of our preclinical studies and clinical trials; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our ability to obtain
    and maintain regulatory approval of RP-G28 and any other product candidates we may develop, and the labeling under any approval
    we may obtain; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">regulatory developments
    in the United States and other countries; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the performance
    of third-party manufacturers; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our plans to develop
    and commercialize our product candidates; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our ability to obtain
    and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the successful development
    of our sales and marketing capabilities; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the potential markets
    for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the rate and degree
    of market acceptance of any future products; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the success of competing
    drugs that are or become available; and </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the loss of key
    scientific or management personnel. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">These
forward-looking statements are only predictions and we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed
in our forward-looking statements, so you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or
events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make.
We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends
that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and operating results. We have included important factors in the
cautionary statements included in this prospectus, particularly in the &lsquo;Risk Factors&rsquo; section, that could cause actual
future results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements
do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
forward-looking statements in this prospectus represent our views as of the date of this prospectus. We anticipate that subsequent
events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements
at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should,
therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this
prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
prospectus contains estimates made, and other statistical data published, by independent parties and by us relating to market
size and growth and other data about our industry. We obtained the industry and market data in this prospectus from our own research
as well as from industry and general publications, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. This data involves a number
of assumptions and limitations and contains projections and estimates of the future performance of the industries in which we
operate that are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. We caution you not to give undue weight to such projections, assumptions
and estimates.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_004"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>THE
ASPIRE CAPITAL TRANSACTION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>General</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
December 18, 2015, we entered into the Purchase Agreement which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and
limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million of our shares of common
stock over the term of the Purchase Agreement. Upon execution of the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell to Aspire
Capital 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares for proceeds of $1.0 million. In consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement,
concurrently with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued to Aspire Capital 188,864 Commitment Shares. Concurrently
with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we also entered into the Registration Rights Agreement, in which we agreed to file
one or more registration statements as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act, the sale of the shares
of our common stock that have been and may be issued to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of April 11, 2016 there were 8,584,661 shares of our common stock outstanding (of which 5,267,606 shares were held by non-affiliates
including Aspire Capital), which includes the 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares and 188,864 Commitment Shares that have already
been issued to Aspire Capital, but excludes the 888,835 shares which we may issue to Aspire Capital after this registration statement
is declared effective under the Securities Act. If all 1,577,699 shares of our common stock issuable to Aspire Capital had been
issued and outstanding as of December 30, 2015, such shares would have represented 16.7% of the total common stock outstanding,
or 25.6% of the non-affiliate shares of common stock outstanding, as of April 11, 2016. The number of shares of our common stock
ultimately offered for sale by Aspire Capital is dependent upon the number of shares purchased by Aspire Capital under the Purchase
Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
aggregate number of shares that we may issue to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement may in no case exceed 1,577,699 shares
of our common stock (which is equal to approximately 19.99% of the common stock outstanding on the date of the Purchase Agreement),
unless (i) shareholder approval is obtained to issue more, in which case this 1,577,699 share limitation, will not apply, or (ii)
shareholder approval has not been obtained and at any time the 1,577,699 share limitation is reached and at all times thereafter
the average price paid for all shares issued under the Purchase Agreement (including the Commitment Shares) is equal to or greater
than $1.75, the Minimum Price, a price equal to the closing sale price of our common stock on the business date of the execution
of the Purchase Agreement; provided that at no one point in time shall Aspire Capital (together with its affiliates) beneficially
own more than 19.99% of our common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, we have registered 1,577,699 shares of our common stock under
the Securities Act, which includes the Initial Purchase Shares and the Commitment Shares that have already been issued to Aspire
Capital and 888,835 shares of common stock that we may issue to Aspire Capital after this registration statement is declared effective
under the Securities Act. All 1,577,699 shares of common stock are being offered pursuant to this prospectus. Under the Purchase
Agreement, we have the right but not the obligation to issue more than the 1,577,699 shares of common stock included in this prospectus
to Aspire Capital. As of the date hereof, we do not have any plans or intent to issue to Aspire Capital any shares of common stock
in addition to the 1,577,699 shares of common stock offered hereby.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">After
the SEC has declared effective the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, on any trading day on which the
closing sale price of our common stock is not less than $0.50 per share, or the Floor Price, we have the right, in our sole discretion,
to present Aspire Capital with a Purchase Notice, directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 100,000 shares of
our common stock per business day, up to $9.0 million of our common stock in the aggregate over the term of the Purchase Agreement,
at a Purchase Price calculated by reference to the prevailing market price of our common stock over the preceding 12-business
day period (as more specifically described below); however, no sale pursuant to a Purchase Notice may exceed $500,000 per trading
day.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, on any date on which we submit a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital for 100,000 shares and the closing price of our common
stock is not less than the Floor Price per share, we also have the right, in our sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with
a VWAP Purchase Notice directing Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of stock equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the
Company&rsquo;s common stock traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the next trading day, subject to the VWAP Purchase Share Volume
Maximum and the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold. The VWAP Purchase Price is calculated by reference to the prevailing market price
of our common stock (as more specifically described below).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Purchase Agreement provides that neither we nor Aspire Capital will effect any sales under the Purchase Agreement on any purchase
date where the closing sale price of our common stock is less than the Floor Price. There are no trading volume requirements or
restrictions under the Purchase Agreement, and we will control the timing and amount of any sales of our common stock to Aspire
Capital. Aspire Capital has no right to require any sales by us, but is obligated to make purchases from us as we direct in accordance
with the Purchase Agreement. There are no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future
financings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement. Aspire Capital
may not assign its rights or obligations under the Purchase Agreement. The Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time,
at our discretion, without any penalty or cost to us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Purchase
Of Shares Under The Common Stock Purchase Agreement</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Under
the terms of the Purchase Agreement, on any trading day selected by us on which the closing sale price of our common stock exceeds
the Floor Price, we may direct Aspire Capital to purchase up to 100,000 shares of our common stock per trading day. The Purchase
Price of such shares is equal to the lesser of:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the lowest sale
    price of our common stock on the purchase date; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the arithmetic average
    of the three lowest closing sale prices for our common stock during the ten consecutive trading days ending on the trading
    day immediately preceding the purchase date.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, on any date on which we submit a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital for purchase of 100,000 shares and on which the closing
price of our common stock exceeds the Floor Price, we also have the right to direct Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of stock
equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of our common stock traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the next trading day, subject
to the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum and the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold, which is equal to the greater of (a) 80% of the
