<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001493152-17-001273.txt : 20170209
<SEC-HEADER>0001493152-17-001273.hdr.sgml : 20170209
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20170209170329
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001493152-17-001273
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-1/A
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		4
FILED AS OF DATE:		20170209
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20170209

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			RITTER PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001460702
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				263474527
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-1/A
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-215143
		FILM NUMBER:		17588382

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1880 CENTURY PARK EAST, SUITE 1000
		CITY:			LOS ANGELES
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			90067
		BUSINESS PHONE:		310-203-1000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1880 CENTURY PARK EAST, SUITE 1000
		CITY:			LOS ANGELES
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			90067
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-1/A
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>forms-1a.htm
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<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>As
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 9, 2017 .</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Registration
No. 333- 215143 </B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>UNITED
STATES</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>WASHINGTON,
D.C. 20549</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>AMENDMENT
NO. 1</B></FONT></FONT> </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>TO</B></FONT></FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT><B><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt">FORM
S-1</FONT></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>REGISTRATION
STATEMENT UNDER</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>THE
SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 100%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>RITTER
PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Exact
name of Registrant as specified in its charter)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Delaware
    </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>2834
    </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>26-3474527</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(State
                                         or other jurisdiction of</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">incorporation
        or organization)</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Primary
                                         Standard Industrial</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Classification
        Code Number)</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(I.R.S.
                                         Employer</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Identification
        Number)</FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>1880
Century Park East #1000</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Los
Angeles, CA 90067</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(310)
203-1000</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant&rsquo;s principal executive offices)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Michael
D. Step</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Chief
Executive Officer</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Ritter
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>1880
Century Park East #1000</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Los
Angeles, CA 90067</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(310)
203-1000</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Name,
address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Copies
to: </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Michael
Sanders, Esq.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Aron
Izower, Esq.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Reed
Smith LLP</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>1901
Avenue of the Stars, Suite 700</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Los
Angeles, California 90067-6078</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Telephone:
(310) 734-5200</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Approximate
date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:</B> From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under
the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. [X]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please
check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement
for the same offering. [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list
the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list
the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller
reporting company. See the definitions of&thinsp; &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer&rdquo; and &ldquo;smaller
reporting company&rdquo; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 20%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large
    accelerated filer </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 25%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated
    filer </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated
    filer </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]
    (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller
    reporting company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[X]</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Registrant is an &ldquo;emerging growth company,&rdquo; as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. This registration statement
complies with the requirements that apply to an issuer that is an emerging growth company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>The
Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until
the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become
effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective
on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; color: red"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; color: red"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The selling stockholder may not sell these securities
until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is
not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the
offer or sale is not permitted.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 34%; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red"><B>PRELIMINARY
    PROSPECTUS </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red"><B>SUBJECT
    TO COMPLETION </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: Red"><B>DATED
    FEBRUARY 9 , 2017</B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><IMG SRC="image_001.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="height: 79.5pt; width: 227.25pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>3,000,000
Shares</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
Stock</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
prospectus relates to the sale of up to 3,000,000 shares of our common stock by Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, or Aspire Capital. Aspire
Capital is also referred to in this prospectus as the selling stockholder. The prices at which the selling stockholder may sell
the shares will be determined by the prevailing market price for the shares or in negotiated transactions. We will not receive
proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholder. However, we have received proceeds of $3.0 million, and may receive
additional proceeds of up to $7.0 million, for an aggregate of $10.0 million, from the sale of our common stock to the selling
stockholder, pursuant to a common stock purchase agreement entered into with the selling stockholder on December 18, 2015.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
selling stockholder is an &ldquo;underwriter&rdquo; within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We will pay
the expenses of registering these shares, but all selling and other expenses incurred by the selling stockholder will be paid
by the selling stockholder.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol &ldquo;RTTR.&rdquo; On February 8, 2017 the
last reported sale price per share of our common stock was $3.43 per share.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">You
should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, together with additional information described under the headings &ldquo;Incorporation
of Certain Documents by Reference&rdquo; and &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information,&rdquo; carefully before you invest in
any of our securities.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are an &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and, as such,
have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and future filings.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Investing
in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; on page 8 of this prospectus.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Neither
the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or
passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
date of this prospectus is&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,
2017 .</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>TABLE
OF CONTENTS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Prospectus
    Summary</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Risk
    Factors</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">8</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_003"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Cautionary
    Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Industry Data</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">38</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_004"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The
    Aspire Capital Transaction</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">40</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_005"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Use
    of Proceeds</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">44</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_006"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Dilution</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">45</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#b_001"> Executive
    and Director Compensation </A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">46</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_007"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Description
    of Capital Stock</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">64</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_008"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Selling
    Stockholder</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">67</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_009"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Plan
    of Distribution</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">68</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_010"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Legal
    Matters</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">70</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_011"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Experts</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">70</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_012"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Where
    You Can Find More Information</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">70</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_013"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Information
    Incorporated by Reference</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">70</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Neither
we nor the selling stockholder has authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than as contained
in this prospectus or incorporated by reference herein. We and the selling stockholder take no responsibility for, and provide
no assurance as to the reliability of, any information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the
shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained
in this prospectus and incorporate by reference herein is current only as of its date. Our business, financial condition, results
of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
investors outside of the United States: Neither we nor the selling stockholder have done anything that would permit this offering
or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in
the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about, and to observe any restrictions relating to, this offering and
the distribution of this prospectus outside of the United States.</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>




<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-top: Black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-left: 0.15in"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_001"></A><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>PROSPECTUS
        SUMMARY </B></FONT></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>This
        summary highlights certain information about us, this offering and selected information contained in the prospectus. This
        summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding whether to
        invest in our common stock. For a more complete understanding of our company and this offering, we encourage you to read
        and consider the more detailed information in the prospectus and incorporated by reference herein, including &ldquo;Risk
        Factors&rdquo; and the financial statements and related notes. Unless we specify otherwise, all references in this prospectus
        to &ldquo;Ritter Pharmaceuticals,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;our,&rdquo; &ldquo;us&rdquo; and &ldquo;our company&rdquo;
        refer to Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</I></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
        Business </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ritter
        Pharmaceuticals, Inc. develops novel therapeutic products that modulate the human gut microbiome to treat gastrointestinal
        diseases. We are advancing human gut health research by exploring the metabolic capacity of the gut microbiota and translating
        the functionality of prebiotic-based therapeutics into applications intended to have a meaningful impact on a patient&rsquo;s
        health. &ldquo;Prebiotics&rdquo; is a general term used to refer to chemicals that induce the growth and/or activity of
        commensal microorganisms that contribute to the well-being of their host.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
        first novel microbiome modulator, RP-G28, an orally administered, high purity galacto-oligosaccharide (a carbohydrate
        found naturally, at least in small amounts, in plants, consisting of three to ten simple sugars linked together), is currently
        under development for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance. RP-G28, is designed to stimulate
        the growth of lactose-metabolizing bacteria in the colon, thereby effectively adapting the gut microbiome to assist in
        digesting the lactose that reaches the large intestine. RP-G28 has the potential to become the first drug approved by
        the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
        Market Opportunity </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lactose
        intolerance is a common condition attributed to insufficient levels of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to properly
        digest lactose, a complex sugar found in milk and milk-containing foods. People with lactose intolerance who ingest lactose-containing
        foods may experience painful and embarrassing digestive symptoms.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lactose
        intolerance is a widespread condition affecting over one billion people worldwide and over 40 million people in the United
        States (or 15% of the U.S. population), with an estimated nine million of those individuals demonstrating moderate to
        severe symptoms <I>[NIH Consensus Statement, LIH, Vol. 27, #2 (February 2010); Objective Insights, &ldquo;Market Research
        Analysis and Forecasts on Lactose Intolerance and RP-G28,&rdquo; p. 4 and 7 (June 2012)]</I>.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
        the United States alone, we believe lactose intolerance is a large and underserved market. Current annual spending on
        over-the-counter lactose intolerance aids in the United States has been estimated at approximately $2.45 billion <I>[Zpryme
        Research &amp; Consulting, &ldquo;The Digestive Health Prescription Drug Market,&rdquo; (May 2009)]. </I>However, these
        options are limited and there is no long-term treatment available.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
        most common therapeutic approach is dairy avoidance, which physicians recommend to the majority of their patients. However,
        dairy avoidance may lead to inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, which can predispose individuals to decreased bone
        accrual, osteoporosis, and other adverse health outcomes. The 2010 National Institutes of Health conference on lactose
        intolerance highlighted the long-term consequences of dairy avoidance demonstrating both the importance of treating the
        condition and the need to find improved solutions for patients.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
        Leading Product Candidate &mdash; RP-G28 </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        completed a double-blinded, randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled Phase 2a clinical study of RP-G28. The purpose
        of the study was to assess the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of RP-G28 compared to a placebo when administered
        to subjects with symptoms associated with lactose intolerance.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">An
        additional goal was to establish proof-of-concept that treatment with RP-G28 facilitates improved lactose metabolism via
        the adaptation of intestinal bacteria metabolism (i.e., colonic adaptation). The study evaluated RP-G28 in 62 patients
        with lactose intolerance over a treatment period of 35 consecutive days. Post-treatment, subjects reintroduced dairy into
        their diets and were followed for an additional 30 days. The results of our Phase 2a study were published in Nutrition
        Journal in a manuscript entitled, &ldquo;Improving lactose digestion and symptoms of lactose intolerance with a novel
        galacto-oligosaccharide (RP-G28): a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.&rdquo;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; padding-left: 0.15in; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Key
    findings of the Phase 2a study include:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RP-G28
    was well tolerated, with no significant adverse events reported. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    combined data suggest that RP-G28 exerted a positive therapeutic effect and clinically meaningful benefits to patients on
    treatment, though not all results were statistically significant. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Positive
    trends were seen when the entire per protocol study population was analyzed, including some statistically significant subgroup
    analysis. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Treated
    subjects reported increased tolerance to lactose and dairy foods: reduced lactose intolerance symptoms (gas, bloating, cramping
    and abdominal pain) were reported in subjects on RP-G28, a durable reduction in abdominal pain (p=0.019) was reported, and
    treated patients were 6 times more likely to describe themselves as lactose tolerant (p=0.039). We believe these results are
    signals of a clinically meaningful benefit to patients treated with RP-G28. P-value is a conventional statistical method for
    measuring the statistical significance of clinical results. In clinical trials, the &ldquo;p-value&rdquo; is the probability
    that the result was obtained by chance. By convention, a &ldquo;p-value&rdquo; that is less than 0.05 is considered statistically
    significant. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Principal
    Component Analysis (PCA), a multivariate method that helps transform a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller
    number of uncorrelated variables called principal components, thereby reducing the dimensions of a complex dataset, also showed
    statistically significant shifts in the microbiome of subjects fed RP-G28, compared to placebo, at 66 days. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

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<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 11pt/115% Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 0.15in; text-align: justify; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
                                    sum, positive trends were seen when the entire per protocol study population was analyzed,
                                    including some statistically significant subgroup analysis. We held a Type C meeting with
                                    the FDA&rsquo;s Division of Gastroenterology and Inborn Errors Products on February 20, 2013.
                                    The purpose of the meeting was to obtain the FDA&rsquo;s feedback on the planned Phase 2 program
                                    and Phase 3 programs, inform the FDA of our ongoing development plans, gain feedback on relevant
                                    clinical trial design and end points related to patient meaningful benefits, and to inform
                                    the FDA of the status of our product characterization. We believe that this meeting was a
                                    significant step forward in streamlining the pathway to initial U.S. approval of RP-G28 to
                                    reduce symptoms and frequency of symptomatic episodes associated with lactose intolerance.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Following
        analysis of the Phase 2a clinical trial, discussions with the FDA in 2013 about our clinical development plan, and further
        discussions with our regulatory consultants, we initiated a Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of RP-G28 in March 2016. We did
        not discuss the Phase 2b/3 study design and development plan for RP-G28 with the FDA, though we did submit a supplement
        to the IND detailing the protocols for the adaptive study.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
        Phase 2b/3 trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, three arm, multicenter study evaluating safety, efficacy and
        tolerability of two dosing regimens of RP-G28 in patients with moderate to severe lactose intolerance symptoms. Enrollment
        was initiated in March 2016 and completed in August 2016, achieving our projected enrollment time period. The study aims
        to evaluate a patient&rsquo;s ability to consume dairy foods post-treatment with improved tolerance and reduced digestive
        symptoms. A total of 377 subjects were enrolled in the trial with 18 clinical sites participating throughout the United
        States. Patients underwent a 30-day treatment, followed by a 30-day post-treatment evaluation of dairy tolerance. A subset
        of subjects have been rolled into a 12-month extension study to evaluate long-term durability of treatment. The study
        will also evaluate each participant&rsquo;s microbiome, expanding knowledge of the effects that RP-G28 may have on adapting
        the gut microbiota in a beneficial manner.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
        October 17, 2016, we announced that the last patient has completed dosing and all monitoring visits in our Phase 2b/3
        clinical trial of RP-G28 for the treatment of lactose intolerance. Topline results of the trial are expected to be announced
        in the first quarter of 2017.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        have had communications with the FDA regarding our clinical program and regulatory path towards getting our product adequately
        studied and eventually approved. We intend to hold two meetings with the FDA in the near future about our Phase 2b/3 study,
        including a Type C meeting as well as an End of Phase 2 meeting thereafter, both of which the FDA has encouraged us to
        schedule. These meetings and communications are expected to include discussions of the clinical pathway, regulatory requirements,
        statistical plan and endpoints and similar matters required for the approval of RP-G28 by the FDA.</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 11pt/115% Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 0.15in; text-align: justify; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 11pt/115% Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; text-align: justify; border-left: Black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 11pt/115% Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; text-align: justify; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 11pt/115% Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; text-align: justify; border-right: Black 1.5pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>


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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-right: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0.5pt"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
        Competitive Strengths </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Market
        Opportunity </I></B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RP-G28
        has the potential to become the first approved drug in the United States and Europe for the reduction of symptoms associated
        with lactose intolerance.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Renowned
        Scientific Team and Management Team </I></B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
        leadership team has extensive biotechnology/pharmaceutical expertise in discovering, developing, licensing and commercializing
        therapeutic products. We have attracted a scientific team comprised of innovative researchers who are renowned in their
        knowledge and understanding of the host-microbiome in the field of lactose intolerance and gastroenterology.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Substantial
        Patent Portfolio and Product Exclusivity </I></B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        have an issued patent in the United Kingdom directed to compositions of non-digestible carbohydrates, and we have issued
        patents in the United States directed to methods of using such compositions for the treatment of lactose intolerance and
        symptoms. Additional worldwide patent applications are pending. The patent applications include claims covering compositions,
        methods, formulations and packaging.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
        addition, in July 2015 we acquired the rights, title and interest to certain patents and related patent applications with
        claims covering a process for producing ultra high purity galacto-oligosaccharide active pharmaceutical ingredients, including
        RP-G28, from our supplier. See &ldquo;Business&mdash;Clinical Supply and Cooperation Agreement with Ricerche Sperimentali
        Montale and Inalco SpA&rdquo; for additional details regarding the second amendment to the exclusive supply agreement
        and our exercise of the exclusive option.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Our
        Growth Strategy </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
        order to achieve our objective of developing safe and effective applications to treat conditions associated with microbiome
        dysfunctions, our near-term and long-term strategies include the following:</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">complete
    our adaptive design Phase 2b/3 clinical trial and any additional pivotal studies of RP-G28 for the reduction of symptoms associated
    with lactose intolerance; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">seek
    regulatory approval of RP-G28 for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance if the clinical trials are
    successful, initially in the United States and subsequently in the rest of the world; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">develop
    and commercialize RP-G28 either by ourselves or in collaboration with others throughout the world; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">explore
    the use of RP-G28 for additional potential therapeutic indications and orphan indications; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">establish
    the Company as a leader in developing therapeutics that modulate the human gut microbiome; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">continue
    to develop a robust and defensible patent portfolio, including patents we own and those we plan to in-license in the future;
    and </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">continue
    to optimize our product development and manufacturing capabilities both internally and through outside manufacturers. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risks
                                         Relating to Our Business</B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        are an early stage pharmaceutical company, and our business and ability to execute our business strategy are subject to
        a number of risks of which you should be aware before you decide to buy our common stock. In particular, you should consider
        the risks discussed in the &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; section of this prospectus and documents incorporated by reference
        herein, including, but not limited to, the following:</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    have incurred net losses in each year since our inception. We expect to incur net losses and negative operating cash flow
    for the foreseeable future, and may never achieve or maintain profitability. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    will require substantial additional funding to complete the development and commercialization of RP-G28 and to fund our operations
    generally and such funding may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    are substantially dependent on the success of our only product candidate, RP-G28, which is under clinical development. We
    cannot be certain that RP-G28 will receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if we receive regulatory
    approval. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Future
    clinical trials of RP-G28, or other product candidates we may develop in the future, may not be successful. If we are unable
    to obtain required marketing approvals for, commercialize, obtain and maintain patent protection for or gain sufficient market
    acceptance by physicians, patients and healthcare payers of RP-G28, or other future product candidates, or experience significant
    delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RP-G28
    and any other product candidates we may develop in the future will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements and any violations
    of these requirements could negatively affect our business and results of operation. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    delay or disruption in the manufacture and supply of RP-G28 (including delays related to required regulatory approvals) may
    negatively impact our operations. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    will be substantially dependent on third-party manufacturers to manufacture our products and key ingredients in sufficient
    quantities and on a timely basis, while complying with extensive FDA and European Medicines Agency, or EMA, requirements.
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    may not be able to manage our business effectively if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel and consultants. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
    we are unable to maintain valid and enforceable intellectual property rights or if our intellectual property rights are inadequate
    for RP-G28 and our product candidates, our competitive position could be harmed. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    could face competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and our operating results will suffer if we fail
    to compete effectively. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-right: 5pt; padding-left: 5pt"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Implications
                                         of Being an Emerging Growth Company </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        qualify as an &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. As
        an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of specified reduced disclosure and other requirements that are otherwise
        applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">being
    permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements in addition to any required unaudited interim financial
    statements with correspondingly reduced &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results
    of Operations&rdquo; disclosure; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">reduced
    disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation arrangements; </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">not
    being required to hold a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation or golden parachute arrangements; and </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">exemption
    from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
                                         have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised
                                         accounting standards under Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act. This election allows us
                                         to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards that have different effective
                                         dates for public and private companies until those standards apply to private companies.
                                         As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies
                                         that comply with public company effective dates.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of&thinsp; (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following
        the fifth anniversary of the date we completed our initial public offering, which was June 29, 2015, (b) in which we have
        total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which
        means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the prior June
        30<SUP>th</SUP>, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior
        three-year period. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these exemptions. We have taken advantage of
        reduced reporting requirements in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than
        the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        refer to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 in this prospectus as the &ldquo;JOBS Act,&rdquo; and references
        in this prospectus to &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; have the meaning associated with that term as used in the
        JOBS Act.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-right: black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 100%; border: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-right: 0.15in; padding-left: 0.15in"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Notwithstanding
        the above, we are also currently a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; meaning that we are not an investment company,
        an asset-backed issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent company that is not a smaller reporting company and
        have a public float of less than $75 million and annual revenues of less than $50 million during the most recently completed
        fiscal year. In the event that we are still considered a smaller reporting company at such time as we cease to be an emerging
        growth company, the disclosure we will be required to provide in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission,
        or SEC, will increase, but will still be less than it would be if we were not considered either an emerging growth company
        or a smaller reporting company. Specifically, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies are able
        to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in their filings; are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b)
        of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the &ldquo;Sarbanes-Oxley Act&rdquo;) requiring that independent registered public
        accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of their internal control over financial reporting;
        and have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being
        required to provide two years of audited financial statements in their annual reports.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Corporate
        Information </B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        were formed as a Nevada limited liability company on March 29, 2004 under the name Ritter Natural Sciences, LLC. On September
        16, 2008, we converted into a Delaware corporation under the name Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Our principal executive
        offices are located at 1880 Century Park East, #1000, Los Angeles, CA 90067, and our telephone number is (310) 203-1000.
        Our website address is <I>www.ritterpharmaceuticals.com</I>. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through,
        our website is not part of this prospectus.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
        previously marketed a product under the Lactagen trademark. This prospectus may contain references to our trademark and
        to trademarks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus,
        including logos, artwork and other visual displays, may appear without the <SUP>&reg;</SUP> or <SUP>TM</SUP> symbols,
        but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable
        law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use
        or display of other companies&rsquo; trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship
        of us by, any other company.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1.5pt solid; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>THE
    OFFERING</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 25%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 73%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 40%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
    Stock being Offered by the Selling Stockholder </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 52%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3,000,000
    shares</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
    Stock Outstanding </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11,619,197
    shares </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
    Stock Outstanding After the Offering </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14,619,197
    shares</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Use
    of Proceeds </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    selling stockholder will receive all of the proceeds from the sale of the shares offered for sale by it under this prospectus.
    We will not receive proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholder. However, we have received proceeds of
    $3.0 million, and may receive up to $7.0 million additional proceeds, for an aggregate of $10.0 million from the sale of our
    common stock to the selling stockholder under the common stock purchase agreement described below. Any proceeds from the selling
    stockholder that we receive under the purchase agreement are expected be used for working capital and general corporate purposes,
    including research and development activities.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>NASDAQ
    Capital Market Symbol </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RTTR</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risk
    Factors </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Investing
    in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully review and consider the &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
    section of this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider before deciding to invest in shares of our common stock.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.15in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 25%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.15in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding following this offering is based on an aggregate of 11,619,197 shares
    outstanding as of February 9, 2017 but excludes:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.35in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">2,564,924
    </FONT></FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">shares of common
    stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding options as of February 9, 2017 , at a weighted average exercise price of&thinsp; $5.90
    per share, of which 1,575,419 shares are vested as of such date; </FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">360
    </FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under
    the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan; and</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">578,323
    shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding as of February 9, 2017 .</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-left: black 1.5pt solid; font: 11pt/115% Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; width: 0.15in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
                                         information in this prospectus gives effect to the 1-for-7.15 reverse stock split of
                                         our common stock which was effected on June 17, 2015.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Common
        Stock Issued and Issuable to the Selling Stockholder</B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
        December 18, 2015, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement, or the Purchase Agreement, with Aspire Capital Fund,
        LLC, an Illinois limited liability company, or Aspire Capital or the selling stockholder, which provides that, upon the
        terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an
        aggregate of $10.0 million of our shares of common stock over the approximately 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement.
        In consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement, concurrently with the execution of the Purchase Agreement,
        we issued to Aspire Capital 188,864 shares of our common stock as a commitment fee, or the Commitment Shares. Upon execution
        of the Purchase Agreement, the Company sold to Aspire Capital 500,000 shares of common stock, or the Initial Purchase
        Shares, at $2.00 per share, for proceeds of $1.0 million. Concurrently with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we also
        entered into a registration rights agreement with Aspire Capital, or the Registration Rights Agreement, in which we agreed
        to file one or more registration statements, including the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part,
        as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, the sale
        of the shares of our common stock that have been and may be issued to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 11pt/115% Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; border-right: black 1.5pt solid; width: 0.15in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
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        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
        December 31, 2015, we registered up to 1,577,699 shares of our common stock that have been or may be issued to Aspire
        Capital under the Purchase Agreement in a registration statement. As of February 9, 2017 , we have issued an aggregate
        of 1,577,699 shares of our common stock to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of
        approximately $3.0 million.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">After
        the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, has declared effective the registration statement of which this prospectus
        is a part, on any trading day on which the closing sale price of our common stock exceeds $0.50, we have the right, in
        our sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a purchase notice, or each a Purchase Notice, directing Aspire Capital
        (as principal) to purchase up to 100,000 shares of our common stock per trading day, up to $7.0 million of our common
        stock in the aggregate at a per share price, or the Purchase Price, calculated by reference to the prevailing market price
        of our common stock (as more specifically described below).</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
        addition, on any date on which we submit a Purchase Notice for 100,000 shares to Aspire Capital and the closing sale price
        of our stock is equal to or greater than $0.50 per share of Common Stock , we also have the right, in our sole discretion,
        to present Aspire Capital with a volume-weighted average price purchase notice, or each a VWAP Purchase Notice, directing
        Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of stock equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the Company&rsquo;s common
        stock traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the next trading day, or the VWAP Purchase Date, subject to a maximum number
        of shares we may determine, or the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum, and a minimum trading price, or the VWAP Minimum
        Price Threshold (as more specifically described below). The purchase price per Purchase Share pursuant to such VWAP Purchase
        Notice, or the VWAP Purchase Price, is calculated by reference to the prevailing market price of our common stock (as
        more specifically described below).</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
        Purchase Agreement provides that the Company and Aspire Capital shall not effect any sales under the Purchase Agreement
        on any purchase date where the closing sale price of our common stock is less than $0.50 per share, or the Floor Price.
        This Floor Price and the respective prices and share numbers in the preceding paragraphs will be appropriately adjusted
        for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction.
