<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001493152-21-016077.txt : 20210702
<SEC-HEADER>0001493152-21-016077.hdr.sgml : 20210702
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20210702165009
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001493152-21-016077
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		5
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20210702
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20210702
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20210702

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.\new
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001022899
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SERVICES-BUSINESS SERVICES, NEC [7389]
		IRS NUMBER:				061390025
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-12555
		FILM NUMBER:		211070962

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		149 FIFTH AVENUE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 500
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10010
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(212) 994-8200

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		149 FIFTH AVENUE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 500
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10010

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Atrinsic, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20090630

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	NEW MOTION, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20070504

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	MPLC, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20050608
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>8-K
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>form8-k.htm
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="width: 100%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 4pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>UNITED
STATES </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></FONT><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 12pt"><B>WASHINGTON,
                                  D.C. 20549</B></FONT><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>FORM
8-K</B></FONT><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>CURRENT
REPORT </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PURSUANT
TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Date
of Report (date of earliest event reported): July 2, 2021 </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>Protagenic
Therapeutics, Inc.</B></FONT><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter) </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 32%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Delaware</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 32%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>000-51353</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 32%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>06-1390025</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(State
    or other jurisdiction</B></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>of
    incorporation)</B></FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(Commission</B></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>File
    No.)</B></FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(IRS
    Employer</B></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Identification
    No.)</B></FONT></P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>149
Fifth Avenue, Suite 500</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>New
York, New York</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(Address
of principal executive offices) </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(212)
994-8200 </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(Registrant&rsquo;s
telephone number, including area code) </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>N/A
</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(Former
name or former address, if changed since last report) </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Check
the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under
any of the following provisions (<I>see </I>General Instruction A.2. below):</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Written
    communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425) </FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Soliciting
    material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pre-commencement
    communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pre-commencement
    communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 42%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Title
    of each class</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 18%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Trading
    Symbol(s)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; width: 36%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Name
    of each exchange on which registered</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
    Stock, par value $0.0001 per share</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PTIX</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>The
    Nasdaq Capital Market</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Warrants,
    each exercisable to purchase one share of Common Stock</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PTIXW</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>The
    Nasdaq Capital Market</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&sect; 230.405
of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&sect; 240.12b-2 of this chapter).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging
growth company [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item
1.01 Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
July 2, 2021, Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the &ldquo;Sales
Agreement&rdquo;) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. and EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC (each, an &ldquo;Agent&rdquo;
and together, the &ldquo;Agents&rdquo;), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, through the Agents, as
sales agent, shares of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $10,000,000
(the &ldquo;ATM Offering&rdquo;).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company is not obligated to sell any shares under the Sales Agreement. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, each
Agent will use commercially reasonable efforts, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, applicable state and federal
law, rules and regulations and the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, to sell shares from time to time based upon the Company&rsquo;s
instructions, including any price, time or size limits specified by the Company. Under the Sales Agreement, the Agents may sell shares
by any method deemed to be an &ldquo;at the market offering&rdquo; as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended. The Company will pay the Agents a commission of 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold and provide them with customary
indemnification and contribution rights. The Sales Agreement may be terminated by the Agents or by the Company upon notice to the other
party as provided in the Sales Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
issuance and sale, if any, of the shares by the Company under the Agreement will be made pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s shelf registration
statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-256790) initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;Commission&rdquo;)
on June 4, 2021 and declared effective by the Commission on June 23, 2021 (the &ldquo;Registration Statement&rdquo;). The ATM Offering
is described in the Company&rsquo;s Prospectus dated June 23, 2021, as supplemented by a Prospectus Supplement dated July 2, 2021, as
filed with the SEC on July 2, 2021.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
foregoing description of the Sales Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full
text of the Sales Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated herein by
reference. The legal opinion of Duane Morris LLP relating to the validity of the shares of common stock being offered pursuant to the
Sales Agreement is filed as Exhibit 5.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated herein by reference.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
Current Report on Form 8-K shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any shares under the Sales Agreement
nor shall there be any sale of such shares in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration
or qualification under the securities laws of any such state.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item
9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits. </B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(d)
Exhibits.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 10%"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit</B></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Number</B></FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; width: 88%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Description</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="ex1-1.htm">At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated as of July 2, 2021, by and between Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., B. Riley Securities, Inc. and EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC.</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Duane Morris LLP. </FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Duane Morris LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1). </FONT></A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SIGNATURES
</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by
the undersigned, hereunto duly authorized.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC.</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 45%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Alexander K. Arrow</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Alexander
    K. Arrow</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief
    Financial Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July
    2, 2021</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-1.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>ex1-1.htm
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
1.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PROTAGENIC
THERAPEUTICS, INC.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
Stock</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(par
value $0.0001 per share)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>At
Market Issuance Sales Agreement</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1.95in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July
2, 2021</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">B.
Riley Securities, Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">299
Park Avenue, 21<SUP>st</SUP> Floor</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New
York, NY 10171</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">EF
Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">590
Madison Avenue, 39<SUP>th</SUP> Floor</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New
York, NY 10022</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ladies
and Gentlemen:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Protagenic
Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), confirms its agreement (this &ldquo;<U>Agreement</U>&rdquo;)
with B. Riley Securities, Inc. (&ldquo;<U>BRS</U>&rdquo;) and EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC (&ldquo;<U>EFH</U>&rdquo;;
each of BRS and EFH individually an &ldquo;<U>Agent</U>&rdquo; and collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Agents</U>&rdquo;), as follows:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.
<U>Issuance and Sale of Shares</U>. The Company agrees that, from time to time during</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through the Agents, shares
(the &ldquo;<U>Placement Shares</U>&rdquo;) of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the &ldquo;<U>Common Stock</U>&rdquo;);
<I>provided however, </I>that in no event shall the Company issue or sell through the Agents such number of Placement Shares that (a)
exceeds the number of shares or dollar amount of Common Stock registered on the effective Registration Statement (as defined below) pursuant
to which the offering is being made or (b) exceeds the number of shares or dollar amount registered on the Prospectus Supplement (as
defined below) (the lesser of (a) or (b) the &ldquo;<U>Maximum Amount</U>&rdquo;). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained
herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this <U>Section 1</U> on the number of Placement Shares
issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company and that the Agents shall have no obligation in
connection with such compliance. The issuance and sale of Placement Shares through the Agents will be effected pursuant to the Registration
Statement (as defined below), although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration
Statement to issue any Placement Shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has filed, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and the rules and regulations thereunder
(the &ldquo;<U>Securities Act</U>&rdquo;), with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<U>Commission</U>&rdquo;), a registration
statement on Form S-3, including a base prospectus, relating to certain securities, including the Placement Shares, to be issued from
time to time by the Company, and which incorporates by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with
the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the &ldquo;<U>Exchange Act</U>&rdquo;).
The Company has prepared a prospectus or a prospectus supplement to the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement
specifically relating to the Placement Shares (the &ldquo;<U>Prospectus Supplement</U>&rdquo;). The Company will furnish to the Agents,
for use by the Agents, copies of the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement, as supplemented by the Prospectus
Supplement, relating to the Placement Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement, and any post-effective
amendment thereto, including all documents filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information
contained in a Prospectus (as defined below) subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act
or deemed to be a part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule 430B of the Securities Act, is herein called the &ldquo;<U>Registration
Statement</U>.&rdquo; The base prospectus, including all documents incorporated or deemed incorporated therein by reference to the extent
such information has not been superseded or modified in accordance with Rule 412 under the Securities Act (as qualified by Rule 430B(g)
of the Securities Act), included in the Registration Statement, as it may be supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, in the form in
which such base prospectus and/or Prospectus Supplement have most recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to
Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act is herein called the &ldquo;<U>Prospectus</U>.&rdquo; Any reference herein to the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference
therein, and any reference herein to the terms &ldquo;amend,&rdquo; &ldquo;amendment&rdquo; or &ldquo;supplement&rdquo; with respect
to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing after the execution hereof of any
document with the Commission incorporated by reference therein (the &ldquo;<U>Incorporated Documents</U>&rdquo;).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or to any amendment or supplement thereto shall
be deemed to include the most recent copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval
System, or if applicable, the Interactive Data Electronic Application system when used by the Commission (collectively, &ldquo;<U>EDGAR</U>&rdquo;).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.
<U>Placements</U>. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell Placement Shares hereunder (each, a &ldquo;<U>Placement</U>&rdquo;),
it will notify an Agent (the &ldquo;<U>Designated Agent</U>&rdquo;) by electronic mail (or other method mutually agreed to in writing
by the parties) of the number of Placement Shares to be issued, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation
on the number of Placement Shares that may be sold in any one day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made (a &ldquo;<U>Placement
Notice</U>&rdquo;), the form of which is attached hereto as <U>Schedule 1</U>. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals
from the Company set forth on <U>Schedule 3</U> (with a copy to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule),
and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from the Designated Agent set forth on <U>Schedule 3,</U> as such <U>Schedule 3</U>
may be amended from time to time. The Placement Notice shall be effective immediately upon receipt by the Designated Agent unless and
until (i) the Designated Agent declines to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, within two (2)
Business Days (as defined below) of receipt of such Placement Notice, (ii) the entire amount of the Placement Shares thereunder has been
sold, (iii) the Company suspends or terminates the Placement Notice, which suspension and termination rights may be exercised by the
Company in its sole discretion, or (iv) this Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of <U>Section 13</U>. The amount of any
discount, commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to the Designated Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement
Shares shall be calculated in accordance with the terms set forth in <U>Schedule 2</U>. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that
neither the Company nor the Designated Agent will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares
unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to the Designated Agent and the Designated Agent does not decline such Placement
Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between
the terms of <U>Sections 2</U> or <U>3</U> of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will
control.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.
<U>Sale of Placement Shares by the Agents</U>. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, for the period specified in a Placement
Notice, the Designated Agent will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and
applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market (the &ldquo;<U>Exchange</U>&rdquo;),
to sell the Placement Shares up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The
Designated Agent will provide written confirmation to the Company no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately
following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of Placement Shares sold
on such day, the compensation payable by the Company to the Designated Agent pursuant to <U>Section 2</U> with respect to such sales,
and the Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable to the Company, with an itemization of the deductions made by the Agents (as set forth
in <U>Section 5(b))</U> from the gross proceeds that it receives from such sales. Subject to the terms and limitations set forth in a
Placement Notice, the Designated Agent shall sell Placement Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an &ldquo;at the market
offering&rdquo; as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act. For the purposes hereof, &ldquo;<U>Trading Day</U>&rdquo; means any day
on which shares of Common Stock are purchased and sold on the Exchange.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.
