<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001493152-23-010152.txt : 20230331
<SEC-HEADER>0001493152-23-010152.hdr.sgml : 20230331
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20230331150321
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001493152-23-010152
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	10-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		63
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20221231
FILED AS OF DATE:		20230331
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20230331

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.\new
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001022899
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				061390025
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		10-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-12555
		FILM NUMBER:		23786889

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		149 FIFTH AVENUE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 500
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10010
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(212) 994-8200

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		149 FIFTH AVENUE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 500
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10010

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Atrinsic, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20090630

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	NEW MOTION, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20070504

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	MPLC, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20050608
</SEC-HEADER>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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STATES</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>OR</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Address
    of principal executive offices)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Zip
    Code)</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Registrant&#8217;s
telephone number, including area code: <b><span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_90F_edei--CityAreaCode_c20220101__20221231_z7d4ydJT8Ckf"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" name="dei:CityAreaCode">(212)</ix:nonNumeric></span> <span id="xdx_900_edei--LocalPhoneNumber_c20220101__20221231_zySvNcV584M7"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber">994-8200</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title
    of each class</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name
    of exchange on which registered</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90D_edei--Security12bTitle_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zAQ1brkUoZh5"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_CommonStockMember" name="dei:Security12bTitle">Common
    Stock, par value $0.0001</ix:nonNumeric></span>, <span id="xdx_907_edei--TradingSymbol_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zgPRUN65GWY2"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_CommonStockMember" name="dei:TradingSymbol">PTIX</ix:nonNumeric></span> </span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_900_edei--SecurityExchangeName_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_z865zWcvSY03"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_CommonStockMember" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen" name="dei:SecurityExchangeName">Nasdaq</ix:nonNumeric></span>
    Capital Market</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90F_edei--Security12bTitle_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zp41DJ3WPNe9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_WarrantMember" name="dei:Security12bTitle">Common
    Stock Purchase Warrant</ix:nonNumeric></span>, <span id="xdx_902_edei--TradingSymbol_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zmagZT0OQX5i"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_WarrantMember" name="dei:TradingSymbol">PTIXW</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_908_edei--SecurityExchangeName_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z1oqUTylfGwk"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen" name="dei:SecurityExchangeName">Nasdaq</ix:nonNumeric></span>
    Capital Market</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Common
Stock, $0.0001 par value</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Title
of class)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Yes&#160;&#9744; <span id="xdx_906_edei--EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_c20220101__20221231_zw8pJPsoprF6"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" name="dei:EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer">No</ix:nonNumeric></span>&#160;&#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes&#160;&#9744; <span id="xdx_905_edei--EntityVoluntaryFilers_c20220101__20221231_zZbNU0svNlBj"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" name="dei:EntityVoluntaryFilers">No</ix:nonNumeric></span>&#160;&#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during
the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject
to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. <span id="xdx_90B_edei--EntityCurrentReportingStatus_c20220101__20221231_ztaKzaGEj6Wj"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" name="dei:EntityCurrentReportingStatus">Yes</ix:nonNumeric></span>&#160;&#9746; No&#160;&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted posted pursuant
to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (&#167; 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant
was required to submit and post such files). <span id="xdx_90C_edei--EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_c20220101__20221231_zDNrd3M0Njd1"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" name="dei:EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">Yes</ix:nonNumeric></span>&#160;&#9746; No&#160;&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated file, smaller reporting company,
or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221; and &#8220;smaller
reporting company&#8221; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large
    accelerated filer &#9744;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 45%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated
    filer &#9744;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_edei--EntityFilerCategory_c20220101__20221231_zQioPgzvEzqe"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt-sec:entityfilercategoryen" name="dei:EntityFilerCategory">Non-accelerated
    filer</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9744;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller
    reporting company <span id="xdx_901_edei--EntitySmallBusiness_c20220101__20221231_zcWMritOgLQa"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:booleantrue" name="dei:EntitySmallBusiness">&#9746;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging
    growth company <span id="xdx_901_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20220101__20221231_zg3gwHCUrsBf"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.&#160;&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report and attestation to its management&#8217;s assessment of the effectiveness of
its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public
accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes&#160;&#9744; <span id="xdx_900_edei--IcfrAuditorAttestationFlag_c20220101__20221231_zph9CVD8ifh2"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:IcfrAuditorAttestationFlag">No</ix:nonNumeric></span>&#160;&#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes&#160;&#9744; <span id="xdx_905_edei--EntityShellCompany_c20220101__20221231_zhHBaD7opz1k"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityShellCompany">No</ix:nonNumeric></span>&#160;&#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2022, based on
a closing price as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market of $0.724 was approximately $<span id="xdx_90B_edei--EntityPublicFloat_iI_pid_c20220630_z3jaF9ZzqN7b"><ix:nonFraction name="dei:EntityPublicFloat" contextRef="AsOf2022-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">12,514,529</ix:nonFraction></span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of March 31 2023, there were <span id="xdx_909_edei--EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_iI_pid_c20230331_zWSBzSgDGih5"><ix:nonFraction name="dei:EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2023-03-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">4,321,445</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of the registrant&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.0001, issued and outstanding.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>DOCUMENTS
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_902_edei--DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock_c20220101__20221231_zRhPxsNfyhh2" title="Documents Incorporated by Reference"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="dei:DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock">None</ix:nonNumeric></span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"></p>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><div style="width: 100%"><div style="border-top: Black 1.5pt solid; font-size: 1pt; border-bottom: Black 4pt solid"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></div></div><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1; Options: NewSection -->
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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>PROTAGENIC
THERAPEUTICS, INC.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>ANNUAL
REPORT ON FORM 10-K</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>FOR
THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>TABLE
OF CONTENTS</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.7in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><a href="#sj_001">PART
    I</a></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 0.5in; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#sj_002">Business</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    1A</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#sj_003">Risk
    Factors</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    1B</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_001">Unresolved Staff Comments</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">42</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_002">Properties</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">42</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    3</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_003">Legal Proceedings</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">42</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    4</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_004">Mine Safety Disclosures</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">42</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><a href="#bs_005">PART II</a></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">43</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    5</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_006">Market for Registrant&#8217;s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">43</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    6</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_007">[Reserved]</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">44</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    7</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_008">Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">44</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    7A</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_009">Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">48</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    8</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_010">Financial Statements and Supplementary Data</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">48</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    9</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_011">Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">48</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    9A</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_012">Controls and Procedures</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">49</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    9B</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#sj_010">Other Information</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">51</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    9C</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_013">Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">51</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><a href="#bs_014">PART III</a></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">52</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    10</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_015">Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">52</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    11</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_016">Executive Compensation</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">58</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    12</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_022">Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">60</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    13</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_021">Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">70</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    14</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_020">Principal Accountant Fees and Services</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">72</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><a href="#bs_017">PART IV</a></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">73</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Item
    15</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_018">Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">73</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#bs_019">SIGNATURES</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">76</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>SPECIAL
NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation
Reform Act of 1995 under Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
as amended. Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations,
assumptions, estimates, intentions and future performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which
may be beyond our control, and which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future
results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of
historical fact are statements that could be forward-looking statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements through our
use of words such as &#8220;may,&#8221; &#8220;can,&#8221; &#8220;anticipate,&#8221; &#8220;assume,&#8221; &#8220;should,&#8221; &#8220;indicate,&#8221;
&#8220;would,&#8221; &#8220;believe,&#8221; &#8220;contemplate,&#8221; &#8220;expect,&#8221; &#8220;seek,&#8221; &#8220;estimate,&#8221;
&#8220;continue,&#8221; &#8220;plan,&#8221; &#8220;point to,&#8221; &#8220;project,&#8221; &#8220;predict,&#8221; &#8220;could,&#8221;
&#8220;intend,&#8221; &#8220;target,&#8221; &#8220;potential&#8221; and other similar words and expressions of the future. The matters
discussed in these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results
to differ materially from those projected, anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. As a result, you should not place
undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Except to the limited extent required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation
to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risk
Factors Summary</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Below
is a summary of material factors that make an investment in our securities speculative or risky. Importantly, this summary does not address
all of the risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional discussion of the risks and uncertainties summarized in this risk factor
summary, as well as other risks and uncertainties that we face, can be found under &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; in Part I, Item 1A of this
Annual Report on Form 10-K. The below summary is qualified in its entirety by that more complete discussion of such risks and uncertainties.