closing price of the Company&rsquo;s common stock on the business day immediately preceding the VWAP Purchase Date or (b) such
higher price as set forth by the Company in the VWAP Purchase Notice. The VWAP Purchase Price of such shares is the lower of:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the Closing Sale
    Price on the VWAP Purchase Date; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">97% of the volume-weighted
    average price for our common stock traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market:</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 60px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">on the VWAP Purchase
    Date, if the aggregate shares to be purchased on that date have not exceeded the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">during that portion
    of the VWAP Purchase Date until such time as the sooner to occur of (i) the time at which the aggregate shares traded on the
    Nasdaq Capital Market exceed the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum or (ii) the time at which the sale price of the Company&rsquo;s
    common stock falls below the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Purchase Price will be adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, or other similar transaction
occurring during the trading day(s) used to compute the Purchase Price. We may deliver multiple Purchase Notices and VWAP Purchase
Notices to Aspire Capital from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement, so long as the most recent purchase has
been completed.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Minimum
Share Price </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Under
the Purchase Agreement, we and Aspire Capital may not effect any sales of shares of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement
on any trading day that the closing sale price of our common stock is less than the Floor Price.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Events
of Default</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Generally,
Aspire Capital may terminate the Purchase Agreement upon the occurrence of any of the following, among other, events of default:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the effectiveness
    of any registration statement that is required to be maintained effective pursuant to the terms of the Registration Rights
    Agreement between us and Aspire Capital lapses for any reason (including, without limitation, the issuance of a stop order)
    or is unavailable to Aspire Capital for sale of our shares of common stock, and such lapse or unavailability continues for
    a period of ten consecutive business days or for more than an aggregate of thirty business days in any 365-day period, which
    is not in connection with a post-effective amendment to any such registration statement; in connection with any post-effective
    amendment to such registration statement that is required to be declared effective by the SEC such lapse or unavailability
    may continue for a period of no more than 40 consecutive business days;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the suspension from
    trading or failure of our common stock to be listed on our principal market for a period of three consecutive business days;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the delisting of
    our common stock from our principal market, provided our common stock is not immediately thereafter trading on the New York
    Stock Exchange, the NYSE MKT, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the OTB
    Bulletin Board or the OTCQB marketplace or OTCQX marketplace of the OTC Markets Group;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></P>




<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our transfer agent&rsquo;s
    failure to issue to Aspire Capital shares of our common stock which Aspire Capital is entitled to receive under the Purchase
    Agreement within five business days after an applicable purchase date;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any breach by us
    of the representations or warranties or covenants contained in the Purchase Agreement or any related agreements which could
    have a material adverse effect on us, subject to a cure period of five business days;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if we become insolvent
    or are generally unable to pay our debts as they become due; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any participation
    or threatened participation in insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings by or against us.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
Termination Rights</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time, at our discretion, without any penalty or cost to us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>No
Short-Selling or Hedging by Aspire Capital</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aspire
Capital has agreed that neither it nor any of its agents, representatives and affiliates shall engage in any direct or indirect
short-selling or hedging of our common stock during any time prior to the termination of the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Effect
of Performance of the Purchase Agreement on Our Stockholders</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Purchase Agreement does not limit the ability of Aspire Capital to sell any or all of the 1,577,699 shares registered in this
offering. It is anticipated that shares registered in this offering will be sold over a period of up to approximately 30 months
after this registration statement is declared effective under the Securities Act. The sale by Aspire Capital of a significant
amount of shares registered in this offering at any given time could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and/or
to be highly volatile. Aspire Capital may ultimately purchase all, some or none of the 888,835 shares of common stock not yet
issued but registered in this offering, and it may sell all, some or none of the shares issued to it by us (including the Initial
Purchase Shares, the Commitment Shares and any shares issued to it in the future). Therefore, sales to Aspire Capital by us pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement also may result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. However,
we have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares to Aspire Capital and the Purchase Agreement may
be terminated by us at any time at our discretion without any penalty or cost to us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Percentage
of Outstanding Shares After Giving Effect to the Purchased Shares Issued to Aspire Capital</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
connection with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we authorized the sale to Aspire Capital of up to $10.0 million of our shares
of common stock, $1.0 million of which were issued to Aspire Capital upon the signing of the Purchase Agreement. The remaining
$9.0 million shares may be sold by us to Aspire Capital over a period of approximately 30 months after this registration statement
is declared effective under the Securities Act. We estimate that we will sell no more than 888,835 additional shares to Aspire
Capital under the Purchase Agreement (exclusive of the 188,864 Commitment Shares and the 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares), all
of which are included in this offering. Subject to any required approval by our board of directors, we have the right but not
the obligation to issue more than the 1,577,699 shares included in this prospectus to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement.
In the event we elect to issue more than 1,577,699 shares under the Purchase Agreement, we will be required to file a new registration
statement and have it declared effective by the SEC. The number of shares ultimately offered for sale by Aspire Capital in this
offering is dependent upon the number of shares purchased by Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. The following table
sets forth the number and percentage of outstanding shares to be held by Aspire Capital after giving effect to the sale of shares
of common stock issued to Aspire Capital at varying purchase prices:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Assumed
    Average</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Purchase Price</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Proceeds
    from the </B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Sale of Additional</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Shares to </B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Aspire Capital Under </B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>the Purchase </B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Agreement </B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Registered in this</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Number
    of Additional</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Shares to be</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Issued in this Offering at</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>the Assumed Average</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Purchase Price (1)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Percentage
    of </B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Outstanding Shares </B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>After Giving Effect to the</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Purchased Shares Issued</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>to Aspire Capital (2)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 16%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 20%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1,333,253</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 29%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">888,835</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1,777,670</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">888,835</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2,222,088</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">888,835</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2,666,505</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">888,835</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4,444,175</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">888,835</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8,888,350</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">888,835</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.13</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">888,450</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">818,181</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">600,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 30px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Excludes 188,864
    Commitment Shares and 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares issued under the Purchase Agreement between the Company and Aspire Capital.