        There are no trading volume requirements or restrictions under the Purchase Agreement, and we will control the timing
        and amount of any sales of our common stock to Aspire Capital. Aspire Capital has no right to require any sales by us,
        but is obligated to make purchases from us as we direct in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. There are no limitations
        on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future fundings, rights of first refusal, participation
        rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement. Aspire Capital may not assign its rights or obligations
        under the Purchase Agreement. The Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time, at our discretion, without any
        penalty or cost to us.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Although
the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to $10.0 million of our common stock to Aspire Capital, only 3,000,000 shares
of our common stock are being offered under this prospectus. As of February 9, 2017 there were 11,619,197 shares of our
common stock outstanding (of which 8,302,142 shares were held by non-affiliates), which excludes the 3,000,000 shares of common
stock that we may issue to Aspire Capital after this registration statement is declared effective under the Securities Act. If
all of such 3,000,000 shares of our common stock offered hereby were issued and outstanding as of February 9, 2017 , such
shares would have represented 20.5% of the total common stock outstanding on such date or 26.5% of the non-affiliate shares of
common stock outstanding as of such date. The number of shares of our common stock ultimately offered for sale by Aspire Capital
is dependent upon the number of shares purchased by Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
        Purchase Agreement prohibits us from issuing more than 1,577,699 shares of our common stock (which is equal to approximately
        19.99% of the common stock outstanding on the date of the Purchase Agreement) to Aspire Capital, unless (i) stockholder
        approval is obtained to issue more, in which case this 1,577,699 share limitation will not apply, or (ii) stockholder
        approval has not been obtained and at the time the 1,577,699 share limitation is reached and at all times thereafter the
        average price paid for all shares issued under the Purchase Agreement (including the Commitment Shares and the Initial
        Purchase Shares) is equal to or greater than $1.75, the Minimum Price, a price equal to the closing sale price of our
        common stock on the business date of the execution of the Purchase Agreement; provided that at no point in time shall
        Aspire Capital (together with its affiliates) beneficially own more than 19.99% of our common stock. As of the date hereof,
        we have issued all 1,577,699 shares to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. Therefore, we are now registering
        an additional 3,000,000 shares hereby. We will continue to maintain an average price per share for all shares issued to
        A</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">spire Capital under the Purchase Agreement (including
        those previously issued) equal to or greater than $1.75 at all times or we will need to seek the approval of our stockholders
        to issue any additional shares.</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_002"></A><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>RISK
FACTORS</B></FONT></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Investing
in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other
information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, including our financial statements and related notes
and &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&rdquo; in our Annual Report
on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, as updated in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, before deciding whether
to invest in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the adverse developments described below could materially and adversely
harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. In that case, the trading price of our common stock
could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or
that we currently deem immaterial also may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risks
Relating to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
have incurred net losses in each year since our inception. Currently, we have no products approved for commercial sale. As a result,
our ability to reduce our losses and reach profitability is unknown, and we may never achieve or sustain profitability.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have incurred net losses in each year since our inception. Our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 have
been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates, among other things, the realization of assets
and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had net losses
of approximately $8.8 million and $2.5 million, respectively, and had net cash used in operating activities of approximately $5.7
million and $1.2 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, we had net losses of approximately
$10.8 million and $6.6 million, respectively, and had net cash used in operating activities of approximately $7.4 million and
$4.3 million, respectively.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
date, we have devoted most of our financial resources to our corporate overhead and research and development, including our drug
discovery research, preclinical development activities and clinical trials. We currently have no products that are approved for
commercial sale. We expect to continue to incur net losses and negative operating cash flow for the foreseeable future, and we
expect these losses to increase as we continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, RP-G28, and other product
candidates, prepare for and begin the commercialization of any approved products, and add infrastructure and personnel to support
our product development efforts and operations as a public company. We anticipate that any such losses could be significant for
the next several years as we advance RP-G28 through clinical development and seek regulatory approval of RP-G28. If RP-G28 or
any of our other product candidates fails in clinical trials or does not gain regulatory approval, or if our product candidates
do not achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable. These net losses and negative cash flows have had, and will
continue to have, an adverse effect on our stockholders&rsquo; equity and working capital.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because
of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict
the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. In addition, our expenses
could increase if we are required by the FDA or the EMA, to perform studies or trials in addition to those currently expected,
or if there are any delays in completing our clinical trials or the development of our product candidates. The amount of future
net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenues.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
will require substantial additional funding, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, and, if not so available,
may require us to delay, limit, reduce or cease our operations.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are currently advancing RP-G28 through clinical development. Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical
studies and clinical trials, is expensive. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had a total of approximately $8.5
million and $15.8 million in cash, respectively.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
June 29, 2015, we closed our initial public offering of 4,000,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $5.00 per
share. Total gross proceeds from our initial public offering were $20.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions
and other offering expenses payable by us, resulting in net proceeds of $17.4 million.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
October 31, 2016, we closed a public offering of 2,127,660 shares of our common stock at a price to the public of $2.35 per share,
for net proceeds of approximately $4.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable
by us in the offering.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of February 9, 2017 , we have issued an aggregate of 1,577,699 shares of our common stock to Aspire Capital under the Purchase
Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of $3.0 million. After the SEC has declared the registration statement of which this prospectus
is a part effective, we may sell an additional 3,000,000 shares of common stock to Aspire Capital in the future pursuant to the
terms of the Purchase Agreement for up to an additional $7.0 million.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
expect our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with interest, and any proceeds received from our sale of shares of common
stock to Aspire Capital in the future pursuant to the Aspire Purchase Agreement, will be sufficient to fund our current operations
through the second quarter of 2017. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our
available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. For example, our clinical trials may encounter technical, enrollment
or other difficulties that could increase our development costs more than we expect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
do not expect our existing capital resources will be sufficient to enable us to complete the commercialization of RP-G28, if approved,
or to initiate any clinical trials or additional development work for other product candidates, other than as described above.
We will need to secure additional financing in order to complete clinical development and commercialize RP-G28 and to generally
fund our operations. To complete the work necessary to file a New Drug Application, or NDA, and a Marketing Authorization Application,
or MAA, for RP-G28 as a treatment for patients with lactose intolerance, which is currently anticipated to occur in 2019, we estimate
that our RP-G28 clinical trials, and our planned clinical and nonclinical studies, as well as other work needed to submit RP-G28
for regulatory approval in the United States, Europe and other countries, will cost approximately $85 million, including the internal
resources needed to manage the program. If the FDA or EMA requires that we perform additional nonclinical studies or clinical
trials, our expenses would further increase beyond what we currently expect and the anticipated timing of any potential NDA or
MAA would likely be delayed.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail one or more of our research or
development programs. We also could be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise that
may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable
to us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
extent to which we utilize the Aspire Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital as a source of funding will depend on a number of
factors, including the prevailing market price of our common stock, the volume of trading in our common stock and the extent to
which we are able to secure funds from other sources. The number of shares that we may sell to Aspire Capital under the Aspire
Purchase Agreement on any given day and during the term of the agreement is limited. Additionally, we and Aspire Capital may not
effect any sales of shares of our common stock under the Aspire Purchase Agreement during the continuance of an event of default
or on any trading day that the closing sale price of our common stock is less than $0.50 per share. Even if we are able to access
the full $10.0 million under the Aspire Purchase Agreement, we will still need additional capital to fully implement our business,
operating and development plans.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
may sell additional equity or debt securities to fund our operations, which would result in dilution to our stockholders and imposed
restrictions on our business.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may seek additional funding through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, government or other third-party funding,
commercialization, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements.
Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. To the extent that we raise additional funds by issuing
equity securities (including any common stock issued to Aspire Capital pursuant to the Aspire Purchase Agreement), our stockholders
may experience significant dilution. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that impact our ability
to conduct business. If we are not able to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may have to (i) significantly
delay, scale back or discontinue the development and/or commercialization of one or more product candidates; (ii) seek collaborators
for product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise
be available; or (iii) relinquish or otherwise dispose of rights to technologies, product candidates or products that we would
otherwise seek to develop or commercialize. In addition, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights
of our stockholders and the issuance of additional shares by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price
of our shares to decline.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Our
financial condition and operating results have varied significantly since our formation and are expected to continue to fluctuate
significantly from quarter-to-quarter or year-to-year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
operations since 2010 have been limited to developing our technology and undertaking preclinical studies and clinical trials of
our lead product candidate, RP-G28. We have not yet obtained regulatory approvals for RP-G28, or any other product candidate.
Consequently, any predictions made about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had approved
products on the market. Our financial condition and operating results have varied significantly since our formation and are expected
to continue to significantly fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter or year-to-year due to a variety of factors, many of which are
beyond our control. Factors relating to our business that may contribute to these fluctuations include:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any
    delays in regulatory review and approval of our product candidates in clinical development, including our ability to receive
    approval from the FDA and the EMA for RP-G28 for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance in patients
    based on our Phase 2b/3 and any Phase 3 trials of RP-G28, and our other completed and planned clinical and nonclinical studies
    and other work, as the basis for review and approval of RP-G28 for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance
    in patients;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">delays
    in the commencement, enrollment and timing of clinical trials;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">difficulties
    in identifying and treating patients suffering from our target indications;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    success of our clinical trials through all phases of clinical development, including our Phase 2b/3 and any Phase 3 trials
    of RP-G28 for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance in patients;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">potential
    side effects of our product candidates that could delay or prevent approval or cause an approved drug to be taken off the
    market;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to obtain additional funding to develop our product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to identify and develop additional product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">market
    acceptance of our product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to establish an effective sales and marketing infrastructure directly or through collaborations with third parties;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">competition
    from existing products or new products that may emerge;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    ability of patients or healthcare providers to obtain coverage or sufficient reimbursement for our products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to adhere to clinical study requirements directly or with third parties such as CROs;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    dependency on third-party manufacturers to manufacture our products and key ingredients;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to establish or maintain collaborations, licensing or other arrangements;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    costs to us, and our ability and our third-party collaborators&rsquo; ability to obtain, maintain and protect our intellectual
    property rights;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">costs
    related to and outcomes of potential intellectual property litigation;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to adequately support future growth;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to attract and retain key personnel to manage our business effectively; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">potential
    product liability claims.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accordingly,
the results of any quarterly or annual periods should not be relied upon as indications of future operating performance.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risks
Relating to Regulatory Review and Approval of Our Product Candidates</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
are substantially dependent on the success of our current product candidate, RP-G28.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
currently have no products approved for sale and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable products. We currently
invest nearly all of our efforts and financial resources in the research and development of RP-G28, which is currently our only
product candidate. Our business currently depends entirely on the successful development and commercialization of RP-G28.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
cannot be certain that RP-G28 will receive regulatory approval, and without regulatory approval we will not be able to market
RP-G28 as a prescription drug.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
development of a product candidate and issues relating to its approval and marketing are subject to extensive regulation by the
FDA in the United States, the EMA in Europe, and regulatory authorities in other countries, with regulations differing from country
to country. We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States or Europe until we receive approval of
a NDA from the FDA or a MAA from the EMA, respectively. We have not submitted any marketing applications for RP-G28.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">NDAs
and MAAs must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish the product candidate&rsquo;s
safety and effectiveness for each desired indication. NDAs and MAAs must also include significant information regarding the chemistry,
manufacturing and controls for the product. Obtaining approval of a NDA or a MAA is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process,
and we may not be successful in obtaining approval. The FDA and the EMA review processes can take years to complete and approval
is never guaranteed. If we submit a NDA to the FDA, the FDA must decide whether to accept or reject the submission for filing.
We cannot be certain that any submissions will be accepted for filing and review by the FDA. Regulators of other jurisdictions,
such as the EMA, have their own procedures for approval of product candidates. Even if a product is approved, the FDA or the EMA,
as the case may be, may limit the indications for which the product may be marketed, require extensive warnings on the product
labeling or require expensive and time-consuming clinical trials or reporting as conditions of approval. Regulatory authorities
in countries outside of the United States and Europe also have requirements for approval of drug candidates with which we must
comply prior to marketing in those countries. Obtaining regulatory approval for marketing of a product candidate in one country
does not ensure that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in any other country. In addition, delays in approvals or rejections
of marketing applications in the United States, Europe or other countries may be based upon many factors, including regulatory
requests for additional analyses, reports, data, preclinical studies and clinical trials, regulatory questions regarding different
interpretations of data and results, changes in regulatory policy during the period of product development and the emergence of
new information regarding our product candidates or other products. Also, regulatory approval for any of our product candidates
may be withdrawn.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have completed one Phase 2a trial for RP-G28. Before we submit a NDA to the FDA or a MAA to the EMA for RP-G28 for the treatment
of pain and the reduction in the frequency of symptomatic episodes of lactose intolerance, we must successfully complete a Phase
2b/3 trial and Phase 3 trials. Following analysis of the Phase 2a clinical trial, discussions with the FDA during the Type C meeting
in 2013 about our clinical development plan, and further discussions with our regulatory consultants, we initiated an adaptive
design Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of RP-G28 in March 2016. A trial that is designed as an adaptive seamless clinical trial refers
to a trial that combines the objectives of what are typically separate trials into a single uninterrupted trial with multiple
objectives.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
did not discuss the Phase 2b/3 study design and development plan for RP-G28 with the FDA, though we did submit a supplement to
the IND detailing the protocols for the adaptive study. Regulatory authorities in the United States and Europe have both published
guidance documents on the use and implementation of adaptive design trials. These documents include description of adaptive trials
and include a requirement for prospectively written standard operating procedures and working processes for executing adaptive
trials and a recommendation that sponsor companies engage with CROs that have the necessary experience in running such trials.
In addition, the regulations governing INDs are extensive and involve numerous notification requirements including that, generally,
an IND supplement must be submitted to and cleared by the FDA before a sponsor or an investigator may make any change to the investigational
plan that may affect its scientific soundness or the rights, safety or welfare of human subjects. We intend to comply with these
requirements and believe we will need to submit an IND supplement containing amended protocols for the Phase 2b/3 adaptive trial.
There can be no assurance that the FDA will provide clearance for an amended IND for a Phase 2b/3 trial in a timely manner, if
at all, and that this trial and other trials will not be delayed or disrupted as a result.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, guidelines adopted by the FDA and established by the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements
for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) require nonclinical studies that specifically address female fertility
to be completed before the inclusion of women of child bearing potential in large-scale or long-duration clinical trials (e.g.,
Phase 3 trials). In the United States, such assessments of embryo-fetal development can be deferred until before Phase 3 using
precautions to prevent pregnancy in clinical trials. As the FDA recommended in their June 28, 2010 advice letter, we will continue
to evaluate females of child-bearing potential who are willing to use appropriate contraception throughout the duration of any
study. We cannot predict whether our future trials and studies will be successful or whether regulators will agree with our conclusions
regarding the preclinical studies and clinical trials we have conducted to date.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we are unable to obtain approval from the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory agencies for RP-G28, or if, subsequent to approval,
we are unable to successfully commercialize RP-G28, we will not be able to generate sufficient revenue to become profitable or
to continue our operations.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
statements in this document indicating that RP-G28 has demonstrated preliminary evidence of efficacy are our own and are not based
on the FDA&rsquo;s or any other comparable governmental agency&rsquo;s assessment of RP-G28 and do not indicate that RP-G28 will
achieve favorable efficacy results in any later stage trials or that the FDA or any comparable agency will ultimately determine
that RP-G28 is effective for purposes of granting marketing approval.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>The
FDA and other regulatory agencies outside the United States, such as the EMA, may not agree to our proposed endpoint for approval
of RP-G28 for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance in patients, in which case we would need to complete
an additional clinical trial in order to seek approval outside the United States.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
our Type C Meeting with the FDA in February 2013, we had proposed that future studies with RP-G28 in subjects with lactose intolerance
would utilize a total lactose intolerance symptom score, measured by a patient reporting instrument that we were going to develop,
as the primary, stand-alone endpoint. However, based on RP-G28&rsquo;s mechanism of action, data from the Phase 2a clinical study,
further research conducted after the Type C Meeting with the FDA along with FDA guidance and products under the review of the
Division of Gastroenterology and Inborn Errors Products, we used abdominal pain, measured by the Patient Assessment of Adequate
Relief Item instrument administered monthly, as the primary endpoint for the Phase 2b/3 study that assesses RP-G28 for the management
of lactose intolerant patients with moderate to severe abdominal pain associated with lactose intake. We believe that evaluation
of abdominal pain is a reliable clinical assessment of treatment response and treatment benefit in a lactose intolerant patient.
Although no FDA-approved product exists for lactose intolerance, the use of a pain scale as a primary endpoint has been used as
a validated primary measurement in many approved products, including other gastrointestinal products used to treat diseases such
as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). We have not consulted with the FDA about our intent to use abdominal pain as a primary endpoint
or our plan to convert our Phase 2b clinical trial into an adaptive design Phase 2b/3 pivotal clinical trial.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
do not know if the FDA, the EMA or regulatory authorities in other countries will agree with our final primary endpoint for approval
of RP-G28. The FDA, the EMA and regulatory authorities in other countries in which we may seek approval for and market RP-G28,
may require additional nonclinical studies and/or clinical trials prior to granting approval. It may be expensive and time consuming
to conduct and complete additional nonclinical studies and clinical trials that the EMA and other regulatory authorities may require
us to perform. As such, any requirement by the EMA or other regulatory authorities that we conduct additional nonclinical studies
or clinical trials could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore,
even if we receive regulatory approval of RP-G28 for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance in patients,
the labeling for RP-G28 in the United States, Europe or other countries in which we seek approval may include limitations that
could impact the commercial success of RP-G28.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>The
results from our Phase 2b/3 trial with adaptive design may not be sufficiently robust to support the submission of marketing approval
for RP-G28.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
conducted our planned Phase 2b clinical trial as an adaptive design seamless Phase 2b/3 clinical trial. We did not meet with the
FDA to discuss the Phase 2b/3 study design or current development plan for RP-G28. The FDA standard for traditional approval of
a drug generally requires two well-controlled Phase 3 studies. If the FDA disagrees with our choice of primary endpoint for our
Phase 2b/3 trial or the results for the primary endpoint are not robust or significant relative to control, are subject to confounding
factors, or are not adequately supported by other study endpoints, the FDA may not recognize the Phase 2b/3 trial as one of the
required pivotal trials required for FDA approval. If the FDA or other regulatory authorities do not recognize this trial as a
pivotal trial, we would incur increased costs and delays in the marketing approval process, which would require us to expend more
resources than we have available.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Delays
in the commencement, enrollment and completion of clinical trials could result in increased costs to us and delay or limit our
ability to obtain regulatory approval for RP-G28 or our other product candidates.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Delays
in the commencement, enrollment and completion of clinical trials could increase our product development costs or limit the regulatory
approval of RP-G28 or other product candidates we may develop in the future. Although we believe that our existing cash and cash
equivalents, together with interest, and any proceeds received from our sale of shares of common stock to Aspire Capital in the
future pursuant to the pursuant to the Aspire Purchase Agreement should be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements
through the completion of our Phase 2b/3 and any Phase 3 trials of RP-G28, we may not be able to complete these trials on time
or we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials or nonclinical studies not currently planned to receive approval for
RP-G28 as a treatment for lactose intolerance. The commencement, enrollment and completion of clinical trials may be delayed or
suspended for a variety of reasons, including:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">inability
    to obtain sufficient funds required for a clinical trial;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">inability
    to reach agreements on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive
    negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">clinical
    holds, other regulatory objections to commencing or continuing a clinical trial or the inability to obtain regulatory approval
    to commence a clinical trial in countries that require such approvals;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">discussions
    with the FDA or non-U.S. regulators regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">inability
    to identify and maintain a sufficient number of trial sites, many of which may already be engaged in other clinical trial
    programs, including some that may be for the same indications targeted by our product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">inability
    to obtain approval from institutional review boards, or IRBs, to conduct a clinical trial at their respective sites;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">severe
    or unexpected drug-related adverse effects experienced by patients;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">inability
    to timely manufacture sufficient quantities of the product candidate required for a clinical trial;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">difficulty
    recruiting and enrolling patients to participate in clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including meeting the enrollment
    criteria for our study and competition from other clinical trial programs for the same indications as our product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">inability
    to get FDA approval of our end points; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">inability
    to retain enrolled patients after a clinical trial is underway.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Changes
in regulatory requirements and guidance may also occur and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes
with appropriate regulatory authorities. Amendments may require us to resubmit clinical trial protocols to IRBs for re-examination,
which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. In addition, a clinical trial may be suspended
or terminated at any time by us, our future collaborators, the FDA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors,
including:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    failure or the failure of our potential future collaborators to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements
    or our clinical protocols;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">unforeseen
    safety issues or any determination that a clinical trial presents unacceptable health risks;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">lack
    of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial due to unforeseen costs or other business decisions; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a
    breach of the terms of any agreement with, or for any other reason by, future collaborators who have responsibility for the
    clinical development of our product candidates.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, if we or any of our potential future collaborators are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other nonclinical
studies of our product candidates beyond those contemplated, our ability to obtain regulatory approval of these product candidates
and to generate revenue from their sales would be similarly harmed.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Clinical
failure can occur at any stage of clinical development. The results of earlier clinical trials are not necessarily predictive
of future results and any product candidate we or our potential future collaborators advance through clinical trials may not have
favorable results in later clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Clinical
failure can occur at any stage of our clinical development. Clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and
we or our collaborators may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or nonclinical studies.
In addition, data obtained from trials and studies are susceptible to varying interpretations, and regulators may not interpret
our data as favorably as we do, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. Success in preclinical studies and early
clinical trials does not ensure that subsequent clinical trials will generate the same or similar results or otherwise provide
adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a product candidate. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry,
including those with greater resources and experience than us, have suffered significant setbacks in Phase 2b and/or Phase 3 clinical
trials, including adaptive seamless clinical trials even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, the design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support approval of a product and flaws in the
design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well-advanced. We may be unable to design and execute
a clinical trial to support regulatory approval. Further, clinical trials of potential products often reveal that it is not practical
or feasible to continue development efforts.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
RP-G28, or any of our other product candidates, is found to be unsafe or lack efficacy, we will not be able to obtain regulatory
approval for it and our business would be harmed. For example, if the results of our Phase 2b/3 and any Phase 3 trials of RP-G28
do not achieve the primary efficacy endpoints or demonstrate expected safety, the prospects for approval of RP-G28 would be materially
and adversely affected.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
some instances, there can be significant variability in safety and/or efficacy results between different trials of the same product
candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial protocols, differences in composition of the patient populations,
adherence to the dosing regimen and other trial protocols and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. We do not
know whether any Phase 2, Phase 3 or other clinical trials we or any of our potential future collaborators may conduct will demonstrate
the consistent or adequate efficacy and safety that would be required to obtain regulatory approval and market RP-G28. Our adaptive
Phase 2b/3 clinical trial for RP-G28 may not be deemed to be a pivotal trial by the FDA or may not provide sufficient support
for NDA approval. The FDA may require us to make changes to the proposed study design for this adaptive trial or may require us
to conduct one or more additional clinical trials, possibly involving a larger sample size or a different clinical trial design,
or may require longer follow-up periods, particularly if the FDA does not find the results from our adaptive Phase 2b/3 clinical
trial to be sufficiently persuasive as one of the required pivotal trials required for FDA approval. If we are unable to bring
RP-G28 to market, our ability to create long-term stockholder value will be limited.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Our
product candidates may have undesirable side effects which may delay or prevent marketing approval, or, if approval is received,
require them to be taken off the market, require them to include safety warnings or otherwise limit their sales.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Unforeseen
side effects from RP-G28, or other product candidates we may develop in the future, could arise either during clinical development
or, if approved, after the approved product has been marketed. The most common side effects observed in clinical trials of RP-G28
were headache (nine out of 57), nausea (three out of 57), upper respiratory tract infection (two of 57), nasal congestion (two
of 57), and pain (two out of 57). No patients were withdrawn from the study for these side effects.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
results of future clinical trials may show that RP-G28 causes undesirable or unacceptable side effects, which could interrupt,
delay or halt clinical trials, and result in delay of, or failure to obtain, marketing approval from the FDA and other regulatory
authorities, or result in marketing approval from the FDA and other regulatory authorities with restrictive label warnings.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
RP-G28, or any other product candidate we develop in the future, receives marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable
or unacceptable side effects caused by such product:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">regulatory
    authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, specific warnings, a contraindication or field alerts to physicians
    and pharmacies;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    may be required to change instructions regarding the way the product is administered, conduct additional clinical trials or
    change the labeling of the product;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    may be subject to limitations on how we may promote the product;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">sales
    of the product may decrease significantly;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">regulatory
    authorities may require us to take our approved product off the market;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    may be subject to litigation or product liability claims; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    reputation may suffer.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
of these events could prevent us or our potential future collaborators from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the
affected product or could substantially increase commercialization costs and expenses, which in turn could delay or prevent us
from generating significant revenues from the sale of our products.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Reimbursement
decisions by third-party payors may have an adverse effect on pricing and market acceptance. If there is not sufficient reimbursement
for our products, it is less likely that they will be widely used.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Market
acceptance and sales of RP-G28, or any other product candidates we develop in the future, if approved, will depend on reimbursement
policies and may be affected by, among other things, future healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party
payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will cover and establish
payment levels. We cannot be certain that reimbursement will be available for RP-G28 or any other product candidates that we may
develop. Also, we cannot be certain that reimbursement policies will not reduce the demand for, or the price paid for, our products.
If reimbursement is not available or is available on a limited basis, we may not be able to successfully commercialize RP-G28,
or other product candidates that we develop.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (the &ldquo;MMA&rdquo;), changed
the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation established Medicare Part D, which expanded Medicare
coverage for outpatient prescription drug purchases by the elderly but provided authority for limiting the number of drugs that
will be covered in any therapeutic class. The MMA also introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices
for physician-administered drugs. Any negotiated prices for our products covered by a Part D prescription drug plan will likely
be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain in the United States. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits
for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own
payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from non-governmental
payors.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
United States and several other jurisdictions are considering, or have already enacted, a number of legislative and regulatory
proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. Among policy
makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems
with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access to healthcare. In the United States,
the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative
initiatives. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of RP-G28, and any other product candidates
that we develop, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and
additional legislative proposals.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation
Act (collectively, the &ldquo;ACA&rdquo;) became law in the United States. The goal of the ACA is to reduce the cost of health
care and substantially change the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers. While we cannot predict
what impact on federal reimbursement policies this legislation will have in general or on our business specifically, the ACA may
result in downward pressure on pharmaceutical reimbursement, which could negatively affect market acceptance of RP-G28 or any
other product candidates that we may develop. In addition, some members of the U.S. Congress have been seeking to overturn at
least portions of the legislation and we expect they will continue to review and assess this legislation and alternative health
care reform proposals. We cannot predict whether new proposals will be made or adopted, when they may be adopted or what impact
they may have on us if they are adopted.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>If
we do not obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman Act and similar legislation outside of the United States by extending the patent
terms and obtaining data exclusivity for our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Depending
upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of RP-G28, one of our U.S. patents may be eligible for a limited
Patent Term Extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (which is sometimes referred to
as the &ldquo;Hatch-Waxman Act&rdquo;), provided our U.S. patent claims a method of treating lactose intolerance that is approved
by the FDA. The Hatch-Waxman Act, 35 U.S.C. &sect;156, permits a patent extension of up to five years as compensation for patent
term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The scope of protection afforded by the patent during the extended term is
not commensurate with the scope of the unextended portion of the patent; for example, the &ldquo;rights derived&rdquo; from a
method of use patent during the extended period are &ldquo;limited to any use claimed by the patent and approved for the product.&rdquo;
35 U.S.C. &sect;156(b)(2). We may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply for the extension within
applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable statutory
and/or regulatory requirements including, for example, the requirement that the patent to be extended &ldquo;claim&rdquo; the
approved product or a method of using the approved product. Moreover, the applicable period of extension could be less than we
request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or if the term of any such extension is shorter than we request, the
period during which we will be able to exclude others from marketing their versions of our product will be shortened and our competitors
may obtain approval of generic products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially.