You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described under &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual
Report on Form 10-K as part of your evaluation of the risks associated with an investment in our securities.</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
    we continue to incur operating losses and fail to obtain the capital necessary to fund our operations, we will be unable to advance
    our development programs, complete our clinical trials, or bring products to market, or may be forced to reduce or cease operations
    entirely. In addition, any capital obtained by us may be obtained on terms that are unfavorable to us, our investors, or both.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Unstable
    market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our ability to raise funds, which may cause us to cease or
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    could adversely impact our business, including our clinical trials, and financial condition.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Clinical Development and Regulatory Approval</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Our Intellectual Property</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Our Business Operations and Industry</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    to comply with health and data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions (which could include
    civil or criminal penalties), private litigation or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
    we, our CROs or our IT vendors experience security or data privacy breaches or other unauthorized or improper access to, use of,
    or destruction of personal data, we may face costs, significant liabilities, harm to our brand and business disruption.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
    we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely
    affected.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Associated to our Common Stock</b></span></p>

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<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
    we fail to comply with the continued minimum closing bid requirements of Nasdaq or other requirements for continued listing, including
    stockholder equity requirements, our common stock may be delisted and the price of our common stock and our ability to access the
    capital markets could be negatively impacted.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
    common stock is a &#8220;Penny Stock&#8221; subject to specific rules governing its sale to investors that could impact its liquidity.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    market price of our common stock may be volatile, which could lead to losses by investors and costly securities litigation.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
    we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or detect
    fraud. Consequently, investors could lose confidence in our financial reporting and this may decrease the trading price of our stock.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Investors
    may experience dilution of their ownership interests because of the future issuance of additional shares of our common stock.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
    common stock is controlled by insiders.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future and may never pay dividends.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
    certificate of incorporation allows for our board to create new series of preferred stock without further approval by our stockholders,
    which could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="sj_001"></span>PART
I</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="sj_002"></span>Item
1. Business.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Overview</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Protagenic
Therapeutic, Inc. (together with its subsidiary, &#8220;Protagenic,&#8221; the &#8220;Company,&#8221; &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;our&#8221;
or &#8220;us&#8221;) are a biopharmaceutical company specializing in the discovery and development of therapeutics to treat stress-related
neuropsychiatric and mood disorders. Our proprietary, patent-protected, first-in-class lead compound, PT00114, is a synthetic form of
Teneurin Carboxy-terminal Associated Peptide (&#8220;TCAP&#8221;), an endogenous brain signaling peptide that can dampen overactive stress
responses. Our preclinical models have demonstrated efficacy of PT00114 in animal models of depression, anxiety, substance abuse &amp;
addiction, and PTSD.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PT00114
leverages a completely novel mechanism of action. Protagenic owns exclusive, worldwide rights to PT00114 through its license agreement
with the University of Toronto and has an exclusive right to license additional intellectual property generated by Dr. David Lovejoy&#8217;s
lab at University of Toronto. Additionally, the company is engaged in the research &amp; development of follow-on compounds in the TCAP
family. Extensive publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals underline the central role stress plays in the onset and proliferation
of neuropsychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, substance abuse &amp; addiction, and PTSD. The mechanism of action of TCAP suggests
that it counterbalances stress overdrive at the cellular level within the brain&#8217;s stress response cascade. TCAP works to alleviate
the harmful behavioral, biochemical, and physiological effects of these disorders, while simultaneously restoring brain health. This
mechanism has been corroborated in preclinical animal models of the psychiatric disorders listed above. Previously we anticipated that our
preclinical experiments required for IND filing have been completed, and the company will seek to prove the safety and efficacy of PT00114
in humans through its initial clinical studies to commence in the first quarter of 2023. Responding to recent communications from regulatory
agencies in the U.S. and in Germany, we are now undertaking to answer questions concerning:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
<td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stability
                                            and sterility additional testing</span></td></tr>
<tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
<td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Drug
                                            substance potency assays</span></td></tr>
<tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
<td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cell
                                            lines for ELISA to satisfy requests for temperature and stability data</span></td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Given
the time that we believe will be required to complete these additional tests and data collection, and accounting for expected turnaround
time at the U.S. FDA and the German BfArM, we currently anticipate that a Phase I clinical trial of PT00114 in healthy volunteers could commence
in the third quarter of 2023.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
Protagenic transitions into a clinical-stage company, we aim to complete certain key strategic and tactical milestones over the coming
two years;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Rapidly
    advance our lead product candidate, PT00114, through clinical trials in treatment resistant depression, substance use disorder, generalized
    anxiety disorder, and/or post-traumatic stress disorder.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Develop
    additional product candidates from the TCAP family to build out a broad pipeline of assets with differentiated features using our
    unique expertise with this mechanism.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Explore
    efficacy in additional stress-related neuropsychiatric and mood disorders beyond initially targeted indications.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Facilitate
    long-term growth by building a nimble R&amp;D, operational, clinical and commercial team.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Proactively
    assess strategic partnership opportunities including in important international markets</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Continue
with our strategy of strengthening our IP position in this important novel field of neuropsychiatry</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>IND
Submission</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
currently anticipate re-submitting an investigational new drug (IND) application and initiating a PhaseI/IIa study to evaluate the
safety, tolerability, and early activity of PT100114 (TCAP) in healthy volunteers and patients with psychiatric illnesses in the
third quarter of 2023. The IND enabling studies, including the preclinical efficacy data generated, as well as the GLP toxicology
study, and a summary of the Phase I clinical trial plan, will be among the components of this key regulatory submission.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Clinical
Development</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
clinical development program will be led by Dr. Maurizio Fava, MD, PhD, a world-leader in psychiatric disorders, the Psychiatrist-in-Chief
of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Slater Family Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Fava was co-principal
investigator of STAR*D, the largest research study ever conducted in depression, has coauthored more than 800 medical journal publications,
and is one of the top enrolling psychiatry clinicians in the US. Protagenic&#8217;s Phase I/II clinical study was designed by Dr. Fava,
who will be the trial&#8217;s principal investigator.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
will launch our clinical program with a basket trial designed first to evaluate the safety of TCAP in a small cohort of healthy volunteers,
immediately followed by the evaluation of safety, pharmacological and clinical activity in cohorts of patients with stress-related neuropsychiatric
disorders including, but not limited to depression, addiction, anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We will be using this
study for both safety and preliminary efficacy to prioritize indications for later phase development that would ultimately support a
New Drug Application (NDA) and registration. The four indications were chosen for multiple reasons, including the mechanism of TCAP in
reducing biological stress signals, preclinical evidence of efficacy in animal models of these disorders and the high unmet need in these
patient populations, which creates significant market opportunity. We believe the basket trial structure offers the most efficient use
of capital in early-stage development and will give us insights into which indication we should focus on in advanced clinical trials.
Healthy volunteers will be the first cohort and subsequent parallel cohorts will include patients with:</span></p>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Major
    Depressive Disorder (MDD) who have suboptimal response to or poorly tolerated two prior SSRIs / SNRIs</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Generalized
    Anxiety Disorder (GAD) who have suboptimal response to or poorly tolerated two prior SSRIs /SNRIs</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opioid
    Use Disorder (OUD) who are on treatment with Suboxone and have suboptimal response</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Post-Traumatic
    Stress Disorder (PTSD) who have suboptimal response to or intolerance of sertraline and paroxetine</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
trial will use a classic sequential dose escalation design using cohort replication with initial doses estimated from non-clinical data.
The study will assess dose ranging through standard and small cohorts with a rules-based approach for dose, safety, efficacy, and biomarkers.
Trial participants will have a maximal 28-day exposure. As this will be the first in human study of TCAP, safety and adverse events will
be the primary endpoint. Key secondary endpoints were chosen to ascertain efficacy in individual conditions and compare drug impact across
disparate diseases. All disease cohorts will be measured for Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which is a validated broad
self-rated outcome measure that has outperformed the clinician-rated Montgomery&#8211;&#197;sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scale
in previous trials. Patients will also be assessed for stress biomarkers <i>via</i> pre- and post-treatment systemic cortisol levels
and skin conductance. Each disease cohort (anxiety, depression, PTSD and addiction) will also have disease specific assessments.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Furthermore,
although patient populations and their responses to CNS agents can be highly variable in clinical studies, we attempt to mitigate this
by stratifying the initial series of cohorts to select for and control for corticosterone levels to enable the broadest window of effect
detection. Preclinical studies of TCAP demonstrate that its beneficial actions are most easily observed in stressed animals, which show
elevations of plasma corticosterone levels at baseline before TCAP treatment. Anxious or depressed patients have elevated corticosterone
levels, providing an opportunity to identify patients more likely to benefit pharmacologically and potentially clinically. This also
provides a useful translational bridge between preclinical behavioral models and human clinical studies and enables flexibility in evaluating
routes of administration.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Market
for Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Depression, Addiction, Anxiety, and PTSD</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Humans
living in our modern world, in both developed and developing nations, are being exposed to a multitude of life stressors that are progressively
taking a toll on our mental health. The recent COVID-19 has exacerbated both near-term and long-term global impacts of stress-induced
disorders on modern society. Stress-related mental, mood and behavioral disorders include, but are not limited to: treatment resistant
depression (TRD), which is a subgroup of major depressive disorder (MDD); addiction or substance use disorder (SUD); and anxiety, including
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These disorders are a leading cause of disability worldwide
and also a major contributor to suicide. Yet, a majority of these patients are inadequately served by current therapeutic options, which
can have limited efficacy, significant side effects and high treatment burden. We believe these stress-related disorders are suitable
indications for the use of Protagenic Therapeutics neuropeptide-based drug candidates.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Major
depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent and disabling. The lifetime prevalence is approximately 12% with a past year prevalence
of 7.8% of adults in the United States in 2019, translating to over 19 million adults each year. The World Health Organization estimates
264 million people globally suffer from depression, which ranks depression as one of the highest causes of disability and mortality in
the world. Stress plays a significant role in this illness and affects as many as half of people diagnosed with depression. MDD is characterized
by multiple symptoms, potentially including depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, change in appetite or weight, sleep disturbance,
fatigue or loss of energy, neurocognitive dysfunction, psychomotor agitation or retardation, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt,
and suicidal ideation and behavior. MDD is highly treatment resistant, with 45-50% of patients who receive initial treatment for MDD
not achieving long term remission, generally referred to as Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD). Patients suffering with TRD are at
greater risk of hospitalization for their psychiatric illness and are more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol. These patients have a lower
long-term quality of life and are at increased risk of attempting suicide. MDD is also highly recurrent and the estimated rate of recurrence
over two years is over 40%, which rises to 75% after two episodes within five years.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Treatment
guidelines recommend the combination of pharmacotherapy plus psychotherapy, but pharmacotherapy alone and psychotherapy alone are frequently
used. For initial pharmacotherapy with antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are recommended. However, several
classes of antidepressants are available, including serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), atypical antidepressants, and
serotonin modulators, with efficacy generally comparable across and within classes. Drug choice is based on multiple factors, including
side effect profile, comorbid illnesses, concurrent medications, patient preference, and cost. Physicians typically cycle through multiple
generics if the initial response is suboptimal or patients experience AEs. Efficacy of therapy is challenged by non-compliance during
the weeks to months required to achieve therapeutic benefit in combination with daily dosing requirements. However, SSRIs can produce
significant quality of life side effects that interfere with medication adherence, including sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal nausea
and diarrhea, insomnia and weight gain. As a last resort, this disease is currently managed by invasive treatment, primarily electroconvulsive
therapy (ECT). However, the side effects and high cost prevent widespread adoption.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Several
drugs that have launched in recent years validate the market for branded agents in this field, in spite of their marginal improvements
in safety or efficacy. Takeda&#8217;s Trintellix (vortioxetine hydrobromide) launched in 2014 and has grown to $837M 2019 sales, largely
due to studies added to the label after original approval showing cognitive function improvement and reduced incidence of treatment emergent
sexual dysfunction (TESD). Despite these label additions, sales have lagged original consensus analyst forecasts, which at launch estimated
2019 worldwide sales of ~$1.1B.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Generalized
anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders in both community and clinical settings. In the United States, the
estimated lifetime prevalence of GAD is 5.7% with a past year prevalence of 2.7%, corresponding to 18 million and 9 million individuals,
respectively. GAD is characterized by excessive and persistent worrying that causes significant distress or impairment on most days and
is hard to control. Other symptoms can include apprehensiveness, irritability, increased fatigue and muscular tension. GAD is also associated
with increased rates of substance abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. GAD is a potentially chronic
illness, with symptom severity fluctuating over time. A 12-year study of treated patients showed approximately 60% of patients had symptoms
resolve, but around one-half of those subsequently relapsed.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pharmacotherapy
for GAD is primarily selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which
are mildly efficacious. Clinical trials for different SSRIs and SNRIs have shown approximately the same effectiveness, with response
rates of approximately 60- 70% for the drug and 40% for placebo. However, SSRIs can produce significant quality of life side effects
that interfere with medication adherence, including sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal nausea and diarrhea, insomnia and weight gain.