    </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The denominator
    is based on 8,584,661 shares outstanding as of April 11, 2016, which includes the 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares and 188,864
    Commitment Shares previously issued to Aspire Capital, and 112,400 shares purchased by Aspire Capital in the open market,
    plus the potential number of shares we may issue to Aspire Capital in the future under the Purchase Agreement. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_005"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>USE
OF PROCEEDS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
prospectus relates to shares of our common stock that may be offered and sold from time to time by Aspire Capital. We will not
receive any proceeds upon the sale of shares by Aspire Capital. However, we have received proceeds of $1.0 million, and may receive
additional proceeds up to $9.0 million, for an aggregate of $10.0 million gross proceeds, under the Purchase Agreement with Aspire
Capital. The proceeds received from the sale of the shares under the Purchase Agreement will be used for working capital and general
corporate purposes, including research and development activities. This anticipated use of net proceeds from the sale of our common
stock to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_006"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>DESCRIPTION
OF CAPITAL STOCK </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>General</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
authorized capital stock consists of 30,000,000 shares, all with a par value of $0.001 per share, 25,000,000 of which are designated
as common stock and 5,000,000 of which are designated as preferred stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following description of our capital stock and certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and
amended and restated bylaws are summaries and are qualified by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
and our amended and restated bylaws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
share numbers have been adjusted to reflect the 1-for-7.15 reverse stock split of our common stock. Preferred share issuances
referred to below are as of their date of issuance. The preferred stock described below converted into shares of our common stock
on a 7.15-for-1 basis prior to the closing of our initial public offering.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of April 11, 2016, we had 8,584,661 shares of our common stock outstanding which includes the 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares
and 188,864 Commitment Shares issued to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement and zero shares of preferred stock outstanding.
As of April 11, 2016, we also had outstanding options to acquire 1,962,877 shares of our common stock, having a weighted-average
exercise price of $7.01 per share, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 578,323 shares of our common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
Stock </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per
share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders, except on matters relating solely to terms of preferred stock. Subject
to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of common stock will be entitled to receive
ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors out of funds legally available
therefor. See &lsquo;Dividend Policy.&rsquo; In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of our common
stock will be entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights
of preferred stock, if any, then outstanding. The holders of our common stock will have no preemptive or conversion rights or
other subscription rights. There will be no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Warrants
</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
December 2014, we issued an aggregate of 2,369,228 shares of Series C preferred stock and warrants, or the 2014 Warrants, to purchase
a like number of shares of our common stock, for aggregate gross proceeds of&thinsp;$3,081,893. All of the shares of Series C
preferred stock were converted into 331,358 shares of our common stock prior to the closing of the initial public offering. Each
2014 Warrant has a term of seven years and provides for the holder to purchase each share of our common stock covered thereby
at a purchase price of&thinsp;$9.30 per share of common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
connection with the Series C Financing, all of the 2014 Notes were converted into shares of Series C preferred stock. A total
of $535,000 unpaid principal plus accrued interest of $18,342 on the convertible notes converted into 567,529 shares of Series
C preferred stock, which were later converted into 79,374 shares of our common stock prior to the closing of our initial public
offering, and 79,374 2014 Warrants. A total of $70,000 unpaid principal plus accrued interest of $537 on a note payable was extinguished
and converted into 54,259 shares of Series C preferred stock, which were later converted into 7,589 shares of our common stock
prior to the closing of our initial public offering and 7,589 2014 Warrants.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Warrants
to Representative in Initial Public Offering</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
connection with our initial public offering, we issued to the representative of the underwriters warrants to purchase up to a
total of 160,000 shares of common stock. The warrants are exercisable at any time, and from time to time, in whole or in part,
during the four-year period commencing one year from the effective date of our initial public offering, and ending on the date
that is five years from the effective date of the offering in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G)(i). The warrants are exercisable
at a per share price equal to $6.25 per share. The warrants provide for registration rights upon request, in certain cases. The
demand registration right provided will not be greater than five years from the effective date of the offering in compliance with
FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G)(iv). The piggyback registration right provided will not be greater than seven years from the effective
date of the offering in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G)(v). We will bear all fees and expenses attendant to registering
the securities issuable on exercise of the warrants other than underwriting commissions incurred and payable by the holders. The
exercise price and number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including
in the event of a stock dividend or our recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the warrant exercise
price or underlying shares will not be adjusted for issuances of shares of common stock at a price below the warrant exercise
price.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Preferred
Stock </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our board of directors has the authority to issue preferred
stock in one or more classes or series and to fix the designations, powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations
or restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, conversion right, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences
and the number of shares constituting any class or series, without further vote or action by the stockholders. Although we have
no present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock, the issuance of shares of preferred stock, or the issuance of rights
to purchase such shares, could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to the holders of common
stock, could adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of the common stock, and could have the effect of
delaying, deterring or preventing a change of control of us or an unsolicited acquisition proposal.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Registration
Rights </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
September 15, 2008, we entered into an Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement with certain holders of our preferred stock. Such Investors&rsquo;
Rights Agreement was amended and restated on November 17, 2010. The Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement was
amended on each of January 13, 2011, February 6, 2012, December 4, 2014 and June 9, 2015. The Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo;
Rights Agreement, as amended, provides such holders with certain demand and piggyback registration rights with respect to shares
of our common stock into which the shares of our preferred stock are convertible.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Aspire
Capital Registration Rights </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Concurrently
with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we also entered into the Registration Rights Agreement, in which we agreed to file
one or more registration statements as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act, the sale of the shares
of our common stock that have been and may be issued to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. This registration statement
is being registered pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Anti-Takeover
Effects of Delaware Law and Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
provisions of Delaware law and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, could discourage
or make it more difficult to accomplish a proxy contest or other change in our management or the acquisition of control by a holder
of a substantial amount of our voting stock. It is possible that these provisions could make it more difficult to accomplish,
or could deter, transactions that stockholders may otherwise consider to be in their best interests or in our best interests.
These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continuity and stability in the composition of our board of directors
and in the policies formulated by the board of directors and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual
or threatened change of our control. These provisions are designed to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal
and to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. Such provisions also may have the effect of preventing changes
in our management.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Delaware
Statutory Business Combinations Provision</I>. We are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General
Corporation Law, or the DGCL. Section 203 prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a &lsquo;business combination&rsquo;
with an &lsquo;interested stockholder&rsquo; for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person
became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is, or the transaction in which the person became an interested
stockholder was, approved in a prescribed manner or another prescribed exception applies. For purposes of Section 203, a &lsquo;business
combination&rsquo; is defined broadly to include a merger, asset sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to
the interested stockholder, and, subject to certain exceptions, an &lsquo;interested stockholder&rsquo; is a person who, together
with his or her affiliates and associates, owns, or within three years prior, did own, 15% or more of the corporation&rsquo;s
voting stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Election
and Removal of Directors</I>. Except as may otherwise be provided by the DGCL, any director or the entire board of directors may
be removed, with or without cause, at an annual meeting or a special meeting called for that purpose, by the affirmative vote
of the majority of the votes cast by the shares of our capital stock present in person or represented by proxy at such meeting
and entitled to vote thereon, provided a quorum is present. Vacancies on our board of directors resulting from the removal of
directors and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors may be filled solely by the affirmative
vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office (although less than a quorum) or by the sole remaining director.