Similar concerns are associated with obtaining Supplemental Protection Certificates (SPCs) of certain patents issued in Europe
and owned by Inalco, to which we have an exclusive options of assignment, based upon patent terms lost during European regulatory
review processes. In the event that we are unable to obtain any patent term extension, the issued patents for RP-G28 are expected
to expire in 2030, assuming they withstand any challenge toothier validity and/or patentability.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>If
we market products in a manner that violates healthcare fraud and abuse laws, or if we violate government price reporting laws,
we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of state and federal healthcare laws,
commonly referred to as &ldquo;fraud and abuse&rdquo; laws, have been applied in recent years to restrict certain marketing practices
in the pharmaceutical industry. Other jurisdictions such as Europe have similar laws. These laws include false claims and anti-kickback
statutes. If we market our products and our products are paid for by governmental programs, it is possible that some of our business
activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of these laws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Federal
false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the
federal government or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. The federal healthcare
program anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving
remuneration to induce, or in return for, purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare
item or service covered by Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted
to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers or formulary managers
on the other. Although there are several statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities
from prosecution, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce
prescribing, purchasing or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor. Most
states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and federal false claims laws, which apply to
items and services covered by Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Administrative,
civil and criminal sanctions may be imposed under these federal and state laws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Over
the past few years, a number of pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for a variety
of promotional and marketing activities, such as: providing free trips, free goods, sham consulting fees and grants and other
monetary benefits to prescribers; reporting inflated average wholesale prices that were then used by federal programs to set reimbursement
rates; engaging in off-label promotion; and submitting inflated best price information to the Medicaid Rebate Program to reduce
liability for Medicaid rebates.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Any
delay or disruption in the manufacture and supply of RP-G28 may negatively impact our operations.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
do not intend to manufacture the pharmaceutical products that we plan to sell. We have an agreement with RSM, our contract manufacturer,
for the production of Improved GOS, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in RP-G28, and the formulation of sufficient quantities
of Improved GOS for the clinical and nonclinical studies that we believe we will need to conduct prior to seeking regulatory approval
for RP-G28. However, we do not have agreements for commercial supplies of RP-G28 and we may not be able to reach agreements with
these or other contract manufacturers for sufficient supplies to commercialize RP-G28 if it is approved.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Reliance
on third-party manufacturers entails risks, to which we would not be subject if we manufactured the product candidates ourselves,
including:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.4in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    possibility that we are unable to enter into a manufacturing agreement with a third party to manufacture our product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    possible breach of the manufacturing agreements by the third parties because of factors beyond our control; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    possibility of termination or nonrenewal of the agreements by the third parties before we are able to arrange for a qualified
    replacement third-party manufacturer.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
of these factors could cause the delay of approval or commercialization of our product candidates, cause us to incur higher costs
or prevent us from commercializing our product candidates successfully. Furthermore, if RP-G28 or other product candidates are
approved and contract manufacturers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of finished product on a timely basis and
at commercially reasonable prices and we are unable to find one or more replacement manufacturers capable of production at a substantially
equivalent cost, in substantially equivalent volumes and quality and on a timely basis, we would likely be unable to meet demand
for our products and could lose potential revenue. It may take several years to establish an alternative source of supply for
our product candidates and to have any such new source approved by the government agencies that regulate our products. In the
event we do need to identify alternative manufacturing partners, we may have to secure licenses to manufacturing and/or purification
technologies, including third-party patent licenses, to allow us to manufacture RP-G28 that is suitable for the late-stage regulatory
review process and/or adequate to manufacture commercial quantities of RP-G28.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>If
the FDA and EMA and other regulatory agencies do not approve the manufacturing facilities of our future contract manufacturers
for commercial production, we may not be able to commercialize any of our product candidates.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
facilities used by any contract manufacturer to manufacture RP-G28, or other product candidates we may develop in the future,
must be the subject of a satisfactory inspection before the FDA or the regulators in other jurisdictions approve the product candidate
manufactured at that facility. We are completely dependent on these third-party manufacturers for compliance with the requirements
of U.S. and non-U.S. regulators for the manufacture of our finished products. If our manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture
material that conform to our specifications and current good manufacturing practice requirements of any governmental agency whose
jurisdiction to which we are subject, our product candidates will not be approved or, if already approved, may be subject to recalls.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Even
if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, we may still face future development and regulatory difficulties.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RP-G28
and any other product candidates we develop in the future, if approved, will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for
labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information.
In addition, approved products, manufacturers and manufacturers&rsquo; facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA and
EMA requirements and requirements of other similar agencies, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures
conform to current cGMPs. As such, we and our contract manufacturers are subject to continual review and periodic inspections
to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money and effort in
all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production and quality control. We will also be required to report
certain adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to the FDA and EMA and other similar agencies and to comply with certain
requirements concerning advertising and promotion for our products. Promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs
are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the product&rsquo;s
approved label. Accordingly, we may not promote our approved products, if any, for indications or uses for which they are not
approved.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or
frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, or disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling
of a product, it may impose restrictions on that product or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market.
If our product candidates fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">issue
    warning letters;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">mandate
    modifications to promotional materials or require us to provide corrective information to healthcare practitioners;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">require
    us or our potential future collaborators to enter into a consent decree or permanent injunction, which can include imposition
    of various fines, reimbursements for inspection costs, required due dates for specific actions and penalties for noncompliance;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">impose
    other administrative or judicial civil or criminal penalties;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">withdraw
    regulatory approval;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">refuse
    to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or our potential future collaborators;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">impose
    restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">detain,
    seize and/or condemn and destroy products.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Risks
Relating to the Commercialization of Our Products </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Even
if approved, our product candidates may not achieve broad market acceptance among physicians, patients and healthcare payors,
and as a result our revenues generated from their sales may be limited.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
commercial success of RP-G28, if approved, will depend upon its acceptance among the medical community, including physicians,
health care payors and patients. The degree of market acceptance of RP-G28, or other product candidates we may develop in the
future, will depend on a number of factors, including:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">limitations
    or warnings contained in our product candidates&rsquo; FDA-approved labeling;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">changes
    in the standard of care or availability of alternative therapies at similar or lower costs for the targeted indications for
    such product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">limitations
    in the approved clinical indications for such product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">demonstrated
    clinical safety and efficacy compared to other products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">lack
    of significant adverse side effects;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">sales,
    marketing and distribution support;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">availability
    of reimbursement from managed care plans and other third-party payors;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">timing
    of market introduction and perceived effectiveness of competitive products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    degree of cost-effectiveness;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">availability
    of alternative therapies at similar or lower cost, including generics and over-the-counter products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">enforcement
    by the FDA and EMA of laws and rulings that prohibit the illegal sale of RP-G28 (or any other product candidate) as a dietary
    supplement;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    extent to which our product candidates are approved for inclusion on formularies of hospitals and managed care organizations;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether
    our product candidates are designated under physician treatment guidelines for the treatment of or reduction of symptoms associated
    with the indications for which we have received regulatory approval;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">adverse
    publicity about our product candidates or favorable publicity about competitive products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">convenience
    and ease of administration of our product candidates; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">potential
    product liability claims.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
our product candidates are approved, but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients, the medical community
and healthcare payors, sufficient revenue may not be generated from these products and we may not become or remain profitable.
In addition, efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require
significant resources and may never be successful.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
have no internal sales, distribution and/or marketing capabilities at this time and we will have to invest significant resources
to develop those capabilities or enter into acceptable third-party sales and marketing arrangements. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have no internal sales, distribution and/or marketing capabilities at this time. To develop these capabilities, we will have to
invest significant amounts of financial and management resources, some of which will be committed prior to any confirmation that
RP-G28 will be approved. For product candidates for which we decide to perform sales, marketing and distribution functions ourselves
or through third parties, we could face a number of additional risks, including:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    or our third-party sales collaborators may not be able to attract and build an effective marketing or sales force;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    cost of securing or establishing a marketing or sales force may exceed the revenues generated by any products; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    direct sales and marketing efforts may not be successful.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may have limited or no control over the sales, marketing and distribution activities of these third parties. Our future revenues
may depend heavily on the success of the efforts of these third parties.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
may not be successful in establishing and maintaining development and commercialization collaborations, which could adversely
affect our ability to develop RP-G28 or other product candidates and our financial condition and operating results. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because
developing pharmaceutical products, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approval, establishing manufacturing capabilities
and marketing approved products are expensive, we may seek to enter into collaborations with companies that have more experience.
Additionally, if RP-G28, or any other product candidate we develop in the future, receives marketing approval, we may enter into
sales and marketing arrangements with third parties with respect to our unlicensed territories. If we are unable to enter into
arrangements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to effectively market and sell our products in our target markets. We expect
to face competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Moreover, collaboration arrangements are complex and time consuming
to negotiate, document and implement and they may require substantial resources to maintain. We may not be successful in our efforts
to establish and implement collaborations or other alternative arrangements for the development of our product candidates.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">When
we collaborate with a third party for the development and commercialization of a product candidate, we can expect to relinquish
some or all of the control over the future success of that product candidate to the third party. For example, we may relinquish
the rights to RP-G28 in jurisdictions outside of the United States. Our collaboration partner may not devote sufficient resources
to the commercialization of our product candidates or may otherwise fail in their commercialization. The terms of any collaboration
or other arrangement that we establish may not be favorable to us. In addition, any collaboration that we enter into may be unsuccessful
in the development and commercialization of our product candidates. In some cases, we may be responsible for continuing preclinical
and initial clinical development of a product candidate or research program under a collaboration arrangement, and the payment
we receive from our collaboration partner may be insufficient to cover the cost of this development. If we are unable to reach
agreements with suitable collaborators for our product candidates, we would face increased costs, we may be forced to limit the
number of our product candidates we can commercially develop or the territories in which we commercialize them and we might fail
to commercialize products or programs for which a suitable collaborator cannot be found. If we fail to achieve successful collaborations,
our operating results and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Our
pipeline of product candidates beyond RP-G28 is limited. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
intend to develop and commercialize drug candidates in addition to RP-G28 through our research program. Even if we are successful
in completing preclinical and clinical development and receiving regulatory approval for one commercially viable drug for the
treatment of one disease, we cannot be certain that we will be able to develop and receive regulatory approval for other drug
candidates for the treatment of other forms of that disease or other diseases. If we fail to develop and commercialize RP-G28
for the reduction of symptoms associated with lactose intolerance, we will not be successful in developing a pipeline of potential
drug candidates to follow RP-G28, and our business prospects could be significantly limited.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risks
Relating to Our Business and Strategy </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
may face competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and our operating results will suffer if we fail to
compete effectively. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Although
we know of no other drug candidates in advanced clinical trials for treating lactose intolerance, the biotechnology and pharmaceutical
industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. We have potential competitors
in the United States, Europe and other jurisdictions, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, established biotechnology
companies, specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies and universities and other research institutions. Many of these
potential competitors have greater financial and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and more experienced
marketing and manufacturing organizations. Large pharmaceutical companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical
testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients and manufacturing pharmaceutical products. These companies also have
significantly greater research, sales and marketing capabilities and collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading
companies and research institutions. Established pharmaceutical companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and
development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make the product candidates that we develop obsolete.
As a result of all of these factors, these potential competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection and/or FDA approval
or discovering, developing and commercializing drugs for the diseases that we are targeting before we do. Smaller or early-stage
companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established
companies. Some of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies we expect to compete with include microbiome based development
companies: Second Genome, Inc., Seres Health, Inc., Enterome SA, Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., and Rebiotix Inc. In addition, many
universities and private and public research institutes may become active in our target disease areas. These potential competitors
may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing on an exclusive basis, technologies and drug products that are more effective
or less costly than RP-G28 or any other product candidates that we are currently developing or that we may develop, which could
render our products obsolete and noncompetitive.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
believe that our ability to successfully compete will depend on, among other things:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    results of our and our potential strategic collaborators&rsquo; clinical trials and preclinical studies;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to recruit and enroll patients for our clinical trials;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    efficacy, safety and reliability of our product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    speed at which we develop our product candidates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to design and successfully execute appropriate clinical trials;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to maintain a good relationship with regulatory authorities;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    ability to get FDA approval of our end points;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    timing and scope of regulatory approvals, if any;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to commercialize and market any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    price of our products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">adequate
    levels of reimbursement under private and governmental health insurance plans, including Medicare;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to protect intellectual property rights related to our products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to manufacture and sell commercial quantities of any approved products to the market; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">acceptance
    of our product candidates by physicians and other health care providers.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
our competitors market products that are more effective, safer or less expensive than ours, or that reach the market sooner than
ours, we may not achieve commercial success. In addition, the biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapid technological
change. Because our research approach integrates many technologies, it may be difficult for us to stay abreast of the rapid changes
in each technology. If we fail to stay at the forefront of technological change, we may be unable to compete effectively. Technological
advances or products developed by our competitors may render our technologies or product candidates obsolete, less competitive
or not economical.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
depend on third-party contractors for a substantial portion of our operations and may not be able to control their work as effectively
as if we performed these functions ourselves. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
outsource substantial portions of our operations to third-party service providers, including the conduct of preclinical studies
and clinical trials, collection and analysis of data, and manufacturing. Our agreements with third-party service providers and
CROs are on a study-by-study and project-by-project basis. Typically, we may terminate the agreements with notice and are responsible
for the supplier&rsquo;s previously incurred costs. In addition, any CRO that we retain will be subject to the FDA&rsquo;s and
EMA&rsquo;s regulatory requirements and similar standards outside of the United States and Europe and we do not have control over
compliance with these regulations by these providers. Consequently, if these providers do not adhere to applicable governing practices
and standards, the development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed or stopped, which could severely
harm our business and financial condition.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because
we have relied on third parties, our internal capacity to perform these functions is limited to management oversight. Outsourcing
these functions involves the risk that third parties may not perform to our standards, may not produce results in a timely manner
or may fail to perform at all. Although we have not experienced any significant difficulties with our third-party contractors,
it is possible that we could experience difficulties in the future. In addition, the use of third-party service providers requires
us to disclose our proprietary information to these parties, which could increase the risk that this information will be misappropriated.
There are a limited number of third-party service providers that specialize or have the expertise required to achieve our business
objectives. Identifying, qualifying and managing performance of third-party service providers can be difficult, time consuming
and cause delays in our development programs. We currently have a small number of employees, which limits the internal resources
we have available to identify and monitor third-party service providers. To the extent we are unable to identify, retain and successfully
manage the performance of third-party service providers in the future, our business may be adversely affected, and we may be subject
to the imposition of civil or criminal penalties if their conduct of clinical trials violates applicable law.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>A
variety of risks associated with our possible international business relationships could materially adversely affect our business.
</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may enter into agreements with other third parties for the development and commercialization of RP-G28, or other product candidates
we develop in the future, in international markets. International business relationships subject us to additional risks that may
materially adversely affect our ability to attain or sustain profitable operations, including:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">differing
    regulatory requirements for drug approvals internationally;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">potentially
    reduced protection for intellectual property rights;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">potential
    third-party patent rights in the United States and/or in countries outside of the United States;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    potential for so-called &ldquo;parallel importing,&rdquo; which is what occurs when a local seller, faced with relatively
    high local prices, opts to import goods from another jurisdiction with relatively low prices, rather than buying them locally;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">unexpected
    changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">economic
    weakness, including inflation, or political instability, particularly in non-U.S. economies and markets, including several
    countries in Europe;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">compliance
    with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees traveling abroad; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">taxes
    in other countries;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">foreign
    currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and other obligations incident
    to doing business in another country;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">workforce
    uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">production
    shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">business
    interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters, including earthquakes,
    volcanoes, typhoons, floods, hurricanes and fires.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
will need to expand our operations and increase the size of our company, and we may experience difficulties in managing growth.
</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
we increase the number of ongoing product development programs and advance our product candidates through preclinical studies
and clinical trials, we will need to increase our product development, scientific and administrative headcount to manage these
programs. In addition, to meet our obligations as a public company, we will need to increase our general and administrative capabilities.
Our management, personnel and systems currently in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Our need to effectively
manage our operations, growth and various projects requires that we:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">successfully
    attract and recruit new employees or consultants with the expertise and experience we will require;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">manage
    our clinical programs effectively, which we anticipate being conducted at numerous clinical sites;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">develop
    a marketing and sales infrastructure; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">continue
    to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we are unable to successfully manage this growth and increased complexity of operations, our business may be adversely affected.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
may not be able to manage our business effectively if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel and consultants.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may not be able to attract or retain qualified management, finance, scientific and clinical personnel and consultants due to the
intense competition for qualified personnel and consultants among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses. If we are
not able to attract and retain necessary personnel and consultants to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints
that will significantly impede the achievement of our development objectives, our ability to raise additional capital and our
ability to implement our business strategy.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are highly dependent on the development, regulatory, commercialization and business development expertise of Michael D. Step,
our Chief Executive Officer, Andrew J. Ritter, our Founder and President, and Ira E. Ritter, our Executive Chairman and Chief
Strategic Officer. If we were to lose one or more of these key employees, our ability to implement our business strategy successfully
could be seriously harmed. Any of our executive officers may terminate their employment at any time. Replacing any of these persons
would be difficult and could take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with
the breadth of skills and experience required to develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize products successfully.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
is also a risk that other obligations could distract our officers and employees from our business, which could have negative impact
on our ability to effectuate our business plans.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, we have scientific and clinical advisors and consultants who assist us in formulating our research, development and
clinical strategies. Competition to hire and retain consultants from a limited pool is intense. Further, because these advisors
are not our employees, they may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their
availability to us, and typically they will not enter into non-compete agreements with us. If a conflict of interest arises between
their work for us and their work for another entity, we may lose their services. In addition, our advisors may have arrangements
with other companies to assist those companies in developing products or technologies that may compete with ours.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Failure
to build our finance infrastructure and improve our accounting systems and controls could impair our ability to comply with the
financial reporting and internal controls requirements for publicly traded companies.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a public company, we operate in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, which requires us to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the related rules and regulations of the SEC, expanded disclosure requirements,
accelerated reporting requirements and more complex accounting rules. Company responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act include establishing corporate oversight and adequate internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and
procedures. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent
financial fraud.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have begun implementing our system of internal controls over financial reporting and preparing the documentation necessary to
perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As we continue to operate as a public company,
we will continue improving our financial infrastructure with the retention of additional financial and accounting capabilities,
the enhancement of internal controls and additional training for our financial and accounting staff.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section
404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial
reporting, starting with the second annual report that we would expect to file with the SEC. However, for as long as we remain
an &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, we intend
to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that
are not &ldquo;emerging growth companies&rdquo; including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation
requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no
longer an &ldquo;emerging growth company.&rdquo; We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of&thinsp; (i) the
last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date we completed our initial public offering, which was
June 29, 2015, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a
large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million
as of the prior June 30th, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the
prior three-year period.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Until
we are able to expand our finance and administrative capabilities and establish necessary financial reporting infrastructure,
we may not be able to prepare and disclose, in a timely manner, our financial statements and other required disclosures or comply
with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or existing or new reporting requirements. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent
fraud, our business and results of operations could be harmed and investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Our
employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements
and insider trading, which could significantly harm our business. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply
with the regulations of the FDA and non-U.S. regulators, provide accurate information to the FDA and non-U.S. regulators, comply
with health care fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately
or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the health care industry
are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive
practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion,
sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper
use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our
reputation. We have adopted an employee handbook, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and
the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or
losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with
these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or
asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines
or other sanctions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
face potential product liability exposure, and if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability
for a product candidate and may have to limit its commercialization. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
use of our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we may obtain marketing approval expose
us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims may be brought against us or our potential future collaborators
by participants enrolled in our clinical trials, patients, health care providers or others using, administering or selling our
products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against any such claims, we would incur substantial liabilities. Regardless
of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">withdrawal
    of clinical trial participants;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">termination
    of clinical trial sites or entire trial programs;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">costs
    of related litigation;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">substantial
    monetary awards to patients or other claimants;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">decreased
    demand for our product candidates and loss of revenues;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">impairment
    of our business reputation;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">diversion
    of management and scientific resources from our business operations; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    inability to commercialize our product candidates.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials in the United States and in selected other jurisdictions where
we intend to conduct clinical trials at levels we believe are sufficient and consistent with industry standards for companies
at our stage of development. However, our insurance coverage may not reimburse us or may not be sufficient to reimburse us for
any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive, and, in the future, we
may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due
to product liability. We intend to expand our insurance coverage for products to include the sale of commercial products if we
obtain marketing approval for our product candidates in development, but we may be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product
liability insurance for any products approved for marketing. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based
on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly
if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash resources and adversely affect our business.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Our
insurance policies are expensive and only protect us from some business risks, which will leave us exposed to significant uninsured
liabilities. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter. Some of the policies we currently maintain
include general liability ($2.0 million coverage), employment practices liability, workers&rsquo; compensation, and directors&rsquo;
and officers&rsquo; insurance at levels we believe are typical for a company in our industry and at our stage of development.
We currently carry clinical trial liability insurance for our clinical trials at levels we believe are sufficient and consistent
with industry standards for companies at our stage of development. We do not know, however, if we will be able to maintain insurance
with adequate levels of coverage. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely
affect our financial position and results of operations.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>If
we engage in an acquisition, reorganization or business combination, we will incur a variety of risks that could adversely affect
our business operations or our stockholders. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">From
time to time we have considered, and we will continue to consider in the future, strategic business initiatives intended to further
the expansion and development of our business. These initiatives may include acquiring businesses, technologies or products or
entering into a business combination with another company. If we pursue such a strategy, we could, among other things:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">issue
    equity securities that would dilute our current stockholders&rsquo; percentage ownership; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">incur
    substantial debt that may place strains on our operations;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">spend
    substantial operational, financial and management resources to integrate new businesses, technologies and products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">assume
    substantial actual or contingent liabilities;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">reprioritize
    our development programs and even cease development and commercialization of our product candidates; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">merge
    with, or otherwise enter into a business combination with, another company in which our stockholders would receive cash and/or
    shares of the other company on terms that certain of our stockholders may not deem desirable.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Although
we intend to evaluate and consider acquisitions, reorganizations and business combinations in the future, we have no agreements
or understandings with respect to any acquisition, reorganization or business combination at this time.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risks
Relating to Our Intellectual Property </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>It
is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights, and we may not be able to ensure their protection. If our patent position
does not adequately protect our product candidates, others could compete against us more directly, which would harm our business,
possibly materially. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
commercial success will depend in part on obtaining, maintaining and enforcing patent protection and on developing, preserving
and enforcing current trade secret protection. In particular, it will depend in part on our ability to obtain, maintain and enforce
patents, especially those related to methods of using our current product, RP-G28, and other future drug candidates, and those
related to the methods used to develop and manufacture our products, as well as successfully defending these patents against third-party
challenges. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our products depends
on the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents (and/or trade secrets) that cover these activities.
We cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent
applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents that may be granted
to us in the future will withstand subsequent challenges to their validity and or patentability, or if they will be commercially
useful in protecting our product candidates, discovery programs and processes. Furthermore, we cannot be sure that our existing
patents and patent applications will embrace (or &ldquo;claim&rdquo;) the particular uses for RP-G28 that will be approved by
FDA.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>The
patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions
for which important legal principles remain unresolved. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No
consistent policy regarding the patentability and/or validity of patent claims related to pharmaceutical patents has emerged,
to date, in the United States or in most jurisdictions outside of the United States. Changes in either the patent laws (be they
substantive or procedural) or in the interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the
value of our intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that will issue or will be enforceable
in the patents that have or may be issued from the patents and applications we currently own or may in the future own or license
from third parties. Further, if any patents we obtain, or to which we obtain licenses, are deemed invalid, unpatentable and unenforceable,
our ability to commercialize or license our technology could be adversely affected.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the future others may file patent applications covering products, uses for products, and manufacturing techniques and related
technologies that are similar, identical or competitive to ours or important to our business. We cannot be certain that any patent
application owned by a third party will not have priority over patent applications filed or in-licensed by us in the future, or
that we or our licensors will not be involved in interference, opposition, inter partes review or invalidity proceedings before
U.S. or non-U.S. patent offices or courts.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may
not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">others
    may be able to develop a platform similar to, or better than, ours in a way that is not covered by the claims of our patents;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">others
    may be able to make compounds that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of our patents;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">others
    may be able to manufacture compounds that are similar or identical to our product candidates using processes that are not
    covered by the claims of our method of making patents; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">others
    may obtain regulatory approval for uses of compounds, similar or identical to our product, that are not covered by the claims
    of our method of use patents;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    may not be able to obtain licenses for patents that are essential to the process of making the product;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by our pending patent applications;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">others
    may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any
    patents that we obtain may not provide us with any competitive advantages;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; or </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Patents
covering methods of using RP-G28 expire in 2030 if the appropriate maintenance fee renewal, annuity, or other government fees
are paid, unless a patent term extension based on regulatory delay is obtained. We expect that expiration in 2030 of some of our
method-of-use patents covering use of RP-G28 for treating lactose intolerance will have a limited impact on our ability to protect
our intellectual property in the United States, where we have additional issued patents covering this use that extend until 2030.
In other countries, our pending patent applications covering use of RP-G28 for treating other indications, if issued, would expire
in 2030. We will attempt to mitigate the effect of patent expiration by seeking data exclusivity, or the foreign equivalent thereof,
in conjunction with product approval, as well as by filing additional patent applications covering improvements in our intellectual
property.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
expect that the other patent applications for the RP-G28 portfolio, if issued, and if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity
or other governmental fees are paid, would expire in 2030. We own pending applications in the United States and Europe covering
RP-G28 analogs, and uses of such analogs as therapeutics to treat a variety of disorders, including lactose intolerance. Patent
protection, to the extent it issues, would be expected to extend to 2030, unless a patent term extension based on regulatory delay
is obtained.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Due
to the patent laws of a country, or the decisions of a patent examiner in a country, or our own filing strategies, we may not
obtain patent coverage for all of our product candidates or methods involving these candidates in the parent patent application.
