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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of its wholly owned subsidiary, Calidi Biotherapeutics (Nevada), Inc., a company incorporated in the state of Nevada Calidi Biotherapeutics, Inc., StemVac GmbH (“StemVac”), a company organized under the laws of Germany, Calidi Biotherapeutics Australia Pty Ltd (“Calidi Australia”), a wholly owned Australian subsidiary, Nova Cell, Inc. (“Nova Cell”), a subsidiary incorporated in the state of Nevada, and Redtail Biopharma, Inc. (“Redtail”), a wholly owned subsidiary incorporated in the state of Nevada. StemVac’s primary operating activities include process development and other research and development activities for the Company under a cost-plus intercompany development agreement funded by the Company. Calidi Australia’s principal purpose is for conducting certain parts of the SNV1 clinical enabling activities in Australia. Nova Cell’s primary operating activities were expanding potential uses of the Company’s AAA stem cell programs from oncology to other fields that require regenerative medical applications, such as cosmetics, orthopedics, auto-immune diseases, and various other therapies. Redtail’s primary operating activities will be to expand on the Company’s systemic antitumor virotherapies. Both Nova Cell and Redtail were incorporated in May 2024. As of December 31, 2025, the Company no longer has an investment in Nova Cell. Redtail has had no activity to date. Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) are legal entities that either have an insufficient amount of equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or, as a group, the holders of equity investment at risk lack the ability to direct the entity’s activities that most significantly impact economic performance through voting or similar rights, or do not have the obligation to absorb the expected losses or the right to receive expected residual returns of the entity. For all VIEs in which the Company is involved, it assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary on an ongoing basis. In circumstances where the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive the benefits of the VIE that could be significant, the Company would conclude that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and the Company consolidates the VIE. In situations where the Company is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE, it does not consolidate the VIE and only recognizes the Company’s interests in the VIE. Prior to October 27, 2025, the Company owned 75% of Nova Cell’s fully-diluted capitalization, with the remaining 25% owned by a related party investor (see Note 8). Under the rules of determining whether an entity was a VIE, the Company has a controlling financial interest and is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of Nova Cell and therefore consolidated Nova Cell’s financial statements. Since the Company owns less than 100% of Nova Cell, the Company recorded net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in its consolidated statements of operations equal to the percentage of the economic or ownership interests retained in Nova Cell by the noncontrolling party. On October 27, 2025, the Company entered into a Stock Repurchase Agreement (the “SRA”) and Material Purchase Agreement (the “MPA” and together with the SRA the “Agreements”), with Nova Cell. In accordance with the Agreements, the Company sold and transferred all 22,500,000 of its shares of common stock in Nova Cell (the “Repurchased Shares”), representing an ownership interest of 75%, back to Nova Cell, for a purchase price of $6.0 million (the “Purchase Price”). The Purchase Price for the Repurchased Shares was or shall be satisfied (A) in part by cancellation of indebtedness under the September 17, 2024, promissory note, net of specified offsets (including a $50 thousand cash offset), resulting in an Indebtedness Cancellation Amount of $1.2 million, and (B) the balance, by Deferred Consideration of $4.8 million payable after closing, as more fully described in the SRA. The Deferred Consideration is fully constrained until underlying uncertainties are resolved, such that a significant reversal of cumulative consideration will not occur in future periods. Thus, the Company has not recognized any Deferred Consideration as of December 31, 2025. After the Deferred Consideration is fully satisfied, the SRA also provides for an ongoing royalty at a fixed percentage of Covered Gross Revenue attributable to or derivative of the materials listed on Schedule A to the MPA, ending on the tenth anniversary of Nova Cell’s first product sale. Furthermore, as part of the Agreements, the Company sold and transferred certain materials to Nova Cell. Following the closing of the Agreements, Nova Cell is no longer a subsidiary of the Company. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates estimates which are subject to significant judgment, including, but not limited to, valuation methods used, assumptions requiring the use of judgment to prepare financial projections, timing of potential commercialization of acquired in-process intangible assets, applicable discount rates, comparable companies or transactions, liquidity events, determination of fair value of financial instruments under the fair value option of accounting, assumptions related to the going concern assessments, allocation of direct and indirect expenses, useful lives associated with long-lived assets, key assumptions in operating and financing leases including incremental borrowing rates, loss contingencies, valuation allowances related to deferred income taxes, assumptions used to value common stock, debt and debt-like instruments, warrants, and stock-based awards and other equity instruments. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates. Reclassification Certain prior year financial statement amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on our previously reported results of operations or accumulated deficit. Cash and Restricted Cash The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity date of ninety days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash in readily available checking, money market accounts and brokerage accounts. The Company classifies cash that has contractual or legal restrictions imposed by third parties as restricted cash, which is restricted as to withdrawal or use except for the specified purpose under a contract. The Company classifies restricted cash as either part of prepaids and other current assets, or as part of other noncurrent assets, depending on the term and nature of the underlying contract with a financial institution, which requires the Company to hold a fixed amount of funds in a restricted money market account as collateral to the financial institution for the Company’s corporate credit card program with that financial institution. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the balance sheet dates that comprise the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands): Schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents
|  | December 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Cash |  | $ | 5,600 |  |  | $ | 9,591 |
Restricted cash included within prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Restricted cash included within other noncurrent assets |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 118 |
Total cash and restricted cash as shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows |  | $ | 5,819 |  |  | $ | 9,809 |