Thus, choice of agent is often dependent on the patient&#8217;s side effect profile for individual drugs. Benzodiazepines are efficacious
and can reduce emotional and somatic symptoms within hours. However, concerns about dependence risk has contributed to a decline in their
use. Buspirone has similar efficacy to benzodiazepines without the risk of dependence but has a time to onset of approximately four weeks.
As the majority of these agents are now available as generics, the worldwide market for GAD therapies was only $483M in 2019 and consensus
analyst forecasts expect it to decline to $222M in 2026.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, with an estimated past-year and lifetime prevalence of 4.7% and
6.1%, translating to 11.5M adults in the US each year. PTSD develops in some patients following exposure to a traumatic event involving
actual or threatened injury to themselves or others, such as war, natural disasters, rape or assault. Symptoms can be severe, chronic
and disabling, which can include intrusive thoughts, nightmares and flashbacks of past traumatic events, avoidance of reminders of trauma,
hypervigilance, and sleep disturbance, all of which lead to significant occupational and social impairment. Currently, PTSD is treated
with psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy, with psychotherapy as the recommended primary intervention. Logistics and cost often limit
access to psychotherapy, which results in many patients needing to rely on pharmacotherapy. Guidelines for pharmacotherapy recommend
first-line treatment with sertraline and paroxetine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) antidepressants, as these are the
only approved medications for PTSD. However, these only treat one aspect of symptomology and efficacy is limited, with fewer than 30%
of patients experiencing remission. The side effect profile of these agents results in significant rates of discontinuation, particularly
the severe effects such as suicidality and sexual dysfunction. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and second-generation
antipsychotics are used off-label in some patients, but efficacy is sporadic, and side-effects can make these undesirable therapeutic
options. As all of these options are currently generic, branded commercial sales for PTSD is almost non-existent. Given the size of the
potential addressable population and limited therapeutic options available, a therapy with a superior therapeutic index could achieve
significant market penetration and sales.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Substance
use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent. According to the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 40.3 million Americans,
aged 12 or older, had a substance use disorder (SUD) in the past year. The majority of SUDs involve alcohol use disorder (14 million),
followed by illicit drug use disorder (8 million). Illicit drug use and nonmedical use of medications alone or in combination with alcohol
are associated with a substantial proportion of emergency department visits in the United States. Pharmacologic options to treat SUDs
typically have limited efficacy, high treatment burden, with suboptimal side-effect profiles, ultimately leading to limited uptake and
high remaining unmet medical need. 40- 60% of patients who receive SUD care experience chronic or relapsing disease course.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
incidence of opioid use disorder (OUD) and overdose deaths have reached epidemic proportions. Opioid use disorder is typically a chronic,
relapsing illness, associated with significantly increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Opioid use disorder can be related to misuse
of pharmaceutical opioids, heroin, or other opioids such as fentanyl and its analogues. The prevalence of heroin use and heroin use disorder
nearly doubled between 2002 and 2018. In 2019, 2.1% of those 12 or older in the US were estimated to have used heroin at some point in
their lives, translating 5.7 million people, with 431,000 (0.2%) having reported use in the last month. Opioid use disorders affect over
16 million people worldwide, over 2.1 million in the United States, and there are over 120,000 deaths worldwide annually attributed to
opioids.<sup>1</sup></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Unmet
needs are particularly high in OUD. First-line treatment for most patients is medication-assisted treatment, consisting of pharmacotherapy
with an opioid agonist or antagonist in combination with psychotherapy. Pharmacotherapy can include an opioid agonist (methadone or buprenorphine)
and/or an opioid antagonist (e.g. naltrexone). Guidelines for mild opioid use disorder suggest first-line treatment with long-acting
injectable naltrexone (e.g. Vivitrol) administered monthly. Guidelines for moderate to severe opioid use disorder suggest initial use
of buprenorphine (e.g. Suboxone) due to the higher risk of lethal overdose with methadone. Treatment can allow patients to return to
a productive lifestyle but has low success rates and can be extremely burdensome. These therapies require patients remain on maintenance
treatment with an opioid agonist for many years as they are physically dependent upon the medications. A minority may be tapered off
after a few years, with the taper itself taking several months to years.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
treatment burden and side effect profile of these therapies is substantial. Buprenorphine is classified as a schedule III controlled
substance in the United States, with use limited to certified and specially trained physicians. Side effects include sedation, headache,
nausea, constipation, insomnia, and sweating. Death is possible if buprenorphine is taken in combination with other substances, especially
benzodiazepines and alcohol. Methadone is highly regulated in the United States, where it is classified as a schedule II drug. Only licensed
opioid treatment programs or inpatient hospital units are permitted to dispense. Typical side effects of methadone include constipation,
drowsiness, sweating, peripheral edema, reduced libido, and erectile dysfunction, with some patients experiencing severe adverse effects
including cardiac arrhythmias, hyperalgesia, and overdose.</span></p>

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</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><sup>1
</sup>National Institutes of Health, June 21, 2022 online report</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Alcohol
use disorder (AUD) is extraordinarily prevalent. Approximately 30% of adults in the United States use alcohol in an unhealthy manner
and may need some form of intervention. The 2019 United States National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimated that of Americans over
the age of 12 in the past 30 days, 24% reported binge drinking (five or more drinks on one occasion) and 6% reported heavy drinking (five
or more drinks on each of five or more days). The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) reports 28% of US adults
exceed thresholds for risky use alcohol consumption, with 19% exceeding the daily limit and 9% exceeding both the daily and weekly limits.
Rates of diagnosable AUD by DSM-5 criteria from the third National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions showed that
29% had met criteria for an alcohol use disorder in their lifetime and 14% met criteria for a current alcohol use disorder. Worldwide,
the World Health Organization estimates that 5% of adults (&gt;283 million people) had alcohol use disorder within the prior 12 months.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AUD
is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity. Excessive alcohol consumption is the third leading preventable cause of death
in the United States directly causing approximately 85,000 deaths per year, roughly 10% of deaths among working age adults. Nearly 5%
of all deaths worldwide (approximately three million each year) have been attributed to alcohol use with 5% of those specifically due
to AUD. The economic cost of excessive alcohol use in the United States is estimated to be $249 billion in 2010<sup>2</sup> by the CDC.
Therapeutic unmet needs are significant for AUD and the condition is frequently untreated. Psychosocial interventions can be effective
for treatment but up to 70% of individuals return to heavy drinking. For patients who met DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse, 46% were
in remission, 24% continued to meet abuse criteria, and 30% met criteria for alcohol dependence in the future. For patients who met DSM-IV
criteria for alcohol dependence, 39% were in remission, 15% met criteria for abuse only, and 46% continued to meet dependence criteria.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Several
medications can be used to treat AUD, which can lead to reduced heavy drinking and increased days of abstinence. For most patients treated
with moderate to severe alcohol use disorder, guidelines recommend first-line treatment with naltrexone (e.g. Vivitrol), an opioid antagonist.
Vivitrol is an extended-release injectable naltrexone that allows for once monthly dosing that was approved in 2006. Vivitrol is priced
at $~1370/month and worldwide sales have grown to $335M. Consensus analyst forecasts for Vivitrol project sales increasing to $419M in
2026, with patent expiry in 2028. Acamprosate (e.g. Campral) is recommended for those in whom naltrexone is contraindicated, such as
those taking opioids or with acute hepatitis. Campral (Acamprosate) was approved by the FDA in 2004 and reached peak worldwide sales
of $87M in 2008. Acamprosate is currently only available as generic in the US, but is still sold as branded Campral ex-US. Given the
overall prevalence of AUD, these relatively low sales numbers indicate the vast majority of patients with AUD are not treated with pharmacotherapy.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Teneurin
Carboxy-terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP) as a Therapy</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
approach to treating stress-related neuropsychiatric and mood disorders is based on research into brain mechanisms conducted over the
last 15 years in the laboratory of the company&#8217;s scientific founder, Dr. David Lovejoy, from the University of Toronto. TCAP was
discovered in a genome-wide search for proteins related to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), an endogenous brain peptide known to
be the central mechanism coupling external stress to psychological, behavioral, and endocrine responses. Dr. Lovejoy and his colleagues
discovered and characterized Teneurin Carboxy-terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP); their further work revealed that TCAP is of ancient
evolutionary origin and plays a central role in maintaining healthy brain structure and function in the face of the negative effects
of stress. Although four TCAP peptides were discovered, only TCAP-1 is expressed independent of a larger Teneurin protein and is the
primary focus of our development (PT00114).</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><sup>2</sup>As
of March 2023, these are the most recent data released by the CDC.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">TCAP
reverses the impact of stress on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, the endocrine and behavioral control system which connects
environmental stress to behavioral responses via brain levels of Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) and blood levels of the stress
hormone cortisol. Stress elevates CRF, which in turn elevates cortisol levels. Studies have demonstrated that TCAP counteracts the effects
of either endogenous or pharmacologically-administered CRF via a non-CRF receptor pathway in the brain, that is believed to be evolved
over millions of years as a homeostasis-related pathway. There has been strong interest in the pharmaceutical industry for decades to
develop drug candidates that block the negative effects of CRF by attempting to directly antagonize the CRF receptor, however clinical
results to date with prior CRF receptor antagonists have been disappointing. Because TCAP counteracts the action of CRF by activating
separate receptors instead of directly blocking CRF receptors, we believe it is a superior approach to alleviating stress-related neuropsychiatric
disorders; TCAP-1 acts by binding to Latrophilin-1 and Latrophilin-3, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on nerve cells in
the extended amygdala, the region of the brain involved in memory, emotion, and fear. TCAP acts through these receptors to block the
effects of CRF and potentially other stress mediators such as Arginine-Vasopressin (AVP). Due to differences in the mechanism of action,
TCAP is expected to be efficacious in clinical settings in which earlier studies with CRF receptor antagonists were not. We believe this
novel mechanism of action can provide an attractive therapeutic profile for patients who are not fully responsive to currently available
therapies.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Two
key effects of TCAP may contribute to its pharmacological activity in reversing or preventing stress-induced behavioral distortions.