<U>Suspension of Sales</U>. The Company or the Designated Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence
to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <U>Schedule 3</U>, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged
by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable
facsimile transmission or email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <U>Schedule </U>3), suspend
any sale of Placement Shares (a &ldquo;<U>Suspension</U>&rdquo;); <I>provided, however</I>, that such suspension shall not affect or
impair any party&rsquo;s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. While a
Suspension is in effect, any obligation under <U>Sections 7(l)</U>, <U>7(m)</U>, and <U>7(n)</U> with respect to the delivery of certificates,
opinions, or comfort letters to the Agents, shall be waived. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this <U>Section 4</U>
shall be effective against any other party unless it is made to one of the individuals named on <U>Schedule 3</U> hereto, as such Schedule
may be amended from time to time.</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.
<U>Sale and Delivery to the Designated Agent; Settlement</U>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a.
<U>Sale of Placement Shares</U>. On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions
herein set forth, upon the Designated Agent&rsquo;s acceptance of the terms of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement
Shares described therein has been declined, suspended, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Designated
Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its reasonable best efforts consistent with its normal trading and
sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Exchange to sell such Placement Shares
up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Company acknowledges and agrees
that (i) there can be no assurance that the Designated Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares, (ii) the Designated Agent
will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason
other than a failure by the Designated Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales
practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Exchange to sell such Placement Shares as
required under this Agreement, and (iii) the Designated Agent shall not purchase Placement Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this
Agreement, except as otherwise agreed by the Designated Agent and the Company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b.
<U>Settlement of Placement Shares</U>. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement
Shares will occur on the second (2<SUP>nd</SUP>) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for regular-way trading) following
the date on which such sales are made (each, a &ldquo;<U>Settlement Date</U>&rdquo;). The Designated Agent shall notify the Company of
each sale of Placement Shares no later than opening day following the Trading Day that the Designated Agent sold Placement Shares. The
amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the &ldquo;<U>Net
Proceeds</U>&rdquo;) will be equal to the aggregate sales price received by the Designated Agent at which such Placement Shares were
sold, after deduction for (i) the Designated Agent&rsquo;s commission, discount or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company
pursuant to <U>Section 2</U> hereof, and (ii) any transaction fees imposed by any governmental or self-regulatory organization in respect
of such sales.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.
<U>Delivery of Placement Shares</U>. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically
transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting the Designated Agent&rsquo;s or its designee&rsquo;s account (provided the Designated
Agent shall have given the Company written notice of such designee and such designee&rsquo;s account information at least one Trading
Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other
means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered
shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Designated Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds
to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement Date. The Designated Agent will be responsible for obtaining
DWAC instructions or instructions for delivery by other means with regard to the transfer of Placement Shares being sold. The Company
agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver Placement Shares on a Settlement
Date through no fault of the Designated Agent, then in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in <U>Section
11(a)</U> hereto, it will (i) hold the Designated Agent harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or reasonable, documented expense (including
reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company or
its transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii) pay to the Designated Agent (without duplication) any commission, discount, or other compensation
to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d.
<U>Limitations on Offering Size</U>. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares
if, after giving effect to the sale of such Placement Shares, the aggregate number of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement
would exceed the lesser of (A) together with all sales of Placement Shares under this Agreement, the Maximum Amount, (B) the amount available
for offer and sale under the currently effective Registration Statement and (C) the amount authorized from time to time to be issued
and sold under this Agreement by the Company&rsquo;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive
committee, and notified to the Designated Agent in writing. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale
of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company&rsquo;s
board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Designated Agent
in writing.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e.
<U>Sales Through Agents</U>. The Company agrees that any offer to sell, any solicitation of an offer to buy, or any sales of Placement
Shares or any other equity security of the Company shall only be effected by or through an Agent, and only a single Agent, on any single
given date, and in no event shall the Company request that more than one Agent sell Placement Shares on the same day.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6.
<U>Representations and Warranties of the Company</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including the
Incorporated Documents), the Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with each Agent that as of the date of this Agreement and
as of each Applicable Time (as defined below), unless such representation, warranty or agreement specifies a different date or time:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a.
<U>Registration Statement and Prospectus</U>. The transactions contemplated by this Agreement meet the requirements for and comply with
the conditions for the use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement has been filed with the Commission and has
been declared effective under the Securities Act. The Prospectus Supplement will name BRS and EFH as the agents in the section entitled
&ldquo;Plan of Distribution.&rdquo; The Company has not received, and has no notice of, any order of the Commission preventing or suspending
the use of the Registration Statement, or instituting proceedings for that purpose. The Registration Statement and the offer and sale
of Placement Shares as contemplated hereby meet the requirements of Rule 415 under the Securities Act and comply in all material respects
with said Rule. Any statutes, regulations, contracts or other documents that are required to be described in the Registration Statement
or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement have been so described or filed, as applicable. Copies of
the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and any such amendments or supplements and all documents incorporated by reference therein
that were filed with the Commission on or prior to the date of this Agreement have been delivered, or are available through EDGAR, to
the Agents and their counsel. The Company has not distributed and, prior to the later to occur of each Settlement Date and completion
of the distribution of the Placement Shares, will not distribute any offering material in connection with the offering or sale of the
Placement Shares other than the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) to
which the Agents have consented, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed, or that is required by applicable law or
the listing maintenance requirements of the Exchange. The Company has not, in the 12 months preceding the date hereof, received notice
from the Exchange to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of the Exchange. To
the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, it is in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b.
<U>No Misstatement or Omission</U>. At each Settlement Date, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as of such date, will conform
in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. The Registration Statement, when it became effective, did not,
and will not, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary
to make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus and any amendment and supplement thereto, on the date thereof and at each
Applicable Time (defined below), did not or will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact
necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, <I>provided, however</I>,
that the Company makes no warranty or representation with respect to any statement contained in the Prospectus in reliance upon and in
conformity with information furnished in writing from the Agents to the Company expressly for use in the Prospectus. The documents incorporated
by reference in the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement did not, and any further documents filed and incorporated by reference therein
will not, when filed with the Commission, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to
be stated in such document or necessary to make the statements in such document, in light of the circumstances under which they were
made, not misleading. The foregoing shall not apply to statements in, or omissions from, any such document made in reliance upon, and
in conformity with, information furnished to the Company by an Agent specifically for use in the preparation thereof.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.
<U>Conformity with Securities Act and Exchange Act</U>. The Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus
or any amendment or supplement thereto, and the Incorporated Documents, when such documents were or are filed with the Commission under
the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or became or become effective under the Securities Act, as the case may be, conformed or will
conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d.
<U>Financial Information</U>. The consolidated financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus, together with the related notes and schedules, present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated
financial position of the Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined below) as of the dates indicated and the consolidated results of operations,
cash flows and changes in stockholders&rsquo; equity of the Company and the Subsidiaries for the periods specified (subject, in the case
of unaudited statements, to normal year-end audit adjustments which will not be material, either individually or in the aggregate) and
have been prepared in compliance with the published requirements of the Securities Act and Exchange Act, as applicable, and in conformity
with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (&ldquo;<U>GAAP</U>&rdquo;) applied on a consistent basis (except
(i) for such adjustments to accounting standards and practices as are noted therein and (ii) in the case of unaudited interim statements,
to the extent they may exclude footnotes or may be condensed or summary statements) during the periods involved; the other financial
and statistical data with respect to the Company and the Subsidiaries contained or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus, are accurately and fairly presented and prepared on a basis consistent with the financial statements and books and
records of the Company; there are no financial statements (historical or pro forma) that are required to be included or incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement, or the Prospectus that are not included or incorporated by reference as required; the Company
and the Subsidiaries do not have any material liabilities or obligations, direct or contingent (including any off balance sheet obligations),
not described in the Registration Statement, and the Prospectus which are required to be described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus;
and all disclosures contained or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, if any, regarding &ldquo;non-GAAP
financial measures&rdquo; (as such term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply in all material respects with
Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item 10 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, to the extent applicable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e.
<U>Conformity with EDGAR Filing</U>. The Prospectus delivered to the Agents for use in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares
pursuant to this Agreement will be identical to the versions of the Prospectus created to be transmitted to the Commission for filing
via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f.
<U>Organization</U>. The Company and any subsidiary that is a significant subsidiary (as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation
S-X promulgated by the Commission) (each, a &ldquo;<U>Subsidiary</U>,&rdquo; collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Subsidiaries</U>&rdquo;), are,
and will be, duly organized, validly existing as a corporation and in good standing under the laws of their respective jurisdictions
of organization. The Company and the Subsidiaries are duly licensed or qualified as a foreign corporation to do business and are in good
standing under the laws of each other jurisdiction in which their respective ownership or lease of property or the conduct of their respective
businesses requires such license or qualification, and have all corporate power and authority necessary to own or hold their respective
properties and to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, except, in each
case, where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing or have such power or authority would not, individually or in the aggregate,
have a material adverse effect on the assets, business, operations, earnings, properties, condition (financial or otherwise), prospects,
stockholders&rsquo; equity or results of operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, or prevent the consummation
of the transactions contemplated hereby (a &ldquo;<U>Material Adverse Effect</U>&rdquo;).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">g.
<U>Subsidiaries</U>. Except as otherwise disclosed, the Company owns directly or indirectly, all of the equity interests of its Subsidiaries
free and clear of any lien, charge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal or other restriction, and all the equity interests
of the Subsidiaries are validly issued and are fully paid, nonassessable and free of preemptive and similar rights.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">h.
<U>No Violation or Default</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is (i) in violation of its charter or by-laws or similar organizational
documents; (ii) in default, and no event has occurred that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute such a default, in
the due performance or observance of any term, covenant or condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement
or other similar agreement or instrument to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which the Company or any Subsidiary
is bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary is subject; or (iii) in violation of any law or statute
or any judgment, order, rule or regulation of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, except, in the case of
each of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, for any such violation or default that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material
Adverse Effect. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, no other party under any material contract or other agreement to which it or any Subsidiary
is a party is in default in any respect thereunder where such default would have a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i.
<U>No Material Adverse Effect</U>. Since the date of the most recent financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by
reference in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, there has not been (i) any Material Adverse Effect, or any development that would
result in a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) any transaction which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iii)
any obligation or liability, direct or contingent (including any off-balance sheet obligations), incurred by the Company or the Subsidiaries,
which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iv) any material change in the capital stock (other than (A)
the grant of additional options under the Company&rsquo;s existing stock option plans, (B) changes in the number of outstanding Common
Stock of the Company due to the issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into,
Common Stock outstanding on the date hereof, (C) as a result of the issuance of Placement Shares, (D) any repurchases of capital stock
of the Company, (E) as described in a proxy statement filed on Schedule 14A or a Registration Statement on Form S-4, or (F) otherwise
publicly announced) or outstanding long-term indebtedness of the Company or the Subsidiaries or (v) any dividend or distribution of any
kind declared, paid or made on the capital stock of the Company or any Subsidiary, other than in each case above in the ordinary course
of business or as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including any document incorporated by reference therein).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">j.