This system of electing and removing directors may discourage a third party from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting
to obtain control of us, because it generally makes it more difficult for stockholders to replace a majority of our directors.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws do not provide for cumulative voting in
the election of directors.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Advance
Notice Provisions for Stockholder Proposals and Stockholder Nominations of Directors</I>. Our amended and restated bylaws provide
that, for nominations to the board of directors or for other business to be properly brought by a stockholder before a meeting
of stockholders, the stockholder must first have given timely notice of the proposal in writing to our Secretary. For an annual
meeting, a stockholder&rsquo;s notice generally must be delivered not less than 90 days or more than 120 days prior to the anniversary
of the previous year&rsquo;s annual meeting.</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Special
Meetings of Stockholders</I>. Special meetings of the stockholders may be called at any time only by the board of directors, the
Chairman of the board of directors, the Chief Executive Officer or the President, subject to the rights of the holders of any
series of preferred stock then outstanding.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Blank-Check
Preferred Stock</I>. Our board of directors will be authorized to issue, without stockholder approval, preferred stock, the rights
of which will be determined at the discretion of the board of directors and that, if issued, could operate as a &lsquo;poison
pill&rsquo; to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer to prevent an acquisition that our board of directors
does not approve.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Transfer
Agent and Registrar </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Corporate Stock Transfer, Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_007"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SELLING
STOCKHOLDER</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
selling stockholder may from time to time offer and sell any or all of the shares of our common stock set forth below pursuant
to this prospectus. When we refer to the &lsquo;selling stockholder&rsquo; in this prospectus, we mean the entity listed in the
table below, and its respective pledgees, donees, permitted transferees, assignees, successors and others who later come to hold
any of the selling stockholder&rsquo;s interests in shares of our common stock other than through a public sale.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table sets forth, as of the date of this prospectus, the name of the selling stockholder for whom we have registered
shares for sale to the public, the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the selling stockholder prior to this
offering, the total number of shares of common stock that the selling stockholder may offer pursuant to this prospectus and the
number of shares of common stock that the selling stockholder will beneficially own after this offering. Except as noted below,
the selling stockholder does not have, or within the past three years has not had, any material relationship with us or any of
our predecessors or affiliates and the selling stockholder is not or was not affiliated with registered broker-dealers.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
on the information provided to us by the selling stockholder, assuming that the selling stockholder sells all of the shares of
our common stock beneficially owned by it that have been registered by us and does not acquire any additional shares during the
offering, the selling stockholder will not own any shares other than those appearing in the column entitled &lsquo;Beneficial
Ownership After This Offering.&rsquo; We cannot advise you as to whether the selling stockholder will in fact sell any or all
of such shares of common stock. In addition, the selling stockholder may have sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of, or may
sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of, at any time and from time to time, the shares of our common stock in transactions exempt
from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 after the date on which it provided the information set forth
in the table below.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Beneficial
    Ownership </B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>After this Offering(1)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Name</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Shares
                                         of Common Stock</B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Beneficially
        Owned Prior to this Offering</B></FONT></P></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Percentage
    of Outstanding Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to this Offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Shares
    of Common to be Sold in the Offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Number
    of</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Shares</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>%(2)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 40%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 9%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 9%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 9%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 9%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 9%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aspire Capital Fund, LLC(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">801,264</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1,577,699</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">112,400</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Assumes the sale
    of all shares of common stock registered pursuant to this prospectus, although the selling stockholder is under no obligation
    known to us to sell any shares of common stock at this time.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based on 8,584,661
    shares of common stock outstanding on April 11, 2016.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aspire Capital Partners
    LLC, or Aspire Partners, is the Managing Member of Aspire Capital Fund LLC, or Aspire Fund. SGM Holdings Corp, or SGM, is
    the Managing Member of Aspire Partners. Mr. Steven G. Martin is the president and sole shareholder of SGM, as well as a principal
    of Aspire Partners. Mr. Erik J. Brown is the president and sole shareholder of Red Cedar Capital Corp., or Red Cedar, which
    is a principal of Aspire Partners. Mr. Christos Komissopoulos is president and sole shareholder of Chrisko Investors Inc.,
    or Chrisko, which is a principal of Aspire Partners. Each of Aspire Partners, SGM, Red Cedar, Chrisko, Mr. Martin, Mr. Brown,
    and Mr. Komissopoulos may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of common stock held by Aspire Fund. Each of Aspire Partners,
    SGM, Red Cedar, Chrisko, Mr. Martin, Mr. Brown, and Mr. Komissopoulos disclaims beneficial ownership of the common stock held
    by Aspire Fund.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As of the date hereof,
    Aspire Capital holds 801,264 shares of our common stock, which includes 688,864 shares of our common stock that have been
    acquired by Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement (consisting of the 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares sold to Aspire
    Capital and the 188,864 shares we issued to Aspire Capital as a commitment fee) and 112,400 shares of our common stock that
    were purchased by Aspire Capital in the open market (based upon information provided to us by Aspire Capital). We may elect
    in our sole discretion to sell to Aspire Capital up to an additional 888,835 shares under the Purchase Agreement, but Aspire
    Capital does not presently beneficially own those shares as determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_008"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PLAN
OF DISTRIBUTION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
common stock offered by this prospectus is being offered by Aspire Capital, the selling stockholder. The common stock may be sold
or distributed from time to time by the selling stockholder directly to one or more purchasers or through brokers, dealers, or
underwriters who may act solely as agents at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing
market prices, at negotiated prices, or at fixed prices, which may be changed. The sale of the common stock offered by this prospectus
may be effected in one or more of the following methods:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ordinary brokers&rsquo;
    transactions;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">transactions involving
    cross or block trades;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">through brokers,
    dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&lsquo;at the market&rsquo;
    into an existing market for the common stock;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">in other ways not
    involving market makers or established business markets, including direct sales to purchasers or sales effected through agents;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">in privately negotiated
    transactions; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any combination
    of the foregoing.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
order to comply with the securities laws of certain states, if applicable, the shares may be sold only through registered or licensed
brokers or dealers. In addition, in certain states, the shares may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for
sale in the state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and complied with.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
selling stockholder may also sell shares of common stock under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, if available, rather
than under this prospectus. In addition, the selling stockholder may transfer the shares of common stock by other means not described
in this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Brokers,
dealers, underwriters, or agents participating in the distribution of the shares as agents may receive compensation in the form
of commissions, discounts, or concessions from the selling stockholder and/or purchasers of the common stock for whom the broker-dealers
may act as agent. Aspire Capital has informed us that each such broker-dealer will receive commissions from Aspire Capital which
will not exceed customary brokerage commissions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aspire
Capital is an &lsquo;underwriter&rsquo; within the meaning of the Securities Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Neither
we nor Aspire Capital can presently estimate the amount of compensation that any agent will receive. We know of no existing arrangements
between Aspire Capital, any other stockholder, broker, dealer, underwriter, or agent relating to the sale or distribution of the
shares offered by this prospectus. At the time a particular offer of shares is made, a prospectus supplement, if required, will
be distributed that will set forth the names of any agents, underwriters, or dealers and any compensation from the selling stockholder,
and any other required information.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
will pay all of the expenses incident to the registration, offering, and sale of the shares to the public other than commissions
or discounts of underwriters, broker-dealers, or agents. We have agreed to indemnify Aspire Capital and certain other persons
against certain liabilities in connection with the offering of shares of common stock offered hereby, including liabilities arising
under the Securities Act or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities.