We plan to pursue divisional patent applications or continuation patent applications in the United States and other countries
to obtain claim coverage for inventions which were disclosed but not claimed in the parent patent application.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may also rely on trade secrets to protect our technology, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate
or feasible. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets,
our employees, consultants, contractors, outside scientific collaborators and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully
disclose our information to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using any of our trade
secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes
less willing to protect trade secrets. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>RP-G28
does not have composition of matter patent protection. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Although
we own certain patents and patent applications with claims directed to specific methods of using RP-G28 to treat lactose intolerance,
RP-G28 has no composition of matter patent protection in the United States or elsewhere. As a result, we may be limited in our
ability to list our patents in the FDA&rsquo;s Orange Book if the use of our product, consistent with its FDA-approved label,
would not fall within the scope of our patent claims. Also, our competitors may be able to offer and sell products so long as
these competitors do not infringe any other patents that we (or third parties) hold, including patents with claims directed to
the manufacture of RP-G28 and/or method of use patents. In general, method of use patents are more difficult to enforce than composition
of matter patents because, for example, of the risks that FDA may approve alternative uses of the subject compounds not covered
by the method of use patents, and others may engage in off-label sale or use of the subject compounds. Physicians are permitted
to prescribe an approved product for uses that are not described in the product&rsquo;s labeling. Although off-label prescriptions
may infringe our method of use patents, the practice is common across medical specialties and such infringement is difficult to
prevent or prosecute. FDA approval of uses that are not covered by our patents would limit our ability to generate revenue from
the sale of RP-G28, if approved for commercial sale. Off-label sales would limit our ability to generate revenue from the sale
of RP-G28, if approved for commercial sale.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patent and other intellectual property
rights. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we choose to go to court to stop another party from using the inventions claimed in any patents we obtain, that individual or
company may seek a post grant review (including inter parte review) of our patents, and has the right to ask the court to rule
that such patents are invalid or should not be enforced against that third party. These lawsuits and administrative proceedings
are expensive and would consume time and resources and divert the attention of managerial and scientific personnel even if we
were successful in stopping the infringement of such patents. In addition, there is a risk that the court or administrative body
will decide that such patents are not valid or unpatentable and that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using
the inventions. There is also the risk that, even if the validity/patentability of such patents is upheld, the court will refuse
to stop the other party on the ground that such other party&rsquo;s activities do not infringe our rights to such patents. In
addition, the U.S. Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have recently articulated and/or modified certain
tests used by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, in assessing patentability and by the courts in assessing validity
and claim scope, which may decrease the likelihood that we will be able to obtain patents and increase the likelihood that others
may succeed in challenging any patents we obtain or license.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which may prevent or delay our product development efforts and stop us
from commercializing or increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
success will depend in part on our ability to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. We cannot guarantee
that our products, our methods of manufacture, or our uses of RP-G28 (or our other product candidates), will not infringe third-party
patents. Furthermore, a third party may claim that we or our manufacturing or commercialization collaborators are using inventions
covered by the third party&rsquo;s patent rights and may go to court to stop us from engaging in our normal operations and activities,
including making or selling our product candidates. These lawsuits are costly and could affect our results of operations and divert
the attention of managerial and scientific personnel. There is a risk that a court would decide that we or our commercialization
collaborators are infringing the third party&rsquo;s patents and would order us or our collaborators to stop the activities covered
by the patents. In that event, we or our commercialization collaborators may not have a viable way around the patent and may need
to halt commercialization of the relevant product. In addition, there is a risk that a court will order us or our collaborators
to pay the other party damages for having violated the other party&rsquo;s patents. In the future, we may agree to indemnify our
commercial collaborators against certain intellectual property infringement claims brought by third parties. The pharmaceutical
and biotechnology industries have produced a proliferation of patents, and it is not always clear to industry participants, including
us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use. The scope of coverage of a patent is subject to interpretation
by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform. If we are sued for patent infringement, the patentee would need to
demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence that our products or methods infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent,
and we would need to demonstrate either that we do not infringe or, by clear and convincing evidence, that the patent claims are
invalid; we may not be able to do this. Proving invalidity is difficult. For example, in the United States, proving invalidity
requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents. Even if
we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and divert management&rsquo;s time and attention in pursuing
these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. If we are unable to avoid infringing the patent rights of
others, we may be required to seek a license, which may not be available, defend an infringement action or challenge the validity
of the patents in court. Patent litigation is costly and time consuming. We may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions
to a successful conclusion. In addition, if we do not obtain a license, develop or obtain non-infringing technology, fail to defend
an infringement action successfully or have infringed patents declared invalid, we may incur substantial monetary damages, encounter
significant delays in bringing our product candidates to market and be precluded from manufacturing or selling our product candidates.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology covered by our pending applications, or that we
were the first to invent the technology, because:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">some
    patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">patent
    applications in the United States are typically not published until at least 18 months after the earliest asserted priority
    date; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">publications
    in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering technology similar to ours. Any such patent
application may have priority over our patent applications, which could further require us to obtain rights to issued patents
covering such technologies. If another party has filed a U.S. patent application on inventions similar to ours, we may have to
participate in an interference proceeding declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention in the United States. The costs
of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that such efforts would be unsuccessful if, unbeknownst to us, the
other party had independently arrived at the same or similar invention prior to our own invention, resulting in a loss of our
U.S. patent position with respect to such inventions. Other countries have similar laws that permit secrecy of patent applications,
and may be entitled to priority over our applications in such jurisdictions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Some
of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have
substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation
could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Obtaining
and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other
requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance
with these requirements. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Periodic
maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to
be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the lifetime
of the patents and/or applications. We employ an outside firm and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees due to non-U.S.
patent agencies and this outside firm has systems in place to ensure compliance on payment of fees. The USPTO and various non-U.S.
governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions
during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases,
an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However,
there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting
in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might be able to
enter the market and this circumstance would have a material adverse effect on our business.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.
If we are not able to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information, the value of our technology
and products could be significantly diminished. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
is common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology
or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may be subject to claims that these employees,
or we, have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers.
Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation
could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
rely on trade secrets to protect our proprietary technologies, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate
or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees,
consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to protect our trade secrets and other
proprietary information. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide
an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently
discover our trade secrets and proprietary information. For example, the FDA, as part of its Transparency Initiative, is currently
considering whether to make additional information publicly available on a routine basis, including information that we may consider
to be trade secrets or other proprietary information, and it is not clear at the present time how the FDA&rsquo;s disclosure policies
may change in the future, if at all. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope
of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business
position.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Failure
to secure trademark registrations could adversely affect our business. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have not developed a trademark for our RP-G28 product. Hence, we do not currently own any actual or potential trademark rights
associated with our RP-G28 product. If we seek to register additional trademarks, including trademarks associated with our RP-G28
product, our trademark applications may not be allowed for registration or our registered trademarks may not be maintained or
enforced. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections. Although we are given an opportunity to respond
to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable agencies in many
other jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered
trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such
proceedings. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against
third parties than we otherwise would.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risks
Relating to Our Common Stock</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>An
active trading market for our common stock may not develop or be sustained. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Prior
to our initial public offering, there was no public market for our common stock. Since our initial public offering in June 2015,
there has been, and we expect that there will continue to be, only a limited volume of trading in our common stock. An active
trading market in our common stock may not develop or, if developed, may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair
your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an
active market may also reduce the fair market value of your shares. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital
to continue to fund operations by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using
our shares as consideration.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Our
share price may be volatile, which could subject us to securities class action litigation and prevent you from being able to sell
your shares at or above your purchase price. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
market price of shares of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many risk factors listed in this
section, and others beyond our control, including:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">results
    of our clinical trials;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">results
    of clinical trials of our competitors&rsquo; products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">regulatory
    actions with respect to our products or our competitors&rsquo; products;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">actual
    or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">actual
    or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">actual
    or anticipated fluctuations in our competitors&rsquo; operating results or changes in their growth rate;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">competition
    from existing products or new products that may emerge;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">announcements
    by us, our potential future collaborators or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic collaborations, joint
    ventures, or capital commitments;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">issuance
    of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">fluctuations
    in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">share
    price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">additions
    or departures of key management or scientific personnel;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">disputes
    or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent
    protection for our technologies;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">announcement
    or expectation of additional financing efforts;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">sales
    of our common stock by us, our insiders or our other stockholders;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">market
    conditions for biopharmaceutical stocks in general; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">general
    economic and market conditions.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Furthermore,
the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market
prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating
performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market
conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market
price of shares of our common stock. In addition, such fluctuations could subject us to securities class action litigation, which
could result in substantial costs and divert our management&rsquo;s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously
harm our business.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Our
executive officers, directors and principal stockholders maintain the ability to exert substantial influence over all matters
submitted to stockholders for approval.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
executive officers, directors and principal stockholders beneficially own shares representing approximately 28.6% of our
outstanding capital stock. As a result, if these stockholders were to choose to act together, they would be able to exert substantial
influence over all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these
persons, if they choose to act together, would exert substantial influence over the election of directors and approval of any
merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent
an acquisition of our Company on terms that other stockholders may desire.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Being
a public company has increased our expenses and administrative burden. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, insurance, accounting and other expenses that
we did not incur as a private company. In addition, our administrative staff is required to perform tasks they did not perform
when we were a private company. For example, as a public company, we must bear all of the internal and external costs of preparing
and distributing periodic public reports in compliance with our obligations under the securities laws. In addition, laws, regulations
and standards applicable to public companies relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act and related regulations implemented by the SEC and NASDAQ, create uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial
compliance costs and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying
interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over
time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance
matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We have invested and will continue
to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment will result in increased general
and administrative expenses and may divert management&rsquo;s time and attention from product development activities. If our efforts
to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to
ambiguities related to practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.
In the future, it may become more expensive for us to maintain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required
to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult
for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation
committee, and qualified executive officers.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
are an &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; and will be able to avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable
to emerging growth companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are an &ldquo;emerging growth company,&rdquo; as defined in the JOBS Act and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions
from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not &ldquo;emerging growth companies&rdquo;
including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act,
reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from
the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute
payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely
on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market
for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an &ldquo;emerging growth company.&rdquo; We will remain
an emerging growth company until the earlier of&thinsp; (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary
of the date we completed our initial public offering, which was June 29, 2015, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue
of at least $1.0 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common
stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (ii) the date on which we have issued
more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>The
sale of our common stock to Aspire Capital may cause substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and the sale of the shares
of common stock acquired by Aspire Capital could cause the price of our common stock to decline. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are registering for sale 3,000,000 shares that we may sell to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. It is anticipated that
shares registered in this offering will be sold over a period of up to approximately 30 months from December 18, 2015, the date
the Purchase Agreement was signed. The number of shares ultimately offered for sale by Aspire Capital under this prospectus is
dependent upon the number of shares we elect to sell to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. Depending on a variety of
factors, including market liquidity of our common stock, the sale of shares under the Purchase Agreement may cause the trading
price of our common stock to decline.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aspire
Capital may ultimately purchase all, some or none of the remaining $7.0 million shares of common stock that, together with the
Commitment Shares, is the subject of this prospectus. Aspire Capital may sell all, some or none of our shares that it holds or
comes to hold under the Purchase Agreement. Sales by Aspire Capital of shares acquired pursuant to the Purchase Agreement under
the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, may result in dilution to the interests of other holders of our
common stock. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock by Aspire Capital in this offering, or anticipation
of such sales, could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline or make it more difficult for us to sell equity or
equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise desire. However, we have the right under
the Purchase Agreement to control the timing and amount of sales of our shares to Aspire Capital, and the Purchase Agreement may
be terminated by us at any time at our discretion without any penalty or cost to us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Future
sales of our common stock, or the perception that future sales may occur, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline,
even if our business is doing well. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Sales
by our stockholders of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur in the future. These
sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares of common stock intend to sell shares, could
reduce the market price of our common stock. We had 11,619,197 outstanding shares of common stock as of February 9, 2017,
which does not include the 3,000,000 shares we may issue to Aspire Capital in the future pursuant to the terms of the Aspire Purchase
Agreement, after this registration statement is declared effective under the Securities Act. Of the shares outstanding, a total
of 8,144,018 shares may be resold in the public market at any time and the remaining 3,475,179 shares are currently
restricted under securities laws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have also registered 2,111,682 shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plans. These shares can
be sold in the public market upon issuance and once vested.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>If
securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our
share price and trading volume could decline. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
trading market for our common stock will depend on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about
us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. There can be no assurance that analysts will cover us or provide
favorable coverage. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or change their opinion of our stock, our
share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish
reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Our
failure to meet the continued listing requirements of NASDAQ could result in a de-listing of our common stock. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of NASDAQ, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum
closing bid price requirement, NASDAQ may take steps to de-list our common stock. Such a de-listing would likely have a negative
effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do
so. In the event of a de-listing, we would take actions to restore our compliance with NASDAQ&rsquo;s listing requirements, but
we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the
market price or improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below the NASDAQ minimum bid
price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with NASDAQ&rsquo;s listing requirements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Provisions
in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company, which may be beneficial to
our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Provisions
in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent
a merger, acquisition or other change in control of our company that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions
in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might
be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition,
because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate
or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders
to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions provide that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    authorized number of directors can be changed only by resolution of our board of directors; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    bylaws may be amended or repealed by our board of directors or our stockholders;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">stockholders
    may not call special meetings of the stockholders or fill vacancies on the board of directors;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    board of directors is authorized to issue, without stockholder approval, preferred stock, the rights of which will be determined
    at the discretion of the board of directors and that, if issued, could operate as a &ldquo;poison pill&rdquo; to dilute the
    stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer to prevent an acquisition that our board of directors does not approve;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    stockholders do not have cumulative voting rights, and therefore our stockholders holding a majority of the shares of common
    stock outstanding will be able to elect all of our directors; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    stockholders must comply with advance notice provisions to bring business before or nominate directors for election at a stockholder
    meeting.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Moreover,
because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation
Law, or the DGCL, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining
with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding
voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Claims
for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful stockholder claims against
us and may reduce the amount of money available to us. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
permitted by Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation limits the liability of our
directors to the fullest extent permitted by law. In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the DGCL, our amended and restated
certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws provide that we shall indemnify, to the fullest extent authorized
by the DGCL, each person who is involved in any litigation or other proceeding because such person is or was a director or officer
of our company or is or was serving as an officer or director of another entity at our request, against all expense, loss or liability
reasonably incurred or suffered in connection therewith. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the
right to indemnification includes the right to be paid expenses incurred in defending any proceeding in advance of its final disposition,
provided, however, that such advance payment will only be made upon delivery to us of an undertaking, by or on behalf of the director
or officer, to repay all amounts so advanced if it is ultimately determined that such director is not entitled to indemnification.
If we do not pay a proper claim for indemnification in full within 60 days after we receive a written claim for such indemnification,
except in the case of a claim for an advancement of expenses, in which case such period is 20 days, our restated certificate of
incorporation and our restated bylaws authorize the claimant to bring an action against us and prescribe what constitutes a defense
to such action.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section
145 of the DGCL permits a corporation to indemnify any director or officer of the corporation against expenses (including attorney&rsquo;s
fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred in connection with any action, suit or
proceeding brought by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the corporation, if such person acted
in good faith and in a manner that he reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the corporation,
and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, if he or she had no reason to believe his or her conduct was unlawful.
In a derivative action, (i.e., one brought by or on behalf of the corporation), indemnification may be provided only for expenses
actually and reasonably incurred by any director or officer in connection with the defense or settlement of such an action or
suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner that he or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best
interests of the corporation, except that no indemnification shall be provided if such person shall have been adjudged to be liable
to the corporation, unless and only to the extent that the court in which the action or suit was brought shall determine that
the defendant is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses despite such adjudication of liability.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
rights conferred in the restated certificate of incorporation and the restated bylaws are not exclusive, and we are authorized
to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors, officers, employees and agents and to obtain insurance to indemnify
such persons. We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our officers and directors.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
above limitations on liability and our indemnification obligations limit the personal liability of our directors and officers
for monetary damages for breach of their fiduciary duty as directors by shifting the burden of such losses and expenses to us.
Although we plan to increase the coverage under our directors&rsquo; and officers&rsquo; liability insurance, certain liabilities
or expenses covered by our indemnification obligations may not be covered by such insurance or the coverage limitation amounts
may be exceeded. As a result, we may need to use a significant amount of our funds to satisfy our indemnification obligations,
which could severely harm our business and financial condition and limit the funds available to stockholders who may choose to
bring a claim against our company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>We
have never paid dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying dividends for the foreseeable future, and accordingly,
stockholders must rely on stock appreciation for any return on their investment. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have never paid dividends on our common stock and we do not anticipate paying dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable
future. Accordingly, any return on an investment in our common stock will be realized, if at all, only when stockholders sell
their shares. In addition, our failure to pay dividends may make our stock less attractive to investors, adversely impacting trading
volume and price.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Our
ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited. </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2015, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, of approximately $15.0 million which begin to
expire in 2028. Our ability to utilize our NOLs may be limited under Section 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code. The limitations
apply if an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, occurs. Generally, an ownership change occurs when certain shareholders
increase their aggregate ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage in a testing period
(typically three years). Although we have not undergone a Section 382 analysis, it is possible that the utilization of the NOLs,
could be substantially limited. Additionally, U.S. tax laws limit the time during which these carryforwards may be utilized against
future taxes. As a result, we may not be able to take full advantage of these carryforwards for federal and state tax purposes.
Future changes in stock ownership may also trigger an ownership change and, consequently, a Section 382 limitation.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_003"></A><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>CAUTIONARY
NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA </B></FONT></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and
Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained
in this prospectus, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue,
projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth are forward-looking statements. These statements
involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements
to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
words &lsquo;anticipate,&rsquo; &lsquo;believe,&rsquo; &lsquo;could,&rsquo; &lsquo;estimate,&rsquo; &lsquo;expect,&rsquo; &lsquo;intend,&rsquo;
&lsquo;may,&rsquo; &lsquo;plan,&rsquo; &lsquo;potential,&rsquo; &lsquo;predict,&rsquo; &lsquo;project,&rsquo; &lsquo;should,&rsquo;
&lsquo;target,&rsquo; &lsquo;will,&rsquo; &lsquo;would&rsquo; and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking
statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include,
among other things, statements about:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to sell shares of common stock to Aspire Capital pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and our ability to register and
    maintain the registration of the shares issued and issuable thereunder; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to obtain additional financing; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues and capital requirements; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    success and timing of our preclinical studies and clinical trials; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of RP-G28 and any other product candidates we may develop, and the labeling
    under any approval we may obtain; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">regulatory
    developments in the United States and other countries; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    performance of third-party manufacturers; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    plans to develop and commercialize our product candidates; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    successful development of our sales and marketing capabilities; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    potential markets for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    rate and degree of market acceptance of any future products; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    success of competing drugs that are or become available; and </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    loss of key scientific or management personnel. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">These
forward-looking statements are only predictions and we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed
in our forward-looking statements, so you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or
events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make.
We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends
that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and operating results. We have included important factors in the
cautionary statements included in this prospectus, particularly in the &lsquo;Risk Factors&rsquo; section, that could cause actual
future results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements
do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
forward-looking statements in this prospectus represent our views as of the date of this prospectus. We anticipate that subsequent
events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements
at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should,
therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this
prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
prospectus contains estimates made, and other statistical data published, by independent parties and by us relating to market
size and growth and other data about our industry. We obtained the industry and market data in this prospectus from our own research
as well as from industry and general publications, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. This data involves a number
of assumptions and limitations and contains projections and estimates of the future performance of the industries in which we
operate that are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. We caution you not to give undue weight to such projections, assumptions
and estimates.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_004"></A><B>THE
ASPIRE CAPITAL TRANSACTION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>General</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
December 18, 2015, we entered into the Purchase Agreement which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and
limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million of our shares of common
stock over the term of the Purchase Agreement. Upon execution of the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell to Aspire
Capital 500,000 Initial Purchase Shares for proceeds of $1.0 million. In consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement,
concurrently with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued to Aspire Capital 188,864 Commitment Shares. Concurrently
with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we also entered into the Registration Rights Agreement, in which we agreed to file
one or more registration statements as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act, the sale of the shares
of our common stock that have been and may be issued to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Through
February 9, 2017 , we have issued an aggregate of 1,577,699 shares of our common stock to Aspire Capital under the Purchase
Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $3.0 million. As of February 9, 2017 there were 11,619,197 shares
of our common stock outstanding (of which 8,302,142 shares were held by non-affiliates), which excludes the 3,000,000 shares which
we may issue to Aspire Capital under the terms of the Purchase Agreement after this registration statement is declared effective
under the Securities Act. If all 3,000,000 shares of our common stock issuable to Aspire Capital were issued and outstanding as
of February 9, 2017 , such shares would have represented 26.6% of the total common stock outstanding, or 34.4% of the non-affiliate
shares of common stock outstanding, as of February 9, 2017 . The number of shares of our common stock ultimately offered
for sale by Aspire Capital is dependent upon the number of shares purchased by Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Purchase Agreement prohibits us from issuing more than 1,577,699 shares of our common stock (which is equal to approximately 19.99%
of the common stock outstanding on the date of the Purchase Agreement) to Aspire Capital, unless (i) shareholder approval is obtained
to issue more, in which case this 1,577,699 share limitation, will not apply, or (ii) shareholder approval has not been obtained
and at the time the 1,577,699 share limitation is reached and at all times thereafter the average price paid for all shares issued
under the Purchase Agreement (including the Commitment Shares) is equal to or greater than $1.75, the Minimum Price, a price equal
to the closing sale price of our common stock on the business date of the execution of the Purchase Agreement; provided that at
no one point in time shall Aspire Capital (together with its affiliates) beneficially own more than 19.99% of our common stock.
As of the date hereof, we have issued all 1,577,699 shares to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. Therefore, we are now
registering an additional 3,000,000 shares hereby. We will continue to maintain an average price per share for all shares issued
to A</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">spire Capital under the Purchase Agreement (including those
previously issued) equal to or greater than $1.75 at all times or we will need to seek the approval of our stockholders to issue
any additional shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, we are registering 3,000,000 shares of our common stock under
the Securities Act, which we may issue to Aspire Capital under the terms of the Purchase Agreement after this registration statement
is declared effective under the Securities Act. All 3,000,000 shares of common stock are being offered pursuant to this prospectus.
Under the Purchase Agreement, we have the right but not the obligation to issue more than the 3,000,000 shares of common stock
included in this prospectus to Aspire Capital. As of the date hereof, we do not have any plans or intent to issue to Aspire Capital
any shares of common stock in addition to the 3,000,000 shares of common stock offered hereby.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">After
the SEC has declared effective the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, on any trading day on which the
closing sale price of our common stock is not less than $0.50 per share, or the Floor Price, we have the right, in our sole discretion,
to present Aspire Capital with a Purchase Notice, directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 100,000 shares of
our common stock per business day, up to $7.0 million of our common stock in the aggregate over the term of the Purchase Agreement,
at a Purchase Price calculated by reference to the prevailing market price of our common stock over the preceding 12-business
day period (as more specifically described below); however, no sale pursuant to a Purchase Notice may exceed $500,000 per trading
day.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
addition, on any date on which we submit a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital for 100,000 shares and the closing price of our common
stock is not less than the Floor Price per share, we also have the right, in our sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with
a VWAP Purchase Notice directing Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of stock equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the
Company&rsquo;s common stock traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the next trading day, subject to the VWAP Purchase Share Volume
Maximum and the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold. The VWAP Purchase Price is calculated by reference to the prevailing market price
of our common stock (as more specifically described below).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Purchase Agreement provides that neither we nor Aspire Capital will effect any sales under the Purchase Agreement on any purchase
date where the closing sale price of our common stock is less than the Floor Price. There are no trading volume requirements or
restrictions under the Purchase Agreement, and we will control the timing and amount of any sales of our common stock to Aspire
Capital. Aspire Capital has no right to require any sales by us, but is obligated to make purchases from us as we direct in accordance
with the Purchase Agreement. There are no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future
financings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement. Aspire Capital
may not assign its rights or obligations under the Purchase Agreement. The Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time,
at our discretion, without any penalty or cost to us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Purchase
Of Shares Under The Common Stock Purchase Agreement</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Under
the terms of the Purchase Agreement, on any trading day selected by us on which the closing sale price of our common stock exceeds
the Floor Price, we may direct Aspire Capital to purchase up to 100,000 shares of our common stock per trading day. The Purchase
Price of such shares is equal to the lesser of:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the lowest sale
    price of our common stock on the purchase date; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the arithmetic average
    of the three lowest closing sale prices for our common stock during the ten consecutive trading days ending on the trading
    day immediately preceding the purchase date.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
addition, on any date on which we submit a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital for purchase of 100,000 shares and on which the closing
price of our common stock exceeds the Floor Price, we also have the right to direct Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of stock
equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of our common stock traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the next trading day, subject
to the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum and the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold, which is equal to the greater of (a) 80% of the
closing price of the Company&rsquo;s common stock on the business day immediately preceding the VWAP Purchase Date or (b) such
higher price as set forth by the Company in the VWAP Purchase Notice. The VWAP Purchase Price of such shares is the lower of:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the Closing Sale
    Price on the VWAP Purchase Date; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">97% of the volume-weighted
    average price for our common stock traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market:</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.75in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">on the VWAP Purchase
    Date, if the aggregate shares to be purchased on that date have not exceeded the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">during that portion
    of the VWAP Purchase Date until such time as the sooner to occur of (i) the time at which the aggregate shares traded on the
    Nasdaq Capital Market exceed the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum or (ii) the time at which the sale price of the Company&rsquo;s
    common stock falls below the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Purchase Price will be adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, or other similar transaction
occurring during the trading day(s) used to compute the Purchase Price. We may deliver multiple Purchase Notices and VWAP Purchase
Notices to Aspire Capital from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement, so long as the most recent purchase has
been completed.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Minimum
Share Price </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Under
the Purchase Agreement, we and Aspire Capital may not effect any sales of shares of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement
on any trading day that the closing sale price of our common stock is less than the Floor Price.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Events
of Default</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Generally,
Aspire Capital may terminate the Purchase Agreement upon the occurrence of any of the following, among other, events of default:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the effectiveness
    of any registration statement that is required to be maintained effective pursuant to the terms of the Registration Rights
    Agreement between us and Aspire Capital lapses for any reason (including, without limitation, the issuance of a stop order)
    or is unavailable to Aspire Capital for sale of our shares of common stock, and such lapse or unavailability continues for
    a period of ten consecutive business days or for more than an aggregate of thirty business days in any 365-day period, which
    is not in connection with a post-effective amendment to any such registration statement; in connection with any post-effective
    amendment to such registration statement that is required to be declared effective by the SEC such lapse or unavailability
    may continue for a period of no more than 40 consecutive business days;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the suspension from
    trading or failure of our common stock to be listed on our principal market for a period of three consecutive business days;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the delisting of
    our common stock from our principal market, provided our common stock is not immediately thereafter trading on the New York
    Stock Exchange, the NYSE MKT, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the OTB
    Bulletin Board or the OTCQB marketplace or OTCQX marketplace of the OTC Markets Group;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our transfer agent&rsquo;s
    failure to issue to Aspire Capital shares of our common stock which Aspire Capital is entitled to receive under the Purchase
    Agreement within five business days after an applicable purchase date;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any breach by us
    of the representations or warranties or covenants contained in the Purchase Agreement or any related agreements which could
    have a material adverse effect on us, subject to a cure period of five business days;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if we become insolvent
    or are generally unable to pay our debts as they become due; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any participation
    or threatened participation in insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings by or against us.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Our
Termination Rights</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time, at our discretion, without any penalty or cost to us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>No
Short-Selling or Hedging by Aspire Capital</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Aspire
Capital has agreed that neither it nor any of its agents, representatives and affiliates shall engage in any direct or indirect
short-selling or hedging of our common stock during any time prior to the termination of the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Effect
of Performance of the Purchase Agreement on Our Stockholders </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Purchase Agreement does not limit the ability of Aspire Capital to sell any or all of the 3,000,000 shares registered in this
offering. It is anticipated that shares registered in this offering will be sold over a period of up to approximately 30 months
from December 18, 2015, the date the Purchase Agreement was signed. The sale by Aspire Capital of a significant amount of shares
registered in this offering at any given time could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and/or to be highly
volatile. Aspire Capital may ultimately purchase all, some or none of the 3,000,000 shares of common stock not yet issued but
registered in this offering, and it may sell all, some or none of the shares issued to it by us. Therefore, sales to Aspire Capital
by us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement also may result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common
stock. However, we have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares to Aspire Capital and the Purchase
Agreement may be terminated by us at any time at our discretion without any penalty or cost to us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Percentage
of Outstanding Shares After Giving Effect to the Purchased Shares Issued to Aspire Capital</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we authorized the sale to Aspire Capital of up to $10.0 million of our shares
of common stock, $3.0 million of which have already been issued to Aspire Capital, leaving a balance of approximately $7.0 of
our shares of common stock. Pursuant to this prospectus, we are registering an additional 3,000,000 shares under the Purchase
Agreement. Subject to any required approval by our board of directors, we have the right but not the obligation to issue more
than the 3,000,000 shares included in this prospectus to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. In the event we elect to
issue more than 3,000,000 shares under the Purchase Agreement, we will be required to file a new registration statement and have
it declared effective by the SEC. The number of shares ultimately offered for sale by Aspire Capital in this offering is dependent
upon the number of shares purchased by Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. The following table sets forth the number
and percentage of outstanding shares to be held by Aspire Capital after giving effect to the sale of shares of common stock issued
to Aspire Capital at varying purchase prices:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Assumed
    Average<BR> Purchase Price</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Proceeds
    from the <BR> Sale of Additional<BR> Shares to <BR> Aspire Capital Under <BR> the Purchase <BR> Agreement <BR> Registered
    in this<BR> Offering</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Number
    of Additional<BR> Shares to be<BR> Issued in this Offering at<BR> the Assumed Average<BR> Purchase Price (1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Percentage
    of <BR> Outstanding Shares <BR> After Giving Effect to the<BR> Purchased Shares Issued<BR> to Aspire Capital (2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 21%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 21%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,500,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 25%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 22%; text-align: right"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">20.5</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">20.5</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.50</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,800,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> 19<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">.4</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,333,333</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> 16.7 </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,400,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">10.8</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">10.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">700,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> 5.7 </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">466,666</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> 3.9 </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</FONT> </TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.3in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Excludes
    the 1,577,699 shares of common stock previously issued and sold to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement between the
    Company and Aspire Capital. </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    denominator is based on 11,619,197 shares outstanding as of February 9, 2017 , plus the number of shares we may issue
    to Aspire Capital in the future under the Purchase Agreement. The numerator is the number of shares that we may issue to Aspire
    Capital under the Purchase Agreement (that are the subject of this offering) at the corresponding assumed purchase price set
    forth in the adjacent column. This calculation assumes that prior to such issuance Aspire Capital no longer owns any of
    the 1,577,699 shares of our common stock previously issued to it. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_005"></A><B>USE
OF PROCEEDS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">This
prospectus relates to shares of our common stock that may be offered and sold from time to time by Aspire Capital. We will not
receive any proceeds upon the sale of shares by Aspire Capital. However, we have received proceeds of $3.0 million, and may receive
additional proceeds up to $7.0 million, for an aggregate of $10.0 million gross proceeds, under the Purchase Agreement with Aspire
Capital. The proceeds received from the sale of the shares under the Purchase Agreement will be used for working capital and general
corporate purposes, including research and development activities. This anticipated use of net proceeds from the sale of our common
stock to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_006"></A><B>DILUTION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
sale of our common stock to Aspire Capital pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will have a dilutive impact on our stockholders.