<U>Capitalization</U>. The issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been validly issued, are fully paid and
non-assessable and, other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, are not subject to any preemptive rights,
rights of first refusal or similar rights. The Company has an authorized, issued and outstanding capitalization as set forth in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus as of the dates referred to therein (other than (i) the grant of additional options and shares under the
Company&rsquo;s existing stock option plans, (ii) changes in the number of outstanding Common Stock of the Company due to the issuance
of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, Common Stock outstanding on the date hereof,
(iii) as a result of the issuance of Placement Shares, or (iv) any repurchases of capital stock of the Company) and such authorized capital
stock conforms to the description thereof set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. The description of the Common Stock
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus is complete and accurate in all material respects. Except as disclosed in or contemplated
by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including any Incorporated Documents), the Company did not have outstanding any rights
(other than stock options or other equity awards under the Company&rsquo;s equity incentive and stock purchase plans) or warrants to
subscribe for, or any securities or obligations convertible into, or exchangeable for, or any contracts or commitments to issue or sell,
any shares of capital stock or other securities.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">k.
<U>S-3 Eligibility</U>. (i) At the time of filing the Registration Statement and (ii) at the time of the most recent amendment thereto
for the purposes of complying with Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act (whether such amendment was by post-effective amendment, incorporated
report filed pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act or form of prospectus), the Company met the then applicable requirements
for use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act, including compliance with General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, as applicable. As of the
close of trading on the Exchange on July 1, 2021, the aggregate market value of the outstanding common equity (as defined in Rule 405)
of the Company held by persons other than affiliates of the Company (pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act, those that directly,
or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, control, or are controlled by, or are under common control with, the Company) (the
&ldquo;<U>Non-Affiliate Shares</U>&rdquo;), was approximately $30,678,313 million (calculated by multiplying (x) $3.37, the price at
which the common equity of the Company was last sold on the Exchange on June 17, 2021 by (y) 9,103,357, the number of Non-Affiliate Shares
outstanding on June 17, 2021). The Company is not a shell company (as defined in Rule 405) and has not been a shell company for at least
12 calendar months previously and if it has been a shell company at any time previously, has filed current Form 10 information (as defined
in Instruction I.B.6. of Form S-3) with the Commission at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting its status as an entity that
is not a shell company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">l.
<U>Authorization; Enforceability</U>. The Company has full legal right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and perform
the transactions contemplated hereby. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and is a legal,
valid and binding agreement of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except to the extent that (i)
enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors&rsquo; rights
generally and by general equitable principles and (ii) the indemnification and contribution provisions of <U>Section 11</U> hereof may
be limited by federal or state securities laws and public policy considerations in respect thereof.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">m.
<U>Authorization of Placement Shares</U>. The Placement Shares, when issued and delivered pursuant to the terms of this Agreement and
the terms approved by the board of directors of the Company or a duly authorized committee thereof, or a duly authorized executive committee,
against payment therefor as provided herein, will be duly and validly authorized and issued and fully paid and nonassessable, free and
clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim (other than any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest
or other claim arising from an act or omission of the Agents or a purchaser), including any statutory or contractual preemptive rights,
resale rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights, and will be registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act. The
Placement Shares, when issued, will conform in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in or incorporated into the
Prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">n.
<U>No Consents Required</U>. No consent, approval, authorization, order, registration or qualification of or with any court or arbitrator
or any governmental or regulatory authority is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement,
and the issuance and sale by the Company of the Placement Shares as contemplated hereby, except for such consents, approvals, authorizations,
orders and registrations or qualifications (i) as may be required under applicable state securities laws or by the by-laws and rules
of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (&ldquo;<U>FINRA</U>&rdquo;) or the Exchange, including any notices that may be required
by the Exchange, in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares by an Agent, (ii) as may be required under the Securities Act and
(iii) as have been previously obtained by the Company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o.
<U>No Preferential Rights</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, (i) no person, as such term is defined
in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act (each, a &ldquo;<U>Person</U>&rdquo;), has the right, contractual
or otherwise, to cause the Company to issue or sell to such Person any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities
of the Company (other than upon the exercise of options or warrants to purchase Common Stock or upon the exercise of options that may
be granted from time to time under the Company&rsquo;s stock option plan), (ii) no Person has any preemptive rights, rights of first
refusal, or any other rights (whether pursuant to a &ldquo;poison pill&rdquo; provision or otherwise) to purchase any Common Stock or
shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company from the Company which have not been duly waived with respect to
the offering contemplated hereby, (iii) no Person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company in
connection with the offer and sale of the Common Stock, and (iv) no Person has the right, contractual or otherwise, to require the Company
to register under the Securities Act any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, or to
include any such shares or other securities in the Registration Statement or the offering contemplated thereby, whether as a result of
the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated thereby or otherwise, except
in each case for such rights as have been waived on or prior to the date hereof.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">p.
<U>Independent Public Accountant</U>. MaloneBailey LLP (the &ldquo;<U>Accountant</U>&rdquo;), whose report on the consolidated financial
statements of the Company is filed with the Commission as part of the Company&rsquo;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with
the Commission and incorporated into the Registration Statement, are and, during the periods covered by their report, were independent
public accountants within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). To the
Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Accountant is not in violation of the auditor independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
(the &ldquo;<U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>&rdquo;) with respect to the Company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">q.
<U>Enforceability of Agreements</U>. All agreements between the Company and third parties expressly referenced in the Prospectus, other
than such agreements that have expired by their terms or whose termination is disclosed in documents filed by the Company on EDGAR, are
legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company and, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, enforceable in accordance with their respective
terms, except to the extent that (i) enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws
affecting creditors&rsquo; rights generally and by general equitable principles and (ii) the indemnification provisions of certain agreements
may be limited by federal or state securities laws or public policy considerations in respect thereof, and except for any unenforceability
that, individually or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">r.
<U>No Litigation</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, there are no legal, governmental or regulatory
actions, suits or proceedings pending, nor, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any legal, governmental or regulatory investigations, including
any proceeding before the United States Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (the &ldquo;<U>FDA</U>&rdquo;)
or comparable federal, state, local or foreign governmental authorities (it being understood that the interaction between the Company
and the FDA and such comparable governmental authorities relating to the clinical development and product approval process shall not
be deemed proceedings for purposes of this representation), to which the Company or a Subsidiary is a party or to which any property
of the Company or any Subsidiary is the subject that, individually or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to the Company or any
Subsidiary, would have a Material Adverse Effect or materially and adversely affect the ability of the Company to perform its obligations
under this Agreement (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Actions</U>&rdquo;); to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, no such Actions are threatened
by any governmental or regulatory authority or threatened by others that, individually or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to
the Company or any Subsidiary, would have a Material Adverse Effect; and there are no current or pending legal, governmental or regulatory
actions, suits or proceedings that are required under the Securities Act to be described in the Prospectus that are not described in
the Prospectus (including any Incorporated Documents). The Company is in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local and foreign
laws, regulations, orders and decrees governing its business as enforced by the FDA, or any other federal, state or foreign agencies
or bodies engaged in the regulation of medical devices, except where noncompliance would not, singularly or in the aggregate, reasonably
be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. All preclinical and clinical studies conducted by or on behalf of the Company to support
clearance for commercialization of the Company&rsquo;s products have been conducted by the Company, or to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge
by third parties, in compliance with all applicable federal, state or foreign laws, rules, orders and regulations, except for such failure
or failures to be in compliance as would not reasonably be expected to have, singularly or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">s.
<U>Licenses and Permits</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries possess or have obtained, all licenses, certificates, consents, orders,
approvals, permits and other authorizations issued by, and have made all declarations and filings with, the appropriate federal, state,
local or foreign governmental or regulatory authorities that are necessary for the ownership or lease of their respective properties
or the conduct of their respective businesses as currently conducted, as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (the
&ldquo;<U>Permits</U>&rdquo;), except where the failure to possess, obtain or make the same would not, individually or in the aggregate,
have a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received written notice of any proceeding relating to revocation
or modification of any such Permit, except where the failure to obtain any such renewal would not, individually or in the aggregate,
have a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">t.
<U>No Material Defaults</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money
or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect.
The Company has not filed a report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act since the filing of its last Annual Report
on Form 10-K, indicating that it (i) has failed to pay any dividend or sinking fund installment on preferred stock or (ii) has defaulted
on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually
or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">u.
<U>Certain Market Activities</U>. Neither the Company, nor any Subsidiary, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any of their respective
directors, officers or controlling persons has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed, or that has constituted or would cause
or result in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate
the sale or resale of the Placement Shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">v.
<U>Broker/Dealer Relationships</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary or any related entities (i) is required to register as a &ldquo;broker&rdquo;
or &ldquo;dealer&rdquo; in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act or (ii) directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries,
controls or is a &ldquo;person associated with a member&rdquo; or &ldquo;associated person of a member&rdquo; (within the meaning set
forth in the FINRA Manual).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">w.
<U>No Reliance</U>. The Company has not relied upon the Agents or legal counsel for the Agents for any legal, tax or accounting advice
in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">x.
<U>Taxes</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have filed all federal, state, local and foreign tax returns which have been required
to be filed and paid or accrued all taxes shown thereon through the date hereof, to the extent that such taxes have become due and are
not being contested in good faith, except where the failure to do so would not have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as otherwise disclosed
in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, no tax deficiency has been determined adversely to the Company or
any Subsidiary which has had, or would have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has no knowledge
of any federal, state or other governmental tax deficiency, penalty or assessment which has been or might be asserted or threatened against
it which would have a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">y.
<U>Title to Real and Personal Property.</U> Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company and the
Subsidiaries have good and valid title in fee simple to all items of real property and good and valid title to all tangible personal
property described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being owned by them that are material to the businesses of the Company
or such Subsidiary, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and claims, except those that (i) do not materially interfere
with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries or (ii) would not, individually or in
the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Any real property described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being leased
by the Company and the Subsidiaries is held by them under valid, existing and enforceable leases, except those that (A) do not materially
interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company or the Subsidiaries or (B) would not, individually
or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">z.