In settings of stress and depression, the activity of specific neural circuits can be diminished compared to the levels of activity observed
in healthy brain tissue. After administration, TCAP crosses the blood brain barrier and concentrates in regions of the brain associated
with the regulation of mood disorders. Administered TCAP can lead to increases in activity in some of the neuronal circuitry implicated
in depression, demonstrated by increases in the utilization of glucose, a surrogate for cell activity. The fact that the pharmacological
effects of TCAP persist after the drug has been cleared aligns with findings that TCAP applied to neurons in culture stabilizes dendritic
spines, structures that sprout from the surface of neurons and can form synapses with other neurons to create functional circuitry. Stress
and the associated rise in CRF have been reported to cause loss of synapses in animal models. The fact that the pharmacological actions
of TCAP persist for weeks are consistent with its producing lasting changes in neuronal function by changing patterns of gene expression
and thus creating relatively stable changes in neuronal function. In a number of these models, a single subcutaneous dose of TCAP will
prevent the behavioral consequences of stress encountered three weeks later. This is especially notable since the administered dose of
TCAP is eliminated from the plasma within hours of administration.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
lead compound is a 41-residue peptide synthetic TCAP-1, which we have designated PT00114. In addition, we have a portfolio of earlier
stage neuropeptides targeting the TCAP pathway that are in preclinical evaluation. The initial dosage form is intended as a subcutaneous
injection but is also amenable to other routes of administration including sublingually or intra-nasally. This affords a range of target
product profiles and opportunities for lifecycle management.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">While
many of the initial studies of TCAP had been generated in the lab of Dr. David Lovejoy, we have designed several preclinical studies
over the last four years to validate the safety and efficacy of PT00114, for which we hired multiple independent contract research organizations
(CROs) to conduct these studies. In preclinical rodent models, administration of PT00114 results in reproducible, dose-dependent reversal
of a range of stress-induced behavioral distortions, including depression, stress-exacerbated anxiety, excessive startle, drug seeking,
and opioid withdrawal. Stress-induced anxiety was measured by an elevated plus maze, an open field with stressed animals, and acoustic
startle in CRF-treated animals. Depression was measured by tail suspension and forced swim. Stress-induced changes in tube-restrained
rodents were used as a well-validated model for sub-acute stress. Notably, PT00114 was found to be pharmacologically active in stressed
rodents but relatively inactive in non-stressed rodents.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
studies conducted with Charles River Laboratories in Kuopio, Finland, PT00114 showed beneficial effects in Chronic Social Defeat, a murine
model of stress-induced behavioral dysfunction that has features of depression. In this model, male mice are placed in cages along with
older, dominant male mice. This results in progressively more &#8220;resigned&#8221; behaviors in the mice experiencing this domineering
exposure. This results in a series of behaviors in the cowed mice, termed Chronic Social Defeat. PT00114 reverses many of the component
behaviors typically measured in this model, suggesting that it reverses the negative effects of stress in the &#8220;defeated&#8221;
animals.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PT00114
demonstrated efficacy in a variable chronic stress model that has features of anxiety and PTSD. In an open field assessment, mice or
rats are stressed by being placed in a tube for several hours, then placed in an open box where their movement is observed for 20 minutes.
Control animals exhibit stress response behavior by not moving around much and staying near the edges of the box. Animal receiving PT00114
at the end of the stress condition moved around the open field. Animals receiving multiple administrations of a control small molecule
CRH antagonist did not venture into the open field, indicating they were stressed. These results are also reflected in blood cortisol
levels, where control mice had increased cortisol levels, which were reduced by treatment with PT00114, but not by the small molecule
CRF antagonist.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Stress
plays a central role in a broad range of addictions, including alcohol and opioids. The ability of PT00114 to blunt excessive stress
may be able to provide non-dependence forming treatment of addictions. A series of studies conducted at Porsolt Laboratories in Lavel
France support the potential utility of PT00114 as a treatment to help people defeat opioid addiction. In rats addicted to opioids, administering
CRF models environmental stress, causing them to frantically seek opioids. PT00114 reduces the opioid seeking behavior in response to
CRF administration. Further studies conducted by Porsolt following EMEA guidelines demonstrated that on its own, PT00114 was not addictive
and rats did not develop dependence to the peptide after chronic administration.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PT00114
has also demonstrated pre-clinical efficacy in a murine model of opioid withdrawal called the Saleens test. In this test, mice are addicted
to opioids and the animals are then administered the opioid antagonist naloxone, which immediately blocks opioid action and triggers
profound stress and opioid withdrawal. This manifests as a behavioral stress response with the mice jumping up to six inches into the
air over 70 times in a 20-minute observation period. Administering PT00114 at three different time points within the experiment &#8211;
before the naloxone-driven withdrawal, before the period of opioid addiction, or up to three weeks before the induced withdrawal &#8211;
results in a reproducible, dose-dependent restoration to non-stressed behavior and reduced jumping. Significantly, this is not accompanied
by any evidence of sedation or reduced activity. This effect appears independent of the opioid used as PT00114 ameliorates this withdrawal-triggered
jumping stress behavior in mice experiencing withdrawal from both fentanyl and morphine.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Preclinical
Safety and Toxicology</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Preclinical
safety data for PT00114 demonstrates a robust profile in both rats and non-human primates. As the mechanism is unique and TCAP is a part
of healthy brain signaling, we believe PT00114 will have a differentiated side effect profile relative to existing antidepressant and
antipsychotic agents. A key aspect of the TCAP mechanism is that it does not completely block the perception of and responses to stress;
it rather protects against stress overload. Some perception of environmental stress and a proportionate response to that stress is adaptive
behavior and it is not desirable to completely block stress responses. Unlike benzodiazepines that can cause sedation and are prone to
dependence, TCAP prevents the maladaptive response to environmental stress without sedation and without developing dependence.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have completed non-GLP Dose-Range-Finding (DRF) toxicology studies of PT00114 administered subcutaneously daily for five days in rats
and non-human primates. The doses tested were substantially above the anticipated clinical doses and were well tolerated and safe, with
no dose-limiting toxicities observed at doses at least 50-fold higher than anticipated clinical exposures. No major changes in hematology
or clinical chemistries were seen, including prolactin levels or testosterone levels, changes in which may impact libido. Distinct from
SSRI&#8217;s, there was no impact on ambulation, sedation or weight gain. Importantly, further studies conducted following EMEA guidelines,
demonstrated that on its own PT00114 was not addictive and rats did not develop dependence to the peptide after chronic administration.
The in life 28-day GLP toxicology testing in both the rats and non-human primate have been completed. There have been no changes in clinical
chemistries or pathology that would prompt a stop in the program and the therapeutic margin if large. The final audited reports are currently
being compiled.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Process
Development and Manufacturing</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
currently do not own any manufacturing facilities and rely on 3<sup>rd</sup> party contract manufacturers for synthesis of PT00114. We
have sufficient PT00114 synthesized under cGMP conditions to complete GLP toxicology studies and Phase 1 human clinical trials. This
material is currently undergoing requisite stability and accelerated stability testing. PT00114 is highly soluble and has shown excellent
preliminary stability in several storage conditions, with the material being stable for at least 12 months.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
initial dosage form developed will be a subcutaneous injection. Because PT00114 is also amenable to other routes of administration including
sublingually or intra-nasally, we will be doing preliminary process work to develop these formulations, and anticipate using one of these
dosage forms in later stage clinical studies.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Technology
License Agreement</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
July 31, 2005, the Company had entered into a Technology License Agreement (&#8220;License Agreement&#8221;) with the University of Toronto
(the &#8220;University&#8221; or &#8220;UT&#8221;) pursuant to which the University agreed to license to the Company patent rights and
other intellectual property, among other things (the &#8220;Technologies&#8221;). The Technology License Agreement was amended on February
18, 2015. Unless earlier terminated, the term of this License Agreement shall terminate on the expiration or invalidity of the last issued
Patent in the License Agreement</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the License Agreement and its amendment, the Company obtained an exclusive worldwide license to make, have made, use, sell and import
products based upon the Technologies, or to sublicense the Technologies in accordance with the terms of the License Agreement and amendment.
In consideration, the Company agreed to pay to the University a royalty payment of 2.5% of net sales of any product based on the Technologies.
If the Company elects to sublicense any rights under the License Agreement and amendment, the Company agrees to pay to the University
10% of any up-front sub-license fees for any sub-licenses that occurred on or after September 9, 2006, and, on behalf of the sub-licensee,
2.5% of net sales by the sub-licensee of all products based on the Technologies. The Company had no sales revenue for the year ended
December 31, 2021 and therefore was not subject to paying any royalties.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the event the Company fails to provide the University with semi-annual reports on the progress or fails to continue to make reasonable
commercial efforts towards obtaining regulatory approval for products based on the Technologies, the University may convert our exclusive
license into a non-exclusive arrangement. Interest on any amounts owed under the License Agreement and amendment will be at 3% per annum.
All intellectual property rights resulting from the Technologies or improvements thereon will remain the property of the other inventors
and/or Dr. David Lovejoy at the University, and/or the University, as the case may be. The Company has agreed to pay all out-of-pocket
filing, prosecution and maintenance expenses in connection with any patents relating to the Technologies. In the case of infringement
upon any patents relating to the Technologies, the Company may elect, at its own expense, to bring a cause of action asserting such infringement.
In such a case, after deducting any legal expenses the Company may incur, any settlement proceeds will be subject to the 2.5% royalty
payment owed to the University under the License Agreement and amendment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
patent applications were made in the name of Dr. Lovejoy and other inventors, but the Company&#8217;s exclusive, worldwide rights to
such patent applications are included in the License Agreement and its amendment with the University. The Company maintains exclusive
licensing agreements and it currently controls the six intellectual patent properties.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Sales
and Marketing</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
currently have no sales, marketing or distribution capabilities. In order to commercially market PT00114 and any product candidates we
develop in the future, we would either need to develop an internal sales team and marketing department or collaborate with third parties
who have sales and marketing capabilities. As we currently anticipate entering the clinical trials in the third quarter of 2023, we expect to seek a Market
Access expert or consultancy to better understand clinician and payor dynamics in the therapeutic areas we are focused on, so that, as
we begin later stage studies, we are working on a deeper commercial assessment in parallel. We have done some high-level benchmarking
of pricing based on the current landscape of approved and available therapies for psychiatric disorders we are targeting, both in the
generics and on-patent realms.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Competition</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are highly competitive and characterized by rapidly evolving technology and intense research
and development efforts. We expect to compete with companies, including major international pharmaceutical companies and other institutions
that have substantially greater financial, research and development, marketing and sales capabilities and have substantially greater
experience in undertaking preclinical and clinical testing of products, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing and selling biopharmaceutical
products. We will face competition based on, among other things, product efficacy and safety, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals,
product ease of use and price.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Despite
a large patient population and current treatments that leave much room for improvement, the developmental pipelines are sparse and few
novel candidates are in development. The serendipitous discoveries of current drug classes, side effects and lack of efficacy have led
to shrinkage or extinction of many pharma or small biotech neuroscience research programs.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Set
forth below is a discussion of competitive factors for each of the current drug classes commercially available for TRD, and the competitive
advantages that we believe PT00114 may offer. The basis for our beliefs regarding the competitive advantages that PT00114 may offer over
its competitors is our own pre-clinical animal studies. We acknowledge that these beliefs and conclusions about competitive advantages
must be regarded as theoretical until such time as we have human clinical data that supports and re-affirms the results seen in the pre-clinical
animal studies.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Opioid
receptor modulators</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opioid
receptor modulators have the potential to be therapeutic drugs for TRD but have a high likelihood of abuse and thus regulatory restrictions.