Aspire Capital has agreed to indemnify us against liabilities under the Securities Act that may arise from certain written information
furnished to us by Aspire Capital specifically for use in this prospectus or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute
amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Insofar
as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers, and controlling
persons, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the
Securities Act and is therefore, unenforceable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aspire
Capital and its affiliates have agreed not to engage in any direct or indirect short selling or hedging of our common stock during
the term of the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have advised Aspire Capital that while it is engaged in a distribution of the shares included in this prospectus it is required
to comply with Regulation M promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. With certain exceptions, Regulation
M precludes the selling stockholder, any affiliated purchasers, and any broker-dealer or other person who participates in the
distribution from bidding for or purchasing, or attempting to induce any person to bid for or purchase any security which is the
subject of the distribution until the entire distribution is complete. Regulation M also prohibits any bids or purchases made
in order to stabilize the price of a security in connection with the distribution of that security. All of the foregoing may affect
the marketability of the shares offered hereby this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may suspend the sale of shares by Aspire Capital pursuant to this prospectus for certain periods of time for certain reasons,
including if the prospectus is required to be supplemented or amended to include additional material information.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
offering will terminate on the date that all shares offered by this prospectus have been sold by Aspire Capital.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_009"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>LEGAL
MATTERS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Reed
Smith LLP, Los Angeles, California will pass upon the validity of the shares of common stock offered hereby.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_010"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>EXPERTS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Mayer
Hoffman McCann P.C., our independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our balance sheets as of December 31, 2015
and 2014, and the related statements of operations, changes in securities subject to redemption and shareholders&rsquo; deficit
and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015, as set forth in their report, which report expresses
an unqualified opinion and includes an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern, and has been
incorporated by reference in this prospectus and in this registration statement in reliance on the report of Mayer Hoffman McCann
P.C. given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_011"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>WHERE
YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have filed with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act in connection with this offering of our
common stock by our selling stockholder. This Prospectus, which constitutes a part of the Registration Statement, does not contain
all of the information set forth in the registration statement, some items of which are contained in exhibits to the Registration
Statement as permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information with respect to us and our common stock,
we refer you to the Registration Statement, including the exhibits and the financial statements and notes filed as a part of the
Registration Statement. Statements contained in this prospectus concerning the contents of any contract or any other document
are not necessarily complete. If a contract or document has been filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, please see
the copy of the contract or document that has been filed. Each statement in this prospectus relating to a contract or document
filed as an exhibit is qualified in all respects by the filed exhibit. The exhibits to the Registration Statement should be referenced
for the complete contents of these contracts and documents. A copy of the Registration Statement and the exhibits filed therewith
may be inspected without charge at the public reference room of the SEC, located at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington,
D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference rooms by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The
SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy statements, and other information about issuers, like us,
that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and, in accordance with this law, we file periodic
reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information
are available for inspection and copying at the SEC&rsquo;s public reference facilities and the website of the SEC referred to
above. We also maintain a website at <I>www.ritterpharmaceuticals.com</I>. You may access our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly
reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a)
or 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website (<I>www.ritterpharmaceutical.com</I>) as soon as reasonably
practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that
can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_012"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>INFORMATION
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
SEC allows us to &lsquo;incorporate by reference&rsquo; the information we file with it, which means that we can disclose important
information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of
this prospectus. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Annual Report
    on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, which we filed with the SEC on March 21, 2016;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our definitive proxy
    statement, and definitive additional materials, on Schedule 14A, which we filed with the SEC on April 21, 2016; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Quarterly Report
    on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2016, which we filed with the SEC on May 9, 2016; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the
    SEC on January 5, 2016; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The description
    of our common stock contained in our registration statement on Form 8-A filed on June 15, 2015 (Registration no. 001-37428)
    with the SEC, including any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
also incorporate by reference all documents that we subsequently file with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d)
of the Exchange Act (i) after the date of the initial registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and prior to
the effectiveness of such registration statement and (ii) after the date of this prospectus and prior to the termination of this
offering, unless we specifically provide otherwise in each case, (excluding any information furnished and not filed with the SEC).
Information that we file with the SEC will automatically update and may replace information previously filed with the SEC.</FONT></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
will provide without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom this prospectus is delivered, upon his or
her written or oral request, a copy of any or all documents referred to above which have been or may be incorporated by reference
into this prospectus but not delivered with this prospectus excluding exhibits to those documents unless they are specifically
incorporated by reference into those documents. You can request those documents from us, at no cost, by writing or telephoning
us at: Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1880 Century Park East, #1000, Los Angeles, CA 90067, Attn: Vice President Finance, or by
calling (310) 203-1000.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">You
also may access the incorporated reports and other documents referenced above on our website at <I>www.ritterpharmaceuticals.com</I>.