Machinery and Equipment Machinery and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation, and includes assets purchased under financing leases. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally over a period of 3 to 5 years. For equipment purchased under financing leases, the Company depreciates the equipment based on the shorter of the useful life of the equipment or the term of the lease, ranging from 3 to 5 years, depending on the nature and classification of the financing lease. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, whereas significant renewals and betterments are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Leases The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC 842, Leases. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Leases are classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the consolidated statements of operations. When determining whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease, ASC 842 does not specifically define criteria to determine “major part of remaining economic life of the underlying asset” and “substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset.” For lease classification determination, the Company continues to use: (i) greater than or equal to 75% to determine whether the lease term is a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset; and (ii) greater than or equal to 90% to determine whether the present value of the sum of lease payments is substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset. The Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. For operating leases, the Company recognizes right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities for leases with terms greater than 12 months in the consolidated balance sheets, while leases with terms of 12 months or less are not capitalized. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate commensurate with the lease term, based on the information available at commencement date, in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company uses the implicit rate when it is readily determinable. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company discloses the amortization of ROU assets and operating lease payments as a net amount within “Depreciation and amortization” on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Finance leases are included in machinery and equipment, and in finance lease liability, current and noncurrent, in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company discloses the amortization of finance ROU assets within “Depreciation and amortization” on the consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 11 for further disclosures in accordance with ASC 842. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets, which consist primarily of right-of-use assets for operating leases and machinery and equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that such assets might be impaired and the carrying value may not be recoverable. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable and the expected undiscounted future cash flows attributable to the asset are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss equal to the excess of the assets carrying value over its fair value is recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Fair Value Measurements The Company follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, which among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Accordingly, fair value is a market-based measurement determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value, which are as follows:
| Level 1: | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
| Level 2: | Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and
| Level 3: | Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.
When quoted market prices are available in active markets, the fair value of assets and liabilities is estimated within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. If quoted prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of assets and liabilities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows, within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, the fair values are estimated by using inputs within Level 3 of the hierarchy. See Note 3 for fair value measurements. Derivative Financial Instruments The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives in accordance with ASC 815. The Company values its derivatives using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model or other acceptable valuation models, as applicable, with the assistance of valuation specialists. Derivative instruments accounted for as liabilities are valued at inception and subsequent valuation dates for each reporting period the derivative instrument remains outstanding. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities, is reassessed at each reporting period. The Company evaluates equity or liability classification for common stock warrants in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and accounts for common stock warrants as liabilities if the warrant requires net cash settlement, or gives the holder the option of net cash settlement, or it otherwise does not meet other equity classification criteria. The Company accounts for common stock warrants as equity if the contract requires physical settlement or net physical settlement, or if the Company has the option of physical settlement or net physical settlement and the warrants meet the requirements to be classified as equity. Warrants that meet the definition of a derivative financial instrument and the equity scope exception in ASC 815-10-15-74(a) are classified as equity, are initially measured at fair value on the grant date, and are not subject to remeasurement provided that the Company continues to meet the criteria for equity classification. Warrants that are classified as liabilities are accounted for at fair value and remeasured at each reporting date until exercise, expiration, or modification that results in equity classification. Any change in the fair value of the warrants is recorded and presented under change in fair value of other liabilities and derivatives or change in fair value of other liabilities and derivatives – related party, as applicable, in the consolidated statements of operations. The classification of warrants, including whether warrants should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period. The fair value of liability-classified warrants is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model (“Black-Scholes model”), which includes Level 3 inputs. Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs incurred to obtain debt financings are deferred and are amortized over the term of the debt using the effective interest method for all debt financings in which the fair value option has not been elected. Debt issuance costs on debt financings in which the fair value option is not elected are recorded as a reduction to the carrying value of the debt and are amortized to interest expense or interest expense – related party, as applicable, in the consolidated statements of operations. For any debt financing in which the Company has elected the fair value option, any debt issuance costs associated with the debt financing are immediately recognized in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations and are not deferred. Revenue Recognition To date, the Company has not generated any revenues from commercial products. The Company analyzes its research collaboration arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements, to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards that are dependent on the commercial success of such activities. To the extent the arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808, the Company assesses whether aspects of the arrangement are within the scope of other accounting literature. If the Company concludes that some or all aspects of the arrangement represent a transaction with a customer, the Company accounts for those aspects of the arrangement within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, by applying the following five-step model: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract, including