As a result, our net income/(loss) per share would decrease/increase in future periods and the market price of our common stock
could decline. In addition, the lower our stock price is at the time we exercise our right to sell shares to Aspire Capital, the
more shares of our common stock we will have to issue to Aspire Capital pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and our existing stockholders
would experience greater dilution.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">After
giving effect to the sale of 3,000,000 shares of common stock at an assumed offering price of $3.43 per share (the closing
price of our common stock on February 8, 2017 ), and after deducting estimated offering expenses of approximately $65,000
payable by us, our pro forma net tangible book value as of September 30, 2016 would have been $15.2 million, or $1.31 &nbsp;per
share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $0.73 &nbsp;per share
to our existing shareholders and an immediate accretion in pro forma net tangible book value of $0.73 per share to investors
participating in this offering.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%; font-size: 10pt">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 62%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Assumed public offering price per share &#9;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 16%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 16%; text-align: right"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.43</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2015 &#9;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.58</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Increase in net
    tangible book value per share attributable to this offering &#9;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.73</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pro forma net tangible book value per
    share after this offering &#9;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 12pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 12pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.31</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accretion per share to investors participating
    in this offering&#9;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.73</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
shares sold in this offering, if any, may be sold from time to time at various prices.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Each
$1.00 increase in the per share price at which we sell shares to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement from the assumed
offering price of $3.43 per share would increase our pro forma net tangible book value by $3.0 million, our pro
forma net tangible book value per share by $0.26 and accretion per share to new investors purchasing shares of common stock
in this offering by $0.26 , assuming that the number of shares of common stock offered, as set forth on the cover page of
this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated aggregate offering expenses payable by us. This information is
supplied for illustrative purposes only.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering excludes:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2,185,626
    shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding options as of September 30, 2016, at a weighted average exercise
    price of&thinsp;$6.46 per share, of which 999,446 shares are vested as of such date;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">389,448
    shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">578,323
    shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding as of September 30, 2016.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
table and calculations set forth above are based on the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2016
and assumes no exercise of any outstanding options or warrants. To the extent that options or warrants are exercised, there will
be further dilution to new investors.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="b_001"></A><B>EXECUTIVE
AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Summary
Compensation Table (2016 and 2015) </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following table sets forth the compensation paid or earned for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 to our named
executive officers for each of those years, who are comprised of&thinsp;(1) our principal executive officer for such year, and
(2) our next two highest compensated executive officers other than the principal executive officer (whose compensation exceeded
$100,000).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name
    and Principal Position</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Year</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Salary<BR>
    ($)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Bonus<BR>
    ($)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Option</B></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Awards<SUP>(1)</SUP></B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>($)</B></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Nonequity</B></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Incentive</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Compensation</B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>($)</B></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">All
    Other<BR>
    Compensation<BR>
    ($)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total
    <BR>
    ($)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 39%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Michael D. Step</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2016</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">376,269</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">126,280</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">502,549</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-style: italic; text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chief
    Executive Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2015</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">348,692</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">348,692</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Andrew J. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2016</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">324,010</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">117,180</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal"><SUP>(2)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">490,394</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">931,584</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-style: italic; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">President</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2015</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">259,260</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">124,000 </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal"><SUP>(2)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">225,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal"><SUP>(3)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">109,952</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal"><SUP>(4)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">718,212</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Ira E. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2016</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">308,332</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">97,571 </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal"><SUP>(2)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">490,394</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">896,297</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-style: italic; text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Executive
    Chairman and</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2015</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">249,980</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">103,250</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal"><SUP>(2)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">225,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal"><SUP>(3)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,157</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal"><SUP>(4)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">585,387</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-style: italic; text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chief
    Strategic Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 20.15pt; text-indent: -20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 25%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 20.15pt; text-indent: -20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represent
    the grant date fair value of the option awards granted during the years presented, determined in accordance with FASB ASC
    Topic 718. We utilize the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to value awards. Key valuation assumptions include:</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 20.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Expected
    dividend yield</I>. The expected dividend is assumed to be zero as we have never paid dividends and have no current plans
    to pay any dividends on our common stock.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Expected
    stock-price volatility</I>. As our common stock only recently became publicly traded, the expected volatility is derived from
    the average historical volatilities of publicly traded companies within our industry that we consider to be comparable to
    our business over a period approximately equal to the expected term.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Risk-free
    interest rate</I>. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for zero
    coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Expected
    term</I>. The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. Our historical
    share option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate an expected term because of a
    lack of sufficient data. Therefore, we estimate the expected term by using the simplified method provided by the SEC. The
    simplified method calculates the expected term as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 20.15pt; text-indent: 2.35pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
addition to the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, we also estimate a forfeiture rate to calculate the
stock-based compensation for our equity awards. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected volatility, expected
terms and forfeiture rates utilized for our stock-based compensation calculations on a prospective basis.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 20.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.35pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents
    annual bonuses earned for 2016 and 2015 based upon the achievement of specific performance goals, pursuant to the terms of
    their respective offer letters. For 2016, the annual bonuses earned were equal to 90% of the target bonus opportunities for
    each of Andrew Ritter ( target bonus equal to 40% of his base salary) and Ira Ritter ( target bonus equal to 35%
    of his base salary). For 2015, the annual bonuses earned were equal to 100% of the target bonus opportunities for each of
    Andrew Ritter ( target bonus equal to 40% of his base salary) and Ira Ritter ( target bonus equal to 35% of his
    base salary).</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
    2015, represents cash bonuses of $75,000 and $150,000 attributable to the Clinical Trial Funding Commitment Bonus Opportunities
    and the Fundraising Bonus Opportunities, respectively (as described below under &ldquo;Compensation Arrangements with Andrew
    Ritter and Ira Ritter&rdquo;), paid to each of Andrew Ritter and Ira Ritter.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
    2015, represents auto allowances of $4,952 and $7,157 paid on behalf of Andrew Ritter and Ira Ritter, respectively. Also represents
    $105,000 paid as tuition reimbursement pursuant to Andrew Ritter&rsquo;s offer letter.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Narrative
to Summary Compensation Table </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>Letter
Agreement with Michael D. Step </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
December 2, 2014, we entered into a letter agreement (the &ldquo;Step Letter Agreement&rdquo;), with Mr. Step, our current Chief
Executive Officer, setting forth the terms of his employment. The Step Letter Agreement provides that Mr. Step will be entitled
to an annual base salary of&thinsp;$360,000. Pursuant to the Step Letter Agreement, Mr. Step was also entitled to receive three
stock options.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
first two options entitle Mr. Step to purchase 646,537 and 73,377 shares of Common Stock of the Company, respectively, for an
exercise price of&thinsp;$5.86 per share. Each of these options was immediately exercisable in full as of the date of the
grant, with 44/48<SUP>ths</SUP> of the total number of shares covered by each option subject to a right of repurchase by the Company
upon termination of Mr. Step&rsquo;s employment with us for any reason. This right of repurchase will lapse over a period of 44
months, with 1/44<SUP>th</SUP> of the total number of shares subject to the right of repurchase lapsing on January 1, 2015 and
on the first day of each month thereafter. In addition, the right of repurchase will lapse in its entirety upon a termination
of the employment of Mr. Step by us without Cause or by Mr. Step with Good Reason and upon a Termination upon a Change in Control.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
third option became exercisable upon the closing of our initial public offering on June 29, 2015. Pursuant to the terms of the
agreement, the option is exercisable for a total of 163,799 shares of our Common Stock, which, together with the shares subject
to the first option, represent 7.5% of the shares of Common Stock deemed to be outstanding at June 29, 2015 on a fully-diluted
basis, after giving effect to the number of shares subject to the third option. Seventy-five percent of the shares subject to
the third option are subject to a right of repurchase by us upon termination of Mr. Step&rsquo;s employment for any reason. This
right of repurchase will lapse with respect to 1/36<SUP>th</SUP> of the total number of shares subject to the right of repurchase
on the first day of each month following the date on which the third option first becomes exercisable. In addition, the right
of repurchase will lapse in its entirety upon Mr. Step&rsquo;s termination of employment under certain circumstances.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
purposes of the Step Letter Agreement, the terms &ldquo;Cause,&rdquo; &ldquo;Good Reason,&rdquo; and &ldquo;Termination upon a
Change in Control&rdquo; each have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Executive Severance &amp; Change in Control Agreement
described below.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>Compensation
Arrangements with Andrew Ritter and Ira Ritter</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
September 25, 2013, our board of directors approved the Executive Compensation Plan setting forth certain compensation to be paid
to Andrew Ritter and Ira Ritter for their contributions to the Company. Effective June 29, 2015, in connection with our initial
public offering, Andrew Ritter and Ira Ritter accepted offer letters from us setting for the terms of their employment as President
and Chief Strategic Officer, respectively. The offer letter superseded the Executive Compensation Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Executive
Compensation Plan </I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the terms of the Executive Compensation Plan Andrew Ritter&rsquo;s salary was $225,000 per year and Ira Ritter&rsquo;s salary
was $210,000 per year. Andrew Ritter was entitled to an annual car allowance of up to $8,400 and Ira Ritter was entitled to an
annual car allowance of up to $12,000. Any car allowance claimed by Andrew or Ira Ritter would result in an automatic reduction
in such person&rsquo;s base salary then in effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Under
the Executive Compensation Plan, each of Andrew and Ira Ritter had bonus opportunities to receive cash payments and options to
purchase up to 48,951 shares of the Common Stock (each referred to in this section as an &ldquo;Executive Option Grant&rdquo;)
as described below. On December 2, 2014, they also each received an option to purchase up to 432,434 shares of the Common Stock.
See &ldquo;Outstanding Equity Awards at 2015 Fiscal Year-End&rdquo; for additional information regarding these options.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the terms of the Executive Compensation Plan, Andrew and Ira Ritter were entitled to the following cash and equity payments
upon the satisfaction of the events described below:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 40.3pt; text-indent: -20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>FDA
    Meeting Bonus Opportunities. </I>In April 2013, Andrew and Ira Ritter each received a one-time cash bonus of&thinsp;$10,000
    for meeting with the FDA regarding RP-G28&rsquo;s pathway to FDA approval. Upon satisfaction of this milestone, 2,360 shares
    under the Executive Option Grant vested and became exercisable as of September 25, 2013. An additional 1,136 shares were to
    vest ratably on a monthly basis beginning on September 30, 2013.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Clinical
    Trial Funding Commitment Bonus Opportunities</I>. Pursuant to the terms of the Executive Compensation Plan, Andrew and Ira
    Ritter were each entitled to receive a one-time cash bonus of $75,000 upon the Company&rsquo;s receipt of a commitment by
    a third party to fund a Phase 2 or later clinical trial whether or not any such committed funds were paid directly to the
    Company; provided, however, that no such bonus would be paid at any time the Company has less than $2,000,000 in available
    cash. In addition, the Executive Compensation Plan provided that upon the satisfaction of this milestone, 35% of 10,489 shares
    of each of their Executive Option Grants would vest, with the balance of such 10,489 shares vesting in 36 equal monthly installments
    beginning on the last day of the following month. The board of directors determined that this milestone was satisfied; accordingly,
    each executive received the cash bonus and 3,671 shares of the Executive Options vested and became exercisable as of June
    29, 2015, with the balance of 6,818 shares vesting ratably on a monthly basis beginning July 31, 2015.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Fundraising
    Bonus Opportunities</I>. Pursuant to the terms of the Executive Compensation Plan, Andrew and Ira Ritter were each entitled
    to receive (i) a one-time cash bonus of&thinsp; $50,000 upon the sale of additional equity capital for cash, in one or more
    closings after July 17, 2012, and/or the actual deployment of funds by a third party for a clinical trial in an aggregate
    amount in excess of $2,000,000 and (ii) a one-time cash bonus of&thinsp; $150,000 upon the sale of additional equity capital
    for cash, in one or more closings after July 17, 2012 and/or the actual deployment of funds by a third party for a clinical
    trial in an aggregate amount in excess of&thinsp; $10,000,000 (which such bonus would be reduced by any cash bonus paid under
    subsection (i)); provided, however, that no bonus under subsection (i) or (ii) would be paid at any time the Company has less
    than $2,000,000 in available cash. In addition, upon the satisfaction of the milestone described in subsection (i), 35% of
    6,993 shares of each of their Executive Option Grants would vest, with the balance of the 6,993 shares vesting in 36 equal
    monthly installments beginning on the last day of the following month, and, upon satisfaction of the milestone described in
    subsection (ii), 35% of 13,986 shares of each of their Executive Option Grants would vest, with the balance of the 13,986
    shares vesting in 36 monthly installments beginning on the last day of the following month. The board of directors determined
    that the milestone as described in subsection (ii) above was satisfied upon the closing of the Company&rsquo;s initial public
    offering on June 29, 2015 raising approximately $17.4 million, net of offering costs; accordingly, each executive received
    a bonus of $150,000 and 4,895 shares of the Executive Options vested and became exercisable as of June 29, 2015, with the
    balance of 9,091 shares vesting ratably on a monthly basis beginning July 31, 2015.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Further,
pursuant to the terms of the Executive Compensation Plan, Andrew and Ira Ritter were each entitled to receive the following cash
and equity bonus payments in connection with the closing of an exclusive license of RP-G28 and/or any future product candidate
developed by the Company from time to time during the term of the Executive Compensation Plan by and/or any option to exclusively
license such product candidate to a third party (referred to under the Executive Compensation Plan as a &ldquo;License Event&rdquo;)
with a minimum upfront payment to the Company of $2,000,000:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
    graduated cash bonus equal to (i) 5% of the Initial Period License Payment (as defined below) up to $5,000,000; (ii) 4% of
    the Initial Period License Payment in excess of&thinsp;$5,000,000 up to $10,000,000; and (iii) 3% of the Initial Period License
    Payment in excess of&thinsp;$10,000,000. In addition, upon the Company&rsquo;s receipt of an Initial Period License Payment
    of more than $2,000,000, 35% of 45,454 shares of their Executive Option Grants would vest, with the balance of the 45,454
    shares vesting in 36 monthly installments beginning on the last day of the following month. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
    cash bonus equal to 3% of any Annual Excess Milestone Payments (as defined below); provided, however that no such bonus would
    be paid at any time the Company has less than $1,000,000 in available cash. In addition, upon the Company&rsquo;s receipt
    of an Annual Excess Milestone Payment, 35% of 6,993 shares of their Executive Option Grants would vest and become exercisable,
    with the balance of the 6,993 shares vesting in 36 monthly installments beginning on the last day of the following month.
    </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 40.3pt; text-indent: -20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Notwithstanding
any of the vesting provisions described above, the total potential number of shares under the Executive Option Grant that could
vest would not exceed 48,951 and the Executive Option Grant automatically terminated for any shares for which a vesting date or
performance condition had not been met by September 25, 2015. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2015, 27,972 of the maximum 48,951
Executive Option Grants potentially issuable to Andrew and Ira Ritter had been issued to each executive subject to the vesting
conditions described above.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
purposes of the Executive Compensation Plan, the term &ldquo;<I>Initial Period License Payment</I>&rdquo; meant the aggregate
amount in cash received by the Company (not including any amount placed in escrow or subject to earn-outs, contingencies or other
deferrals or earmarked to pay or reimburse the Company for research and development activities) in respect of the License Event
over a 24 month period beginning on the closing date of such License Event (which period is referred to therein as the &ldquo;<I>Initial
Period</I>&rdquo;). The term &ldquo;<I>Annual Excess Milestone Payments</I>&rdquo; meant the amount in cash in excess of $2,000,000
(not including any amounts placed in escrow or subject to earn-outs, contingencies or other deferrals) that was received by the
Company in respect of any Post-Closing Milestones (as defined below) in each 12-month period beginning on the expiration of the
Initial Period. The term &ldquo;<I>Post-Closing Milestones</I>&rdquo; meant any post-closing payouts set forth in the definitive
transaction documentation executed in connection with a License Event; provided, however, that such amounts would not include
any amounts that were determined by the board of directors to comprise all or any portion of any upfront payment made in connection
with a License Event and any royalty payment based on product sales.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Under
the terms of the Executive Compensation Plan, receipt by the Company of more than one <I>bona fide</I> term sheet for a proposed
License Event with respect to RP-G28 would result in the payment of an additional 10% of any cash bonus earned as Clinical Trial
and Fundraising Bonus or a License Event Bonus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Offer
Letters with Andrew Ritter and Ira Ritter</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
compensation terms outlined in the offer letters, which became effective June 29, 2015, superseded and replaced those provided
in the Executive Compensation Plan, which is described above, other than certain provisions related to the bonus opportunities.
The offer letters provide that Andrew Ritter is entitled to an annual base salary of $310,000 and Ira Ritter is entitled to an
annual base salary of $295,000. In accordance with his offer letter, Andrew Ritter also became entitled to receive up to $180,000
payable over a three-year period for tuition reimbursement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to their respective offer letters, Andrew Ritter and Ira Ritter each have the opportunity to earn an annual bonus based upon a
percentage of their base salary and the achievement of specific performance as determined by the Company. The initial target bonus
opportunities are 40% and 35% of the base salary for Andrew Ritter and Ira Ritter, respectively.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>2008
Stock Plan </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
2008 Stock Plan permitted us to grant non-statutory stock options, incentive stock options and restricted stock to our employees,
directors and consultants; however, incentive stock options may only be granted to our employees. The maximum aggregate number
of shares of Common Stock that were issuable under the 2008 Stock Plan was 2,046,158 shares, after giving effect to the 1-for-7.15
reverse stock split. Beginning June 29, 2015, no further awards may be issued under the 2008 Stock Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
2008 Stock Plan is administered by either our board of directors or a committee of our board of directors, which in either case,
we refer to as the Administrator. The Administrator has full authority and discretion to, among other things, determine the terms
and conditions of any awards granted under the 2008 Stock Plan, and construe and interpret the terms of the 2008 Stock Plan and
any awards granted thereunder.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Stock
Options</I>. Each option will be designated in the option agreement as either an incentive stock option or a nonstatutory stock
option. Notwithstanding such designation, however, to the extent that the aggregate Fair Market Value (as defined in the 2008
Stock Plan) of the shares with respect to which an incentive stock option is exercisable for the first time by the optionee during
any calendar year (under all plans of the Company and any parent or subsidiary) exceeds $100,000, such options will be treated
as nonstatutory stock options. The term of any stock option awarded under the 2008 Stock Plan will not exceed 10 years from the
date of grant. In the case of an incentive stock option granted to a person who, at the time the stock option is granted, owns
stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of our stock or any parent or subsidiary, who we refer to
as a 10% Holder, the term of the option will be five years from the date of grant or such shorter period as may be provided in
the option agreement. The per share exercise price for shares to be issued upon exercise of an option will be such price as is
determined by the Administrator, but will be (i) in the case of an incentive stock option, (A) granted to an employee who, at
the time of grant of such option, is a 10% Holder, no less than 110% of the Fair Market Value per share on the date of grant;
or (B) granted to any other employee, no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per share on the date of grant; and (ii) in the
case of a nonstatutory stock option, no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per share on the date of grant. The consideration
to be paid for the shares to be issued upon exercise of a stock option, including the method of payment, will be determined by
the Administrator (and, in the case of an incentive stock option, will be determined at the time of grant). Such consideration
may consist of, without limitation, (1) cash, (2) check, (3) promissory note, (4) other shares (provided that such shares have
a Fair Market Value on the date of surrender equal to the aggregate exercise price of the shares as to which such option may be
exercised and provided that accepting such shares, in the sole discretion of the Administrator, will not result in any adverse
accounting consequences to the Company), (5) consideration received by us under a cashless exercise program we have implemented
in connection with the 2008 Stock Plan, or (6) such other consideration and method of payment for the issuance of shares to the
extent permitted by applicable laws, or (7) any combination of the foregoing methods of payment.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Restricted
Stock</I>. Restricted stock may be issued either alone, in addition to, or in tandem with other awards granted under the 2008
Stock Plan and/or cash awards made outside of the 2008 Stock Plan, at a purchase price determined by the Administrator. Any restricted
stock granted under the 2008 Stock Plan will be subject to the terms and conditions of a restricted stock purchase agreement,
which, unless the Administrator determines otherwise, will grant us a repurchase option according to terms the Administrator determines.
