Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Feb. 28, 2019

Consolidation, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Biomerica, Inc. as well as the Company’s German subsidiary and Mexican subsidiary. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Concentration Risk, Credit Risk, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Concentration of Credit Risk

     The Company maintains cash balances at certain financial institutions in excess of amounts insured by federal agencies.  The Company does not believe it is exposed to significant credit risks.

     The Company provides credit in the normal course of business to customers throughout the United States and foreign markets.  At February 28, 2019 and May 31, 2018, the Company had one customer which accounted for 56.4% and one customer which accounted for 53.3%, respectively, of gross accounts receivable. The Company had one customer which accounted for approximately 46.8% and 44.0%, of consolidated sales for the nine months ended February 28, 2019 and February 28, 2018, respectively.

     For the nine months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018, two vendors accounted for approximately 33.4% and 24.2%, of the purchases of raw materials, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of demand deposits and money market accounts with original maturities of less than three months.

Accounts Receivable [Policy Text Block]

Accounts Receivable

The Company extends unsecured credit to its customers on a regular basis.  International accounts are required to prepay until they establish a history with the Company and at that time, they are extended credit at levels based on a number of criteria.  Credit levels are approved by designated upper level management.  Domestic customers are extended initial credit limits until they establish a history with the Company or submit credit information.  All increases in credit limits are also approved by designated upper level management.  Management evaluates receivables on a quarterly basis and adjusts the reserve for bad debt accordingly.  Balances over ninety days old are usually reserved for unless collection is reasonably assured. 

Occasionally certain long-standing customers, who routinely place large orders, may have unusually large accounts receivable balances relative to the total gross accounts receivable.  Management monitors these large balances closely and very often requires payment of existing invoices before shipping new sales orders.

Inventory, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Inventories

The Company values inventory at the lower of cost (determined using a combination of specific lot identification and the first-in, first-out methods) or net realizable value. Management periodically reviews inventory for excess quantities and obsolescence. Management evaluates quantities on hand, physical condition, and technical functionality as these characteristics may be impacted by anticipated customer demand for current products and new product introductions. The reserve is adjusted based on such evaluation, with a corresponding provision included in cost of sales. Abnormal amounts of idle facility expenses, freight, handling costs and wasted material are recognized as current period charges and the allocation of fixed production overhead is based on the normal capacity of the Company’s production facilities.

The approximate balances of inventories are the following at:

   
  February 28,
2019
  May 31,
2018
  
      
 Raw materials
 $
 1,036,000
  
 $
 1,000,000 
 Work in progress
 832,000
   854,000
 Finished products
  
 212,000
  
  
 325,000 
 Total
 $
 2,080,000
  $
 2,179,000 

       Reserves for inventory obsolescence are reduced as necessary to reduce obsolete inventory to estimated realizable value or to specifically reserve for obsolete inventory that the Company intends to dispose of. As of February 28, 2019 and May 31, 2018, inventory reserves were approximately $50,000 and $52,000, respectively.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Expenditures for additions and major improvements are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to operations as incurred. When property and equipment are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation or amortization is removed from the accounts, and gains or losses from retirements and dispositions are credited or charged to income. 

Depreciation and amortization are provided over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, ranging from 5 to 10 years, using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the term of the lease. Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment and leasehold improvements amounted to $22,436 and $28,344 for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018, and $78,118 and $87,479 for the nine months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Intangible Assets, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets include trademarks, product rights, licenses, technology rights and patents, and are accounted for based on Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350 “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other” (“ASC 350”). In that regard, intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested at least annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over the useful life; not to exceed 18 years for marketing and distribution rights, 10 years for purchased technology use rights and licenses, and 17 years for patents. Amortization amounted to $16,666 and $17,387 for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $49,996 and $52,385 for the nine months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Policy Text Block]

Share-Based Compensation

The Company follows the guidance of the accounting provisions of ASC 718 “Share-based Compensation” (ASC 718), which requires the use of the fair-value based method to determine compensation for all arrangements under which employees and others receive shares of stock or equity instruments (options). The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model that uses assumptions for expected volatility, expected dividends, expected forfeiture rate, expected term, and the risk-free interest rate. 