We believe that our competitive advantage is that PT00114 targets a different receptor system therefore it is not likely to have a clinical
overlap with opioid receptor modulators.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Atypical
Antipsychotics with antidepressant effects (dopamine receptor modulators</span>)</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Brexpiprazole
(Rexulti from Otsuka) is a dopamine (D2 receptor) partial stimulator (agonist) approved as an oral adjunctive TRD therapy. Its side effects
include suicidal risk, weight gain and restlessness. Cariprazine (Vraylar from AbbVie) is an oral dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist
approved for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in development for TRD. The most common side effects reported were extrapyramidal symptoms,
the urge to move (akathisia), indigestion (dyspepsia), vomiting, drowsiness (somnolence) and restlessness. We believe that our competitive
advantage is that PT00114, due to its low toxicity profile, will be clinically preferable to these antipsychotic drugs.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Ketamine
and Esketamine</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ketamine
and Esketamine (Spratavo nasal spray from Johnson &amp; Johnson) the S(+) enantiomer of the drug ketamine act primarily as a non-competitive
NMDA receptor antagonist, but is also a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Although ketamine is used off-label and Esketamine was recently
approved for TRD, limitations and concerns around use limit uptake in a broader population. We believe that our competitive advantage
is that the toxicity profile is likely to be less favorable when compared with PT00114.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">GABA
receptor modulators</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">GABA
receptors, when bound by inhibitory neurotransmitters found throughout the brain, act as a brake on nerve activity. Sage Therapeutics
is developing multiple compounds that target this mechanism and more candidates are expected to come from this therapeutic class that
may present a competitive challenge for PT00114.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">NMDA
receptor modulators</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
N-methyl-D-aspartate (or &#8220;NMDA&#8221;) receptor is a molecule that appears on the surface of neurons. When &#8220;activated&#8221;
by a drug that binds with it, the NMDA receptor is a potential natural way to counteract TRD. More candidates are expected to come from
this therapeutic class that may present a competitive challenge for PT00114.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">PT00114&#8217;s
Competitive Advantages</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
preclinical data and the corroborated mechanism of action of PT00114 indicates its advantages as compared to current approved therapies:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PT00114
    has a rapid onset of action in animal anxiety and depression models as compared with other TRD drugs</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PT00114&#8217;s
    effects are long-lasting and potent (single 1-10 nmole/kg dose lasts up to one week for glucose/insulin blood-based biomarkers)</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PT00114
    is rapidly cleared (its &#8220;half-life&#8221; is 5-10min if given intravenously (IV), 20-30 minutes if given subcutaneously (SC)</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PT00114
    naturally crosses the blood brain barrier</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PT00114
    is an L-isomer, a naturally modified peptide, therefore liver toxicities typically associated with other psychiatric therapies are
    not anticipated</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Intellectual
Property</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
believe that patents, trademarks, copyrights and other proprietary rights are important to our business. We also rely on trade secrets,
know-how, continuing technological innovations and licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek
to protect our intellectual property rights by a variety of means, including obtaining patents, maintaining trade secrets and proprietary
know-how, and technological innovation to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing
on our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, actively seeking patent
protection in the United States and foreign countries.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, we have four patents issued by the Governments of the United States, Canada, European Union (validated in
Germany, France and Great Britain) and Australia on our original platform technology. The patent applications were made in the name of
Dr. David A. Lovejoy and inventors, but the Company&#8217;s exclusive, worldwide rights to such patent applications are included in the
License Agreement with UT. We have three further issued patents and ten pending patent applications in related technology that the company
has rights in or own.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
success will depend in part on our ability to maintain our proprietary position through effective patent claims and their enforcement
against our competitors. Although we believe our patent applications provide a competitive advantage, the patent positions of companies
like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. We do not know whether any of our patent applications
will result in the issuance of any patents. Those patents that may be issued in the future or those acquired by us may be challenged,
invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patent may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive
advantages against competitors with similar technology. In particular, we do not know if competitors will be able to design variations
on our treatment methods to circumvent our current and anticipated patent claims. Furthermore, competitors may independently develop
similar technologies or duplicate any technology developed by us. Because of the extensive time required for the development, testing
and regulatory review of a potential product, it is possible that, before any of our products can be commercialized or marketed, any
related patent claim may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing the advantage
of the patent.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
also rely upon trade secrets, confidentiality agreements, proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation to remain competitive,
especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. We continue to seek ways to protect our proprietary
technology and trade secrets, including entering into confidentiality or license agreements with our employees and consultants, and controlling
access to and distribution of our technologies and other proprietary information. While we use these and other reasonable security measures
to protect our trade secrets, our employees or consultants may unintentionally or willfully disclose our proprietary information to competitors.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
commercial success will depend in part on our ability to operate without infringing upon the patents and proprietary rights of third
parties. It is uncertain whether the issuance of any third-party patents would require us to alter our products or technology, obtain
licenses or cease certain activities. Our failure to obtain a license to technology that we may require to discover, develop or commercialize
our future products may have a material adverse impact on us. One or more third-party patents or patent applications may conflict with
patent applications to which we have rights. Any such conflict may substantially reduce the coverage of any rights that may issue from
the patent applications to which we have rights. If third parties prepare and file patent applications in the United States that also
claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the USPTO to determine priority of
invention.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may collaborate in the future with other entities on research, development and commercialization activities. Disputes may arise about
inventorship and corresponding rights in know-how and inventions resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by
us and our subsidiaries, collaborators, partners, licensors and consultants. As a result, we may not be able to maintain our proprietary
position.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, we own or have rights in the following intellectual property:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 9%; text-align: right; line-height: 106%"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 106%">2003221575</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right; line-height: 106%"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 106%">05/02/2003</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right; line-height: 106%"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 106%">05/02/2003</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right; line-height: 106%"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 106%">03/12/2014</span></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right; line-height: 106%"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 106%">ISSUED</span></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right; line-height: 106%"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 106%">11/01/2004</span></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 106%">&#160;</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the future we may file additional patent applications based on proprietary formulations and novel compounds in the TCAP family.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>COVID-19</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak a &#8220;Public Health Emergency of International
Concern&#8221; and on March 10, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. Actions taken around the world to help mitigate the spread of the
coronavirus include restrictions on travel, and quarantines in certain areas, and forced closures for certain types of public places
and businesses. The COVID-19 coronavirus and actions taken to mitigate it have had and are expected to continue to have an adverse impact
on the economies and financial markets of many countries, including the geographical area in which the Company operates. While it is
unknown how long these conditions will last and what the complete financial effect will be to the Company, capital raising efforts and
additional development of our technologies may be negatively affected.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Properties</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company does not currently own any real property. The Company leases office space for its principal executive office located at 149 Fifth
Avenue, Suite 500, New York, New York 10010.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Legal
Proceedings</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">From
time to time we may be named in claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Currently, no legal proceedings, government actions,
administrative actions, investigations or claims are pending against us or involve us that, in the opinion of our management, could reasonably
be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Subsidiary</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PTI
Canada was incorporated in 2006 in the Province on Ontario, Canada. PTI Canada is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Protagenic. It provides
operational support and assistance for the implementation of corporate and operational activities conducted in Canada. It also oversees
and supports research and development activities conducted under auspices of UT. PTI Canada has three directors: Garo H. Armen (Chairman),
Alexander K. Arrow and Vigen Nazarian. PTI Canada also has one part-time consultant, Robert Ziroyan. PTI Canada also benefits through
tax incentive programs provided by the governments of Canada and the Province of Ontario. We derived credits from Canadian research and
development tax credits for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 of $0 and $0, respectively.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Employees</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
currently have two part-time employees. We also engage consultants and temporary employees from time to time to provide services that
relate to our research and development activities as well as for general administrative and accounting services. We believe that our
current personnel are capable of meeting our operating requirements in the near term. We expect that as our business grows we may hire
additional personnel to handle the increased demands on our operations, preclinical and clinical activities.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Corporate
and Available Information</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
principal offices are located at 149 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010. Our web address is <i>www.protagenic.com</i>.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
make available, free of charge through our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports
on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended,
as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or
SEC. In addition, you may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at its Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington,
DC 20549, on official business days during the hours of 10:00 am to 3:00 pm. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public
Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site, <i>www.sec.gov </i>that contains reports, proxy
and information statements, and other information that we file electronically with the SEC. All statements made in any of our securities
filings, including all forward-looking statements or information, are made as of the date of the document in which the statement is included,
and we do not assume or undertake any obligation to update any of those statements or documents unless we are required to do so by law.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="sj_003"></span>Item
1A. Risk Factors.</b></span></p>

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investment in our common stock is speculative and illiquid and involves a high degree of risk including the risk of a loss of your entire
investment. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information contained in this report
before purchasing shares of our common stock. The risks set forth below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties
may exist that could also adversely affect our business, operations and prospects. If any of the following risks actually materialize,
our business, financial condition, prospects and/or operations could suffer. In such event, the value of our common stock could decline,
and you could lose all or a substantial portion of the money that you pay for our common stock.</i></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>The
Company&#8217;s financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, and do not include adjustments that might be necessary
if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of
assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had incurred significant
operating losses since inception, and continues to generate losses from operations, and has an accumulated deficit of $25,777,375. Based
on its cash resources as of December 31, 2022, the Company has sufficient resources to fund its operations at least until the end of
the third quarter of 2024. The consolidated financial statements included in this report do not include any adjustments relating to the
recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be
unable to continue as a going concern.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
have a history of losses and expect that losses may continue in the future.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have generated net losses since we began operations, including $3,555,505 and $4,522,934 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December
31, 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $25,777,375. We have no approved products and have
generated no product revenue. We expect that product development, preclinical and clinical programs will increase losses significantly
over the next five years. In order to achieve profitability, we will need to generate significant revenue. We cannot be certain that
we will generate sufficient revenue to achieve profitability. We anticipate that we will continue to generate operating losses and negative
cash flow from operations and our current cash position is sufficient to fund our current business plan at least until the third quarter
of 2024. We cannot be certain that we will ever achieve, or if achieved, maintain profitability. If our revenue grows at a slower rate
than we anticipate or if our product development, marketing and operating expenses exceed our expectations or cannot be adjusted accordingly,
our business, results of operation and financial condition will be materially adversely affected, and we may be unable to continue operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
will not be able to generate product revenue unless and until one of our product candidates successfully completes clinical trials and
receives regulatory approval. As our most advanced product candidates are at an early proof-of-concept stage, we do not expect to receive
revenue from any product candidate for the foreseeable future. We may seek to obtain revenue from collaboration or licensing agreements
with third parties. We currently have no such agreements which will provide us with material, ongoing future revenue and we may never
enter into any such agreements. Even if we eventually generate revenues, we may never be profitable, and if we do achieve profitability,
we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
need to obtain financing in order to continue our operations</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
a prospective basis, we will require both short-term financing for operations and long-term capital to fund our expected growth. We have
no existing bank lines of credit and have not established any definitive sources for additional financing. Additional financing may not
be available to us, or if available, then it may not be available upon terms and conditions acceptable to us. If adequate funds are not
available, then we may be required to delay, reduce or eliminate product development or clinical programs. Our inability to take advantage
of opportunities in the industry because of capital constraints may have a material adverse effect on our business and our prospects.