The term of each restricted stock award will be no more than 10 years from the date of grant.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Under
the 2008 Stock Plan, if an optionee ceases to be an employee, director, consultant, such optionee may exercise his or her option
within 30 days of termination, or such longer period of time as specified in the option agreement, to the extent that the option
is vested on the date of termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of the option as set forth in the
option agreement). Unless the Administrator provides otherwise, if, on the date of termination, the optionee is not vested as
to his or her entire option, the shares covered by the unvested portion of the option will revert to the 2008 Stock Plan. If,
after termination, the optionee does not exercise his or her option within the time specified by the Administrator, the option
will terminate, and the shares covered by such option will revert to the 2008 Stock Plan. Unless the Administrator provides otherwise,
or except as otherwise required by applicable laws, vesting of options granted to employees, officers and directors will be suspended
during any unpaid leave of absence. For purposes of incentive stock options, no such leave may exceed 90 days, unless reemployment
upon expiration of such leave is guaranteed by statute or contract. If reemployment upon expiration of a leave of absence approved
by us is not so guaranteed, then six months following the first day of such leave, any incentive stock option held by the optionee
will be treated for tax purposes as a nonstatutory stock option.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an optionee ceases to be an employee, director, consultant as a result of the optionee&rsquo;s Disability (as defined in the 2008
Stock Plan), the optionee may exercise his or her option within six months of termination, or such longer period of time as specified
in the option agreement, to the extent the option is vested on the date of termination (but in no event later than the expiration
of the term of the option as set forth in the option agreement). Unless the Administrator provides otherwise, if, on the date
of termination, the optionee is not vested as to his or her entire option, the shares covered by the unvested portion of the option
will revert to the 2008 Stock Plan. If, after termination, the optionee does not exercise his or her option within the time specified,
the option will terminate, and the shares covered by such option will revert to the 2008 Stock Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an optionee dies while an employee, director, consultant, the option may be exercised within six months following the optionee&rsquo;s
death, or such longer period of time as specified in the option agreement, to the extent the option is vested on the date of termination
(but in no event later than the expiration of the term of the option as set forth in the option agreement) by the optionee&rsquo;s
designated beneficiary; provided such beneficiary has been designated prior to optionee&rsquo;s death in a form acceptable to
the Administrator. If no such beneficiary has been designated by the optionee, then such option may be exercised by the personal
representative of the optionee&rsquo;s estate or by the person(s) to whom the option is transferred pursuant to the optionee&rsquo;s
will or in accordance with the laws of descent and distribution. If, at the time of death, the optionee is not vested as to his
or her entire option, the shares covered by the unvested portion of the option will revert to the 2008 Stock Plan. If the option
is not so exercised within the time specified, the option will terminate, and the shares covered by such option will revert to
the 2008 Stock Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an option or restricted stock purchase right expires or becomes unexercisable without having been exercised in full, or is surrendered
pursuant to an exchange program, the unpurchased shares that were subject to such award will become available for future grant
or sale under the 2008 Stock Plan (unless the 2008 Stock Plan has terminated). However, shares that have actually been issued
under the 2008 Stock Plan, upon exercise of either an option or restricted stock purchase right, will not be returned to the 2008
Stock Plan and will not become available for future distribution under the 2008 Stock Plan, except that if unvested shares of
restricted stock are repurchased by us at their original purchase price, such shares will become available for future grant under
the 2008 Stock Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Unless
determined otherwise by the Administrator, options and restricted stock purchase rights may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated,
transferred or disposed of in any manner, and may be exercised only by the optionee during such person&rsquo;s lifetime.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
the event that any dividend or other distribution (whether in the form of cash, shares, other securities, or other property),
recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, reorganization, merger, consolidation, split-up, spin-off, combination, repurchase
or exchange of our shares or other securities, or other change in our corporate structure affecting the shares occurs, the Administrator,
in order to prevent diminution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended to be made available under the 2008
Stock Plan, will adjust the number of and class of shares that may be delivered under the 2008 Stock Plan and/or the number, class
and price of shares covered by each outstanding option or stock purchase right; provided, however, that the Administrator will
make such adjustments to the extent required by Section 25102(o) of the California Corporations Code.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
board of directors may at any time amend, alter, suspend or terminate the 2008 Stock Plan, but must obtain stockholder approval
of any amendment to the extent necessary and desirable to comply with applicable laws. No amendment, alteration, suspension or
termination of the 2008 Stock Plan may impair the rights of any optionee, unless otherwise mutually agreed in writing by the optionee
and the Administrator. The 2008 Stock Plan will continue in effect for a term of ten years from the later of&thinsp;(a) the effective
date of the Plan or (b) the earlier of the most recent board or stockholder approval of an increase in the number of shares reserved
for issuance under the 2008 Stock Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>2009
Stock Plan </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
2009 Stock Plan permitted us to grant non-statutory stock options, incentive stock options and stock purchase rights to our employees,
outside directors and consultants; however, incentive stock options could only be granted to our employees. The maximum aggregate
number of shares of Common Stock that were issuable under the 2009 Stock Plan was 69,930 shares, after giving effect to the 1-for-7.15
reverse stock split. Beginning June 29, 2015, no further awards may be issued under the 2009 Stock Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
2009 Stock Plan is administered by either our board of directors or a committee of our board of directors, which in either case,
we refer to as the Administrator. The Administrator has full authority and discretion to, among other things, determine the terms
and conditions of any awards granted under the 2009 Stock Plan, and construe and interpret the terms of the 2009 Stock Plan and
any awards granted thereunder.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Stock
Options</I>. Each option will be designated in the option agreement as either an incentive stock option or a nonstatutory stock
option. Notwithstanding such designation, however, to the extent that the aggregate Fair Market Value (as defined in the 2009
Stock Plan) of the shares with respect to which an incentive stock option is exercisable for the first time by the optionee during
any calendar year (under all plans of the Company and any parent or subsidiary) exceeds $100,000, such options will be treated
as nonstatutory stock options. The term of any stock option awarded under the 2009 Stock Plan shall not exceed 10 years from the
date of grant. In the case of an incentive stock option granted to a person who, at the time the stock option is granted, owns
stock representing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of our stock or any parent or subsidiary of, who we refer
to as a 10% Holder, the term of the option will be five years from the date of grant or such shorter period as may be provided
in the option agreement. The per share exercise price for shares to be issued upon exercise of an option will be such price as
is determined by the Administrator, but will be (i) in the case of an incentive stock option, (A) granted to an employee who,
at the time of grant of such option, is a 10% Holder, no less than 110% of the Fair Market Value per share on the date of grant;
or (B) granted to any other employee, no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per share on the date of grant; and (ii) in the
case of a nonstatutory stock option, no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per share on the date of grant. The consideration
to be paid for the shares to be issued upon exercise of a stock option, including the method of payment, will be determined by
the Administrator (and, in the case of an incentive stock option, will be determined at the time of grant). Such consideration
may consist of, without limitation, (1) cash, (2) check, (3) promissory note, (4) other shares (provided shares acquired directly
from us (x) have been owned by the optionee for more than six months of the date of surrender and (y) have a Fair Market Value
of the date of surrender equal to the aggregate exercise price of the shares as to which such option may be exercised), (5) consideration
received by us under a cashless exercise program we have implemented in connection with the 2009 Stock Plan, or (6) any combination
of the foregoing methods of payment.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Stock
Purchase Rights</I>. Stock Purchase Rights may be issued either alone, in addition to, or in tandem with other awards granted
under the 2009 Stock Plan and/or cash awards made outside of the 2009 Stock Plan, and will entitle the recipient to purchase shares
of our Common Stock at a purchase price determined by the Administrator. Any stock purchase rights granted under the 2009 Stock
Plan will be subject to the terms and conditions of a restricted stock purchase agreement, which, unless the Administrator determines
otherwise, will grant us a repurchase option exercisable within 90 days of the voluntary or involuntary termination of the purchaser&rsquo;s
service with us for any reason (including death or disability) at the original price paid by the purchase, which may be paid by
us by cancellation of any indebtedness of the purchaser to us, and which right will lapse at such rate as the Administrator may
determine.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Under
the 2009 Stock Plan, if an optionee ceases to be an employee, director, consultant (or other permitted recipient under Rule 701
under the Securities Act), such optionee may exercise his or her option within 30 days of termination, or such longer period of
time as specified in the option agreement, to the extent that the option is vested on the date of termination (but in no event
later than the expiration of the term of the option as set forth in the option agreement, and in the case of an incentive stock
option, in no event later than the earlier of three months after the date of termination and the expiration of the term of the
option as set forth in the option agreement). If, on the date of termination, the optionee is not vested as to his or her entire
option, the shares covered by the unvested portion of the option will revert to the 2009 Stock Plan. If, after termination, the
optionee does not exercise his or her option within the time specified by the Administrator, the option will terminate, and the
shares covered by such option will revert to the 2009 Stock Plan. Unless the Administrator provides otherwise, vesting of options
granted to employees, officers and directors will be suspended during any unpaid leave of absence. For purposes of incentive stock
options, no such leave may exceed 90 days, unless reemployment upon expiration of such leave is guaranteed by statute or contract.
If reemployment upon expiration of a leave of absence approved by us is not so guaranteed, then following the 91<SUP>st</SUP>
day of such leave, any incentive stock option held by the optionee will cease to be treated as an incentive stock option and will
instead be treated for tax purposes as a nonstatutory stock option.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an optionee ceases to be an employee, director, consultant (or other permitted recipient under Rule 701 under the Securities Act),
as a result of the optionee&rsquo;s Disability (as defined in the 2009 Stock Plan), the optionee may exercise his or her option
within six months of termination, or such longer period of time as specified in the option agreement, to the extent the option
is vested on the date of termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of the option as set forth in the
option agreement, and in the case of an incentive stock option, in no event later than the earlier of three months after the date
of termination and the expiration of the term of the option as set forth in the option agreement). If, on the date of termination,
the optionee is not vested as to his or her entire option, the shares covered by the unvested portion of the option will revert
to the 2009 Stock Plan. If, after termination, the optionee does not exercise his or her option within the time specified by the
Administrator, the option will terminate, and the shares covered by such option will revert to the 2009 Stock Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an optionee dies while an employee, director, consultant (or other permitted recipient under Rule 701 under the Securities Act),
the option may be exercised within six months following the optionee&rsquo;s death, or such longer period of time as specified
in the option agreement, to the extent the option is vested on the date of termination (but in no event later than the expiration
of the term of the option as set forth in the option agreement) by the optionee&rsquo;s designated beneficiary; provided such
beneficiary has been designated prior to optionee&rsquo;s death in a form acceptable to the Administrator. If no such beneficiary
has been designated by the optionee, then such option may be exercised by the personal representative of the optionee&rsquo;s
estate or by the person(s) to whom the option is transferred pursuant to the optionee&rsquo;s will or in accordance with the laws
of descent and distribution. If, at the time of death, the optionee is not vested as to his or her entire option, the shares covered
by the unvested portion of the option will revert to the 2009 Stock Plan. If the option is not so exercised within the time specified
above, the option will terminate, and the shares covered by such option will revert to the 2009 Stock Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an option or stock purchase right expires or becomes unexercisable without having been exercised in full, the unpurchased shares
that were subject to such award will become available for future grant or sale under the 2009 Stock Plan (unless the 2009 Stock
Plan has terminated). However, shares that have actually been issued under the 2009 Stock Plan, upon exercise of either an option
or stock purchase right, will not be returned to the 2009 Stock Plan and will not become available for future distribution under
the 2009 Stock Plan, except that if unvested shares of restricted stock are repurchased by us at their original purchase price,
such shares will become available for future grant under the 2009 Stock Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Unless
determined otherwise by the Administrator, options and stock purchase rights may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated,
transferred or disposed of in any manner, and may be exercised only by the optionee during such person&rsquo;s lifetime.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
the event that any dividend or other distribution (whether in the form of cash, shares, other securities, or other property),
recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, reorganization, merger, consolidation, split-up, spin-off, combination, repurchase
or exchange of our shares or other securities, or other change in our corporate structure affecting the shares occurs, the Administrator,
in order to prevent diminution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended to be made available under the 2009
Stock Plan, may (in its sole discretion) adjust the number of and class of shares that may be delivered under the 2009 Stock Plan
and/or the number, class and price of shares covered by each outstanding option or stock purchase right; provided, however, that
the Administrator will make such adjustments to the extent required by Section 25102(o) of the California Corporations Code.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
board of directors may at any time amend, alter, suspend or terminate the 2009 Stock Plan, but must obtain stockholder approval
of any amendment to the extent necessary and desirable to comply with applicable laws. The 2009 Stock Plan will also be subject
to approval by our stockholders prior to the later of&thinsp; (i) 12 months after the 2009 Stock Plan is adopted or (ii) the date
of first grant of an option or stock purchase right to an employee, director or consultant (or other permitted recipient under
Rule 701 under the Securities Act) in California. No amendment, alteration, suspension or termination of the 2009 Stock Plan may
impair the rights of any optionee, unless otherwise mutually agreed in writing by the optionee and the Administrator.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>2015
Equity Incentive Plan</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
June 15, 2015, our board of directors approved the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, and on June 17, 2015, the 2015 Equity Incentive
Plan was approved by our stockholders. On June 3, 2016, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2015 Equity
Incentive Plan at the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which, among other things, increased the number of shares that may
be issued pursuant to awards under the plan by 475,000 shares of Common Stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
purposes of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan are to optimize the profitability and growth of the Company through long-term incentives
that are consistent with the Company&rsquo;s objectives and that link the interests of award recipients (&ldquo;Grantees&rdquo;),
to those of the Company&rsquo;s stockholders; to give award recipients an incentive for excellence in individual performance;
to promote teamwork among Grantees; and to give the Company flexibility in attracting and retaining key employees, directors and
consultants.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Selected
employees, officers and directors of the Company or any subsidiary, and consultants, advisors and independent service providers
to the Company and any subsidiary who qualify as a &ldquo;consultant&rdquo; under the applicable rules of the SEC for registration
of shares on a Form S-8 registration statement, are eligible to receive awards under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan. The plan
administrator may also grant awards to individuals in connection with hiring, retention or otherwise before the date the individual
first performs services for the Company or any subsidiary; provided, however, that those awards will not become vested or exercisable
before the date the individual first performs services for the Company or any subsidiary.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
number of shares of Common Stock that we may issue pursuant to awards under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan is (i) 803,289 plus
(ii) any shares which were available for grant under the 2008 Stock Plan or the 2009 Stock Plan (collectively, the &ldquo;Prior
Plans&rdquo;) on the effective date of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan or were subject to awards under the Prior Plans which, after
the effective date of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, were or are forfeited or lapse unexercised or are settled in cash and are
not issued under the Prior Plans. No more than 803,289 shares of Common Stock may be issued pursuant to incentive stock options
intended to qualify under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code (the &ldquo;Code&rdquo;). No awards may be granted under any
Prior Plan; however, any awards granted under any Prior Plan that were outstanding as of the effective date of the 2015 Equity
Incentive Plan continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of such Prior Plan. The maximum number of shares of Common Stock
subject to awards of any combination that may be granted under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan during any calendar year to any
one individual is limited to 300,000 shares; provided, however, that the foregoing limitation will not apply until the earliest
of&thinsp; (a) the first material modification of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (including any increase in the number of shares
reserved for issuance under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan); (b) the issuance of all of the shares reserved for issuance under
the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan; (c) the first meeting of stockholders at which members of the board of directors are elected that
occurs after the close of the third calendar year following the calendar year in which occurred the first registration of an equity
security of the Company under Section 12 of the Exchange Act; or (d) such other date required by Section 162(m) of the Code.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">These
limits will be appropriately adjusted to reflect any stock dividend, stock split, combination or exchange of shares, merger, consolidation
or other distribution and/or similar transactions. To the extent that (i) an award terminates, expires, lapses or is forfeited
for any reason, (ii) any award is settled in cash (in whole or in part) without the delivery of shares to the Grantee, or (iii)
any shares subject to an award under any Prior Plan terminate, expire, lapse or are forfeited for any reason or an award under
any Prior Plan is settled for cash (in whole or in part), then any shares subject to the award, to the extent of such termination,
expiration, lapse, forfeiture or cash settlement, will again be available for the grant of an award pursuant to the 2015 Equity
Incentive Plan. Any shares tendered or withheld to satisfy the grant or exercise prior or tax withholding obligation pursuant
to any award will again be available for the grant of an award pursuant to the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
2015 Equity Incentive Plan may be administered by a committee or subcommittee of the board of directors as the board of directors
may appoint from time to time, or by our full board of directors if no committee is designated or for other specific purposes.
At present, the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan is administered by our compensation committee. The plan administrator has the full
authority and discretion to administer the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan and to take any action that is necessary or advisable in
connection with the administration of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, including without limitation the authority and discretion
to interpret and administer the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan and any award agreement relating to the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan
or any award made thereunder, the authority to designate Grantees to receive awards under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan and to
determine the type or types of awards to be granted to such Grantees, the authority to determine the terms and conditions of awards
granted under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, and the authority to determine whether, to what extent, and pursuant to what circumstances
and award may be settled in, or the exercise price of an award may be paid in, cash, shares, other awards, or other property,
or an award may be canceled, forfeited or surrendered. The plan administrator&rsquo;s determinations will be final and conclusive.
The plan administrator may delegate certain of its authority to others as specified in the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
2015 Equity Incentive Plan provides for grants of stock options (including incentive stock options qualifying under Section 422
of the Code and nonstatutory stock options), restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, performance
awards, other stock-based awards or any combination of the foregoing.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Stock
options</I>. The 2015 Equity Incentive Plan allows the plan administrator to grant incentive stock options, as that term is defined
in Section 422 of the Code, or nonqualified stock options. No incentive stock option award may be granted to any person who is
not an employee of the Company or any subsidiary. Options must have an exercise price at least equal to the fair market value
of the underlying shares on the date of grant. In addition, in the case of incentive stock options granted to a greater than 10%
stockholder of the Company, such exercise price may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of the underlying shares on
the date of grant. The option holder may pay the exercise price in cash or by check, by tendering shares of Common Stock (including
shares issuable in settlement of the award), payment through a broker or by any other means that the plan administrator approves.
Options granted under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan will have a term of no more than 10 years, or five years in the case of incentive
stock options granted to a greater than 10% stockholder of the Company; however, the options will expire earlier if the option
holder&rsquo;s service relationship with us terminates or as otherwise provided in an award agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Restricted
stock awards</I>. The 2015 Equity Incentive Plan allows the plan administrator to grant restricted stock awards, which issue to
the holder a certain number of shares of Common Stock that are subject to restrictions or conditions as the plan administrator
deems appropriate, such as time-based or performance-based criteria, and which become vested upon the lapse or satisfaction of
such conditions. The plan administrator may apply limitations to any restricted stock award and establish the purchase price (or
provide for no purchase price), provided that if a purchase price is established, it may not be less than par value of the shares
to be purchased.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Stock
appreciation rights</I>. The 2015 Equity Incentive Plan allows the plan administrator to grant awards of stock appreciation rights,
which entitle the holder to receive a payment in cash, in shares of Common Stock, or in a combination of both, having an aggregate
value equal to the spread on the date of exercise between the fair market value of the underlying shares on that date and the
base price of the shares specified in the grant agreement, multiplied by the number of shares specified in the award being exercised
and as otherwise provided in an award agreement. Stock appreciation rights may not have a base price of less than 100% of the
fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Restricted
stock units</I>. The 2015 Equity Incentive Plan allows the plan administrator to grant awards of restricted stock units (&ldquo;RSUs&rdquo;),
which entitle the holder to a number of shares of Common Stock, a cash payment or some combination thereof, upon satisfaction
of vesting and other criteria for issuance or upon such later date as specified in the award agreement, as established by the
plan administrator in the award agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Other
stock-based awards</I>. The 2015 Equity Incentive Plan allows the plan administrator to grant other stock-based stock awards to
eligible participants, including dividend equivalent rights, stock payments and/or deferred stock. A dividend equivalent may be
granted alone or in conjunction with another type of award, and generally provides for payment, in cash, Common Stock or some
combination thereof, of an amount equal to the dividends that would have been payable with respect to a specified number of underlying
shares. A stock payment is an award to a Grantee, only upon satisfaction of performance-based criteria or other criteria specified
by the plan administrator, of a specified number of shares of Common Stock, or an option to purchase Common Stock, which may be
(but is not required to be) in lieu of base salary, bonus, fees or other cash consideration to the Grantee. A deferred stock award
is a grant to a Grantee, only upon satisfaction of performance-based criteria or other criteria specified by the plan administrator,
of a specified number of shares of Common Stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Performance
awards</I>. The 2015 Equity Incentive Plan allows the plan administrator to grant performance awards which become payable in Common
Stock, in cash or in a combination of Common Stock and cash, on account of attainment of one or more performance goals established
by the plan administrator on one or more specified dates or over a specified period or periods. The plan administrator may establish
performance goals relating to any of the following: (i) gross or net earnings (either before or after one or more of the following:
interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization); (ii) gross or net sales or revenue; (iii) gross or net income or adjusted income
(either before or after taxes); (iv) operating earnings or profit; (v) cash flow (including, but not limited to, operating cash
flow and free cash flow); (vi) return on assets; (vii) return on capital; (viii) return on stockholders&rsquo; equity; (ix) return
on sales; (x) gross or net profit or operating margin; (xi) costs; (xii) funds from operations; (xiii) expenses; (xiv) working
capital; (xv) earnings per share or adjusted earnings per share; (xvi) price per share of Common Stock; (xvii) regulatory body
approval for commercialization of a product; (xviii) implementation or completion of critical projects; (xix) market share; or
(xx) total stockholder return; any of which may be measured either in absolute terms or as compared to any incremental increase
or decrease or as compared to results of a peer group or to market performance indicators or indices.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
plan administrator may, in its sole discretion, provide that one or more objectively determinable adjustments will be made to
one or more of the performance goals described above, such as adjustments to account for changes in the Company&rsquo;s or segment&rsquo;s
business (e.g., restructuring, acquisition or disposal or discontinuance of a business segment), accounting or financial reporting
(e.g., change in accounting principles, significant income or expense or amortization of assets) or for other unusual or non-recurring
events, all as further detailed in the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan. For all awards intended to qualify as performance-based compensation,
such determinations shall be made within the time periods prescribed by, and otherwise in compliance with, Section 162(m) of the
Code.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Amendment
and termination.</I> No award will be granted under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan after the tenth anniversary of the effective
date of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan. Subject to applicable laws and exchange limitations, our board of directors or the plan
administrator may terminate, amend or modify the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, or any portion thereof, at any time. Stockholder
approval will be required to (i) increase the limits imposed on the maximum number of shares which may be issued under the 2015
Equity Incentive Plan or as incentive stock options (other than an appropriate adjustment due to stock dividend, stock split,
combination or exchange of shares, merger, consolidation or similar circumstance), (ii) reduce the price per share of any outstanding
option or stock appreciation right or cancel any such award in exchange for cash when the exercise price per share exceeds the
fair market value of the underlying shares, or (iii) materially change the class of persons who are eligible to participate in
the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan; provided, however, that no amendment, suspension or termination of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan
may, without the consent of the Grantee, materially impair any rights or obligations under any award granted or awarded thereunder,
unless the award itself otherwise expressly so provides.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Outstanding
Equity Awards at 2016 Fiscal Year-End </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following table presents the outstanding equity awards held by each of the named executive officers as of December 31, 2016.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Number&nbsp;of</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Securities</FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Underlying</FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Unexercised</FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Options</FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Exercisable</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Number&nbsp;of&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Securities</FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Underlying</FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Unexercised</FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Options</FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Unexercisable</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Option</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Exercise</FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Price</FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">($)</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Option</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Expiration</FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Date</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 49%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Michael
    D. Step </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26,163</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 11%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.14</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/16/2022</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">646,537</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(1)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.86</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/2/2024</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">73,377</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(2)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.86</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/2/2024</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">163,799</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(3)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.86</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/2/2024</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8,542</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(4)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">73,458</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(4)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.54</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7/5/2026</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Andrew J. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19,575</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(5)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8,397</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(5)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.27</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9/25/2023</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20,979</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.86</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/2/2024</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">243,245</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(6)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">189,190</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(6)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(6)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/2/2024</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8,542</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(7)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">73,458</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(7)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.54</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7/5/2026</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">140,044</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(8)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.60</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10/25/2026</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ira E. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19,575</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(9)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8,397</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(9)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.27</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9/25/2023</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20,979</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.86</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/2/2024</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">243,245</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(10)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">189,190</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(10)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(10)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/2/2024</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8,542</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(11)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">73,458</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(11)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.54</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7/5/2026</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">140,044</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(12)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.60</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10/25/2026</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 20.15pt; text-indent: -20.15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 25%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Mr. Step on December 2, 2014 and was immediately exercisable in full as of the date of grant. Of the shares subject
    to this option, 592,659 shares are subject to a right of repurchase in favor of us at a price of&thinsp;$5.86 per share, which
    right expires ratably over 44 months commencing January 1, 2015 and in full upon a change of control or upon Mr. Step&rsquo;s
    employment termination by us without Cause, subject to his continued employment with us (as described in the stock option
    award agreement). </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Mr. Step on December 2, 2014 and was immediately exercisable in full as of the date of grant. Of the shares subject
    to this option, 67,262 shares are subject to a right of repurchase in favor of us at a price of&thinsp;$5.86 per share, which
    rights expires ratably over 44 months commencing January 1, 2015 and in full upon a change of control or upon Mr. Step&rsquo;s
    employment termination by us without Cause, subject to his continued employment with us (as described in the stock option
    award agreement). </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Mr. Step on December 2, 2014. The total number of shares issued under this option equaled the number of shares
    of Common Stock, together with the 646,537 shares subject to the option granted to Mr. Step on December 2, 2014, representing
    in the aggregate 7.5% of the shares of Common Stock deemed to be outstanding on a fully-diluted basis as of the date that
    we raised in the aggregate a minimum of&thinsp; $15,000,000 in one or more private and/or public offerings (a &ldquo;Qualified
    Financing&rdquo;), after giving effect to (i) the issuance of the shares issued in the Qualified Financing, (ii) the issuance
    of this option and (iii) any adjustments. 75% of the shares subject to the third option are subject to a right of repurchase
    upon termination of Mr. Step&rsquo;s employment for any reason, which right expires ratably over 36 months commencing with
    July 1, 2015 and in full upon a change of control or upon Mr. Step&rsquo;s employment termination by us without Cause, subject
    to his continued employment with us (as described in the stock option award agreement).</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 60; Value: 45 -->
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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Mr. Step on July 5, 2016 for an aggregate of 82,000 shares. The option vests in 48 equal monthly installments,
    the first of which vested on July 20, 2016 with the balance vesting on the 20<SUP>th</SUP> day of each calendar month thereafter
    until vested in full.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(5)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Andrew Ritter on September 25, 2013 for an aggregate of up to 48,951 shares, subject to the achievement of certain
    milestones. The option included 2,360 shares that vested and became exercisable as of the date of grant (with a balance of
    1,137 shares vesting ratably on a monthly basis from September 30, 2013 over 36 months) attributable to the FDA Meeting Bonus
    milestone. An additional 3,671 shares vested and became exercisable as of June 29, 2015 (with a balance of 6,818 shares vesting
    ratably on a monthly basis from July 31, 2015 over 36 months) attributable to the Clinical Trial Funding Commitment Bonus
    Opportunity milestone. An additional 4,895 shares vested and became exercisable as of June 29, 2015 (with a balance of 9,091
    shares vesting ratably on a monthly basis beginning July 31, 2015 over 36 months) attributable to the Fundraising Bonus Opportunities
    milestone. The option for the remaining balance of the 20,979 shares expired unvested as of September 30, 2015. </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(6)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Andrew Ritter on December 2, 2014 and vests as follows: 25% of the shares vest on September 1, 2015 and the remaining
    75% of the shares will vest in 36 equal monthly installments beginning on the last day of the first full month thereafter,
    subject to his continued employment with us. The exercise price for this option is as follows: (i) $5.86 for the first 152,347
    shares; (ii) $9.30 for the next 140,044 shares; and (iii) $13.23 for the remaining 140,043 shares. </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(7)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Andrew Ritter on July 5, 2016 for an aggregate of 82,000 shares. The option vests in 48 equal monthly installments,
    the first of which vested on July 20, 2016 with the balance vesting on the 20<SUP>th</SUP> day of each calendar month thereafter
    until vested in full.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(8)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Andrew Ritter on October 25, 2016 for an aggregate of 140,044 shares. The option vests ratably in 48 equal monthly
    installments following the public disclosure of top-line data results from the Company&rsquo;s Phase 2b/3 clinical trial.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(9)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Ira Ritter on September 25, 2013 and is subject to the same vesting schedule as the option granted to Andrew Ritter
    on this date as reflected in footnote (5) above. </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(10)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Ira Ritter on December 2, 2014 and is subject to the same vesting schedule as the option granted to Andrew Ritter
    on this date as reflected in footnote (8) above. </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(11)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Ira Ritter on July 5, 2016 for an aggregate of 82,000 shares. The option vests in 48 equal monthly installments,
    the first of which vested on July 20, 2016 with the balance vesting on the 20<SUP>th</SUP> day of each calendar month thereafter
    until vested in full.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(12)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This option was
    granted to Ira Ritter on October 25, 2016 for an aggregate of 140,044 shares. The option vests ratably in 48 equal monthly
    installments following the public disclosure of top-line data results from the Company&rsquo;s Phase 2b/3 clinical trial.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Payments
Due Upon Termination of Employment or a Change in Control </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>Executive
Severance &amp; Change in Control Agreements</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
have entered into Executive Severance &amp; Change in Control Agreements (the &ldquo;Severance Agreements&rdquo;), with each of
our named executive officers. The Severance Agreements provide that if we terminate the executive&rsquo;s employment without Cause,
or the executive terminates his employment for Good Reason, the executive will be entitled to: (i) the Accrued Obligations; (ii)
an amount equal to twelve (12) months of base salary, as in effect immediately prior to the termination date; (iii) medical, dental
benefits provided by the Company to the executive and his spouse and dependents at least equal to the levels of benefits provided
to other similarly situated active employees of the Company and its subsidiaries until the earlier of (a) the twelve (12) month
anniversary of the date of termination or (b) the date that the executive becomes covered under a subsequent employer&rsquo;s
medical and dental plans; and (iv) acceleration of vesting of all equity and equity-based awards.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the terms of the Severance Agreements, in the event that within one (1) month prior to or the twelve (12) months following
a Change in Control, the Company terminates the executive&rsquo;s employment without Cause, or the executive terminates his employment
for Good Reason, then, in lieu of the payments and benefits otherwise due to the executive in the preceding paragraph, the executive