<U>Intellectual Property.</U> Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, (i) the Company and the Subsidiaries
own or possess adequate enforceable rights to use all patents, patent applications, trademarks (both registered and unregistered), trade
names, trademark registrations, service marks, service mark registrations, Internet domain name registrations, copyrights, copyright
registrations, licenses and know-how (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information,
systems or procedures) (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Intellectual Property</U>&rdquo;), necessary for the conduct of their respective
businesses as conducted as of the date hereof; (ii) the Company and the Subsidiaries have not received any written notice of any claim
of infringement or conflict which asserted Intellectual Property rights of others; (iii) there are no pending, or to the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, threatened judicial proceedings or interference proceedings challenging the Company&rsquo;s or any Subsidiary&rsquo;s rights
in or to or the validity of the scope of any of the Company&rsquo;s or its Subsidiaries&rsquo; patents, patent applications or proprietary
information; (iv) to the knowledge of the Company, no other entity or individual has any right or claim in any of the Company&rsquo;s
or any of its Subsidiary&rsquo;s filed patents, patent applications or any patent to be issued therefrom by virtue of any contract, license
or other agreement entered into between such entity or individual and the Company or any Subsidiary or by any non-contractual obligation
other than by written agreements entered into by the Company or any Subsidiary, except for any co-owner of any such patent or patent
application who is listed as such in the records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; and (v) the Company has not received any written
notice of any claim challenging the rights of the Company or its Subsidiaries in or to any Intellectual Property owned, licensed or optioned
by the Company or any Subsidiary; except, in the case of any of clauses (i)-(v) above, as would not, individually or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">aa.
<U>Compliance with Applicable Laws</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries: (A) are and at all times have been in compliance with all statutes,
rules and regulations applicable to the ownership, testing, development, manufacture, packaging, processing, use, distribution, marketing,
labeling, promotion, sale, offer for sale, storage, import, export or disposal of any product under development, manufactured or distributed
by the Company or the Subsidiaries (&ldquo;<U>Applicable Laws</U>&rdquo;), except as could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably
be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, (b) have not received any Form 483 from the FDA, notice of adverse finding, warning letter,
or other written correspondence or notice from the FDA, the European Medicines Agency (the &ldquo;<U>EMA</U>&rdquo;), or any other federal,
state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority alleging or asserting material noncompliance with any Applicable Laws or
any licenses, certificates, approvals, clearances, authorizations, permits and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such
Applicable Laws (&ldquo;<U>Authorizations</U>&rdquo;), which would, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect;
(C) possess all material Authorizations and such Authorizations are valid and in full force and effect and neither the Company nor the
Subsidiaries is in material violation of any term of any such Authorizations; (D) have not received written notice of any claim, action,
suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or other action from the FDA, the EMA, or any other federal, state,
local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority or third party alleging that any Company product, operation or activity is in material
violation of any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and has no knowledge that the FDA, the EMA, or any other federal, state, local or
foreign governmental or regulatory authority or third party is considering any such claim, litigation, arbitration, action, suit, investigation
or proceeding against the Company; (E) have not received written notice that the FDA, EMA, or any other federal, state, local or foreign
governmental or regulatory authority has taken, is taking or intends to take action to limit, suspend, modify or revoke any material
Authorizations and has no knowledge that the FDA, EMA, or any other federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority
is considering such action; and (F) to their knowledge, have filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all reports, documents, forms,
notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments as required by any Applicable Laws or Authorizations
except where the failure to file such reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements
or amendments would not result in a Material Adverse Effect, and that all such reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records,
claims, submissions and supplements or amendments were materially complete and correct on the date filed (or were corrected or supplemented
by a subsequent submission).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">bb.
<U>Compliance Program.</U> The Company has established and administers a compliance program applicable to the Company, to assist the
Company and the directors, officers and employees of the Company in complying with applicable regulatory guidelines (including, without
limitation, those administered by the FDA, the EMA, and any other foreign, federal, state or local governmental or regulatory authority
performing functions similar to those performed by the FDA or EMA); except where such noncompliance would not reasonably be expected
to have a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">cc.
<U>Clinical Studies</U>. The animal and other preclinical studies and clinical trials conducted by the Company or on behalf of the Company
that are described in the Prospectus or the results of which are referred to in the Prospectus were, and, if still pending are, to the
Company&rsquo;s knowledge, being conducted in all material respects in compliance with all Applicable Laws and in accordance with medical
and scientific research procedures that the Company reasonably believes are appropriate; descriptions of the results of such preclinical
studies and clinical trials contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus are accurate and fairly present the data derived
from such preclinical studies and clinical trials, and the Company has no knowledge of any other clinical trials or preclinical studies,
the results of which reasonably call into question the clinical trial or preclinical study results described or referred to in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus when viewed in the context in which such results are described; and the Company has not received any written
notices or correspondence from the FDA, the EMA, or any other domestic or foreign governmental agency requiring the termination, suspension
or modification of any preclinical studies or clinical trials conducted by or on behalf of the Company that are described in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus or the results of which are referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">dd.
<U>Environmental Laws</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance with any and all applicable federal, state, local and
foreign laws, rules, regulations, decisions and orders relating to the protection of human health and safety, the environment or hazardous
or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Environmental Laws</U>&rdquo;); (ii) have received
and are in compliance with all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their
respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; and (iii) have not received notice of any actual
or potential liability for the investigation or remediation of any disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants
or contaminants, except, in the case of any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii) above, for any such failure to comply or failure to receive
required permits, licenses, other approvals or liability as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ee.
<U>Disclosure Controls</U>. The Company has developed and currently maintains disclosure controls and procedures that will comply in
all material respects with Rule 13a-15 or 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, and such controls and procedures are effective to ensure that
all material information concerning the Company will be made known on a timely basis to the individuals responsible for the preparation
of the Company&rsquo;s Exchange Act filings and other public disclosure documents.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ff.
<U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there is and has been no failure on
the part of the Company or, to the knowledge of the Company, any of the Company&rsquo;s directors or officers, in their capacities as
such, to comply in all material respects with any applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations promulgated
thereunder. Each of the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer of the Company (or each former principal executive
officer of the Company and each former principal financial officer of the Company as applicable) has made all certifications required
by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect to all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required
to be filed by it or furnished by it to the Commission during the past 12 months, except for any such failure to file such reports, schedules,
forms, statements or other documents as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of
the preceding sentence, &ldquo;principal executive officer&rdquo; and &ldquo;principal financial officer&rdquo; shall have the meanings
given to such terms in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">gg.
<U>Finder&rsquo;s Fees</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has incurred any liability for any finder&rsquo;s fees, brokerage
commissions or similar payments in connection with the transactions herein contemplated, except as may otherwise exist with respect to
the Agents pursuant to this Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">hh.
<U>Labor Disputes</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, no labor disturbance by or dispute with employees
of the Company or any Subsidiary exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is threatened which would result in a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ii.
<U>Investment Company Act</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is or, after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Placement
Shares, will be required to register as an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; or an entity &ldquo;controlled&rdquo; by an &ldquo;investment
company,&rdquo; as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the &ldquo;<U>Investment Company Act</U>&rdquo;).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">jj.
<U>Operations</U>. The operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance in all material
respects with applicable financial record keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of
1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions to which the Company or the Subsidiaries are subject, the rules
and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental
agency having jurisdiction over the Company (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Money Laundering Laws</U>&rdquo;), except where the failure
to be in such compliance would not result in a Material Adverse Effect; and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental
agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any Subsidiary with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending
or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">kk.
<U>Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements</U>. There are no transactions, arrangements and other relationships between and/or among the Company,
and/or, to the knowledge of the Company, any of its affiliates and any unconsolidated entity, including, but not limited to, any structured
finance, special purpose or limited purpose entity (each, an &ldquo;<U>Off Balance Sheet Transaction</U>&rdquo;) that would affect materially
the Company&rsquo;s liquidity or the availability of or requirements for its capital resources, including those Off Balance Sheet Transactions
described in the Commission&rsquo;s Statement about Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of
Operations (Release Nos. 33-8056; 34-45321; FR-61), required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus which have
not been described as required.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ll.
<U>Underwriter Agreements</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company is not a party to any
agreement with an agent or underwriter for any other &ldquo;at the market&rdquo; or continuous equity transaction.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">mm.
<U>ERISA</U>. To the knowledge of the Company, (i) each material employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section 3(3) of the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (&ldquo;<U>ERISA</U>&rdquo;) that is maintained, administered or contributed to by
the Company or any of its affiliates for employees or former employees of the Company and the Subsidiaries has been maintained in material
compliance with its terms and the requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including but not limited to
ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the &ldquo;<U>Code</U>&rdquo;); (ii) no prohibited transaction, within the meaning
of Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, has occurred which would result in a material liability to the Company with respect
to any such plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative exemption; and (iii) for each such plan that
is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, no &ldquo;accumulated funding deficiency&rdquo; as
defined in Section 412 of the Code has been incurred, whether or not waived, and the fair market value of the assets of each such plan
(excluding for these purposes accrued but unpaid contributions) equals or exceeds the present value of all benefits accrued under such
plan determined using reasonable actuarial assumptions, other than, in the case of clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) above, as would not have
a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">nn.
<U>Forward-Looking Statements</U>. No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section
21E of the Exchange Act) (a &ldquo;<U>Forward-Looking Statement</U>&rdquo;) contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">oo.
<U>Margin Rules</U>. Neither the issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement Shares nor the application of the proceeds thereof by the
Company as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of
the Federal Reserve System.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">pp.
<U>Insurance</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries carry, or are covered by, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as the
Company reasonably believes are adequate for the conduct of their business.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">qq.
<U>No Improper Practices</U>. (i) Neither the Company nor, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries, nor to the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, any of their respective executive officers has, in the past five years, made any unlawful contributions to any candidate for
any political office (or failed fully to disclose any contribution in violation of law) or made any contribution or other payment to
any official of, or candidate for, any federal, state, municipal, or foreign office or other person charged with similar public or quasi-public
duty in violation of any law or of the character required to be disclosed in the Prospectus; (ii) no relationship, direct or indirect,
exists between or among the Company or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries or any affiliate of any of them, on the one
hand, and the directors, officers and stockholders of the Company or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries, on the other
hand, that is required by the Securities Act to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so described;
(iii) no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or the Subsidiaries or any affiliate of them, on the one
hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders or directors of the Company or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries, on
the other hand, that is required by the rules of FINRA to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so
described; (iv) there are no material outstanding loans or advances or material guarantees of indebtedness by the Company or, to the
Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries to or for the benefit of any of their respective officers or directors or any of the members
of the families of any of them; and (v) the Company has not offered, or caused any placement agent to offer, Common Stock to any person
with the intent to influence unlawfully (A) a customer or supplier of the Company or the Subsidiaries to alter the customer&rsquo;s or
supplier&rsquo;s level or type of business with the Company or the Subsidiaries or (B) a trade journalist or publication to write or
publish favorable information about the Company or the Subsidiaries or any of their respective products or services, and, (vi) neither
the Company nor the Subsidiaries nor, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any employee or agent of the Company or the Subsidiaries has
made any payment of funds of the Company or the Subsidiaries or received or retained any funds in violation of any law, rule or regulation
(including, without limitation, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977), which payment, receipt or retention of funds is of a character
required to be disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">rr.
<U>Status Under the Securities Act</U>. The Company was not and is not an ineligible issuer as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities
Act at the times specified in Rules 164 and 433 under the Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ss.