The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Information
furnished under Items 2.02 or 7.01 (or corresponding information furnished under Item 9.01 or included as an exhibit) in any past
or future Current Report on Form 8-K that we file with the SEC, unless otherwise specified in such report, is not incorporated
by reference in this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>1,577,699
Shares</B></FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common Stock </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="logo1.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,
<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2016</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PART
II </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>INFORMATION
NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item
13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table sets forth the estimated costs and expenses to be incurred in connection with the issuance and distribution of
the securities registered under this Registration Statement. All the amounts shown are estimates except the SEC registration fee.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Total</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SEC registration fee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 15%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">299</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Printing and engraving expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">250</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Legal fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">100,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accounting fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">NASDAQ listing fee</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Transfer agent and registrar fees</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Miscellaneous fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">135,549</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;<B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item
14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that we shall indemnify, to the fullest extent authorized by the Delaware
General Corporation Law, each person who is involved in any litigation or other proceeding because such person is or was a director
or officer of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. or is or was serving as an officer or director of another entity at our request, against
all expense, loss or liability reasonably incurred or suffered in connection therewith. Our amended and restated certificate of
incorporation provides that the right to indemnification includes the right to be paid expenses incurred in defending any proceeding
in advance of its final disposition, provided, however, that such advance payment will only be made upon delivery to us of an
undertaking, by or on behalf of the director or officer, to repay all amounts so advanced if it is ultimately determined that
such director is not entitled to indemnification. If we do not pay a proper claim for indemnification in full within 30 days after
we receive a written claim for such indemnification, our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws authorize the claimant to
bring an action against us and prescribe what constitutes a defense to such action.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section
145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law permits a corporation to indemnify any director or officer of the corporation against
expenses (including attorney&rsquo;s fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred in
connection with any action, suit or proceeding brought by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer
of the corporation, if such person acted in good faith and in a manner that he reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to,
the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, if he or she had no reason to believe
his or her conduct was unlawful. In a derivative action, (<I>i.e</I>., one brought by or on behalf of the corporation), indemnification
may be provided only for expenses actually and reasonably incurred by any director or officer in connection with the defense or
settlement of such an action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner that he or she reasonably believed to
be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the corporation, except that no indemnification shall be provided if such person
shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation, unless and only to the extent that the court in which the action or
suit was brought shall determine that the defendant is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses despite such
adjudication of liability.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to Section 102(b)(7) of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation eliminates the liability of a director
to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for such a breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liabilities arising:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">from any breach
    of the director&rsquo;s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">from acts or omissions
    not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">under Section 174
    of the Delaware General Corporation Law; or </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">from any transaction
    from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
carry insurance policies insuring our directors and officers against certain liabilities that they may incur in their capacity
as directors and officers.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our current directors and executive officers. These agreements
require us to indemnify these individuals to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law against liabilities that may arise
by reason of their service to us and to advance expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they
could be indemnified. We also intend to enter into indemnification agreements with our future directors and executive officers.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item
15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the three years preceding the filing of this registration statement, we have issued the following securities that were not registered
under the Securities Act. The following issuances have been adjusted to reflect the 1-for-7.15 reverse stock split of our common
stock. Preferred share issuances referred to below are as of their date of issuance. The preferred stock described below converted
into shares of our common stock on a 7.15-for-1 basis prior to the closing of our initial public offering.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)
<I>Issuances of Capital Stock</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
November 2013, we entered into a Series B Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with certain investors raising approximately $500,000,
selling 419,995 shares of Series B preferred stock. Also in November 2013, we converted a total of approximately $135,000 in convertible
notes, including accrued interest of approximately $9,000, into 103,235 shares of Series B preferred stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
December 4, 2014, we issued an aggregate of 1,149,397 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate
of 160,754 shares of our common stock to certain investors, including Javelin and Javelin SPV, in the Initial Series C Closing
pursuant to the Series C Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement. The aggregate purchase price paid by the investors was approximately
$1.31 million (consisting of cash and cancellation of certain promissory notes issued in 2014, as described below).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
December 8, 2014, we issued an aggregate of 1,833,927 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate
of 256,493 shares of our common stock to Javelin SPV in our Second Series C Closing pursuant to the Series C Preferred Stock Purchase
Agreement. The aggregate purchase price paid by Javelin was approximately $2.39 million.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
December 19, 2014, we issued an aggregate of 7,692 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate
of 1,075 shares of our common stock to one investor in our Third Series C Closing pursuant to the Series C Preferred Stock Purchase
Agreement. The aggregate purchase price paid by the investor was $10,007.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
consideration for Ricerche Sperimentali Montale SpA, or RSM, entering into Amendment No. 2 to the Clinical Supply and Cooperation
Agreement, on November 30, 2015, we issued 100,000 shares of common stock to RSM pursuant to a stock purchase agreement, dated
as of November 30, 2015.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
December 18, 2015, we entered into the Common Stock Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, or Aspire Capital, which
provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth in the agreement, Aspire Capital is committed
to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million shares of our common stock, or the Purchase Shares, over the 30-month term of
the agreement. Pursuant to the terms of this agreement, Aspire Capital purchased 500,000 shares of our common stock at $2.00 per
share and we issued 188,864 shares of our common stock to Aspire Capital in consideration for entering into the agreement. The
Purchase Shares may be sold by us to Aspire Capital on any business day we select in two ways: (i) through a regular purchase
of up to 100,000 shares at a known price based on the market price of our common stock prior to the time of each sale, and (ii)
through a VWAP purchase of a number of shares up to 30% of the volume traded on the purchase date at a price equal to the lesser
of the closing sale price or 97% of the volume weighted average price for such purchase date.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Except
with respect to the Aspire Capital transaction, no underwriters were used in the foregoing transactions. The securities described
above were issued and sold in reliance on the exemptions from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or
Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act. Each of the purchasers in these transactions represented to us
in connection with its purchase that it was acquiring the securities for investment and not for distribution and that it could
bear the risks of the investment. Each purchaser received written disclosures that the securities had not been registered under
the Securities Act and that any resale must be made pursuant to a registration statement or an available exemption from registration.