will be entitled to: (i) the Accrued Obligations; (ii) an amount equal to the sum of twelve (12) months of base salary, as in
effect on the date of termination or the date of the Change in Control, whichever is greater; (iii) medical, dental benefits provided
by the Company to the executive and his spouse and dependents at least equal to the level of benefits provided to other similarly
situated active employees of the Company and its subsidiaries until the earlier of (a) the twelve (12) month anniversary of the
date of termination or (b) the date that the executive becomes covered under a subsequent employer&rsquo;s medical and dental
plans; and (iv) acceleration of vesting of all equity and equity-based awards.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
the event the executive&rsquo;s employment is terminated by him without Good Reason, by the Company for Cause or due to the executive&rsquo;s
death or disability, the executive and/or his estate or beneficiaries will be solely entitled to the Accrued Obligations.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
executive&rsquo;s entitlement to the payments (other than the Accrued Obligations) and benefits described above is expressly contingent
upon him providing the Company with a signed release satisfactory to the Company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
purposes of the Severance Agreements:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&ldquo;<I>Accrued
Obligations</I>&rdquo; means (i) earned but unpaid base salary through the date of termination; (ii) payment of any annual, long-term,
or other incentive award which relates to a completed fiscal year or performance period, as applicable, and is payable (but not
yet paid) on or before the date of termination; (iii) a lump-sum payment in respect of accrued but unused vacation days at the
executive&rsquo;s per-business-day base salary rate in effect as of the date of termination; and (iv) any unpaid expense or reimbursements
due pursuant to Company expense reimbursement policy.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&ldquo;<I>Cause</I>&rdquo;
means a finding by the Company that the executive has (i) been convicted of a felony or crime involving moral turpitude; (ii)
disclosed trade secrets or confidential information of the Company (or any parent or subsidiary) to persons not entitled to receive
such information; (iii) engaged in conduct in connection with the executive&rsquo;s employment or service to the Company (or any
parent or subsidiary), that has, or could reasonably be expected to result in, material injury to the business or reputation of
the Company (or any parent or subsidiary), including, without limitation, act(s) of fraud, embezzlement, misappropriation and
breach of fiduciary duty; (iv) violated the operating and ethics policies of the Company (or any parent or subsidiary) in any
material way, including, but not limited to those relating to sexual harassment and the disclosure or misuse of confidential information;
(v) engaged in willful and continued negligence in the performance of the duties assigned to the executive by the Company, after
the executive has received notice of and failed to cure such negligence; or (vi) breached any material provision of any agreement
between the executive and the Company (or any parent or subsidiary), including, without limitation, any confidentiality agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&ldquo;<I>Change
in Control</I>&rdquo; means the occurrence of any of the following events:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any &ldquo;person&rdquo;
    (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act) becomes a &ldquo;beneficial owner&rdquo; (as defined
    in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing more than 50% of
    the voting power of the then outstanding securities of the Company; provided that a Change of Control will not be deemed to
    occur as a result of a change of ownership resulting from the death of a shareholder, and a Change of Control will not be
    deemed to occur as a result of a transaction in which the Company becomes a subsidiary of another corporation and in which
    the shareholders of the Company, immediately prior to the transaction, will beneficially own, immediately after the transaction,
    shares entitling such shareholders to more than 50% of all votes to which all shareholders of the parent corporation would
    be entitled in the election of directors (without consideration of the rights of any class of stock to elect directors by
    a separate class vote);</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A change in the
    effective control of the Company which occurs on the date that a majority of members of the board of directors is replaced
    during any twelve (12) month period by Directors whose appointment or election is not endorsed by a majority of the members
    of the board of directors prior to the date of the appointment or election; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The consummation
    of&thinsp; (A) a merger or consolidation of the Company with another corporation where the shareholders of the Company, immediately
    prior to the merger or consolidation, will not beneficially own, immediately after the merger or consolidation, shares entitling
    such shareholders to more than 50% of all votes to which all shareholders of the surviving corporation would be entitled in
    the election of directors (without consideration of the rights of any class of stock to elect directors by a separate class
    vote); (B) a sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company; or (C) a liquidation or dissolution
    of the Company. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&ldquo;<I>Good
Reason</I>&rdquo; means, without the executive&rsquo;s express written consent, the occurrence of any one or more of the following:
(i) a substantial and material diminution in the executive&rsquo;s duties or responsibilities; (ii) a material reduction in the
executive&rsquo;s Base Salary; or (iii) the relocation of the executive&rsquo;s principal place of employment to a location more
than 50 miles from the executive&rsquo; principal work location to a location that is more than 50 miles from the prior location.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, a relocation of Mr. Step&rsquo;s principal place of employment to a location closer to Mr. Step&rsquo;s
principal residence in San Diego, California shall not constitute &ldquo;Good Reason.&rdquo; A termination of employment by the
executive for Good Reason will be effectuated by giving the Company written notice, or Notice of Termination for Good Reason,
not later than 90 days following the occurrence of the circumstance that constitutes Good Reason, setting forth in reasonable
detail the specific conduct of the Company that constitutes Good Reason and the specific provision(s) of this Agreement on which
the executive relied. The Company will be entitled, during the 30-day period following receipt of a Notice of Termination for
Good Reason, to cure the circumstances that gave rise to Good Reason, provided that the Company shall be entitled to waive its
right to cure or reduce the cure period by delivery of written notice to that effect to the executive (such 30-day or shorter
period, the &ldquo;Cure Period&rdquo;). If, during the Cure Period, such circumstance is remedied, the executive will not be permitted
to terminate his employment for Good Reason as a result of such circumstance. If, at the end of the Cure Period, the circumstance
that constitutes Good Reason has not been remedied, the executive will terminate employment for Good Reason on the date of expiration
of the Cure Period.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>2008
Stock Plan </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
2008 Stock Plan provides that in the event of a merger or a Change in Control (as defined below) occurs, each outstanding award
will be treated as the administrator determines, including, without limitation, that each award be assumed or an equivalent award
be substituted by the successor corporation or a parent or subsidiary of the successor corporation. In the event of a Change in
Control in which the successor corporation does not assume or substitute for the award, awards outstanding under the 2008 Plan
will become fully vested and exercisable, including shares as to which such award would not otherwise be vested or exercisable,
and all restrictions on outstanding restricted stock awards will lapse.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
purposes of the 2008 Stock Plan, &ldquo;<I>Change in Control</I>&rdquo; means the occurrence of any of the following events:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A change in the
    ownership of the Company which occurs on the date that any one person, or more than one person acting as a group (&ldquo;Person&rdquo;),
    acquires ownership of the stock of the Company that, together with the stock held by such Person, constitutes more than 50%
    of the total voting power of the stock of the Company, except that any change in the ownership of the stock of the Company
    as a result of a private financing of the Company that is approved by the board of directors will not be considered a Change
    in Control;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If the Company has
    a class of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act, a change in the effective control of the Company
    which occurs on the date that a majority of members of the board of directors is replaced during any twelve (12) month period
    by directors whose appointment or election is not endorsed by a majority of the members of the board of directors prior to
    the date of the appointment or election.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt"><TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><TD STYLE="width: 33%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 34%; text-align: center"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 33%">&nbsp;</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A change in the
    ownership of a substantial portion of the Company&rsquo;s assets which occurs on the date that any person acquires (or has
    acquired during the twelve month period ending on the date of the most recent acquisition by such person or persons) assets
    from the Company that have a total gross fair market value equal to or more than 50% of the total gross fair market value
    of all of the assets of the Company immediately prior to such acquisition or acquisitions.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>2009
Stock Plan </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
2009 Stock Plan provides that in the event we merge with or into another corporation, or a Change in Control (as defined below)
occurs, each outstanding option and stock purchase right will be assumed or an equivalent option substituted by the successor
corporation or a parent or subsidiary of the successor corporation. In the event that the successor corporation in a merger or
Change in Control refuses to assume or substitute for the option or stock purchase right, then the optionee will fully vest in
and have the right to exercise the option or stock purchase right as to all of the optioned stock, including shares as to which
it would not otherwise be vested or exercisable; provided, however, that such exercise will only be permitted as and to the extent
it complies with Code Section 409A or does not cause the option or stock purchase right to cease to be exempt from that statute.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
purposes of the 2009 Stock Plan, &ldquo;<I>Change in Control</I>&rdquo; means the occurrence of any of the following events:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any &ldquo;person&rdquo;
    (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act) becomes the &ldquo;beneficial owner&rdquo; (as defined
    in Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, of securities representing fifty percent (50%) or more of the
    total voting power represented by our then outstanding voting securities; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The consummation
    of the sale or disposition by us of all or substantially all of our assets; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The consummation
    of a merger or our consolidation with any other corporation, other than a merger or consolidation which would result in our
    voting securities outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being
    converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or its parent) at least 50% of the total voting power represented
    by the our voting securities or such surviving entity or its parent outstanding immediately after such merger or consolidation.
    Notwithstanding the foregoing, only a Change in Control event that also qualifies as a &ldquo;change in the ownership&rdquo;
    or a &ldquo;change in the effective control&rdquo; of the Company or a &ldquo;change in the ownership of a substantial portion&rdquo;
    of our assets within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5) shall be recognized as a Change of Control
    for purposes of triggering exercise, distribution or settlement rights under any option or stock purchase right granted under
    the Stock Plan that is subject to Code Section 409A.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 40.3pt; text-indent: -40.3pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 40.3pt; text-indent: -40.3pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>2015
Equity Incentive Plan</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 40.3pt; text-indent: -40.3pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
2015 Equity Incentive Plan provides that notwithstanding any other provision of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, in the event of
a Change in Control (as defined below), unless otherwise determined by the plan administrator, each outstanding award under the
plan will be assumed or an equivalent award substituted by the successor corporation or a parent or subsidiary of the successor
corporation. In the event that, or to the extent that, the successor corporation in a Change in Control refuses to assume or substitute
for the award, or if the plan administrator determines that such assumption or substitution is not desirable or is only desirable
for a portion of any outstanding award, then the plan administrator may take any or all of the following actions: (i) determine
that an outstanding award will accelerate and become exercisable, or determine that the restrictions and conditions on an outstanding
award will lapse, in whole or in part, as applicable, upon the Change of Control or upon such other event as the plan administrator
determines; (ii) require that a Grantee surrender his or her outstanding award, or any portion of such outstanding award, in exchange
for a payment by the Company, in cash or stock, as determined by the plan administrator, in an amount equal to the fair market
value of the vested portion of the award (with respect to options or stock appreciation rights, or other similar appreciation
value awards, such value shall be determined by the amount by which the then fair market value of the shares subject to the Grantee&rsquo;s
unexercised award exceeds the any applicable exercise price or other grant price or base value or the award); or (iii) after giving
the Grantee an opportunity to exercise the vested portion of his or her outstanding award, terminate any or all unexercised portion
of the award at such time as the plan administrator deems appropriate. Such surrender or termination will take place as of the
date of the Change of Control or such other date as the plan administrator may specify.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
purposes of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, &ldquo;Change in Control&rdquo; means the occurrence of any of the following events:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A change in our
    ownership which occurs on the date that any one person, or more than one person acting as a group, or Person, acquires ownership
    of our stock that, together with the stock held by such Person, constitutes more than 50% of the total voting power of our
    stock, except that any change in the ownership of our stock as a result of a private financing that is approved by our board
    of directors will not be considered a Change in Control; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If we have a class
    of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act, a change in our effective control which occurs on the
    date that a majority of members of our board of directors is replaced during any twelve (12) month period by directors whose
    appointment or election is not endorsed by a majority of the members of our board of directors prior to the date of the appointment
    or election. For purposes of this paragraph (ii), if any Person is considered to be in effective control of our company, the
    acquisition of additional control of our company by the same Person will not be considered a Change in Control; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A change in the
    ownership of a substantial portion of our assets which occurs on the date that any Person acquires (or has acquired during
    the twelve (12) month period ending on the date of the most recent acquisition by such person or persons) assets from us that
    have a total gross fair market value equal to or more than 50% of the total gross fair market value of all of our assets immediately
    prior to such acquisition or acquisitions. For purposes of this paragraph (iii), gross fair market value means the value of
    our assets, or the value of the assets being disposed of, determined without regard to any liabilities associated with such
    assets.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Persons
will be considered to be acting as a group if they are owners of a corporation that enters into a merger, consolidation, purchase
or acquisition of stock, or similar business transaction with us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Compensation
of Directors</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>Non-Employee
Director Compensation Program</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Prior
to our initial public offering, we did not pay compensation to our directors for their service on our board of directors. Effective
upon the closing of our initial public offering on June 29, 2015, our non-employee directors are entitled to receive the following
compensation for their services:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Annual Cash Retainer&thinsp;&mdash;&thinsp;$20,000
    </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chairman of the Board Cash Retainer&thinsp;&mdash;&thinsp;$15,000
    </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Audit Committee Chair Retainer&thinsp;&mdash;&thinsp;$7,500
    </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Compensation Committee Chair Retainer&thinsp;&mdash;&thinsp;$5,000
    </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
    Chair Retainer&thinsp;&mdash;&thinsp;$3,500 </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Initial Equity Grant&thinsp;&mdash;&thinsp;10,000
    shares </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Annual Equity Grant&thinsp;&mdash;&thinsp;7,000
    shares </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><I>2016
Director Compensation </I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following table sets forth the compensation paid or earned for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 to our non-employee directors.
Compensation paid to Michael D. Step, Andrew Ritter, and Ira Ritter is presented as part of the &ldquo;Summary Compensation Table
(2016 and 2015)&rdquo; above. Our employee directors do not receive compensation for their service as directors. Dr. Merino is
not included in the table below, as he was not appointed to our board of directors until January 17, 2017.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-decoration: none; text-align: left; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name
    of Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-decoration: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-decoration: none; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fees
    Earned and<BR> Paid in Cash<BR> ($)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-decoration: none"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-decoration: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Option</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Awards<SUP>(2)</SUP></FONT><BR> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">($)</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-decoration: none"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-decoration: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-decoration: none; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">All
    other compensation<BR> ($)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-decoration: none"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-decoration: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-decoration: none; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total<BR>
    ($)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-decoration: none"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Noah Doyle<SUP>(1)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Matthew W. Foehr</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 14%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">25,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 14%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">16,590</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 14%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 14%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">41,590</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Paul V. Maier</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">27,500</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">16,590</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">44,090</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Gerald T. Proehl</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">23,500</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">16,590</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">40,090</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Mr. Doyle has declined
    to receive any compensation for his service as director.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents the aggregate
    grant date fair value of the options to purchase 7,000 shares of our Common Stock granted to each of our non-employee directors
    on November 29, 2016, determined in accordance with FASB ASC 718. Of the 7,000 shares granted pursuant to these options, 730
    shares were vested as of the grant date and the remaining 6,270 shares vest ratably over the 43 months thereafter. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 24.45pt; text-indent: -24.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 24.45pt; text-indent: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
utilize the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to value awards. Key valuation assumptions include:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 24.45pt; text-indent: -24.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Expected
    dividend yield</I>. The expected dividend is assumed to be zero as we have never paid dividends and have no current plans
    to pay any dividends on our common stock.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Expected
    stock-price volatility</I>. As our common stock only recently became publicly traded, the expected volatility is derived from
    the average historical volatilities of publicly traded companies within our industry that we consider to be comparable to
    our business over a period approximately equal to the expected term.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Risk-free
    interest rate</I>. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for zero
    coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Expected
    term</I>. The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. Our historical
    share option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate an expected term because of a
    lack of sufficient data. Therefore, we estimate the expected term by using the simplified method provided by the SEC. The
    simplified method calculates the expected term as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 27pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 27pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
addition to the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, we also estimate a forfeiture rate to calculate the
stock-based compensation for our equity awards. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected volatility, expected
terms and forfeiture rates utilized for our stock-based compensation calculations on a prospective basis.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 27pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 27pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of December 31, 2016, each of our non-employee directors (other than Mr. Doyle) held option awards to purchase an aggregate of
17,000 shares of our Common Stock and no stock awards. Mr. Doyle held no stock awards or option awards as of December 31, 2016.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 27pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_007"></A><B>DESCRIPTION
OF CAPITAL STOCK </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>General</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
authorized capital stock consists of 30,000,000 shares, all with a par value of $0.001 per share, 25,000,000 of which are designated
as common stock and 5,000,000 of which are designated as preferred stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following description of our capital stock and certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and
amended and restated bylaws are summaries and are qualified by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
and our amended and restated bylaws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">All
share numbers have been adjusted to reflect the 1-for-7.15 reverse stock split of our common stock. Preferred share issuances
referred to below are as of their date of issuance. The preferred stock described below converted into shares of our common stock
on a 7.15-for-1 basis prior to the closing of our initial public offering.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of February 9, 2017 , we had 11,619,197 shares of our common stock outstanding and zero shares of preferred stock outstanding.
As of February 9, 2017 , we also had outstanding options to acquire 2,564,924 shares of our common stock, having
a weighted-average exercise price of $5.90 per share, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 578,323 shares of our common
stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Common
Stock </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per
share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders, except on matters relating solely to terms of preferred stock. Subject
to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of common stock will be entitled to receive
ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors out of funds legally available
therefor. See &lsquo;Dividend Policy.&rsquo; In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of our common
stock will be entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights
of preferred stock, if any, then outstanding. The holders of our common stock will have no preemptive or conversion rights or
other subscription rights. There will be no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Warrants
</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
December 2014, we issued an aggregate of 2,369,228 shares of Series C preferred stock and warrants, or the 2014 Warrants, to purchase
a like number of shares of our common stock, for aggregate gross proceeds of&thinsp;$3,081,893. All of the shares of Series C
preferred stock were converted into 331,358 shares of our common stock prior to the closing of the initial public offering. Each
2014 Warrant has a term of seven years and provides for the holder to purchase each share of our common stock covered thereby
at a purchase price of&thinsp;$9.30 per share of common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with the Series C Financing, all of the 2014 Notes were converted into shares of Series C preferred stock. A total
of $535,000 unpaid principal plus accrued interest of $18,342 on the convertible notes converted into 567,529 shares of Series
C preferred stock, which were later converted into 79,374 shares of our common stock prior to the closing of our initial public
offering, and 79,374 2014 Warrants. A total of $70,000 unpaid principal plus accrued interest of $537 on a note payable was extinguished
and converted into 54,259 shares of Series C preferred stock, which were later converted into 7,589 shares of our common stock
prior to the closing of our initial public offering and 7,589 2014 Warrants.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Warrants
to Representative in Initial Public Offering</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with our initial public offering, we issued to the representative of the underwriters warrants to purchase up to a
total of 160,000 shares of common stock. The warrants are exercisable at any time, and from time to time, in whole or in part,
during the four-year period commencing one year from the effective date of our initial public offering, and ending on the date
that is five years from the effective date of the offering in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G)(i). The warrants are exercisable
at a per share price equal to $6.25 per share. The warrants provide for registration rights upon request, in certain cases. The
demand registration right provided will not be greater than five years from the effective date of the offering in compliance with
FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G)(iv). The piggyback registration right provided will not be greater than seven years from the effective
date of the offering in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G)(v). We will bear all fees and expenses attendant to registering
the securities issuable on exercise of the warrants other than underwriting commissions incurred and payable by the holders. The
exercise price and number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including
in the event of a stock dividend or our recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the warrant exercise
price or underlying shares will not be adjusted for issuances of shares of common stock at a price below the warrant exercise
price.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Preferred
Stock </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our board of directors has the authority to issue preferred
stock in one or more classes or series and to fix the designations, powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations
or restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, conversion right, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences
and the number of shares constituting any class or series, without further vote or action by the stockholders. Although we have
no present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock, the issuance of shares of preferred stock, or the issuance of rights
to purchase such shares, could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to the holders of common
stock, could adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of the common stock, and could have the effect of
delaying, deterring or preventing a change of control of us or an unsolicited acquisition proposal.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Registration
Rights </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
September 15, 2008, we entered into an Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement with certain holders of our preferred stock. Such Investors&rsquo;
Rights Agreement was amended and restated on November 17, 2010. The Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement was
amended on each of January 13, 2011, February 6, 2012, December 4, 2014 and June 9, 2015. The Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo;
Rights Agreement, as amended, provides such holders with certain demand and piggyback registration rights with respect to shares
of our common stock into which the shares of our preferred stock are convertible.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Aspire
Capital Registration Rights </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Concurrently
with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we also entered into the Registration Rights Agreement, in which we agreed to file
one or more registration statements as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act, the sale of the shares
of our common stock that have been and may be issued to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. This registration statement
is being registered pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Anti-Takeover
Effects of Delaware Law and Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
provisions of Delaware law and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, could discourage
or make it more difficult to accomplish a proxy contest or other change in our management or the acquisition of control by a holder
of a substantial amount of our voting stock. It is possible that these provisions could make it more difficult to accomplish,
or could deter, transactions that stockholders may otherwise consider to be in their best interests or in our best interests.
These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continuity and stability in the composition of our board of directors
and in the policies formulated by the board of directors and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual
or threatened change of our control. These provisions are designed to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal
and to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. Such provisions also may have the effect of preventing changes
in our management.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Delaware
Statutory Business Combinations Provision</I>. We are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General
Corporation Law, or the DGCL. Section 203 prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a &lsquo;business combination&rsquo;
with an &lsquo;interested stockholder&rsquo; for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person
became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is, or the transaction in which the person became an interested
stockholder was, approved in a prescribed manner or another prescribed exception applies. For purposes of Section 203, a &lsquo;business
combination&rsquo; is defined broadly to include a merger, asset sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to
the interested stockholder, and, subject to certain exceptions, an &lsquo;interested stockholder&rsquo; is a person who, together
with his or her affiliates and associates, owns, or within three years prior, did own, 15% or more of the corporation&rsquo;s
voting stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Election
and Removal of Directors</I>. Except as may otherwise be provided by the DGCL, any director or the entire board of directors may
be removed, with or without cause, at an annual meeting or a special meeting called for that purpose, by the affirmative vote
of the majority of the votes cast by the shares of our capital stock present in person or represented by proxy at such meeting
and entitled to vote thereon, provided a quorum is present. Vacancies on our board of directors resulting from the removal of
directors and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors may be filled solely by the affirmative
vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office (although less than a quorum) or by the sole remaining director.
This system of electing and removing directors may discourage a third party from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting
to obtain control of us, because it generally makes it more difficult for stockholders to replace a majority of our directors.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws do not provide for cumulative voting in
the election of directors.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Advance
Notice Provisions for Stockholder Proposals and Stockholder Nominations of Directors</I>. Our amended and restated bylaws provide
that, for nominations to the board of directors or for other business to be properly brought by a stockholder before a meeting
of stockholders, the stockholder must first have given timely notice of the proposal in writing to our Secretary. For an annual
meeting, a stockholder&rsquo;s notice generally must be delivered not less than 90 days or more than 120 days prior to the anniversary
of the previous year&rsquo;s annual meeting.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Special
Meetings of Stockholders</I>. Special meetings of the stockholders may be called at any time only by the board of directors, the
Chairman of the board of directors, the Chief Executive Officer or the President, subject to the rights of the holders of any
series of preferred stock then outstanding.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Blank-Check
Preferred Stock</I>. Our board of directors will be authorized to issue, without stockholder approval, preferred stock, the rights
of which will be determined at the discretion of the board of directors and that, if issued, could operate as a &lsquo;poison
pill&rsquo; to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer to prevent an acquisition that our board of directors
does not approve.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Transfer
Agent and Registrar </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Corporate Stock Transfer, Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_008"></A><B>SELLING
STOCKHOLDER</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
selling stockholder may from time to time offer and sell any or all of the shares of our common stock set forth below pursuant
to this prospectus. When we refer to the &rsquo;selling stockholder&rsquo; in this prospectus, we mean the entity listed in the
table below, and its respective pledgees, donees, permitted transferees, assignees, successors and others who later come to hold
any of the selling stockholder&rsquo;s interests in shares of our common stock other than through a public sale.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following table sets forth the name of the selling stockholder for whom we have registered shares for sale to the public, the
number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the selling stockholder prior to this offering, the total number of shares
of common stock that the selling stockholder may offer pursuant to this prospectus and the number of shares of common stock that
the selling stockholder will beneficially own after this offering. Except as noted below, the selling stockholder does not have,
or within the past three years has not had, any material relationship with us or any of our predecessors or affiliates and the
selling stockholder is not or was not affiliated with registered broker-dealers.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"> The table below assumes
that the selling stockholder will sell all of the shares of our common stock being registered by us and that
it will not acquire any additional shares during the offering . We cannot advise you as to
whether the selling stockholder will in fact sell any or all of such shares of common stock. In addition, the selling stockholder
may have sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of, or may sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of, at any time and from time
to time, the shares of our common stock in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933
after the date on which it provided the information set forth in the table below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Beneficial
    Ownership </B></FONT><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>After this Offering (3) </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Name</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Shares
                                         of Common Stock</B></FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Beneficially
        Owned Prior to this Offering</B></FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Percentage
    of Outstanding Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to this Offering(2)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Shares
    of Common to be Sold in the Offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Number
    of</B></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><BR>
    <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Shares</B></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>%(2)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 35%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aspire Capital Fund, LLC(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> (1) </TD>
    <TD></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> (1) </TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,000,000</FONT> </TD>
    <TD></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">0</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">0</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> (1) </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">We are unable to determine the number of shares beneficially owned by Aspire Capital prior
    to     this offering due to the absence of any public filings on Schedule 13 by Aspire Capital. For purposes of this table,
    we have assumed that Aspire Capital does not beneficially own any of the 1,577,699 shares of our common stock previously
    issued to it.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>(2)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Based on 11,619,197
    shares of common stock outstanding on February 9, 2017 .</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Assumes the sale
    of all shares of common stock registered pursuant to this prospectus, although the selling stockholder is under no obligation
    known to us to sell any shares of common stock at this time.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aspire Capital Partners
    LLC, or Aspire Partners, is the Managing Member of Aspire Capital Fund LLC, or Aspire Fund. SGM Holdings Corp, or SGM, is
    the Managing Member of Aspire Partners. Mr. Steven G. Martin is the president and sole shareholder of SGM, as well as a principal
    of Aspire Partners. Mr. Erik J. Brown is the president and sole shareholder of Red Cedar Capital Corp., or Red Cedar, which
    is a principal of Aspire Partners. Mr. Christos Komissopoulos is president and sole shareholder of Chrisko Investors Inc.,
    or Chrisko, which is a principal of Aspire Partners. Each of Aspire Partners, SGM, Red Cedar, Chrisko, Mr. Martin, Mr. Brown,
    and Mr. Komissopoulos may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of common stock held by Aspire Fund. Each of Aspire Partners,
    SGM, Red Cedar, Chrisko, Mr. Martin, Mr. Brown, and Mr. Komissopoulos disclaims beneficial ownership of the common stock held
    by Aspire Fund.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><TD STYLE="width: 33%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 34%; text-align: center"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->67<!-- Field: /Sequence --></TD><TD STYLE="width: 33%">&nbsp;</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_009"></A><B>PLAN
OF DISTRIBUTION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
common stock offered by this prospectus is being offered by Aspire Capital, the selling stockholder. The common stock may be sold
or distributed from time to time by the selling stockholder directly to one or more purchasers or through brokers, dealers, or
underwriters who may act solely as agents at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing
market prices, at negotiated prices, or at fixed prices, which may be changed. The sale of the common stock offered by this prospectus
may be effected in one or more of the following methods:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ordinary brokers&rsquo;
    transactions;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">transactions involving
    cross or block trades;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">through brokers,
    dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&lsquo;at the market&rsquo;
    into an existing market for the common stock;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">in other ways not
    involving market makers or established business markets, including direct sales to purchasers or sales effected through agents;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">in privately negotiated
    transactions; or</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any combination
    of the foregoing.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
order to comply with the securities laws of certain states, if applicable, the shares may be sold only through registered or licensed
brokers or dealers. In addition, in certain states, the shares may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for
sale in the state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and complied with.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
selling stockholder may also sell shares of common stock under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, if available, rather
than under this prospectus. In addition, the selling stockholder may transfer the shares of common stock by other means not described
in this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Brokers,
dealers, underwriters, or agents participating in the distribution of the shares as agents may receive compensation in the form
of commissions, discounts, or concessions from the selling stockholder and/or purchasers of the common stock for whom the broker-dealers
may act as agent. Aspire Capital has informed us that each such broker-dealer will receive commissions from Aspire Capital which
will not exceed customary brokerage commissions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Aspire
Capital is an &lsquo;underwriter&rsquo; within the meaning of the Securities Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Neither
we nor Aspire Capital can presently estimate the amount of compensation that any agent will receive. We know of no existing arrangements
between Aspire Capital, any other stockholder, broker, dealer, underwriter, or agent relating to the sale or distribution of the
shares offered by this prospectus. At the time a particular offer of shares is made, a prospectus supplement, if required, will
be distributed that will set forth the names of any agents, underwriters, or dealers and any compensation from the selling stockholder,
and any other required information.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
will pay all of the expenses incident to the registration, offering, and sale of the shares to the public other than commissions
or discounts of underwriters, broker-dealers, or agents. We have agreed to indemnify Aspire Capital and certain other persons
against certain liabilities in connection with the offering of shares of common stock offered hereby, including liabilities arising
under the Securities Act or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities.