<U>No Misstatement or Omission in an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</U>. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as of its issue date and
as of each Applicable Time (as defined in <U>Section 25</U> below), did not, does not and will not, through the completion of the Placement
or Placements for which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus is issued, include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict
with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any incorporated document deemed to be a part
thereof that has not been superseded or modified. The foregoing sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from any Issuer
Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Agents specifically for
use therein.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">tt.
<U>No Conflicts</U>. Neither the execution of this Agreement, nor the issuance, offering or sale of the Placement Shares, nor the consummation
of any of the transactions contemplated herein, nor the compliance by the Company with the terms and provisions hereof will conflict
with, or will result in a material breach of, any of the terms and provisions of, or has constituted or will constitute a material default
under, or has resulted in or will result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets
of the Company pursuant to the terms of any contract or other agreement to which the Company may be bound or to which any of the property
or assets of the Company is subject, except (i) such conflicts, breaches or defaults as may have been waived and (ii) such conflicts,
breaches and defaults that would not have a Material Adverse Effect; nor will such action result (x) in any violation of the provisions
of the organizational or governing documents of the Company, or (y) in any material violation of the provisions of any statute or any
order, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any court or of any federal, state or other regulatory authority or other government
body having jurisdiction over the Company, except where such violation would not have a Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">uu.
<U>OFAC</U>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.45in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)
Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Entity</U>&rdquo;) nor, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any director,
officer, employee, agent, affiliate or representative of the Entity, is a government, individual, or entity (in this paragraph (uu),
&ldquo;<U>Person</U>&rdquo;) that is, or is owned or controlled by a Person that is:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.45in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)
the subject of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury&rsquo;s Office of Foreign Assets Control (&ldquo;<U>OFAC</U>&rdquo;),
the United Nations Security Council (&ldquo;<U>UNSC</U>&rdquo;), the European Union (&ldquo;<U>EU</U>&rdquo;), Her Majesty&rsquo;s Treasury
(&ldquo;<U>HMT</U>&rdquo;), or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Sanctions</U>&rdquo;), nor</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)
located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of Sanctions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 108.9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)
The Entity will not, directly or indirectly, knowingly use the proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available
such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 108.9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)
to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any Person or in any country or territory that, at the time of such funding
or facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions; or</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)
in any other manner that will result in a violation of Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering, whether
as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 108.9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)
Except as detailed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, for the past five (5) years, the Entity has not knowingly engaged
in and is not now knowingly engaged in any dealing or transactions with any Person, or in any country or territory, that at the time
of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 108.9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.05in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 108.9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">vv.
<U>Stock Transfer Taxes</U>. On each Settlement Date, all material stock transfer or other taxes (other than income taxes) which are
required to be paid in connection with the sale and transfer of the Placement Shares to be sold hereunder will be, or will have been,
fully paid or provided for by the Company and all laws imposing such taxes will be or will have been fully complied with by the Company
in all material respects.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ww.
<U>XBRL</U>. The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission&rsquo;s
rules and guidelines applicable thereto.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
certificate signed by an officer of the Company and delivered to the Agents or to counsel for the Agents pursuant to or in connection
with this Agreement shall be deemed to be a representation and warranty by the Company, as applicable, to the Agents as to the matters
set forth therein.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.
<U>Covenants of the Company</U>. The Company covenants and agrees with the Agents that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a.
<U>Registration Statement Amendments</U>. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus relating to any
Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agents under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement
may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act) (the &ldquo;<U>Prospectus Delivery Period</U>&rdquo;) (i) the Company
will notify the Agents promptly of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated
by reference or amendments not related to any Placement, has been filed with the Commission and/or has become effective or any subsequent
supplement to the Prospectus, other than documents incorporated by reference, has been filed and of any request by the Commission for
any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus related to the Placement or for additional information related
to the Placement, (ii) the Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus relating to
the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares (other than an Incorporated Document) unless a copy thereof
has been submitted to the Agents within a reasonable period of time before the filing and the Agents have not reasonably objected thereto
(<I>provided, however</I>, that (A) the failure of the Agents to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation
or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents&rsquo; right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement
and (B) the Company has no obligation to provide the Agents any advance copy of such filing or to provide the Agents an opportunity to
object to such filing if the filing does not name the Agents or does not relate to the transaction herein provided; and provided, further,
that the only remedy the Agents shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to obtain such consent shall be to cease making
sales under this Agreement) and the Company will furnish to the Agents at the time of filing thereof a copy of any document that upon
filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available
via EDGAR; and (iii) the Company will cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus to be filed with the Commission as required
pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act or, in the case of any document to be incorporated therein
by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed (the determination
to file or not file any amendment or supplement with the Commission under this <U>Section 7(a)</U>, based on the Company&rsquo;s reasonable
opinion or reasonable objections, shall be made exclusively by the Company).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b.
<U>Notice of Commission Stop Orders</U>. During any period beginning with the Acceptance of a Placement Notice and ending after a Prospectus
relating to any Placement Shares is no longer required to be delivered by the Agents under the Securities Act (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company will advise the Agents, promptly
after it receives notice or obtains knowledge thereof, of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness
of the Registration Statement, of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction,
or of the initiation of any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance
of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. The Company will advise the Agents promptly after
it receives any request by the Commission for any amendments to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplements to the Prospectus
or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or for additional information related to the offering of the Placement Shares or for additional
information related to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.
<U>Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes</U>. During the Prospectus Delivery Period, the Company will use its commercially reasonable
efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before
their respective due dates all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the
Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If the Company has omitted
any information from the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 430A under the Securities Act, it will use its commercially reasonable
efforts to comply with the provisions of and make all requisite filings with the Commission pursuant to said Rule 430A and to notify
the Agents promptly of all such filings. If during the Prospectus Delivery Period any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus
as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make
the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during such Prospectus Delivery Period
it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will promptly
notify the Agents to suspend the offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the
Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance;
<I>provided, however</I>, that the Company may delay the filing of any amendment or supplement, if in the judgment of the Company, it
is in the best interest of the Company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d.
<U>Listing of Placement Shares</U>. During the Prospectus Delivery Period, the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to
cause the Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange and to qualify the Placement Shares for sale under the securities laws of such
jurisdictions in the United States as the Agents reasonably designates and to continue such qualifications in effect so long as required
for the distribution of the Placement Shares; <I>provided, however</I>, that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith
to qualify as a foreign corporation or dealer in securities, file a general consent to service of process, or subject itself to taxation
in any jurisdiction if it is not otherwise so subject.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e.
<U>Delivery of Registration Statement and Prospectus</U>. The Company will furnish to the Agents and their counsel (at the reasonable
expense of the Company) copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein)
and all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during the Prospectus
Delivery Period (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated by reference
therein), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as the Agents may from time to time reasonably request
and, at the Agents&rsquo; request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange or market on which sales of the Placement
Shares may be made; <I>provided, however</I>, that the Company shall not be required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus)
to the Agents to the extent such document is available on EDGAR.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f.
<U>Earnings Statement</U>. The Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon as practicable, but in any event
not later than 15 months after the end of the Company&rsquo;s current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement covering a 12-month period
that satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) and Rule 158 of the Securities Act. The Company shall be deemed to satisfy this Section
7(f) through public filings made by the Company using the EDGAR system.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">g.
<U>Use of Proceeds</U>. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled &ldquo;Use of Proceeds.&rdquo;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">h.
<U>Notice of Other Sales</U>. Without the prior written consent of the Agents, the Company will not, directly or indirectly, offer to
sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered
pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire,
Common Stock during the period beginning on the date on which any Placement Notice is delivered to an Agent hereunder and ending on the
third (3rd) Trading Day immediately following the final Settlement Date with respect to Placement Shares sold pursuant to such Placement
Notice (or, if the Placement Notice has been terminated or suspended prior to the sale of all Placement Shares covered by a Placement
Notice, the date of such suspension or termination); and will not directly or indirectly in any other &ldquo;at the market&rdquo; or
continuous equity transaction offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock
(other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock,
warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock prior to the termination of this Agreement; <I>provided, however</I>, that
such restrictions will not apply in connection with the Company&rsquo;s issuance or sale of (i) Common Stock, options to purchase Common
Stock or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options, pursuant to any stock option, or benefits plan, stock ownership plan or
dividend reinvestment plan (but not Common Stock subject to a waiver to exceed plan limits in its dividend reinvestment plan) of the
Company whether now in effect or hereafter implemented; (ii) Common Stock issuable upon conversion of securities or the exercise of warrants,
options or other rights in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR or otherwise in writing
to the Agents, (iii) Common Stock, or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock, offered and sold in a privately negotiated
transaction to vendors, customers, strategic partners or potential strategic partners or other investors conducted in a manner so as
not to be integrated with the offering of Common Stock hereby and (iv) Common Stock in connection with any acquisition, strategic investment
or other similar transaction (including any joint venture, strategic alliance or partnership).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i.
<U>Change of Circumstances</U>. The Company will, at any time during the pendency of a Placement Notice advise the Agents promptly after
it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect
any opinion, certificate, letter or other document required to be provided to the Agents pursuant to this Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">j.
<U>Due Diligence Cooperation</U>. During the term of this Agreement, the Company will cooperate with any reasonable due diligence review
conducted by the Agents or its representatives in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation,
providing information and making available documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the Company&rsquo;s
principal offices, as the Agents may reasonably request.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">k.
<U>Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares</U>. The Company agrees that on such dates as the Securities Act shall
require, the Company will (i) file a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the
Securities Act (each and every date a filing under Rule 424(b) is made, a &ldquo;<U>Filing Date</U>&rdquo;), which prospectus supplement
will set forth, within the relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold through the Agents, the Net Proceeds to the Company and
the compensation payable by the Company to the Agents with respect to such Placement Shares, and (ii) deliver such number of copies of
each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations
of such exchange or market.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">l.
<U>Representation Dates; Certificate</U>. Each time during the term of this Agreement that the Company:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)
amends the Registration Statement by means of a post-effective amendment, or amends or supplements the Prospectus relating to the Placement
Shares (other than by means of incorporation of document(s) by reference to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus);</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)
files an annual report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act (including any Form 10-K/A containing amended audited financial information
or a material amendment to the previously filed Form 10-K);</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)
files its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q under the Exchange Act; or</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iv)
files a current report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than information &ldquo;furnished&rdquo; pursuant
to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or to provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K relating to the reclassification of certain
properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144) under the Exchange Act;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Each
date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (i) through (iv) shall be a &ldquo;<U>Representation Date</U>&rdquo;)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
Company shall furnish the Agents (but in the case of clause (iv) above only if the Agents reasonably determine that the information contained
in such Form 8-K is material) with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit 7(l)</U>, within five (5) Trading Days of
each Representation Date. The requirement to provide a certificate under this <U>Section 7(l)</U> shall be waived for any Representation
Date occurring at a time at which no Placement Notice is pending, which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of the date
the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and the
next occurring Representation Date on which the Company files its annual report on Form 10-K. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (i) upon
the delivery of the first Placement Notice hereunder and (ii) if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following
a Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide the Agents with a certificate under this <U>Section
7(l)</U>, then before an Agent sells any Placement Shares, the Company shall provide the Agents with a certificate, in the form attached
hereto as <U>Exhibit 7(l)</U>, dated the date of the Placement Notice.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">m.