If we fail to obtain the capital necessary to fund our operations, we will be unable to advance our development programs and complete
our clinical trials.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, our research and development expenses could exceed our current expectations. This could occur for many reasons, including:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">some
    or all of our product candidates fail in clinical or preclinical studies and we are forced to seek additional product candidates;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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    product candidates require more extensive clinical or preclinical testing than we currently expect;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    advance more of our product candidates than expected into costly later stage clinical trials;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
    advance more preclinical product candidates than expected into early stage clinical trials;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">While
we expect to seek additional funding through public or private financings, we may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms,
or at all. In addition, the terms of our financings may be dilutive to, or otherwise adversely affect, holders of our common stock. We
may also seek additional funds through arrangements with collaborators or other third parties. These arrangements would generally require
us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies, product candidates or products, and we may not be able to enter into such agreements,
on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to obtain additional funding on a timely basis, we may be required to curtail or terminate
some or all of our development programs, including some or all of our product candidates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>If
we continue to incur operating losses and fail to obtain the capital necessary to fund our operations, we will be unable to advance our
development programs, complete our clinical trials, or bring products to market, or may be forced to reduce or cease operations entirely.
In addition, any capital obtained by us may be obtained on terms that are unfavorable to us, our investors, or both.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Developing
a new drug and conducting clinical trials and the regulatory review processes involves substantial costs. We have projected cash requirements
for the near term based on a variety of assumptions, but some or all of such assumptions are likely to be incorrect and/or incomplete,
possibly materially in an adverse direction. Our actual cash needs may deviate materially from those projections, changes in market conditions
or other factors may increase our cash requirements, or we may not be successful even in raising the amount of cash we currently project
will be required for the near term. We will need to raise additional capital in the future; the amount of additional capital needed will
vary as a result of a number of factors, including without limitation the following:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">higher
    than expected costs to manufacture our product candidates;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">higher
    than expected costs for preclinical testing;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">an
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">slower
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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    than expected costs associated with attempting to obtain regulatory approvals, including without limitation additional costs caused
    by additional regulatory requirements or larger clinical trial requirements;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">higher
    than expected personnel, consulting or other costs, such as adding personnel or industry expert consultants or pursuing the licensing/acquisition
    of additional assets; and</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">higher
    than expected costs to protect our intellectual property portfolio or otherwise pursue our intellectual property strategy.</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">When
we attempt to raise additional financing, there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure such additional financing in sufficient
quantities or at all. We may be unable to raise additional capital for reasons including, without limitation, our operational and/or
financial performance, investor confidence in us and the biopharmaceutical industry, credit availability from banks and other financial
institutions, the status of current projects, and our prospects for obtaining any necessary regulatory approvals. Potential investors&#8217;
capital investments may have shifted to other opportunities with perceived greater returns and/or lower risk thereby reducing capital
available to us, if available at all.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, any additional financing might not be available, and even if available, may not be available on terms favorable to us or our
then-existing investors. We will seek to raise funds through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaboration
or licensing arrangements, mergers, acquisitions, sales of intellectual property, or other financing vehicles or arrangements. To the
extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities or other securities, our then-existing investors will experience
dilution. If we raise funds through debt financings or bank loans, we may become subject to restrictive covenants, our assets may be
pledged as collateral for the debt, and the interests of our then-existing investors would be subordinated to the debt holders or banks.
In addition, our use of and ability to exploit assets pledged as collateral for debt or loans may be restricted or forfeited. To the
extent that we raise additional funds through collaboration or licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish significant rights
(including without limitation intellectual property rights) to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that
are not favorable to us. If we are not able to raise needed funding under acceptable terms or at all, then we will have to reduce expenses,
including the possible options of curtailing operations, abandoning opportunities, licensing or selling off assets, reducing costs to
a point where clinical development or other progress is impaired, or ceasing operations entirely.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
have a limited operating history, expect to incur significant operating losses, and have a high risk of never being profitable.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
commenced operations in February 2016 through a reverse merger and have a limited operating history of less than five years. Therefore,
there is limited historical financial or operational information upon which to evaluate our performance. Our prospects must be considered
in light of the uncertainties, risks, expenses, and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their early stages of operations.
Many if not most companies in our industry at our stage of development never become profitable and are acquired or go out of business
before successfully developing any product that generates revenue from commercial sales or enables profitability.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, we have incurred an accumulated deficit of $25,777,375. We expect to continue to incur substantial operating losses
over the next several years for the clinical development of our current and future licensed or purchased product candidates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
amount of future losses and when, if ever, we will become profitable are uncertain. We do not have any products that have generated any
revenues from commercial sales, and do not expect to generate revenues from the commercial sale of products in the near future, if ever.
Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability will depend on, among other things, successful completion of the development
of our product candidates; obtaining necessary regulatory approvals from the FDA and international regulatory agencies; establishing
manufacturing, sales, and marketing arrangements with third parties; obtaining adequate reimbursement by third-party payers; and raising
sufficient funds to finance our activities. If we are unsuccessful at some or all of these undertakings, our business, financial condition,
and results of operations are expected to be materially and adversely affected.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a recently established public reporting company, we are subject to SEC reporting and other requirements, which will lead to increased
operating costs in order to meet these requirements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Unstable
market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our ability to raise funds, which may cause us to cease or delay
our operations.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">From
time to time, global and domestic credit and financial markets have experienced extreme disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity
and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, and uncertainty
about economic stability. Our financing strategy will be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment
and continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make a debt or equity
financing more difficult to complete, costlier, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on
favorable terms will have a material adverse effect on our business strategy and financial performance, and could require us to cease
or delay our operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Our
financial and operating performance may be adversely affected by the coronavirus pandemic.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
recent outbreak of a strain of coronavirus (Covid-19) in the U.S. has had an unfavorable impact on our business operations. Mandatory
closures of businesses imposed by the federal, state and local governments to control the spread of the virus is disrupting the operations
of our management, business and finance teams. In addition, the Covid-19 outbreak has adversely affected the U.S. economy and financial
markets, which may result in a long-term economic downturn that could negatively affect future performance. The extent to which Covid-19
will impact our business and our consolidated financial results will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot
be predicted at the time of the filing of this Form 10-K, but is expected to result in a material adverse impact on our business, results
of operations and financial condition.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>COVID-19
may impact our operations.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak a &#8220;Public Health Emergency of International
Concern&#8221; and on March 10, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. Actions taken around the world to help mitigate the spread of the
coronavirus include restrictions on travel, and quarantines in certain areas, and forced closures for certain types of public places
and businesses. The COVID-19 coronavirus and actions taken to mitigate it have had and are expected to continue to have an adverse impact
on the economies and financial markets of many countries, including the geographical area in which the Company operates. While it is
unknown how long these conditions will last and what the complete financial effect will be to the Company, capital raise efforts and
additional development of our technologies may be negatively affected.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Clinical Development and Regulatory Approval</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Our
results to date provide no basis for predicting whether any of our product candidates will be safe or effective, or receive regulatory
approval</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s proprietary portfolio of five new neuropeptide hormones are in various stages of research and preclinical evaluation
and their risk of failure is high. It is impossible to predict when or if any of our neuropeptide hormones will prove effective or safe
in humans or will receive regulatory approval. These compounds may not demonstrate in patients the chemical and pharmacological properties
ascribed to them in laboratory studies, and they may interact with human biological systems or other drugs in unforeseen, ineffective
or harmful ways. If we are unable to discover or successfully develop drugs that are effective and safe in humans, we will not have a
viable business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
may not be able to initiate and complete preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates which could adversely affect
our business</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
must successfully initiate and complete extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates before we can receive
regulatory approval. Preclinical studies and clinical trials are expensive and will take several years to complete and may not yield
results that support further clinical development or product approvals. Conducting clinical studies for any of our drug candidates for
approval in the United States requires filing an IND and reaching agreement with the FDA on clinical protocols, finding appropriate clinical
sites and clinical investigators, securing approvals for such studies from the independent review board at each such site, manufacturing
clinical quantities of drug candidates, supplying drug product to clinical sites and enrolling sufficient numbers of participants. We
cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully accomplish all of the activities necessary to initiate and complete clinical trials.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a result, our preclinical studies and clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may be unable to obtain regulatory
approvals or successfully commercialize our products.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>The
drug development and approval process is uncertain, time-consuming and expensive.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
process of obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals for new therapeutic products is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. It also can
vary substantially based on the type, complexity, and novelty of the product. We must provide the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities
with preclinical and clinical data demonstrating that our products are safe and effective before they can be approved for commercial
sale. Clinical development, including preclinical testing, is a long, expensive and uncertain process. It may take us several years to
complete our testing, and failure can occur at any stage of testing. Any preclinical or clinical test may fail to produce results satisfactory
to the FDA. Preclinical and clinical data can be interpreted in different ways, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval.
Negative or inconclusive results from a preclinical study or clinical trial, adverse medical events during a clinical trial or safety
issues resulting from products of the same class of drug could cause a preclinical study or clinical trial to be repeated or a program
to be terminated, even if other studies or trials relating to the program are successful.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>The
regulatory approval process is costly and lengthy and we may not be able to successfully obtain all required regulatory approvals</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
preclinical development, clinical trials, manufacturing, marketing and labeling of pharmaceuticals are all subject to extensive regulation
by numerous governmental authorities and agencies in the United States and other countries. We must obtain regulatory approval for each
of our product candidates before marketing or selling any of them. It is not possible to predict how long the approval processes of the
FDA or any other applicable federal or foreign regulatory authority or agency for any of our products will take or whether any such approvals
ultimately will be granted. The FDA and foreign regulatory agencies have substantial discretion in the drug approval process, and positive
results in preclinical testing or early phases of clinical studies offer no assurance of success in later phases of the approval process.