Aspire Capital has agreed to indemnify us against liabilities under the Securities Act that may arise from certain written information
furnished to us by Aspire Capital specifically for use in this prospectus or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute
amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Insofar
as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers, and controlling
persons, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the
Securities Act and is therefore, unenforceable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Aspire
Capital and its affiliates have agreed not to engage in any direct or indirect short selling or hedging of our common stock during
the term of the Purchase Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
have advised Aspire Capital that while it is engaged in a distribution of the shares included in this prospectus it is required
to comply with Regulation M promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. With certain exceptions, Regulation
M precludes the selling stockholder, any affiliated purchasers, and any broker-dealer or other person who participates in the
distribution from bidding for or purchasing, or attempting to induce any person to bid for or purchase any security which is the
subject of the distribution until the entire distribution is complete. Regulation M also prohibits any bids or purchases made
in order to stabilize the price of a security in connection with the distribution of that security. All of the foregoing may affect
the marketability of the shares offered hereby this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
may suspend the sale of shares by Aspire Capital pursuant to this prospectus for certain periods of time for certain reasons,
including if the prospectus is required to be supplemented or amended to include additional material information.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">This
offering will terminate on the date that all shares offered by this prospectus have been sold by Aspire Capital.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_010"></A><B>LEGAL
MATTERS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Reed
Smith LLP, Los Angeles, California will pass upon the validity of the shares of common stock offered hereby.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_011"></A><B>EXPERTS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Mayer
Hoffman McCann P.C., our independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our balance sheets as of December 31, 2015
and 2014, and the related statements of operations, changes in securities subject to redemption and shareholders&rsquo; deficit
and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015, as set forth in their report, which report expresses
an unqualified opinion and includes an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern, and has been
incorporated by reference in this prospectus and in this registration statement in reliance on the report of Mayer Hoffman McCann
P.C. given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_012"></A><B>WHERE
YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
have filed with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act in connection with this offering of our
common stock by our selling stockholder. This Prospectus, which constitutes a part of the Registration Statement, does not contain
all of the information set forth in the registration statement, some items of which are contained in exhibits to the Registration
Statement as permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information with respect to us and our common stock,
we refer you to the Registration Statement, including the exhibits and the financial statements and notes filed as a part of the
Registration Statement. Statements contained in this prospectus concerning the contents of any contract or any other document
are not necessarily complete. If a contract or document has been filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, please see
the copy of the contract or document that has been filed. Each statement in this prospectus relating to a contract or document
filed as an exhibit is qualified in all respects by the filed exhibit. The exhibits to the Registration Statement should be referenced
for the complete contents of these contracts and documents. A copy of the Registration Statement and the exhibits filed therewith
may be inspected without charge at the public reference room of the SEC, located at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington,
D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference rooms by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The
SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy statements, and other information about issuers, like us,
that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and, in accordance with this law, we file periodic
reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information
are available for inspection and copying at the SEC&rsquo;s public reference facilities and the website of the SEC referred to
above. We also maintain a website at <I>www.ritterpharmaceuticals.com</I>. You may access our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly
reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a)
or 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website (<I>www.ritterpharmaceutical.com</I>) as soon as reasonably
practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that
can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A NAME="a_013"></A><B>INFORMATION
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
SEC allows us to &lsquo;incorporate by reference&rsquo; the information we file with it, which means that we can disclose important
information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of
this prospectus. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Annual Report
    on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, which we filed with the SEC on March 21, 2016;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our definitive proxy
    statement, and definitive additional materials, on Schedule 14A, which we filed with the SEC on April 21, 2016; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Quarterly Reports
    on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarters ended March 31, 2016, June 30, 2016 and September 30, 2016, which we filed with the SEC
    on May 9, 2016, August 8, 2016 and November 7, 2016, respectively; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the
    SEC on January 5, 2016, June 6, 2016, October 27, 2016, October 31, 2016 ; and January 17, 2017 ; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The description
    of our common stock contained in our registration statement on Form 8-A filed on June 15, 2015 (Registration no. 001-37428)
    with the SEC, including any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
also incorporate by reference all documents that we subsequently file with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d)
of the Exchange Act (i) after the date of the initial registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and prior to
the effectiveness of such registration statement and (ii) after the date of this prospectus and prior to the termination of this
offering, unless we specifically provide otherwise in each case, (excluding any information furnished and not filed with the SEC).
Information that we file with the SEC will automatically update and may replace information previously filed with the SEC.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
will provide without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom this prospectus is delivered, upon his or
her written or oral request, a copy of any or all documents referred to above which have been or may be incorporated by reference
into this prospectus but not delivered with this prospectus excluding exhibits to those documents unless they are specifically
incorporated by reference into those documents. You can request those documents from us, at no cost, by writing or telephoning
us at: Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1880 Century Park East, #1000, Los Angeles, CA 90067, Attn: Vice President Finance, or by
calling (310) 203-1000.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">You
also may access the incorporated reports and other documents referenced above on our website at <I>www.ritterpharmaceuticals.com</I>.
The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Information
furnished under Items 2.02 or 7.01 (or corresponding information furnished under Item 9.01 or included as an exhibit) in any past
or future Current Report on Form 8-K that we file with the SEC, unless otherwise specified in such report, is not incorporated
by reference in this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>3,000,000
Shares</B><BR>
<B>Common Stock </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="color: Red; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="image_003.jpg" ALT=""></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">,
2017 </FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>PART
II </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>INFORMATION
NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Item
13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following table sets forth the estimated costs and expenses to be incurred in connection with the issuance and distribution of
the securities registered under this Registration Statement. All the amounts shown are estimates except the SEC registration fee.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 79%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">SEC registration fee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 18%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">974</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Legal fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">35,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accounting fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">18,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Transfer agent and registrar fees</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Miscellaneous
    fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6,026</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">65,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Item
14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that we shall indemnify, to the fullest extent authorized by the Delaware
General Corporation Law, each person who is involved in any litigation or other proceeding because such person is or was a director
or officer of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. or is or was serving as an officer or director of another entity at our request, against
all expense, loss or liability reasonably incurred or suffered in connection therewith. Our amended and restated certificate of
incorporation provides that the right to indemnification includes the right to be paid expenses incurred in defending any proceeding
in advance of its final disposition, provided, however, that such advance payment will only be made upon delivery to us of an
undertaking, by or on behalf of the director or officer, to repay all amounts so advanced if it is ultimately determined that
such director is not entitled to indemnification. If we do not pay a proper claim for indemnification in full within 30 days after
we receive a written claim for such indemnification, our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws authorize the claimant to
bring an action against us and prescribe what constitutes a defense to such action.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Section
145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law permits a corporation to indemnify any director or officer of the corporation against
expenses (including attorney&rsquo;s fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred in
connection with any action, suit or proceeding brought by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer
of the corporation, if such person acted in good faith and in a manner that he reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to,
the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, if he or she had no reason to believe
his or her conduct was unlawful. In a derivative action, (<I>i.e</I>., one brought by or on behalf of the corporation), indemnification
may be provided only for expenses actually and reasonably incurred by any director or officer in connection with the defense or
settlement of such an action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner that he or she reasonably believed to
be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the corporation, except that no indemnification shall be provided if such person
shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation, unless and only to the extent that the court in which the action or
suit was brought shall determine that the defendant is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses despite such
adjudication of liability.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to Section 102(b)(7) of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation eliminates the liability of a director
to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for such a breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liabilities arising:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">from any breach
    of the director&rsquo;s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">from acts or omissions
    not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">under Section 174
    of the Delaware General Corporation Law; or </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">from any transaction
    from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
carry insurance policies insuring our directors and officers against certain liabilities that they may incur in their capacity
as directors and officers.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our current directors and executive officers. These agreements
require us to indemnify these individuals to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law against liabilities that may arise
by reason of their service to us and to advance expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they
could be indemnified. We also intend to enter into indemnification agreements with our future directors and executive officers.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Item
15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
the three years preceding the filing of this registration statement, we have issued the following securities that were not registered
under the Securities Act. The following issuances have been adjusted to reflect the 1-for-7.15 reverse stock split of our common
stock. Preferred share issuances referred to below are as of their date of issuance. The preferred stock described below converted
into shares of our common stock on a 7.15-for-1 basis prior to the closing of our initial public offering.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)
<I>Issuances of Capital Stock</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
November 2013, we entered into a Series B Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with certain investors raising approximately $500,000,
selling 419,995 shares of Series B preferred stock. Also in November 2013, we converted a total of approximately $135,000 in convertible
notes, including accrued interest of approximately $9,000, into 103,235 shares of Series B preferred stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
December 4, 2014, we issued an aggregate of 1,149,397 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate
of 160,754 shares of our common stock to certain investors, including Javelin and Javelin SPV, in the Initial Series C Closing
pursuant to the Series C Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement. The aggregate purchase price paid by the investors was approximately
$1.31 million (consisting of cash and cancellation of certain promissory notes issued in 2014, as described below).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
December 8, 2014, we issued an aggregate of 1,833,927 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate
of 256,493 shares of our common stock to Javelin SPV in our Second Series C Closing pursuant to the Series C Preferred Stock Purchase
Agreement. The aggregate purchase price paid by Javelin was approximately $2.39 million.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
December 19, 2014, we issued an aggregate of 7,692 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate
of 1,075 shares of our common stock to one investor in our Third Series C Closing pursuant to the Series C Preferred Stock Purchase
Agreement. The aggregate purchase price paid by the investor was $10,007.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
consideration for Ricerche Sperimentali Montale SpA, or RSM, entering into Amendment No. 2 to the Clinical Supply and Cooperation
Agreement, on November 30, 2015, we issued 100,000 shares of common stock to RSM pursuant to a stock purchase agreement, dated
as of November 30, 2015.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
December 18, 2015, we entered into the Common Stock Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, or Aspire Capital, which
provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth in the agreement, Aspire Capital is committed
to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million shares of our common stock, or the Purchase Shares, over the 30-month term of
the agreement. Pursuant to the terms of this agreement, Aspire Capital purchased 500,000 shares of our common stock at $2.00 per
share and we issued 188,864 shares of our common stock to Aspire Capital in consideration for entering into the agreement. The
Purchase Shares may be sold by us to Aspire Capital on any business day we select in two ways: (i) through a regular purchase
of up to 100,000 shares at a known price based on the market price of our common stock prior to the time of each sale, and (ii)
through a VWAP purchase of a number of shares up to 30% of the volume traded on the purchase date at a price equal to the lesser
of the closing sale price or 97% of the volume weighted average price for such purchase date. Through December 9, 2016, we have
issued 1,577,699 shares of our common stock to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement for proceeds of approximately $3.0
million.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Except
with respect to the Aspire Capital transaction, no underwriters were used in the foregoing transactions. The securities described
above were issued and sold in reliance on the exemptions from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or
Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act. Each of the purchasers in these transactions represented to us
in connection with its purchase that it was acquiring the securities for investment and not for distribution and that it could
bear the risks of the investment. Each purchaser received written disclosures that the securities had not been registered under
the Securities Act and that any resale must be made pursuant to a registration statement or an available exemption from registration.
All of the foregoing securities were deemed restricted securities for the purposes of the Securities Act, except for the securities
that have been issued to or will be issued to Aspire Capital, which are being registered for sale by Aspire Capital in this prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)
<I>Promissory Notes</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
November 2013, we converted $37,500 of accounts payable into a note payable resulting from a compromise settlement with a vendor
to complete satisfaction of all rights, claims, causes of action, indebtedness, and assertions that the vendor may have against
us. The note payable had a term of one year and required payments of&thinsp;$3,000 per month. The note payable had no stated interest
rate and, due to the short-term nature of the note, we did not impute interest on the note. The outstanding balance of the note
was $31,500 as of December 31, 2013. This note payable was fully paid during 2014.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
issued two subordinated convertible notes with principal amounts of&thinsp;$25,000 and $350,000 on May 23, 2014, an $80,000 principal
amount subordinated convertible note on September 8, 2014, and an $80,000 principal amount subordinated convertible note on October
20, 2014, which notes bore interest at a rate of 8% per annum until paid in full. Each of these notes was converted into shares
of Series C preferred stock in the Series C Financing.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
addition, we issued a $70,000 principal amount unsecured promissory note on October 9, 2014. This note bore interest at a rate
of 5% per annum until paid in full. This note was converted into shares of Series C preferred stock in the Series C Financing.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">No
underwriters were used in the foregoing transactions. The securities described above were issued and sold in reliance on the exemptions
from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities
Act. Each of the purchasers in these transactions represented to us in connection with its purchase that it was acquiring the
securities for investment and not for distribution and that it could bear the risks of the investment. Each purchaser received
written disclosures that the securities had not been registered under the Securities Act and that any resale must be made pursuant
to a registration statement or an available exemption from registration. All of the foregoing securities were deemed restricted
securities for the purposes of the Securities Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)
<I>Grants and Exercises of Stock Options</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Since
December 1, 2011, we have granted stock options to purchase an aggregate of 1,786,759 shares of our common stock, with 62,116
of such stock options having an exercise price of&thinsp; $1.14 per share (of which 33,855 have forfeited as of December 31, 2014),
1,066,567 of such stock options having an exercise price of&thinsp; $5.86 per share, 97,902 of such stock options having an exercise
price of&thinsp; $1.27, 280,086 of such stock options having an exercise price of&thinsp; $9.29, and 280,086 of such stock options
having an exercise price of&thinsp; $13.22 per share to employees and non-employees pursuant to our stock plans.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
described in the section entitled &lsquo;Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End,&rsquo; we also granted an option to Michael
Step on December 2, 2014 for a number of shares of common stock as would, together with the 646,537 shares subject to the option
granted to Mr. Step on December 2, 2014, represent in the aggregate 7.5% of the shares of common stock deemed to be outstanding
on a fully-diluted basis as of the date that we raised in the aggregate a minimum of&thinsp; $15,000,000 in one or more private
and/or public offerings, or a Qualified Financing, after giving effect to (i) the issuance of the shares issued in the Qualified
Financing, (ii) the issuance of this option, and (iii) any adjustments. This option became exercisable upon the closing of our
initial public offering on June 29, 2015. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the option is exercisable for a total of 163,799
shares of our common stock, which, together with the shares subject to an option granted to Mr. Step on December 2, 2014 to purchase
646,537 shares, represents 7.5% of the shares of common stock deemed to be outstanding at June 29, 2015 on a fully-diluted basis,
after giving effect to the number of shares subject to this option.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">No
underwriters were used in the foregoing transactions. The securities were issued in reliance on the exemptions from registration
provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as a transaction
pursuant to a compensatory benefit plan or contract relating to compensation. Each purchaser received written disclosures that
the securities had not been registered under the Securities Act and that any resale must be made pursuant to a registration statement
or an available exemption from registration. All of the foregoing securities were deemed restricted securities for the purposes
of the Securities Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)
<I>Prepaid Forward Sale of Preferred Stock</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
November 30, 2010, we concurrently entered into a Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, or the R&amp;D Agreement,
and a Put and Call Option Agreement, or the KPM Option Agreement, with two commonly controlled entities, Kolu Pohaku Technologies,
LLC, or KPT, and Kolu Pohaku Management, LLC, or KPM. The agreement was subsequently amended on, July 6, 2011, September 30, 2011,
February 6, 2012 and November 4, 2013 to increase the funding received by us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the terms of the KPM Option Agreement, we had the right to put to KPM and KPM had the right to call from us 1,469,994 shares
of our Series B preferred stock at any time after December 31, 2014. The number of shares was determined by dividing the $1,750,000
of payments made by KPT to us under the R&amp;D Agreement by the Series B preferred stock original issue price of&thinsp;$1.19
per share. On March 26, 2015, we exercised our right to put the KPM Option and issued 1,469,994 shares of Series B preferred stock
to KPM.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Item
16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)
<I>Exhibits</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">See
the Exhibit Index on the page immediately preceding the exhibits for a list of exhibits filed as part of this registration statement
on Form S-1, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)
<I>Financial Statement Schedules</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Schedules
have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not required or is shown either in the financial
statements or notes thereto.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Item
17. Undertakings</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The undersigned registrant hereby
    undertakes: </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.2in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.2in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.2in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To file,
    during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To include any prospectus
    required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To reflect in the
    prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective
    amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in
    the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the
    total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high
    end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant
    to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum
    aggregate offering price set forth in the &lsquo;Calculation of Registration Fee&rsquo; table in the effective registration
    statement; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To include any material
    information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material
    change to such information in the registration statement; </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">That,
    for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be
    deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities
    at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To remove
    from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the
    termination of the offering. </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">That,
    for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser: each prospectus filed pursuant
    to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on
    Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration
    statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness; <I>provided, however</I> , that no statement made in a registration
    statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated
    by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser
    with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration
    statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such
    date of first use.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b) </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933,
    each filing of the registrant&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to section 13(a) or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
    Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to section 15(d)
    of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to
    be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time
    shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Insofar
    as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling
    persons of the registrant pursuant to the provisions described under Item 14 above, or otherwise, the registrant has been
    advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed
    in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities
    (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the
    registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling
    person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter
    has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification
    by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 80; Value: 45 -->
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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt"><TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><TD STYLE="width: 33%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 34%; text-align: center"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 33%">&nbsp;</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>SIGNATURES</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement on Form
S-1 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Los Angeles, California, on the 9th
day of February, 2017 .</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>RITTER PHARMACEUTICALS,
    INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 45%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Michael D. Step</I></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Michael D. Step</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons
in the capacities and on the dates indicated below.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 40%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Signature</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 38%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Title</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 20%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Michael D, Step</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer
    and Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">February
    9, 2017</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Michael D. Step</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;(Principal
    Executive Officer)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Ellen Mochizuki</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vice President Finance</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">February
    9, 2017</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ellen Mochizuki</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;(Principal
    Financial and Accounting Officer)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Ira E. Ritter</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive Chairman,
    Chief Strategic Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">February
    9, 2017</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ira E. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">and Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Andrew J. Ritter</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President and Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">February
    9, 2017</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Andrew J. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">February
    9, 2017</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Noah Doyle</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">February
    9, 2017</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Matthew W. Foehr</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">February
    9, 2017</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Paul V. Maier</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"></FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">William
    M. Merino&nbsp;</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">February
    9, 2017</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Gerald T. Proehl</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>By:
    /s/ Andrew J. Ritter</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Attorney-in-fact</FONT></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">February
    9, 2017</FONT></FONT> </TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Andrew J. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page --><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>EXHIBIT
INDEX</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="7" STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Incorporated
    by Reference</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
    No.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 46%; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Description
    </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 6%; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Form</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 15%; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>File
    No.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 8%; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 10%; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Filing
    Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Underwriting Agreement,
    dated October 26, 2016, between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Aegis Capital Corp.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10/27/2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated
    Certificate of Incorporation of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7/1/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated
    Bylaws of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7/1/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Common Stock
    Certificate of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/22/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated
    Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, dated as of November 17, 2010, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the persons
    and entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 1
    to the Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, dated as of January 13, 2011, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals,
    Inc. and the persons and entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 2
    to the Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, dated as of February 6, 2012, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals,
    Inc. and the persons and entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.5</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 3
    to the Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, dated as of December 4, 2014, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals,
    Inc. and the persons and entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.5</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.6</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 4
    to the Amended and Restated Investors&rsquo; Rights Agreement, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the persons and
    entities named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-208818
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.6
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/31/2015
    </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.7</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Common Stock
    Purchase Warrant</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-208818</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.7
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/31/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Representative&rsquo;s
    Warrant Agreement </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.7</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.9</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Registration Rights
    Agreement, dated December 18, 2015, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/21/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.10</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Senior Indenture</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-213087</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.13</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/11/2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.11</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Subordinated
    Indenture</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-213087</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.14</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/11/2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1*</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Reed
    Smith LLP </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Office Lease, dated
    June 25, 2013, by and between Douglas Emmett 1997, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2+</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 46%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Offer
    Letter, dated December 2, 2014, by and between Michael D. Step and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 6%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 15%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive Compensation
    Plan </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive Severance
    &amp; Change in Control Agreement, dated October 1, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Michael D. Step
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.5+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2008 Stock Plan
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-207709</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10/30/15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.6+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2009 Stock Plan
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.6</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3/23/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.7+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2015 Equity Incentive
    Plan</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-207709</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10/30/15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.8+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment to 2015
    Equity Incentive Plan</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6/6/2016</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.9+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Notice of
    Grant of Stock Option under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-207709</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10/30/15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.10+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Michael D. Step </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.11+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Michael D. Step </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.9</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.12+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Michael D. Step </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.10</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.13+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated September 25, 2013, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.11</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.14+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.12</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.15+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.13</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.16+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated September 25, 2013, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.14</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.17+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.15</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.18+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stock Option Agreement,
    dated December 2, 2014, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.16</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.19</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research and Development
    Agreement &amp; License, dated November 30, 2010, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC, Kolu Pohaku Management, LLC
    and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.17</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.20</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 46%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment
    No. 1 to Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, dated July 6, 2011, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC,
    Kolu Pohaku Management, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 6%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 15%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.18</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.21</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 2
    to Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, dated September 30, 2011, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC,
    Kolu Pohaku Management, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.19</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.22</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 3
    to Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, dated February 6, 2012, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC, Kolu
    Pohaku Management, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.20</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.23</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 4
    to Research and Development Agreement &amp; License, dated November 4, 2013, by and among Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC, Kolu
    Pohaku Management, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.21</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.24</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Put and Call Option
    Agreement, dated November 30, 2010, by and between Kolu Pohaku Technologies, LLC and Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.22</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.25</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subordinated Convertible
    Promissory Note to SJ Investment Company, LLC, dated May 23, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $25,000.00 </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.23</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.26</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subordinated Convertible
    Promissory Note to Javelin Venture Partners, L.P., dated May 23, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $350,000.00 </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.24</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.27</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subordinated Convertible
    Promissory Note to Javelin Venture Partners, L.P., dated September 8, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $80,000.00
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.25</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.28</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Unsecured Promissory
    Note to Javelin Venture Partners, L.P., dated October 9, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $70,000.00 </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.26</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.29</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subordinated Convertible
    Promissory Note, dated October 20, 2014, in the principal amount of&thinsp; $80,000.00 </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.27</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.30</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Series C Preferred
    Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated December 4, 2014, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the Investors
    named therein </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.28</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5/8/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.31+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Indemnification
    Agreement between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and each of its directors and executive officers </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.29</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4/24/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.32</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Clinical Supply
    and Operation Agreement, dated December 16, 2009, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ricerche Sperimentali Montale
    SpA and Inalco SpA </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.30</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4/24/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.33</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 46%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment
    1 to the Clinical Supply and Cooperation Agreement, dated September 25, 2010, by and among Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and
    Ricerche Sperimentali Montale SpA and Inalco SpA </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 6%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 15%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-202924</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 8%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.31</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4/24/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.34+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Offer Letter, by
    and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/12/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.35+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Offer Letter, by
    and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/12/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.36+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive Severance
    &amp; Change in Control Agreement, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew J. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/12/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.37+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive Severance
    &amp; Change in Control Agreement, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ira E. Ritter</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8/12/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.38</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lease Agreement,
    dated July 9, 2015, between the Company and Century Park</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11/10/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.39</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 2
    to Clinical Supply and Cooperation Agreement, effective July 24, 2015, between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ricerche Sperimentali
    Montale SpA, and Inalco SpA</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11/10/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.40+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Offer Letter, dated
    August 14, 2015, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Ellen Mochizuki</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11/10/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.41+</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Letter of Agreement,
    dated October 20, 2015 between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Chord Advisors, LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10-Q</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11/10/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.42</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Common Stock Purchase
    Agreement, dated December 18, 2015, by and between Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8-K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">001-37428</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/21/2015</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.43</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Master Services
    Agreement, effective December 29, 2015, by and between Covance Inc. and Ritter Pharmaceuticals , Inc.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-208818</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.42</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12/30/2015
    </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1*</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Mayer
    Hoffman McCann P.C., independent registered public accounting firm </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.2*</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Reed
    Smith LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1) </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24.1*</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Power of Attorney
    (included on applicable signature pages)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">*
Filed herewith.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">+
Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
23.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>CONSENT
OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
independent registered public accountants, we hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Amendment No. 1 to the
Registration Statement on Form S-1 and related Prospectus of our report dated March 21, 2016 relating to the financial statements
of Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (which report includes an explanatory paragraph relating to the uncertainty of the Company&rsquo;s
ability to continue as a going concern) for each of the two years ended December 31, 2015, and to the reference to us under the
caption &ldquo;Experts&rdquo; which is contained in this Prospectus.</FONT></P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Orange
    County, California</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> February 9, 2017 </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></P>



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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