<U>Legal Opinion</U>. On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice given hereunder the Company shall cause to be furnished to
the Agents a written opinion and a negative assurance letter of Duane Morris LLP (&ldquo;<U>Company Counsel</U>&rdquo;), or other counsel
reasonably satisfactory to the Agents, each in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agents. Thereafter, within five (5)
Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached
hereto as Exhibit 7(l) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agents a written letter of Company
Counsel, in form and substance reasonably acceptable to the Agents and its counsel, modified as necessary to relate to the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">n.
<U>Comfort Letter</U>. On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice given hereunder and thereafter within five (5) Trading Days
after each subsequent Representation Date under Section 7(l)(ii) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause its independent
accountants to furnish to the Agents a letter, dated as of such date, in a form reasonably acceptable to the Agents and its counsel confirming
that they are an independent public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the PCAOB and that: (i) in their opinion
the audited financial statements and financial statement schedules included or incorporated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
and audited by them comply as to form in all material respects with the applicable accounting requirements of the Securities Act and
the Exchange Act and the related published rules and regulations, (ii) nothing has come to their attention which caused them to believe
that the information included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus in response to Regulation S-K, Item 301 (Selected Financial
Data), Item 302 (Supplementary Financial Information) and Item 503(d) (Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges) is not in conformity with
the applicable disclosure requirements of Regulation S-K and (iii) they have performed certain other specified procedures as a result
of which they determined that certain information of an accounting, financial or statistical nature (which is limited to accounting,
financial or statistical information derived from the general accounting records of the Company and its subsidiaries) set forth in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus, including the information included or incorporation in Items 1, 2, 6, 7, 7A, 11 and 13 of
the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K, incorporated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, and the information included
in the &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&rdquo; included in each of
the Company&rsquo;s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, incorporated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, agrees with the accounting
records of the Company and its subsidiaries, excluding any questions of legal interpretation. References to the Prospectus in this paragraph
include any supplement thereto at the date of the letter.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o.
<U>Market Activities</U>. The Company will not, directly or indirectly, (i) take any action designed to cause or result in, or that constitutes
or would constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of
Common Stock or (ii) sell, bid for, or purchase Common Stock in violation of Regulation M, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting
purchases of the Placement Shares other than the Agents.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">p.
<U>Investment Company Act</U>. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that it will not be or
become, at any time prior to the termination of this Agreement, an &ldquo;investment company,&rdquo; as such term is defined in the Investment
Company Act, assuming no change in the Commission&rsquo;s current interpretation as to entities that are not considered an investment
company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">q.
<U>No Offer to Sell</U>. Neither of the Agents nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Agents in their
capacity as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written communication (as defined in Rule 405), required
to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8.
<U>Representations and Covenants of the Agents</U>. Each Agent represents and warrants that it is duly registered as a broker-dealer
under FINRA, the Exchange Act and the applicable statutes and regulations of each state in which the Placement Shares will be offered
and sold, except such states in which such Agent is exempt from registration or such registration is not otherwise required. Each Agent
shall continue, for the term of this Agreement, to be duly registered as a broker-dealer under FINRA, the Exchange Act and the applicable
statutes and regulations of each state in which the Placement Shares will be offered and sold, except such states in which it is exempt
from registration, or such registration is not otherwise required, during the term of this Agreement. Each Agent shall comply with all
applicable law and regulations in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including the issuance and sale through
such Agent of the Placement Shares, except where the failure to comply would not have a material impact on the transactions contemplated
by the Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9.
<U>Payment of Expenses</U>. The Company will pay all expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement relating
to (i) the preparation, filing, including any fees required by the Commission, and printing of the Registration Statement (including
financial statements and exhibits) as originally filed and of each amendment and supplement thereto and each Free Writing Prospectus,
in such number as the Agents shall deem reasonably necessary, (ii) the printing and delivery to the Agents of copies of the Prospectus
and any amendments or supplements thereto, (iii) the preparation, issuance and delivery of the Placement Shares, (iv) the qualification
of the Placement Shares under securities laws in accordance with the provisions of Section 7(d) of this Agreement, including filing fees,
(v) the filing fees incident to any review by FINRA of the terms of the sale of the Placement Shares, and (vi) the fees and expenses
incurred in connection with the listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.
<U>Conditions to the Agents&rsquo; Obligations</U>. The obligations of the Agents hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject
to the continuing accuracy and completeness of the representations and warranties made by the Company herein (other than those representations
and warranties made as of a specified date or time), to the due performance in all material respects by the Company of its obligations
hereunder, to the completion by the Agents of a due diligence review satisfactory to it in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing
reasonable satisfaction (or waiver by the Agents in their sole discretion) of the following additional conditions:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a.
<U>Registration Statement Effective</U>. The Registration Statement shall remain effective and shall be available for the sale of all
Placement Shares contemplated to be issued by any Placement Notice.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b.
<U>No Material Notices</U>. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company of any request
for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority during the period of effectiveness
of the Registration Statement, the response to which would require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement
or the Prospectus; (ii) the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority of any stop order suspending
the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii) receipt by the Company of
any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for
sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation of, or a threat to initiate, any proceeding for such purpose; or (iv) the occurrence of any
event that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document untrue
in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any material Incorporated
Document so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material fact or
omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading and, that in
the case of the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material fact
or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
under which they were made, not misleading.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.
<U>No Misstatement or Material Omission</U>. The Agents shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus,
or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Agents&rsquo; reasonable opinion is material,
or omits to state a fact that in the Agents&rsquo; reasonable opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary
to make the statements therein not misleading.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d.
<U>Material Changes</U>. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company&rsquo;s reports filed with the Commission,
there shall not have been any Material Adverse Effect, or any development that would cause a Material Adverse Effect, or a downgrading
in or withdrawal of the rating assigned to any of the Company&rsquo;s securities (other than asset backed securities) by any &ldquo;nationally
recognized statistical rating organization,&rdquo; as such term is defined by the Commission for purposes of Rule 436(g)(2) under the
Securities Act (a &ldquo;<U>Rating Organization</U>&rdquo;), or a public announcement by any Rating Organization that it has under surveillance
or review its rating of any of the Company&rsquo;s securities (other than asset backed securities), the effect of which, in the case
of any such action by a Rating Organization described above, in the reasonable judgment of the Agents (without relieving the Company
of any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is so material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the
offering of the Placement Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e.
<U>Legal Opinion</U>. The Agents shall have received the opinion and negative assurance letter of Company Counsel required to be delivered
pursuant to <U>Section 7(m)</U> on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinion and negative assurance letter are required
pursuant to <U>Section 7(m)</U>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f.
<U>Comfort Letter</U>. The Agents shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant <U>Section 7(n)</U> on or
before the date on which such delivery of such letter is required pursuant to <U>Section 7(n)</U>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">g.
<U>Representation Certificate</U>. The Agents shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to <U>Section 7(l)
</U>on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to <U>Section 7(l)</U>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">h.
<U>Secretary&rsquo;s Certificate</U>. On or prior to the first Representation Date, the Agents shall have received a certificate, signed
on behalf of the Company by its corporate Secretary, in form and substance satisfactory to the Agents and their counsel.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i.
<U>No Suspension</U>. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on the Exchange and the Common Stock shall not have been
delisted from the Exchange.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">j.
<U>Other Materials</U>. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to <U>Section 7(l)</U>, the Company
shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to furnish to the Agents such appropriate further information, certificates and documents
as the Agents may reasonably request and which are usually and customarily furnished by an issuer of securities in connection with a
securities offering of the type contemplated hereby. All such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents will be in compliance
with the provisions hereof.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">k.
<U>Securities Act Filings Made</U>. All filings with the Commission required by Rule 424 under the Securities Act to have been filed
prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing
by Rule 424.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">l.
<U>Approval for Listing</U>. The Placement Shares shall either have been approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to notice
of issuance, or the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at, or prior to, the
issuance of any Placement Notice.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">m.
<U>No Termination Event</U>. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit the Agents to terminate this Agreement pursuant
to <U>Section 13(a)</U>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11.
<U>Indemnification and Contribution</U>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)
<U>Company Indemnification</U>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Agent, its partners, members, directors, officers,
employees and agents and each person, if any, who controls each Agent within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section
20 of the Exchange Act as follows:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)
against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, arising out of or based upon
any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto),
or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein
not misleading or arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included in any related Issuer Free
Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material
fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)
against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, to the extent of the aggregate
amount paid in settlement of any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened,
or of any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or omission; provided
that (subject to <U>Section 11(d)</U> below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company, which consent shall
not unreasonably be delayed or withheld; and</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)
against any and all expense whatsoever, as incurred (including the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees and disbursements of
counsel), reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by
any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or
any such alleged untrue statement or omission, to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i) or (ii) above,</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>provided,
however</I>, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, liability, claim, damage or expense to the extent arising out
of any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made solely in reliance upon and in conformity with written
information furnished to the Company by or on behalf of any Agent expressly for use in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto),
or in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)
<U>Indemnification by the Agents</U>. Each Agent agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and officers, and
each person, if any, who (i) controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange
Act or (ii) is controlled by or is under common control with the Company against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense
described in the indemnity contained in <U>Section 11(a)</U>, as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or
alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendments thereto) or in any related Issuer Free
Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating
to such Agent and furnished to the Company in writing by such Agent expressly for use therein.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)
<U>Procedure</U>. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this <U>Section 11</U> will, promptly after receipt
of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or
parties under this <U>Section 11</U>, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all
papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i) any liability that
it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this <U>Section 11</U> and (ii) any liability that it may have to any indemnified
party under the foregoing provisions of this <U>Section 11</U> unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture
of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party and it notifies
the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects
by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the commencement of the action from the indemnified
party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory
to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the defense,
the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any legal or other expenses except as provided below. The indemnified
party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will
be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (1) the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing
by the indemnifying party, (2) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel) that there may be legal defenses
available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3)
a conflict or potential conflict of interest exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party
and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf
of the indemnified party) or (4) the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action within
a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket
fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the
indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable
for the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm admitted to practice
in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees,
disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly after the indemnifying party receives a written
invoice relating to fees, disbursements and other charges in reasonable detail. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable
for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written
consent of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action
or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this <U>Section 11</U> (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto),
unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising
or that may arise out of such claim, action or proceeding.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)
<U>Contribution</U>. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for
in the foregoing paragraphs of this <U>Section 11</U> is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable
from the Company or an Agent, the Company and such Agent will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages
(including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of,
any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons other
than the Agents, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, officers of the
Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company
and the Agents may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on
the one hand and such Agent on the other hand. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and such Agent on the other
hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total Net Proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses)
received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by the Agents (before deducting expenses) from the sale of Placement
Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law,
the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred
to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the such Agent, on the other hand, with
respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof,
as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference
to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a
material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or such Agent, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access
to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and each Agent agree that it would not be
just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this <U>Section 11(d)</U> were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other
method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an
indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this
<U>Section 11(d)</U> shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this <U>Section 11(d)</U>, any legal or other expenses reasonably
incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent with
<U>Section 11(c)</U> hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this <U>Section 11(d)</U>, an Agent shall not be required to
contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by it under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation
(within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such
fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this <U>Section 11(d)</U>, any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the
meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, and any officers, directors, partners, employees or agents of an Agent, will have
the same rights to contribution as that party, and each officer who signed the Registration Statement and director of the Company will
have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution,
promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be
made under this <U>Section 11(d)</U>, will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to
so notify will not relieve that party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under
this <U>Section 11(d)</U> except to the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights
or defenses of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of <U>Section
11(c)</U> hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if
such consent is required pursuant to <U>Section 11(c)</U> hereof.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12.
