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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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May 31, 2012
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] | 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION The consolidated financial statements for the years ended May 31, 2012 and 2011 include the accounts of Biomerica, Inc. ("Biomerica") as well as the Company’s German subsidiary and Mexican subsidiary which have not begun operations. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. During fiscal 2012 and 2011, there were no transactions in ReadyScript, a discontinued operation, and management formally dissolved the corporation during fiscal 2012. ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The Company has financial instruments whereby the fair market value of the financial instruments could be different than that recorded on a historical basis. The Company's financial instruments consist of its cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, commercial bank line of credit, commercial bank equipment loan and accounts payable. The carrying amounts of the Company's financial instruments approximate their fair values. CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK The Company maintains cash balances at certain financial institutions in excess of amounts insured by federal agencies. The Company provides credit in the normal course of business to customers throughout the United States and foreign markets. The Company had one customer which accounted for 37.2% and 22.2% of its sales for the years ended May 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and requires prepayment in some circumstances. At May 31, 2012 and 2011, one customer accounted for 45.6% and 38.5% of gross accounts receivable, respectively. For the year ended May 31, 2012, two companies accounted for 30.8% of the purchases of raw materials. There were no such concentrations for the year ended May 31, 2011. GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION As of May 31, 2012 and 2011, approximately $538,000 and $468,000 of Biomerica's gross inventory and approximately $4,000 and $7,500, of Biomerica's property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, was located in Mexicali, Mexico, respectively. CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash and cash equivalents consist of demand deposits and money market accounts with original maturities of less than three months. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE The Company extends unsecured credit to its customers on a regular basis. International accounts are required to prepay until they establish a history with the Company and at that time, they are extended credit at levels based on a number of criteria. Credit levels are approved by designated upper level management. Domestic customers are extended initial $500 credit limits until they establish a history with the Company or submit credit information. All increases in credit limits are also approved by designated upper level management. Management evaluates receivables on a quarterly basis and adjusts the reserve for bad debt accordingly. Balances over ninety days old are usually reserved for. Any charge-offs are approved by upper level management prior to charging off. Occasionally certain long-standing customers, who routinely place large orders, will have unusually large receivables balances relative to the total gross receivables. Management monitors the payments for these large balances closely and very often requires payment of existing invoices before shipping new sales orders. INVENTORIES The Company values inventory at the lower of cost (determined using a combination of specific lot identification and the first-in, first-out methods) or market. Management periodically reviews inventory for excess quantities and obsolescence. Management evaluates quantities on hand, physical condition, and technical functionality as these characteristics may be impacted by anticipated customer demand for current products and new product introductions. The reserve is adjusted based on such evaluation, with a corresponding provision included in cost of sales. Abnormal amounts of idle facility expenses, freight, handling costs and wasted material are recognized as current period charges and the allocation of fixed production overhead is based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Inventories approximate the following at May 31:
|  | 2012 |  | 2011
Raw materials | $ | 896,000 | $ | 737,000
Work in progress |  | 554,000 |  | 718,000
Finished products |  | 371,000 |  | 331,000
Total | $ | 1,821,000 | $ | 1,786,000
Reserves for inventory obsolescence are recorded as necessary to reduce obsolete inventory to estimated net realizable value or to specifically reserve for obsolete inventory that the Company intends to dispose of. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment are stated at cost. Expenditures for additions and major improvements are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to operations as incurred. When property and equipment are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accounts, and gains or losses from retirements and dispositions are credited or charged to income. Depreciation and amortization are provided over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, ranging from 5 to 10 years, using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the term of the lease. Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment and leasehold improvements amounted to $147,297 and $130,046 for the years ended May 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Management of the Company assesses the recoverability of property and equipment by determining whether the depreciation and amortization of such assets over their remaining lives can be recovered through projected undiscounted cash flows. The amount of impairment, if any, is measured based on fair value (projected discounted cash flows) and is charged to operations in the period in which such impairment is determined by management. Management has determined that there is no impairment of property and equipment at May 31, 2012. INTANGIBLE ASSETS Intangible assets include trademarks, product rights, technology rights and patents, and are accounted for based on ASC 350 “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other” (ASC 350). In that regard, intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested at least annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over the useful life, not to exceed 18 years for marketing and distribution rights and purchased technology use rights, and 17 years for patents. Amortization amounted to $32,827 and $17,764 for the years ended May 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Intangible assets with indefinite lives such as perpetual licenses are not amortized but rather tested for impairment at least annually. The Company assesses the recoverability of these intangible assets by determining whether the amortization of the asset's balance over its remaining life can be recovered through projected undiscounted future cash flows. The amount of impairment, if any, is measured based on fair value and charged to operations in the period in which the impairment is determined by management. INVESTMENTS From time-to-time, the Company makes investments in privately-held companies. The Company determines whether the fair values of any investments in privately-held entities have declined below their carrying value whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that recorded values may not be recoverable. If the Company considers any such decline to be other than temporary (based on various factors, including historical financial results, and the overall health of the investee’s industry), a write-down to estimated fair value is recorded. The Company currently has not written down the investment and no events have occurred which could indicate the carrying value to be less than the fair value. Investments represent the Company’s investment in a Polish distributor which is primarily engaged in distributing medical devices. The Company owns approximately 6% of the investee, and accordingly, applies the cost method to account for the investment. Under the cost method, investments are recorded at cost, with gains and losses recognized as of the sale date, and income recorded when received. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The Company follows the guidance of the accounting provisions of ASC 718 “Share-based Compensation” (ASC 718), which requires the use of the fair-value based method to determine compensation for all arrangements under which employees and others receive shares of stock or equity instruments (warrants and options). The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model that uses assumptions for expected volatility, expected dividends, expected forfeiture rate, expected term, and the risk-free interest rate. Expected volatilities are based on weighted averages of the historical volatility of the Company’s stock estimated over the expected term of the options. The expected forfeiture rate is based on historical forfeitures experienced. The expected term of options granted is derived using the “simplified method” which computes expected term as the average of the sum of the vesting term plus the contract term as historically the Company had limited activity surrounding its options. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the period of the expected term. In applying the Black-Scholes options-pricing model, assumptions are as follows:
|  | 2012 |  | 2011
Dividend yield |  | 0% |  | 0%
Expected volatility |  | 77.76-84.97% |  | 85.97-86.42%
Risk free interest rate |  | 0.63-0.76% |  | 1.87-2.27%
Expected life |  | 3.25-3.75 years |  | 3.75 years
REVENUE RECOGNITION Revenues from product sales are recognized at the time the product is shipped, customarily FOB shipping point, at which point title passes. An allowance is established when necessary for estimated returns as revenue is recognized. As of May 31, 2012 and 2011, the allowance for returns is $0. SHIPPING AND HANDLING FEES AND COSTS Shipping and handling fees billed to customers are required to be classified as net sales, and shipping and handling costs are required to be classified as either cost of sales or disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. The Company included shipping and handling fees billed to customers in net sales. The Company included shipping and handling costs associated with inbound freight and unreimbursed shipping to customers in cost of sales. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. The Company expensed $347,128 and $420,571 of research and development expenses during the years ended May 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. INCOME TAXES The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (ASC 740). Deferred tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. These temporary differences are measured using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the extent that management considers it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In determining the valuation allowance, the Company considers factors such as the reversal of deferred income tax liabilities, projected taxable income, and the character of income tax assets and tax planning strategies. A change to these factors could impact the estimated valuation allowance and income tax expense. The Company accounts for our uncertain tax provisions by using a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not, based solely on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the appropriate amount of the benefit to recognize. The amount of benefit to recognize is measured as the maximum amount which is more likely than not to be realized. The tax position is derecognized when it is no longer more likely than not capable of being sustained. On subsequent recognition and measurement the maximum amount which is more likely than not to be recognized at each reporting date will represent the Company’s best estimate, given the information available at the reporting date, although the outcome of the tax position is not absolute or final. Upon adopting the revisions in ASC 740, the Company elected to follow an accounting policy to classify accrued interest related to liabilities for income taxes within the “Interest expense” line and penalties related to liabilities for income taxes within the “Other expense” line of the consolidated statements of operations. ADVERTISING COSTS The Company reports the cost of all advertising as expense in the period in which those costs are incurred. Advertising