Generally, preclinical and clinical testing of products can take many years and require the expenditure of substantial resources, and
the data obtained from these tests and trials can be susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit or prevent regulatory
approval. If we encounter significant delays in the regulatory process that result in excessive costs, this may prevent us from continuing
to develop our product candidates. Any delay in obtaining, or failure to obtain, approvals could adversely affect the marketing of our
products and our ability to generate product revenue. The risks associated with the approval process include:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">failure
    of our product candidates to meet a regulatory agency&#8217;s requirements for safety, efficacy and quality;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">limitation
    on the indicated uses for which a product may be marketed;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">unforeseen
    safety issues or side effects; and</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">governmental
    or regulatory delays and changes in regulatory requirements and guidelines.</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Even
if we receive regulatory approvals for marketing our product candidates, if we fail to comply with continuing regulatory requirements,
we could lose our regulatory approvals, and our business would be adversely affected</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
FDA continues to review products even after they receive initial approval. If we receive approval to commercialize any product candidates,
the manufacturing, marketing and sale of these drugs will be subject to continuing regulation, including compliance with quality systems
regulations, good manufacturing practices, adverse event requirements, and prohibitions on promoting a product for unapproved uses. Enforcement
actions resulting from our failure to comply with government and regulatory requirements could result in fines, suspension of approvals,
withdrawal of approvals, product recalls, product seizures, mandatory operating restrictions, criminal prosecution, civil penalties and
other actions that could impair the manufacturing, marketing and sale of our potential products and our ability to conduct our business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Even
if we are able to obtain regulatory approvals for any of our product candidates, if they exhibit harmful side effects after approval,
our regulatory approvals could be revoked or otherwise negatively impacted, and we could be subject to costly and damaging product liability
claims.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Even
if we receive regulatory approval for our product candidates, we will have tested them in only a small number of patients during our
clinical trials. If our applications for marketing are approved and more patients begin to use our product, new risks and side effects
associated with our products may be discovered. As a result, regulatory authorities may revoke their approvals; we may be required to
conduct additional clinical trials, make changes in labeling of our product, reformulate our product or make changes and obtain new approvals
for our and our suppliers&#8217; manufacturing facilities. We might have to withdraw or recall our products from the marketplace. We
may also experience a significant drop in the potential sales of our product if and when regulatory approvals for such product are obtained,
experience harm to our reputation in the marketplace or become subject to lawsuits, including class actions. Any of these results could
decrease or prevent any sales of our approved product or substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing and marketing
our product.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>If
we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of subjects to our clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals
could be delayed or prevented, which could materially affect our financial condition.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Identifying,
screening and enrolling patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success, and we may not
be able to identify, recruit, enroll and dose a sufficient number of patients with the required or desired characteristics to complete
our clinical trials in a timely manner. The timing of our clinical trials depends on our ability to recruit patients to participate as
well as to subsequently dose these patients and complete required follow-up periods.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, we may experience enrollment delays related to increased or unforeseen regulatory, legal and logistical requirements at certain
clinical trial sites. These delays could be caused by reviews by regulatory authorities and contractual discussions with individual clinical
trial sites. Any delays in enrolling and/or dosing patients in our planned clinical trials could result in increased costs, delays in
advancing our product candidates, delays in testing the effectiveness of our product candidates or in termination of the clinical trials
altogether.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Patient
enrollment may be affected if our competitors have ongoing clinical trials with products for the same indications as our product candidates,
and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials instead enroll in our competitors&#8217; clinical trials. Patient
enrollment may also be affected by other factors, including:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">coordination
    with clinical research organizations to enroll and administer the clinical trials;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">coordination
    and recruitment of collaborators and investigators at individual sites;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">size
    of the patient population and process for identifying patients;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">design
    of the clinical trial protocol;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">eligibility
    and exclusion criteria;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">perceived
    risks and benefits of the product candidates under study;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">availability
    of competing commercially available therapies and other competing products&#8217; clinical trials;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">time
    of year in which the trials are initiated or conducted;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">severity
    of the diseases under investigation;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ability
    to obtain and maintain subject consents;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ability
    to enroll and treat patients in a timely manner;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">risk
    that enrolled subjects will drop out before completion of the trials;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">proximity
    and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ability
    to monitor subjects adequately during and after treatment; and</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">patient
    referral practices of physicians.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for clinical trials would result in significant delays and could require us to abandon
one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in these clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our
product candidates, which could materially affect our financial condition.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>New
federal laws or regulations on drug importation could make lower cost versions of our future products available, which could adversely
affect our revenues, if any</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
prices of some drugs are lower in other countries than in the United States because of government regulation and market conditions. Under
current law, importation of drugs into the United States is generally not permitted unless the drugs are approved in the United States
and the entity that holds that approval consents to the importation. Various proposals have been advanced to permit the importation of
drugs from other countries to provide lower cost alternatives to the products available in the United States. In addition, the MMA requires
the Secretary of Health and Human Services to promulgate regulations for drug re-importation from Canada into the United States under
some circumstances, including when the drugs are sold at a lower price than in the United States.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
the laws or regulations are changed to permit the importation of drugs into the United States in circumstances that are currently not
permitted, such a change could have an adverse effect on our business by making available lower priced alternatives to our future products.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Failure
to obtain regulatory and pricing approvals in foreign jurisdictions could delay or prevent commercialization of our products abroad</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we succeed in developing any products, we intend to market them in the European Union and other foreign jurisdictions. In order to do
so, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure
varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval abroad may differ from that required
to obtain FDA approval. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval and
additional risks associated with requirements particular to those foreign jurisdictions where we will seek regulatory approval of our
products. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by
regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities
in other foreign countries or by the FDA. We and our collaborators may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not receive
necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market outside the United States. The failure to obtain these approvals could
materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>It
is uncertain whether product liability insurance will be adequate to address product liability claims, or that insurance against such
claims will be affordable or available on acceptable terms in the future.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Clinical
research involves the testing of new drugs on human volunteers pursuant to a clinical trial protocol. Such testing involves a risk of
liability for personal injury to or death of patients due to, among other causes, adverse side effects, improper administration of the
new drug, or improper volunteer behavior. Claims may arise from patients, clinical trial volunteers, consumers, physicians, hospitals,
companies, institutions, researchers, or others using, selling, or buying our products, as well as from governmental bodies. In addition,
product liability and related risks are likely to increase over time, in particular upon the commercialization or marketing of any products
by us or parties with which we enter into development, marketing, or distribution collaborations. Although we are contracting for general
liability insurance in connection with our ongoing business, there can be no assurance that the amount and scope of such insurance coverage
will be appropriate and sufficient in the event any claims arise, that we will be able to secure additional coverage should we attempt
to do so, or that our insurers would not contest or refuse any attempt by us to collect on such insurance policies. Furthermore, there
can be no assurance that suitable product liability insurance (at the clinical stage and/or commercial stage) will continue to be available
on terms acceptable to us or at all, or that, if obtained, the insurance coverage will be appropriate and sufficient to cover any potential
claims or liabilities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>If
the market opportunities for our current and potential future drug candidates are smaller than we believe they are, our ability to generate
product revenues will be adversely affected and our business may suffer.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
understanding of the number of people who suffer from stress-related indications, including, but not limited to: treatment resistant
depression (&#8220;TRD&#8221;), which is a subgroup of major depressive disorder (&#8220;MDD&#8221;); addiction, recidivism, or substance
use disorder (&#8220;SUD&#8221;); anxiety, including generalized anxiety disorder (&#8220;GAD&#8221;), and post-traumatic stress disorder
(&#8220;PTSD&#8221;) is based upon estimates. These estimates may prove to be incorrect, and new studies may demonstrate or suggest a
lower estimated incidence or prevalence of this condition. The number of patients in the U.S. or elsewhere may turn out to be lower than
expected, may not be otherwise amenable to PT00114 treatment, or treatment-amenable patients may become increasingly difficult to identify
and access, all of which would adversely affect our business prospects and financial condition.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
may not be able to obtain and maintain the third party relationships that are necessary to develop, commercialize and manufacture some
or all of our product candidates</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
expect to depend on collaborators, partners, licensees, clinical research organizations, manufacturers and other third parties to support
our discovery efforts, to formulate product candidates, to conduct clinical trials for some or all of our product candidates, to manufacture
clinical and commercial scale quantities of our product candidates and products and to market, sell, and distribute any products we successfully
develop.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully negotiate agreements for or maintain relationships with collaborators, partners,
licensees, clinical investigators, manufacturers and other third parties on favorable terms, if at all. If we are unable to obtain or
maintain these agreements, we may not be able to clinically develop, formulate, manufacture, obtain regulatory approvals for or commercialize
our product candidates, which will in turn adversely affect our business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
expect to expend substantial management time and effort to enter into relationships with third parties and, if we successfully enter
into such relationships, to manage these relationships. In addition, substantial amounts of our expenditures will be paid to third parties
in these relationships. However, we cannot control the amount or timing of resources our contract partners will devote to our research
and development programs, product candidates or potential product candidates, and we cannot guarantee that these parties will fulfill
their obligations to us under these arrangements in a timely fashion, if at all.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
have no experience in sales, marketing and distribution and may have to enter into agreements with third parties to perform these functions,
which could prevent us from successfully commercializing our product candidates</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
currently have no sales, marketing or distribution capabilities. To commercialize our product candidates, we must either develop our
own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, which will be expensive and time consuming, or make arrangements with third parties
to perform these services for us. If we decide to market any of our products on our own, we will have to commit significant resources
to developing a marketing and sales force and supporting distribution capabilities. If we decide to enter into arrangements with third
parties for performance of these services, we may find that they are not available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are not
able to establish and maintain successful arrangements with third parties or build our own sales and marketing infrastructure, we may
not be able to commercialize our product candidates which would adversely affect our business and financial condition.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Data
provided by collaborators and other parties upon which we rely have not been independently verified and could turn out to be inaccurate,
misleading, or incomplete.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
rely on third-party vendors, scientists, and collaborators to provide us with significant data and other information related to our projects,
clinical trials, and business. We do not independently verify or audit all of such data (including possibly material portions thereof).