whether they are distinct within the context of the contract; (iii) determination of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognition of revenue when, or as, performance obligations are satisfied. If a contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606 at inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within the contract, determines which of those goods and services are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company considers the intended benefit of the contract in assessing whether a promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. If a promised good or service is not distinct, the Company combines that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. The Company may provide options to additional goods or services in such arrangements exercisable at a customer’s discretion. The Company assesses if these options provide a material right to the customer and if so, they are considered performance obligations. The identification of material rights requires judgments related to the determination of the value of the underlying good and services to the optional price, if any, that may be offered. The Company determines the transaction price based on the amount of consideration that the Company expects to receive for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. Consideration may be fixed, variable, or a combination of both. The Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling prices (“SSP”). SSP is determined at contract inception and is not updated to reflect changes between contract inception and when the performance obligations are satisfied. In developing the SSP for a performance obligation, the Company considers applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs. If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled by using the expected value method or the most likely amount method. The Company includes the unconstrained amount of estimated variable consideration in the transaction price. The amount included in the transaction price is constrained to the amount for which it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. At each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. The Company recognizes revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied, either at a point in time or over time, and if over time, recognition is based on the use of an output or input method. Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. If the related performance obligation is expected to be satisfied within the next twelve months, deferred revenue will be classified in current liabilities. Revenue recognized, if any, prior to contractual billings made to the customer, and if the Company expects to have an unconditional right to receive consideration in the next twelve months, these contractual assets are included in other current assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, there are no deferred revenue or contractual assets recorded. The Company further analyzes changes to contracts from customers to assess whether they qualify as a contract modification within the scope of ASC 606. The Company considers that a contract modification exists when the parties to a contract approve a modification that either creates new, or changes, existing enforceable rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. The Company considers that a contract approval could be approved in writing, by oral agreement, or implied by customary practices. Whenever a change in the scope or price, or both, of a contract is approved by the parties to the contract, the Company analyzes whether the contract modification qualifies as a separate contract or a contract combination. The Company accounts for a contract modification as a separate contract when (i) the scope of the contract increases because of the addition of promised goods or services that are distinct and (ii) the price of the contract increases by an amount of consideration that reflects the Company’s SSP of the additional promised goods or services and any appropriate adjustments to that price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract. If the modification is not accounted for as a separate contract, the Company analyzes whether one of the following should occur: (i) a termination of the original contract and the creation of a new contract, (ii) a cumulative catch-up adjustment to the original contract, or (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii) in a way that faithfully reflects the economics of the transaction. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the consolidated financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. The potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by analyzing carryback capacity in periods with taxable income, reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The Company’s judgments regarding future taxable income may change over time due to changes in market conditions, changes in tax laws, tax planning strategies or other factors. If the Company’s assumptions and consequently its estimates change in the future, the valuation allowance may be increased or decreased, which may have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized, if any. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties. The Company recognizes any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. No amounts were accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company is not aware of any uncertain tax positions that could result in significant additional payments, accruals, or other material deviation for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company is currently unaware of any tax issues under review. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 specifically introduces the topic of corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) on adjusted financial statement income on applicable corporations for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022. The Company does not expect the CAMT will have a material impact to its consolidated income tax provision (see Note 10). On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted. The OBBBA included various provisions with multiple effective dates, including, but not limited to, immediate expensing of domestic research and development expenditures and provision for immediate expensing of machinery and equipment purchases. The OBBBA did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which generally occurs if the percentage of the corporation’s stock owned by 5% stockholders increases by more than 50% over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization. The Company performed a Section 382 study for the period February 15, 2015 to December 31, 2021. There was an ownership change identified on March 26, 2018 after the Company’s Series A-2 preferred stock issuance. The Company has not undertaken a Section 382 study through December 31, 2025. The Company’s ability to utilize their net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities may be limited as a result of ownership changes. Government Grants On October 27, 2022, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (“CIRM”) approved the Company’s application for a CIRM grant for the Company’s continued development of the SNV1 program. CIRM awarded the Company approximately $3.1 million of CIRM funding conditioned that the Company co-fund approximately $0.8 million under the requirements of the CIRM application. On December 28, 2022, the Company received the Notice of Award from CIRM for this grant. Proceeds from the CIRM grant are recognized over the period necessary to match the related research and development expenses when it is probable that the Company has complied with the CIRM conditions and will receive the proceeds pursuant to the milestones defined in the grant as reimbursement of those expenditures. The CIRM grant proceeds, if any, received in advance of having incurred the related research and development expenses are recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and recognized as grant income included in other income, net, on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations when the related research and developments expenses are incurred. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized approximately $50,000 and $0.2 million, respectively, in grant income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company drew $3.1 million in funds based on the operational milestones defined in the grant. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred to discover, research and develop drug candidates, including compensation-related expenses for research and development personnel, preclinical and clinical activities, costs of manufacturing, overhead expenses including facilities and laboratory expenses, materials and supplies, amounts paid to consultants and outside service providers, and depreciation and amortization. Upfront and annual license payments related to acquired technologies or technology licenses which have not yet reached technological feasibility and have no alternative future use are also included in research and development expense in the period in which they are incurred. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and compensation-related expenses for personnel in executive, finance and accounting, operations, and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include fees for legal, patent prosecution, legal settlements, consulting, accounting and audit services as well as insurance, outside service providers, direct and allocated facility-related costs and depreciation and amortization. Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments and Other Comprehensive Income or Loss StemVac, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, is located and operates in Germany and its functional currency is the Euro. Calidi Australia, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, is located and operates in Australia and its functional currency is the Australian Dollar (“AUD”). Accordingly, StemVac’s and Calidi Australia’s assets and liabilities are translated using respective published exchange rates in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date. Expenses and cash flows are translated using respective approximate weighted average exchange rates for the reporting period. Resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as other comprehensive income or loss, net of tax, in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income or loss and included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss on the consolidated balance sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, comprehensive loss includes such foreign currency translation adjustments and was insignificant for all periods presented. Foreign Currency Transaction Gains and Losses For transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the Company recognizes foreign currency transaction gains and losses in the consolidated statements of operations and classifies the gain or loss based on the nature of the item that generated it. The Company’s foreign currency transaction gains and losses are principally generated by intercompany transfers to StemVac denominated in Euros to pay for the research and development activities performed by StemVac under an intercompany development agreement with the Company. Furthermore, the Company’s foreign currency transaction gains and losses include intercompany transfers to Calidi Australia denominated in AUD to pay for the research and development activities performed by Calidi Australia. These foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses are included in other income, net, and were insignificant for all periods presented. Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes compensation expense related to employee option grants and restricted stock grants, if any, in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation. The Company measures all stock options and other stock-based awards granted based on the fair value of the award on the date of the grant and recognizes compensation expense for those awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur. The reversal of compensation cost previously recognized for an award that is forfeited because of a failure to satisfy a service condition is recognized in the period of the forfeiture. Generally, and unless otherwise specified, the Company grants stock options with service-based only vesting conditions and records the expense for these awards using the straight-line method over the requisite service period. The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated statements of operations in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified. The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company estimates its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies within the biotechnology industry with characteristics similar to the Company. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options provided under Staff Accounting Bulletin, Topic 14 (“SAB Topic 14”), as necessary. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is zero, based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Net Loss per share of Common Stock Loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for the holders of the Company’s shares of Common Stock and participating securities. However, the participating securities do not include a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company and are not included in the calculation of net loss per share in the periods that have a net loss. In addition, common stock equivalent shares (whether or not participating) are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect on net loss per share of Common Stock. Diluted net loss per share is computed using the more dilutive of (a) the two-class method or (b) the if-converted method and treasury stock method, as applicable. In periods in which the Company reports a net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders since dilutive common stock shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive. Diluted net loss per share is equivalent to basic net loss per share for the periods presented herein because common stock equivalent shares from the outstanding warrants, earnout shares, stock option awards, restricted stock units, and contingently issuable warrants were antidilutive. As the Company reported a net loss attributable to common stockholders for all periods presented herein, the following common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share of Common Stock for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, because including them would have been antidilutive (in thousands): Schedule of Computation of Diluted Net Loss per Common Share including Antidilutive
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Warrants for common stock |  |  | 5,026 |  |  |  | 911 |
Employee stock options |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 77 |
Earnout shares |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 150 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |
Contingently issuable warrants(1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total common stock equivalents |  |  | 5,454 |  |  |  | 1,140 |
(1) | The contingently issuable warrants were not included for purposes of calculating the number of diluted shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024, as the number of dilutive shares is based on a contingency not yet resolved as of period end and the contingently resulting number of dilutive shares is not determinable until the contingency is resolved. As of December 31, 2025, the contingency was resolved in full and there were no contingently issuable warrants outstanding.