       The Company has not paid dividends historically and does not expect to pay them in the future.

Expected volatilities are based on weighted averages of the historical volatility of the Company’s stock and other factors estimated over the expected term of the options. The expected forfeiture rate is based on historical forfeitures experienced. The expected term of options granted is derived using the “simplified method” which computes expected term as the average of the sum of the vesting term plus the contract term as historically the Company had limited activity surrounding its options. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the period of the expected term.

The following summary presents the options and warrants granted, exercised, expired, cancelled and outstanding as of February 28, 2019:

     Exercise
Price
Weighted
Average
  
  Option
Shares
  
 Outstanding May 31, 2018            
 1,138,625 
  
 $
 1.65
 Granted                         
         524,000
   2.61
 Exercised 
 (109,500)
  
  
 0.77
 Cancelled or expired   
     (44,250)
   2.12
 Outstanding February 28, 2019
 1,508,875
  
 $
 2.04

During the nine months ended February 28, 2019, options to purchase 109,500 shares of common stock were exercised at prices ranging from $0.71 to $1.04 per share.  Proceeds to the Company were $82,990. During the nine months ended February 28, 2019, the Company granted 524,000 options to purchase common stock at an average purchase price of $2.61.

Revenue [Policy Text Block]

Revenue Recognition

Revenues from product sales are recognized at the time the product is shipped, customarily FOB shipping point, at which point title passes. An allowance is established when necessary for estimated returns as revenue is recognized. As of February 28, 2019 and May 31, 2018, the allowance for returns was $0. In conjunction with sales to certain customers, the Company provides free products upon attaining certain levels of purchases by the customer. The Company accounts for these free products in accordance with ASC 605-50 “Revenue Recognition – Customer Payments and Incentives”, and recognizes the cost of the product as part of cost of sales.

Investment, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Investments

From time-to-time, the Company makes investments in privately-held companies.  The Company determines whether the fair values of any investments in privately-held entities have declined below their carrying value whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that recorded values may not be recoverable.  If the Company considers any such decline to be other than temporary (based on various factors, including historical financial results, and the overall health of the investee’s industry), a write-down to estimated fair value is recorded.  The Company currently has not written down the investment and no events have occurred which could indicate the carrying value to be less than the fair value. Investments represent the Company’s investment in a Polish distributor which is primarily engaged in distributing medical devices.  The Company owns approximately 6% of the investee, and accordingly, applies the cost method to account for the investment.  Under the cost method, investments are recorded at cost, with gains and losses recognized as of the sale date, and income recorded when received.

Shipping and Handling Cost, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Shipping and Handling Fees and Costs

The Company included shipping and handling fees billed to customers in net sales.  The Company included shipping and handling costs associated with inbound freight and unreimbursed shipping to customers in cost of sales.

Research and Development Expense, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Income Taxes

       The Company has provided a valuation allowance on deferred income tax assets of approximately $1,881,000 and $1,549,000 as of February 28, 2019 and May 31, 2018, respectively.

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations Policy [Policy Text Block]

Foreign Currency Translation

The subsidiaries located in Germany and Mexico are accounted for primarily using local functional currency. Accordingly, assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated using exchange rates in effect at the end of the period, and revenues and costs are translated using average exchange rates for the period. The subsidiaries in Germany and Mexico each have one bank account which according to exchange in effect at the end of each period need to be adjusted for that fluctuation. The resulting adjustments are presented as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Deferred Charges, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Deferred Rent

Incentive payments received from landlords are recorded as deferred lease incentives and are amortized over the underlying lease term on a straight-line basis as a reduction of rent expense. When the terms of an operating lease provide for periods of free rent, rent concessions, and/or rent escalations, the Company establishes a deferred rent liability for the difference between the scheduled rent payment and the straight-line rent expense recognized. This deferred rent liability is amortized over the underlying lease term on a straight-line basis as a reduction of rent expense.