costs were approximately $8,000 and $9,000 for the years ended May 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION The subsidiary located in Germany operates primarily using local functional currency. Accordingly, assets and liabilities of this subsidiary are translated using exchange rates in effect at the end of the period, and revenues and costs are translated using average exchange rates for the period. The resulting adjustments are presented as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. DEFERRED RENT Incentive payments received from landlords are recorded as deferred lease incentives and are amortized over the underlying lease term on a straight-line basis as a reduction of rent expense. When the terms of an operating lease provide for periods of free rent, rent concessions, and/or rent escalations, the Company establishes a deferred rent liability for the difference between the scheduled rent payment and the straight-line rent expense recognized. This deferred rent liability is amortized over the underlying lease term on a straight-line basis as a reduction of rent expense. NET INCOME PER SHARE Basic earnings per share is computed as net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur from common shares issuable through stock options, warrants and other convertible securities using the treasury stock method. The total amount of anti-dilutive warrants or options not included in the earnings per share calculation for the years ended May 31, 2012 and 2011 was 195,000 and 649,250, respectively. The following table illustrates the reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted earnings per share computations:
For the Years Ended May 31 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Numerator for basic and diluted net income per common share | $ | 548,435 | $ | 157,447
Denominator for basic net income per common share |  | 6,887,929 |  | 6,668,229
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |
| Options and warrants |  | 219,830 |  | 36,078
Denominator for diluted net income per common share |  | 7,107,759 |  | 6,704,307
Basic net income per common share | $ | 0.08 | $ | 0.02
Diluted net income per common share | $ | 0.08 | $ | 0.02
SEGMENT REPORTING ASC 280, “Segment Reporting” (ASC 280), establishes standards for reporting, by public business enterprises, information about operating segments, products and services, geographic areas, and major customers. The Company’s operations are analyzed by management and its chief operating decision maker as being part of a single industry segment: the design, development, marketing and sales of diagnostic kits. REPORTING COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Comprehensive income (loss) represents net income (loss) and any revenues, expenses, gains and losses that, under GAAP, are excluded from net income (loss) and recognized directly as a component of shareholders’ equity. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consists solely of foreign currency translation adjustments. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS In June 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance on the presentation of comprehensive income. This guidance eliminates the current option to report other comprehensive income and its components in the statement of changes in equity. The guidance allows two presentation alternatives; present items in net income and other comprehensive income in one continuous statement, referred to as the statement of comprehensive income, or in two separate, but consecutive, statements of net income and other comprehensive income. This guidance is effective as of the beginning of the fiscal year that begins after December 15, 2011. Early adoption is permitted, but full retrospective application is required under both sets of accounting standards. The Company is currently evaluating which presentation alternative it will utilize. In September 2011, the FASB issued an amendment to ASC 350, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other”, which simplifies how entities test goodwill for impairment. Previous guidance under ASC 350 required an entity to test goodwill for impairment using a two-step process on at least an annual basis. First, the fair value of a reporting unit was calculated and compared to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Second, if the fair value of a reporting unit was less than its carrying amount, the amount of impairment loss, if any, was required to be measured. Under the amendments in this update, an entity has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads the entity to determine that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. If after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, an entity determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the two-step impairment test is unnecessary. If the entity concludes otherwise, then it is required to test goodwill for impairment under the two-step process as described under paragraphs 350-20-35-4 and 350-20-35-9 under ASC 350. The amendments are effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2011 and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not believe that the adoption of this standard will have a material effect on its financial statements. Other recent Accounting Standards Updates (ASU) issued by the FASB and guidance issued by the SEC did not, or are not believed by management to, have a material effect on the Company’s present or future consolidated financial statements.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 6 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18861-107790 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18743-107790 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 5 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18854-107790 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18726-107790 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher AICPA -Name Accounting Principles Board Opinion (APB) -Number 22 -Paragraph 8 -LegacyDoc This reference is SUPERSEDED by the Accounting Standards Codification effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. This reference is included to help users transition from the previous accounting hierarchy and will be removed from future versions of this taxonomy. + Details
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