Segments Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker (or CODM), the Executive Management Team, consisting of the following individuals:
| ● | Chief Executive Officer
| ● | Chief Financial Officer
| ● | Chief Scientific Officer and Head of Technical Operations
The Company views its operations and manages its business as a single reportable segment whose operations include the research, development and commercialization efforts of platforms to potentiate oncolytic virus therapies on a consolidated basis, as further described in Note 1. The Company manages its Research and Development (“R&D”) activities on a consolidated basis. The Company expects to generate future income from a combination of license fees and other upfront payments, funded R&D agreements, milestone payments, product sales, government and other third-party funding, and royalties, which depend on the results, regulatory approval, and timing of the successful commercialization of the Company’s products. Net loss is the measure of segment profit or loss used by the CODM in making decisions regarding resource allocation and evaluating financial performance, which is also reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The CODM does not evaluate its reportable segment using asset or liability information. The following table presents selected financial information with respect to the Company’s single operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024: Schedule of Operating Segment
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
OPERATING EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and benefits |  | $ | (9,561 | ) |  | $ | (10,249 | )
Insurance |  |  | (801 | ) |  |  | (1,442 | )
Legal |  |  | (1,324 | ) |  |  | (1,951 | )
Consulting |  |  | (2,059 | ) |  |  | (1,578 | )
Rent and maintenance |  |  | (2,358 | ) |  |  | (2,136 | )
Clinical & research and development |  |  | (1,760 | ) |  |  | (1,353 | )
Depreciation expense |  |  | (386 | ) |  |  | (402 | )
Change in fair value of other liabilities and derivatives |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 324 |
Other segment items (1) |  |  | (1,801 | ) |  |  | (3,408 | )
Income tax provision |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (14 | )
NET LOSS |  | $ | (20,063 | ) |  | $ | (22,209 | )
| (1) | Other segment items primarily include interest expense, grant income, office expenses, marketing expenses, gain on sale of investment in Nova Cell, and other income, net.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 for the annual period beginning January 1, 2025, on a prospective basis. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements, other than disclosures. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement and in January 2025, issued ASU 2025-01 Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date to clarify the effective date of ASU 2024-03. ASU 2024-03 requires the disaggregation of certain costs and expenses in the notes to the financial statements to provide enhanced transparency into the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The guidance may be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03. In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. ASU 2025-06 updates the accounting for internal-use software by replacing former stage-based rules with a principles-based framework. Entities will now capitalize costs associated with internal-use software only when management has authorized and committed funding and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the intended function. ASU 2025-06 also supersedes website development cost guidance, moving it to ASC 350-40. These amendments are effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2025-06. In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-07, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Derivatives Scope Refinements and Scope Clarification for Share-Based Noncash Consideration from a Customer in a Revenue Contract. ASU 2025-07 refines the scope of derivative accounting under Topic 815 and clarifies the treatment of share-based noncash consideration under ASC 606. This ASU is effective for annual periods and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. The guidance may be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2025-07. In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements. ASU 2025-09 clarifies certain aspects of the guidance on hedge accounting and addresses several incremental hedge accounting issues arising from global reference rate reform. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2025-07. In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements, which is intended to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270 and clarify when it applies. Under the amendments, an entity is subject to ASC 270 if it provides interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP. ASU 2025-11 also addresses the form and content of such financial statements, interim disclosures requirements, and establishes a principle under which an entity must disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. ASU 2025-11 is effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2025-11.

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