Earnings Per Share, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Net Loss Per Share

Basic losses per share are computed as net loss divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur from common shares issuable through stock options using the treasury stock method. The total amount of anti-dilutive options not included in the loss per share calculation for the three and nine months ended February 28, 2019 was 393,865 and 592,080, respectively. The total amount of anti-dilutive options not included in the loss per share calculation for the three and nine months ended February 28, 2018 was 597,645 and 569,915, respectively. 

The following table illustrates the required disclosure of the reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted loss per share computations.

Nine Months Ended
February 28,

Three Months Ended    
February 28,

2019

2018

2019

2018

Numerator:

Net loss

$

(1,607,730)

$

(798,211)

$

(678,746)

$

(322,491)

Denominator for basic loss 
   per common share

9,103,225

8,529,009

9,322,549

8,556,480

Effect of dilutive securities:

Options and warrants

 - 

 - 

 - 

 - 

Denominator for diluted loss 
  per common share

9,103,225

8,529,009

9,322,549

8,556,480

Basic net loss per common share

$

(0.18)

$

(0.09)

$

(0.07)

$

(0.04)

Diluted net loss per common share

$

(0.18)

$

(0.09)

$

(0.07)

$

(0.04)

New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Policy Text Block]

New Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”).  ASU 2014-09 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model requiring a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount reflecting the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.  In adopting, ASU 2014-09, companies may use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach.  ASU 2014-09 is effective for the first interim period within annual reporting periods beginning December 15, 2016, and early adoption is not permitted.  During August 2015, the FASB voted to defer the effective date of the above mentioned revenue recognition guidance by one year to December 15, 2017 for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after that date and permitted early adoption of the standard, but not before the original effective date of December 15, 2016.  Management adopted the provisions of this statement and is taking them into account in the preparation of the financial statements for the period ended February 28, 2019. The adoption of this standard has not had a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements.

On January 5, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU-2016-01”).  The release affects public and private companies that hold financial assets or owe financial liabilities.  ASU 2016-01 will take effect for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Management adopted the provisions of this statement and is taking them into account in the preparation of the financial statements for the period ended February 28, 2019. The adoption of this standard has not had a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements.

On February 25, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”).  ASU 2016-02 defines whether a contract is a lease. If it is a lease, the Company is required to recognize the lease assets and liabilities. ASU 2016-02 is effective for public companies for the annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Management is evaluating the provisions of this statement and has not determined what impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. 

On August 26, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”). This update addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice.  ASU 2016-15 will take effect for public companies for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Management adopted the provisions of this statement and is taking them into account in the preparation of the financial statements for the period ended February 28, 2019. The adoption of this standard has not had a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements.

On November 27, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”).  This update addresses the fact that diversity exists in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows under Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows. ASU 2016-18 will take effect for public companies for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Management adopted the provisions of this statement and is taking them into account in the preparation of the financial statements for the period ended February 28, 2019. The adoption of this standard has not had a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Simplifying the test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”).  This update addresses how an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. ASU 2017-04 will take effect for public companies for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Management is evaluating the provisions of this statement and has not determined what impact the adoption of ASU 2017-04 will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

On February 15, 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects From Accumulated Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2018-02”).  ASU 2018-02 will give companies the option to reclassify stranded tax effects caused by the newly-enacted U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) from accumulated other comprehensive income (“ASCI”) to retained earnings.  ASU 2018-02 will take effect for all companies for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years.  Management is evaluating the provisions of this statement and has not determined what impact the adoption of ASU 2018-02 will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

On June 20, 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”). ASU 2018-07 is intended to reduce cost and complexity and to improve financial reporting for share-based payments to nonemployees (for example, service providers, external legal counsel, suppliers, etc.). ASU 2018-07 will be effective for public companies beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than entity’s adoption date for ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Management is evaluating the provisions of this statement and has not determined what impact the adoption of ASU 2018-07 will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Other recent ASU's issued by the FASB and guidance issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission did not, or are not believed by management to, have a material effect on the Company’s present or future consolidated financial statements.