<U>Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery</U>. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section 11 of this
Agreement and all representations and warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as
of their respective dates, regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of the Agents, any controlling persons, or the Company
(or any of their respective officers, directors or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment
therefor or (iii) any termination of this Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13.
<U>Termination</U>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a.
Each Agent may terminate this Agreement as to such Agent, by notice to the Company, as hereinafter specified at any time (1) if there
has been, since the time of execution of this Agreement or since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, any Material
Adverse Effect, or any development that has actually occurred and that would have a Material Adverse Effect that, in the reasonable judgment
of such Agent, would make it impractical to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares,
(2) the Company shall have failed, refused or been unable to perform any agreement on its part to be performed hereunder; <I>provided,
however</I>, in the case of any failure of the Company to deliver (or cause another person to deliver) any certification, opinion or
letter required under Sections 7(l), 7(m) or 7(n), such Agent&rsquo;s right to terminate shall not arise unless (A) such failure to deliver
(or cause to be delivered) continues for more than thirty days from the date such delivery was required; and (B) such Agent has not waived
such requirement; and (C) the Company has not completed performance prior to such Agent&rsquo;s communication to the Company of such
Agent&rsquo;s intent to terminate, (iii) any other condition of such Agent&rsquo;s obligations hereunder is not fulfilled, or (iv) any
suspension, or limitation of trading in the Placement Shares or in securities generally on the Exchange shall have occurred. Any such
termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <U>Section 9</U> (Payment of Expenses),
<U>Section 11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section 12</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section
18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <U>Section 19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force
and effect notwithstanding such termination. If an Agent elects to terminate this Agreement as provided in this Section 13(a), such Agent
shall provide the required notice as specified in Section 14 (Notices).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b.
The Company shall have the right, by giving five (5) days&rsquo; notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement in its sole
discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party
except that the provisions of <U>Section 9</U> (Payment of Expenses), <U>Section 11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section
12</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section 18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <U>Section
19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.
Each Agent shall have the right, by giving five (5) days&rsquo; notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement as to such
Agent in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party
to any other party except that the provisions of <U>Section 9</U> (Payment of Expenses), <U>Section 11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution),
<U>Section 12</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section 18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial)
and <U>Section 19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d.
Unless earlier terminated pursuant to this <U>Section 13</U>, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the issuance and sale
of all of the Placement Shares through the Agents on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein except that the provisions
of <U>Section 9</U> (Payment of Expenses), <U>Section 11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section 12</U> (Representations and
Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section 18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <U>Section 19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction)
hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e.
This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to <U>Sections 13(a)</U>, <U>(b</U>), <U>(c</U>), or
<U>(d)</U> above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; <I>provided, however</I>, that any such termination by mutual agreement
shall in all cases be deemed to provide that <U>Section 9</U> (Payment of Expenses), <U>Section 11</U> (Indemnification and Contribution),
<U>Section 12</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section 18</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial)
and <U>Section 19</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) shall remain in full force and effect. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company
shall not have any liability to an Agent for any discount, commission or other compensation with respect to any Placement Shares not
otherwise sold by an Agent under this Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f.
Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; <I>provided, however</I>, that
such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Agents or the Company,
as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement Shares
shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14.
<U>Notices</U>. All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the
terms of this Agreement shall be in writing, unless otherwise specified, and if sent to the Agents, shall be delivered to:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">B.
Riley Securities, Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">299
Park Avenue, 7<SUP>th</SUP> Floor</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New
York, NY 10171</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Attention:
General Counsel</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Telephone:
(212) 457-9947</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Email:
atmdesk@brileyfin.com</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">EF
Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">590
Madison Avenue, 39<SUP>th</SUP> Floor</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New
York, NY 10022</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Attention:
Joseph T. Rallo</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Telephone:
(917) 855-5924</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Email:
jrallo@efhuttongroup.com</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">with
a copy to:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
NBD Group, Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">350
N. Glendale Avenue, Ste B522</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Glendale,
CA 91206</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Attention:
Sara L. Terheggen</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Telephone:
(310) 890-0110</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Email:
st@nbdpro.com</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">and
if to the Company, shall be delivered to:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Protagenic
Therapeutics, Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">149
Fifth Avenue</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New
York, New York. 10010</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Attn:
Garo Armen, Executive Chairman</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Email:
armen@agenusbio.com</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">with
a copy to:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Duane
Morris LLP</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1540
Broadway</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New
York, New York 10036</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Attn:
Dean M. Colucci, Esq.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Email:
dmcolucci@duanemorris.com</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Each
party to this Agreement may change such address for notices by sending to the parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address
for such purpose. Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i) when delivered personally, by email, or by verifiable
facsimile transmission on or before 4:30 p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day or, if such day is not a Business Day, on the next
succeeding Business Day, (ii) on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iii) on
the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid).
For purposes of this Agreement, &ldquo;<U>Business Day</U>&rdquo; shall mean any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks in the
City of New York are open for business.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15.
<U>Successors and Assigns</U>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and each Agent and their
respective successors and the affiliates, controlling persons, officers and directors referred to in <U>Section 11</U> hereof. References
to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing
in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors
and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided
in this Agreement. Neither the Company nor the Agents may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written
consent of the other party.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16.
<U>Adjustments for Stock Splits</U>. The parties acknowledge and agree that all share-related numbers contained in this Agreement shall
be adjusted to take into account any share consolidation, stock split, stock dividend, corporate domestication or similar event effected
with respect to the Placement Shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.
<U>Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability</U>. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement
Notices issued pursuant hereto) constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings,
both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof
may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and the Agents. In the event that any one or more of the
provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written by
a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent that it is
valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal or
unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder
of the terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18.
<U>GOVERNING LAW AND TIME; WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL</U>. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF
THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO THE PRINCIPLES OF CONFLICTS OF LAWS. SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY TIME. THE
COMPANY AND EACH AGENT EACH HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL
BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19.
<U>CONSENT TO JURISDICTION</U>. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY SUBMITS TO THE NON-EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF THE STATE AND FEDERAL COURTS
SITTING IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY TRANSACTION
CONTEMPLATED HEREBY, AND HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, AND AGREES NOT TO ASSERT IN ANY SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING, ANY CLAIM THAT IT IS
NOT PERSONALLY SUBJECT TO THE JURISDICTION OF ANY SUCH COURT, THAT SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS BROUGHT IN AN INCONVENIENT FORUM
OR THAT THE VENUE OF SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS IMPROPER. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES PERSONAL SERVICE OF PROCESS AND
CONSENTS TO PROCESS BEING SERVED IN ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING BY MAILING A COPY THEREOF (CERTIFIED OR REGISTERED MAIL, RETURN
RECEIPT REQUESTED) TO SUCH PARTY AT THE ADDRESS IN EFFECT FOR NOTICES TO IT UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND AGREES THAT SUCH SERVICE SHALL CONSTITUTE
GOOD AND SUFFICIENT SERVICE OF PROCESS AND NOTICE THEREOF. NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE DEEMED TO LIMIT IN ANY WAY ANY RIGHT TO
SERVE PROCESS IN ANY MANNER PERMITTED BY LAW.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20.
<U>Use of Information</U>. The Agents may not use any information gained in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement, including due diligence, to advise any party with respect to transactions not expressly approved by the Company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21.
<U>Counterparts</U>. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of
which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made
by facsimile transmission or email of a .pdf attachment.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22.
<U>Effect of Headings</U>. The section, Schedule and Exhibit headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction
hereof.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.
<U>Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. The Company represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior consent of
the Agents, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, and the Agents represents, warrants and agrees
that, unless it obtains the prior consent of the Company, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, it
has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Placement Shares that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or
that would otherwise constitute a &ldquo;free writing prospectus,&rdquo; as defined in Rule 405, required to be filed with the Commission.
Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Agents or by the Company, as the case may be, is hereinafter referred to as a &ldquo;Permitted
Free Writing Prospectus.&rdquo; The Company represents and warrants that it has treated and agrees that it will treat each Permitted
Free Writing Prospectus as an &ldquo;issuer free writing prospectus,&rdquo; as defined in Rule 433, and has complied and will comply
with the requirements of Rule 433 applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including timely filing with the Commission where
required, legending and record keeping.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24.
<U>Absence of Fiduciary Relationship</U>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a.
Each Agent is acting solely as agent in connection with the public offering of the Placement Shares and in connection with each transaction
contemplated by this Agreement and the process leading to such transactions, and no fiduciary or advisory relationship between the Company
or any of its respective affiliates, stockholders (or other equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party, on the one hand,
and the Agents, on the other hand, has been or will be created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement,
irrespective of whether or not the Agents have advised or are advising the Company on other matters, and the Agents have no obligation
to the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b.
it is capable of evaluating and understanding, and understands and accepts, the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.
the Agents have not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement
and it has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d.
it is aware that each Agent and its affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests that differ from
those of the Company and such Agent has no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary,
advisory or agency relationship or otherwise; and</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e.
it waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against the Agents for breach of fiduciary duty or alleged
breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the sale of Placement Shares under this Agreement and agrees that the Agents shall not have
any liability (whether direct or indirect, in contract, tort or otherwise) to it in respect of such a fiduciary duty claim or to any
person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on its behalf or in right of it or the Company, employees or creditors of Company, other than
in respect of the Agents&rsquo; obligations under this Agreement and to keep information provided by the Company to the Agents and their
counsel confidential to the extent not otherwise publicly-available.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25.