All of the foregoing securities were deemed restricted securities for the purposes of the Securities Act, except for the securities
that have been issued to or will be issued to Aspire Capital, which are being registered for sale by Aspire Capital in this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)
<I>Promissory Notes</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
November 2013, we converted $37,500 of accounts payable into a note payable resulting from a compromise settlement with a vendor
to complete satisfaction of all rights, claims, causes of action, indebtedness, and assertions that the vendor may have against
us. The note payable had a term of one year and required payments of&thinsp;$3,000 per month. The note payable had no stated interest
rate and, due to the short-term nature of the note, we did not impute interest on the note. The outstanding balance of the note
was $31,500 as of December 31, 2013. This note payable was fully paid during 2014.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
issued two subordinated convertible notes with principal amounts of&thinsp;$25,000 and $350,000 on May 23, 2014, an $80,000 principal
amount subordinated convertible note on September 8, 2014, and an $80,000 principal amount subordinated convertible note on October
20, 2014, which notes bore interest at a rate of 8% per annum until paid in full. Each of these notes was converted into shares
of Series C preferred stock in the Series C Financing.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, we issued a $70,000 principal amount unsecured promissory note on October 9, 2014. This note bore interest at a rate
of 5% per annum until paid in full. This note was converted into shares of Series C preferred stock in the Series C Financing.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No
underwriters were used in the foregoing transactions. The securities described above were issued and sold in reliance on the exemptions
from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities
Act. Each of the purchasers in these transactions represented to us in connection with its purchase that it was acquiring the
securities for investment and not for distribution and that it could bear the risks of the investment. Each purchaser received
written disclosures that the securities had not been registered under the Securities Act and that any resale must be made pursuant
to a registration statement or an available exemption from registration. All of the foregoing securities were deemed restricted
securities for the purposes of the Securities Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)
<I>Grants and Exercises of Stock Options</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Since
December 1, 2011, we have granted stock options to purchase an aggregate of 1,786,759 shares of our common stock, with 62,116
of such stock options having an exercise price of&thinsp; $1.14 per share (of which 33,855 have forfeited as of December 31, 2014),
1,066,567 of such stock options having an exercise price of&thinsp; $5.86 per share, 97,902 of such stock options having an exercise
price of&thinsp; $1.27, 280,086 of such stock options having an exercise price of&thinsp; $9.29, and 280,086 of such stock options
having an exercise price of&thinsp; $13.22 per share to employees and non-employees pursuant to our stock plans.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
described in the section entitled &lsquo;Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End,&rsquo; we also granted an option to Michael
Step on December 2, 2014 for a number of shares of common stock as would, together with the 646,537 shares subject to the option
granted to Mr. Step on December 2, 2014, represent in the aggregate 7.5% of the shares of common stock deemed to be outstanding
on a fully-diluted basis as of the date that we raised in the aggregate a minimum of&thinsp; $15,000,000 in one or more private
and/or public offerings, or a Qualified Financing, after giving effect to (i) the issuance of the shares issued in the Qualified
Financing, (ii) the issuance of this option, and (iii) any adjustments. This option became exercisable upon the closing of our
initial public offering on June 29, 2015. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the option is exercisable for a total of 163,799
shares of our common stock, which, together with the shares subject to an option granted to Mr. Step on December 2, 2014 to purchase
646,537 shares, represents 7.5% of the shares of common stock deemed to be outstanding at June 29, 2015 on a fully-diluted basis,
after giving effect to the number of shares subject to this option.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No
underwriters were used in the foregoing transactions. The securities were issued in reliance on the exemptions from registration
provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as a transaction
pursuant to a compensatory benefit plan or contract relating to compensation. Each purchaser received written disclosures that
the securities had not been registered under the Securities Act and that any resale must be made pursuant to a registration statement
or an available exemption from registration. All of the foregoing securities were deemed restricted securities for the purposes
of the Securities Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)
<I>Prepaid Forward Sale of Preferred Stock</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
November 30, 2010, we concurrently entered into a Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, or the R&amp;D Agreement,
and a Put and Call Option Agreement, or the KPM Option Agreement, with two commonly controlled entities, Kolu Pohaku Technologies,
LLC, or KPT, and Kolu Pohaku Management, LLC, or KPM. The agreement was subsequently amended on, July 6, 2011, September 30, 2011,
February 6, 2012 and November 4, 2013 to increase the funding received by us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the terms of the KPM Option Agreement, we had the right to put to KPM and KPM had the right to call from us 1,469,994 shares
of our Series B preferred stock at any time after December 31, 2014. The number of shares was determined by dividing the $1,750,000
of payments made by KPT to us under the R&amp;D Agreement by the Series B preferred stock original issue price of&thinsp;$1.19
per share. On March 26, 2015, we exercised our right to put the KPM Option and issued 1,469,994 shares of Series B preferred stock
to KPM.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item
16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)
<I>Exhibits</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
the Exhibit Index on the page immediately preceding the exhibits for a list of exhibits filed as part of this registration statement
on Form S-1, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)
<I>Financial Statement Schedules</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Schedules
have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not required or is shown either in the financial
statements or notes thereto.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item
17. Undertakings</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The undersigned registrant hereby
    undertakes: </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 7%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 84%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To file,
    during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To include any prospectus
    required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To reflect in the
    prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective
    amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in
    the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the
    total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high
    end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant
    to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum
    aggregate offering price set forth in the &lsquo;Calculation of Registration Fee&rsquo; table in the effective registration
    statement; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To include any material
    information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material
    change to such information in the registration statement; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">That,
    for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be
    deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities
    at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To remove
    from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the
    termination of the offering. </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">That,
    for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser: each prospectus filed pursuant
    to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on
    Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration
    statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness; <I>provided, however</I> , that no statement made in a registration
    statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated
    by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser
    with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration
    statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such
    date of first use.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933,
    each filing of the registrant&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to section 13(a) or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
    Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to section 15(d)
    of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to
    be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time
    shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Insofar
    as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling
    persons of the registrant pursuant to the provisions described under Item 14 above, or otherwise, the registrant has been
    advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed
    in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities
    (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the
    registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling
    person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter
    has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification
    by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>




<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SIGNATURES</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment No.