<U>Definitions</U>. As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<U>Applicable
Time</U>&rdquo; means (i) each Representation Date and (ii) the time of each sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<U>Issuer
Free Writing Prospectus</U>&rdquo; means any &ldquo;issuer free writing prospectus,&rdquo; as defined in Rule 433, relating to the Placement
Shares that (1) is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company, (2) is a &ldquo;road show&rdquo; that is a &ldquo;written
communication&rdquo; within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i) whether or not required to be filed with the Commission, or (3) is exempt
from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a description of the Placement Shares or of the offering that does not
reflect the final terms, in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed,
in the form retained in the Company&rsquo;s records pursuant to Rule 433(g) under the Securities Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<U>Rule
172</U>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<U>Rule 405</U>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<U>Rule 415</U>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<U>Rule 424</U>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<U>Rule 424(b)</U>,&rdquo;
&ldquo;<U>Rule 430B</U>,&rdquo; and &ldquo;<U>Rule 433</U>&rdquo; refer to such rules under the Securities Act.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information that is &ldquo;contained,&rdquo; &ldquo;included&rdquo;
or &ldquo;stated&rdquo; in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (and all other references of like import) shall be deemed to
mean and include all such financial statements and schedules and other information that is incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus, as the case may be.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
references in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall
be deemed to include the copy filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; all references in this Agreement to any Issuer Free Writing
Prospectus (other than any Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses that, pursuant to Rule 433, are not required to be filed with the Commission)
shall be deemed to include the copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; and all references in this Agreement to &ldquo;supplements&rdquo;
to the Prospectus shall include, without limitation, any supplements, &ldquo;wrappers&rdquo; or similar materials prepared in connection
with any offering, sale or private placement of any Placement Shares by the Agent outside of the United States</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26.
<U>No Partnership, Joint Venture, Etc</U>. Each of the Agents is engaged hereunder severally and not as the partner, joint venture or
joint participant of any other Agent. No Agent undertakes to monitor, audit, investigate, question or review the actions or performance
of any other Agent. No Agent shall have liability hereunder for the actions or omissions of any other Agent.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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of the page intentionally left blank]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding between the Company and the Agents, please so indicate in the space provided below
for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement between the Company and the Agents.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 274.5pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 274.5pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 45%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Alexander K. Arrow</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Alexander K. Arrow</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>ACCEPTED as of the date first-above
    written:</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>B. RILEY SECURITIES, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Patrice McNicoll</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Patrice McNicoll</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Co-Head of Investment Banking</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>EF HUTTON, DIVISION OF BENCHMARK INVESTMENTS,
    LLC</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Sam Fleischman</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Sam Fleischman</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Supervisory Principal</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 274.5pt; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 274.5pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>SCHEDULE
1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FORM
    OF PLACEMENT</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">NOTICE</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 25%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 0.75in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">From:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Protagenic
    Therapeutics, Inc.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[<I>Designated
    Agent</I>]</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subject:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
    Market Issuance&mdash;Placement Notice</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ladies
and Gentlemen:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement between Protagenic Therapeutics,
Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), and B. Riley Securities, Inc. (&ldquo;<U>BRS</U>&rdquo;) and EF
Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC (&ldquo;<U>EFH</U>&rdquo;; each of BRS and EFH individual an
&ldquo;<U>Agent</U>&rdquo; and collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Agents</U>&rdquo;), dated July 2, 2021, the Company hereby requests that
[<I>identify Designated Agent</I>] sell up to [____] of the Company&rsquo;s Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, at a minimum
market price of $&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; per share, during the time period beginning [month,
day, time] and ending [month, day, time].</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SCHEDULE
2</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B></B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Compensation</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B></B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company shall pay to the Designated Agent in cash, upon each sale of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, an amount equal to
3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of Placement Shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SCHEDULE
3&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Notice
Parties</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B></B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>The
    Company</U></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Garo
    Armen</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Garo.Armen@agenusbio.com</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Alexander
    Arrow</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">alex.arrow@protagenic.com</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>B.
    Riley Securities</U></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Michael
    Borja</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>mborja@brileyfin.com</U></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Mike
    Andryca</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>mandryca@brileyfin.com</U></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Keith
    Pompliano</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>kpompliano@brileyfin.com</U></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Scott
    Ammaturo</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>sammaturo@brileyfin.com</U></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">with a copy to ATMDESK@BRILEYFIN.COM</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><U>EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC</U></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ed
    Tsuker</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">etsuker@efhuttongroup.com</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">with a copy to <FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">syndicategroup@efhuttongroup.com</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><U>EXHIBIT
7(l)</U></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Form
of Representation Date Certificate</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>___________,
20___</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.45in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
Representation Date Certificate (this &ldquo;<U>Certificate</U>&rdquo;) is executed and delivered in connection with <U>Section 7(l)
</U>of the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the &ldquo;<U>Agreement</U>&rdquo;), dated July 2, 2021, and entered into between Protagenic
Therapeutics, Inc. (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), B. Riley Securities, Inc. (&ldquo;<U>BRS</U>&rdquo;) and EF Hutton, division of
Benchmark Investments, LLC (&ldquo;<U>EFH</U>&rdquo;; each of BRS and EFH individually an &ldquo;<U>Agent</U>&rdquo; and collectively,
the &ldquo;<U>Agents</U>&rdquo;). All capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms in the
Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.45in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company hereby certifies as follows:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.
As of the date of this Certificate (i) the Registration Statement does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading and (ii) neither
the Registration Statement nor the Prospectus contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required
to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made,
not misleading and (iii) no event has occurred as a result of which it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus in order to
make the statements therein not untrue or misleading for this paragraph 1 to be true.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.
Each of the representations and warranties of the Company contained in the Agreement were, when originally made, and are, as of the date
of this Certificate, true and correct in all material respects.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.
Except as waived by the Agents in writing, each of the covenants required to be performed by the Company in the Agreement on or prior
to the date of the Agreement, this Representation Date, and each such other date prior to the date hereof as set forth in the Agreement,
has been duly, timely and fully performed in all material respects and each condition required to be complied with by the Company on
or prior to the date of the Agreement, this Representation Date, and each such other date prior to the date hereof as set forth in the
Agreement has been duly, timely and fully complied with in all material respects.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.
Subsequent to the date of the most recent financial statements in the Prospectus, and except as described in the Prospectus, including
Incorporated Documents, there has been no Material Adverse Effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.
No stop order suspending (a) the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or of any part thereof or (b) the qualification or registration
of the Placement Shares under the securities or Blue Sky laws of any jurisdiction has been issued, and, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge,
no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or are pending or threatened by any securities or other governmental authority (including,
without limitation, the Commission).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
undersigned has executed this Representation Date Certificate as of the date first written above.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase"><B>Protagenic
    Therapeutics,</B></FONT><B> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">INC.</FONT></B></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 45%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:
    </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3.1in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>ex5-1.htm
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
5.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; width: 25%; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">NEW
                                            YORK</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">LONDON</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SINGAPORE
                                            PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO WASHINGTON, DC</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SAN
                                            FRANCISCO SILICON VALLEY</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SAN
                                            DIEGO</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SHANGHAI</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">TAIWAN
                                            BOSTON HOUSTON</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">LOS
                                            ANGELES</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">HANOI</FONT></P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">HO
                                            CHI MINH CITY</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><IMG SRC="ex5-1_001.jpg" ALT=""></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>FIRM
    and AFFILIATE OFFICES</I></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 25%; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ATLANTA<BR>
                                            BALTIMORE<BR>
                                            WILMINGTON<BR>
                                            MIAMI<BR>
                                            BOCA RATON<BR>
                                            PITTSBURGH<BR>
                                            NEWARK<BR>
                                            LAS VEGAS<BR>
                                            CHERRY HILL<BR>
                                            LAKE TAHOE<BR>
                                            MYANMAR<BR>
                                            OMAN</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: italic 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
    GCC REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE<BR>
    OF DUANE MORRIS<BR>
    <BR></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ALLIANCES
    IN MEXICO<BR>
    AND SRI LANKA</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">www.duanemorris.com</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July
2, 2021</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Protagenic
Therapeutics, Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">149
Fifth Avenue</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New
York, NY 10010</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Re:
Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. &ndash; Registration Statement on Form S-3</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ladies
and Gentlemen:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have acted as special counsel to Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<B>Company</B>&rdquo;), in connection
with the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated July 2, 2021 (the &ldquo;<B>Agreement</B>&rdquo;), by and among B. Riley Securities,
Inc. and EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC, as sales agent, and the Company, pursuant to which the Company may issue
and sell up to an aggregate of $10,000,000 of shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the &ldquo;<B>Common Stock</B>&rdquo;).
The Common Stock is being offered and sold pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No.
333-256790), initially filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B>Commission</B>&rdquo;) on June
4, 2021, as amended on June 21, 2021, and declared effective on June 23, 2021 (the &ldquo;<B>Registration Statement</B>&rdquo;), in accordance
with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder
(collectively, the &ldquo;<B>Act</B>&rdquo;), relating to the issuance and sale of the Common Stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
purposes of rendering this opinion, we have examined originals or copies (certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction) of (i)
the Registration Statement, including the prospectus contained therein (the &ldquo;<B>Base Prospectus</B>&rdquo;); (ii) the prospectus
supplement, dated July 2, 2021, in the form filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act (the &ldquo;<B>Prospectus
Supplement</B>,&rdquo; together with the Base Prospectus and the documents incorporated and deemed to be incorporated by reference therein,
herein collectively referred to as the &ldquo;<B>Prospectus</B>&rdquo;); (iii) the Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation
(&ldquo;<B>Company&rsquo;s Certificate of Incorporation</B>&rdquo;); (iv) the Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (&ldquo;<B>Company&rsquo;s
Bylaws</B>&rdquo;); and (v) records of proceedings of the Board of Directors, or committees thereof. We have also examined such other
certificates of public officials, such other certificates of officers of the Company and such other records, agreements, documents and
instruments as we have deemed relevant and necessary as a basis for the opinions hereafter set forth. In rendering such opinion, we have
relied as to factual matters upon the representations, warranties and other statements made in the Sales Agreement without having independently
verified such factual matters.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><IMG SRC="ex5-1_002.jpg" ALT=""></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July
2, 2021</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Page
2</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subject
to the foregoing and the other matters set forth herein, it is our opinion that, as of the date hereof, the Common Stock has been duly
authorized, and when the Common Stock is issued and paid for in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Agreement, the Common
Stock will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
opinion herein is limited to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the federal laws of the United States of America.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
opinion is for your benefit in connection with the Registration Statement and may be relied upon by you and by persons entitled to rely
upon it pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Act. We consent to the use of this opinion as an exhibit to the Current Report on
Form 8-K to be filed by the Company and further consent to all references to us in the Prospectus Supplement under &ldquo;Legal Matters&rdquo;.
In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the
Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Very
    truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Duane Morris LLP</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 3.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