2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City
of Los Angeles, California, on the 1st day of June, 2016.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>RITTER PHARMACEUTICALS,
    INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 45%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Michael D. Step</I></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Michael D. Step</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement
has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated below.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 38%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Signature</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 38%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Title</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 20%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Michael D. Step</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief
    Executive Officer and Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    1, 2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Michael D. Step</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;(Principal
    Executive Officer)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Ellen Mochizuki</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vice
    President Finance</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    1, 2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ellen Mochizuki</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;(Principal
    Financial and Accounting Officer)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Ira E. Ritter</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive
    Chairman, Chief Strategic Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    1, 2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ira E. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">and Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Andrew J. Ritter</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President
    and Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    1, 2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Andrew J. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    1, 2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Noah Doyle</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    1, 2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Matthew W. Foehr</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    1, 2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Paul V. Maier</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    1, 2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Gerald T. Proehl</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 35%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Andrew J. Ritter</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 62%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Andrew J. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Attorney-in-fact</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>EXHIBIT
INDEX</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="7" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Incorporated
    by Reference</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
    No.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 43%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Description
    </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Form</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>File
    No.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Filing
    Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated
    Certificate of Incorporation of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7/1/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated
    Bylaws of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7/1/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Common Stock
    Certificate of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/22/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated
    Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, dated as of November 17, 2010, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the persons
    and entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 1
    to the Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, dated as of January 13, 2011, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals,
    Inc. and the persons and entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 2
    to the Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, dated as of February 6, 2012, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals,
    Inc. and the persons and entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.5</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 3
    to the Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, dated as of December 4, 2014, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals,
    Inc. and the persons and entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.5</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.6</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 4
    to the Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the persons and
    entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-208818&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.6&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/31/2015&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.7</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Common Stock
    Purchase Warrant</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-208818</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.7&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/31/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Representative&rsquo;s
    Warrant Agreement </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.7</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.9</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Registration Rights
    Agreement, dated December 18, 2015, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/21/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Reed
    Smith LLP </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-208818</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;5.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/31/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Office Lease, dated
    June 25, 2013, by and between Douglas Emmett 1997, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Offer Letter, dated
    December 2, 2014, by and between Michael D. Step and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive Compensation
    Plan </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive Severance
    &amp; Change in Control Agreement, dated October 1, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Michael D. Step
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.5+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2008 Stock Plan
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-207709</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10/30/15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.6+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2009 Stock Plan
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.6</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.7+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2015 Equity Incentive
    Plan</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-207709</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10/30/15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.8+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Notice of
    Grant of Stock Option under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-207709</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10/30/15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.9+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Michael D. Step </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.10+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Michael D. Step </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.9</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

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<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.11+</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 43%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock
    Option Agreement, dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Michael D. Step </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.10</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.12+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated September 25, 2013, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.11</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.13+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.12</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.14+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.13</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.15+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated September 25, 2013, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.14</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.16+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.15</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.17+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.16</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.18</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research and Development
    Agreement &amp; License, dated November 30, 2010, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC, Kolu Pohaku Management, LLC
    and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.17</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.19</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 1
    to Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, dated July 6, 2011, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC, Kolu
    Pohaku Management, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.18</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.20</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 2
    to Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, dated September 30, 2011, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC,
    Kolu Pohaku Management, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.19</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.21</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 3
    to Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, dated February 6, 2012, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC, Kolu
    Pohaku Management, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.20</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.22</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 4
    to Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, dated November 4, 2013, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC, Kolu
    Pohaku Management, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.21</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.23</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Put and Call Option
    Agreement, dated November 30, 2010, by and between Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.22</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.24</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subordinated Convertible
    Promissory Note to SJ Investment Company, LLC, dated May 23, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $25,000.00 </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.23</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.24</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subordinated Convertible
    Promissory Note to Javelin Venture Partners, L.P., dated May 23, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $350,000.00 </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.24</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.26</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subordinated Convertible
    Promissory Note to Javelin Venture Partners, L.P., dated September 8, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $80,000.00
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.25</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.27</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Unsecured Promissory
    Note to Javelin Venture Partners, L.P., dated October 9, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $70,000.00 </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.26</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.28</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subordinated Convertible
    Promissory Note, dated October 20, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $80,000.00 </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.27</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.29</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Series C Preferred
    Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated December 4, 2014, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the Investors
    named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.28</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.30+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Indemnification
    Agreement between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and each of its directors and executive officers </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.29</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4/24/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.31</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Clinical Supply
    and Operation Agreement, dated December 16, 2009, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ricerche Sperimentali Montale
    SpA and Inalco SpA </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.30</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4/24/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

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<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.32</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 43%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment
    1 to the Clinical Supply and Cooperation Agreement, dated September 25, 2010, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and
    Ricerche Sperimentali Montale SpA and Inalco SpA </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.31</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4/24/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.33+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Offer Letter, by
    and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/12/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.34+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Offer Letter, by
    and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/12/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.35+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive Severance
    &amp; Change in Control Agreement, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/12/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.36+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive Severance
    &amp; Change in Control Agreement, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/12/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.37</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lease Agreement,
    dated July 9, 2015, between the Company and Century Park</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11/10/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.38</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 2
    to Clinical Supply and Cooperation Agreement, effective July 24, 2015, between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ricerche Sperimentali
    Montale SpA, and Inalco SpA</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11/10/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.39+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Offer Letter, dated
    August 14, 2015, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ellen Mochizuki</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11/10/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.40+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Letter of Agreement,
    dated October 20, 2015 between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Chord Advisors, LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11/10/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.41</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Common Stock Purchase
    Agreement, dated December 18, 2015, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/21/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.42</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Master Services
    Agreement, effective December 29, 2015, by and between Covance Inc. and Ritter Pharmaceuticals , Inc.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-208818</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.42</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/30/2015&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1*</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Mayer
    Hoffman McCann P.C., independent registered public accounting firm </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Reed
    Smith LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1) </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-208818</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/30/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Power of Attorney
    (included on applicable signature pages)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-208818</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/30/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*
Filed herewith.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">+
Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>ex23-1.htm
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 23.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0"><IMG SRC="image_001.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><B>CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC
ACCOUNTING FIRM</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As independent registered public
accountants, we hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the
Registration Statement on Form S-1 and related Prospectus of our report dated March 21, 2016 relating to the financial
statements of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (which report includes an explanatory paragraph relating to the uncertainty of
the Company&rsquo;s ability to continue as a going concern) and to the reference to us under the caption
&ldquo;Experts&rdquo; which is contained in this Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Orange
    County, California</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June 1, 2016</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>


<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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<TYPE>GRAPHIC
<SEQUENCE>3
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