As a result, such data may be inaccurate, misleading, or incomplete.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>In
certain cases, we may need to rely on a single supplier for a particular manufacturing material or service, and any interruption in or
termination of service by such supplier could delay or disrupt the commercialization of our products.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
rely on third-party suppliers for the materials used to manufacture our compounds. Some of these materials may at times only be available
from one supplier. Any interruption in or termination of service by such single source suppliers could result in a delay or disruption
in manufacturing until we locate an alternative source of supply. There can be no assurance that we would be successful in locating an
alternative source of supply or in negotiating acceptable terms with such prospective supplier.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
rely on third parties to conduct our non-clinical studies and our clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out
their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our current
product candidates or any future products, on a timely basis or at all, and our financial condition will be adversely affected.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
do not have the ability to independently conduct non-clinical studies and clinical trials. We rely on medical institutions, clinical
investigators, contract laboratories, collaborative partners and other third parties, such as contract research organizations or clinical
research organizations, to conduct non-clinical studies and clinical trials on our product candidates. The third parties with whom we
contract for execution of our non-clinical studies and clinical trials play a significant role in the conduct of these studies and trials
and the subsequent collection and analysis of data. However, these third parties are not our employees, and except for contractual duties
and obligations, we have limited ability to control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our programs.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Although
we rely on third parties to conduct our non-clinical studies and clinical trials, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our
non-clinical studies and clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its investigational plan and protocol. Moreover, the FDA, EMA
and other foreign regulatory authorities require us to comply with regulations and standards, including some regulations commonly referred
to as good clinical practices (&#8220;GCPs&#8221;), for conducting, monitoring, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials
to ensure that the data and results are scientifically credible and accurate, and that the trial subjects are adequately informed of
the potential risks of participating in clinical trials.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, the execution of non-clinical studies and clinical trials, and the subsequent compilation and analyses of the data produced,
requires coordination among various parties. In order for these functions to be carried out effectively and efficiently, it is imperative
that these parties communicate and coordinate with one another. Moreover, these third parties may also have relationships with other
commercial entities, some of which may compete with us. Under certain circumstances, these third parties may be able to terminate their
agreements with us upon short notice. If the third parties conducting our clinical trials do not perform their contractual duties or
obligations, experience work stoppages, do not meet expected deadlines, terminate their agreements with us or need to be replaced, or
if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical trial protocols
or GCPs, or for any other reason, we may need to enter into new arrangements with alternative third parties, which could be difficult,
costly or impossible, and our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated or may need to be repeated. If any of the foregoing
were to occur, we may not be able to obtain, on a timely basis or at all, regulatory approval for or to commercialize the product candidate
being tested in such trials, and as a result, our financial condition will be adversely affected.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
have no experience as a company in commercializing any product. If we fail to obtain commercial expertise, upon product approval by regulatory
agencies, our product launch and revenues could be delayed.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a company, we have never obtained regulatory approval for, or commercialized, any product. Accordingly, we have not yet begun to build
out any sales or marketing capabilities. If we are unable to establish, or contract for, effective sales and marketing capabilities,
or if we are unable to enter into agreements with third parties to commercialize our product candidates on favorable terms or on any
reasonable terms at all, we may not be able to effectively generate product revenues once our product candidates are approved for marketing.
If we fail to obtain commercial expertise or capabilities, upon drug approval, our product launch and subsequent revenues could be delayed
and /or fail to reach their commercial potential.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
may not be able to gain market acceptance of our product candidates, which would prevent us from becoming profitable</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
cannot be certain that any of our product candidates will gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payers, pharmaceutical
companies or others. Demonstrating the safety and efficacy of our product candidates and obtaining regulatory approvals will not guarantee
future revenue. Sales of medical products largely depend on the reimbursement of patients&#8217; medical expenses by government healthcare
programs and private health insurers. Governments and private insurers closely examine medical products to determine whether they should
be covered by reimbursement and if so, the level of reimbursement that will apply. We cannot be certain that third party payers will
sufficiently reimburse sales of our products, or enable us to sell our products at profitable prices. Similar concerns could also limit
the reimbursement amounts that health insurers or government agencies in other countries are prepared to pay for our products. In many
countries where we plan to market our products, including Europe and Canada, the pricing of prescription drugs is controlled by the government
or regulatory agencies. Regulatory agencies in these countries could determine that the pricing for our products should be based on prices
of other commercially available drugs for the same disease, rather than allowing us to market our products at a premium as new drugs.
Sales of medical products also depend on physicians&#8217; willingness to prescribe the treatment, which is likely to be based on a determination
by these physicians that the products are safe, therapeutically effective and cost-effective. We cannot predict whether physicians, other
healthcare providers, government agencies or private insurers will determine that our products are safe, therapeutically effective and
cost effective relative to competing treatments.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
may not be able to manufacture our product candidates in clinical or commercial quantities, which would prevent us from commercializing
our product candidates</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
date, our product candidates have been manufactured in small quantities by us and third party manufacturers for preclinical studies.
If any of our product candidates is approved by the FDA or other regulatory agencies for commercial sale, we will need to manufacture
it in larger quantities and we intend to use third party manufacturers for commercial quantities. Our third party manufacturers may not
be able to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for any of our product candidates in a timely or efficient manner, or at
all. If we are unable to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for a product candidate, the regulatory approval or commercial
launch of that product candidate may be delayed or there may be a shortage in the supply of the product candidate. Our failure or the
failure of our third party manufacturers to comply with the FDA&#8217;s good manufacturing practices and to pass inspections of the manufacturing
facilities by the FDA or other regulatory agencies could seriously harm our business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Our
products may not be accepted for reimbursement or properly reimbursed by third-party payers.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
successful commercialization of any products we might develop will depend substantially on whether the costs of our products and related
treatments are reimbursed at acceptable levels by government authorities, private healthcare insurers, and other third-party payers,
such as health maintenance organizations. Reimbursement rates may vary, depending upon the third-party payer, the type of insurance plan,
and other similar or dissimilar factors. If our products do not achieve adequate reimbursement, then the number of physician prescriptions
of our products may not be sufficient to make our products profitable.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Comparative
effectiveness research demonstrating benefits of a competitor&#8217;s product could adversely affect the sales of our product candidates.
If third-party payers do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our
products as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products on
a profitable basis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Adequate
third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our
investment in the product development of that product. In addition, in the U.S. there is a growing emphasis on comparative effectiveness
research, both by private payers and by government agencies. To the extent other drugs or therapies are found to be more effective than
our products, payers may elect to cover such therapies in lieu of our products or reimburse our products at a lower rate.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>New
federal legislation may increase the pressure to reduce prices of pharmaceutical products paid for by Medicare, which could adversely
affect our revenues, if any</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003, or MMA, expanded Medicare coverage for drug purchases by the elderly
and disabled beginning in 2006. The new legislation uses formularies, preferred drug lists and similar mechanisms that may limit the
number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class or reduce the reimbursement for some of the drugs in a class. More recently,
the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 also contained certain provisions with the potential to affect pricing of pharmaceutical
products.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a result of the expansion of legislation, including recent healthcare insurance legislation, and the expansion of federal coverage of
drug products, we expect that there will be additional pressure to contain and reduce costs. These cost reduction initiatives could decrease
the coverage and price that we receive for our products in the future and could seriously harm our business. While the MMA applies only
to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payers often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting
their own reimbursement systems, and any limits on or reductions in reimbursement that occur in the Medicare program may result in similar
limits on or reductions in payments from private payers.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Disputes
under key agreements or conflicts of interest with our scientific advisors or clinical investigators could delay or prevent development
or commercialization of our product candidates</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
agreements we have or may enter into with third parties, such as collaboration, license, formulation supplier, manufacturing, clinical
research organization or clinical trial agreements, may give rise to disputes regarding the rights and obligations of the parties. Disagreements
could develop over rights to ownership or use of intellectual property, the scope and direction of research and development, the approach
for regulatory approvals or commercialization strategy. We intend to conduct research programs in a range of therapeutic areas, but our
pursuit of these opportunities could result in conflicts with the other parties to these agreements who may be developing or selling
pharmaceuticals or conducting other activities in these same therapeutic areas. Any disputes or commercial conflicts could lead to the
termination of our agreements, delay progress of our product development programs, compromise our ability to renew agreements or obtain
future agreements, lead to the loss of intellectual property rights or result in costly litigation.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
collaborate with outside scientific advisors and collaborators at academic and other institutions that assist us in our research and
development efforts. Our scientific advisors are not our employees and may have other commitments that limit their availability to us.
If a conflict of interest between their work for us and their work for another entity arises, we may lose their services.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Our
competitors and potential competitors may develop products and technologies that make ours less attractive or obsolete</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Many
companies, universities, and research organizations developing competing product candidates have greater resources and significantly
greater experience in financial, research and development, manufacturing, marketing, sales, distribution, and technical regulatory matters
than we have. In addition, many competitors have greater name recognition and more extensive collaborative relationships. Our competitors
could commence and complete clinical testing of their product candidates, obtain regulatory approvals, and begin commercial-scale manufacturing
of their products faster than we are able to for our products. They could develop products that would render our product candidates,
and those of our collaborators, obsolete and noncompetitive. If we are unable to compete effectively against these companies, then we
may not be able to commercialize our product candidates or achieve a competitive position in the market. This would adversely affect
our ability to generate revenues.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Competition
in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in competing products, superior marketing of other products and lower revenues
or profits for us.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
are many companies that are seeking to develop products and therapies for the treatment of mood, anxiety and neurodegenerative disorders.
Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, human and other resources than we do and may be better equipped
to develop, manufacture and market technologically superior products. In addition, many of these competitors have significantly greater
experience than we do in undertaking preclinical testing and human clinical studies of new pharmaceutical products and in obtaining regulatory
approvals of human therapeutic products. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining FDA approval for superior products.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Other
risks and uncertainties include:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development of our products and services</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to manufacture sufficient amounts of products for development and commercialization activities</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to obtain, maintain and successfully enforce adequate patent and other proprietary rights protection of our products and
    services</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    scope, validity and enforceability of patents and other proprietary rights held by third parties and their impact on our ability
    to commercialize our products and services</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    accuracy of our estimates of the size and characteristics of the markets to be addressed by our products and services, including
    growth projections</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">market
    acceptance of our products and services</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to identify new patients for our products and services</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    accuracy of our information regarding the products and resources of our competitors and potential competitors</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    content and timing of submissions to and decisions made by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to obtain reimbursement for our products and services from third-party payors, and the extent of such coverage</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our
    ability to establish and maintain strategic license, collaboration and distribution arrangements</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    continued funding of our collaborations and joint ventures, if any are ultimately established</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    possible disruption of our operations due to terrorist activities and armed conflict, including as a result of the disruption of
    operation of our subsidiaries and our customers, suppliers, distributors, couriers, collaborative partners, licensees and clinical
    trial sites.</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Positive
or timely results from preclinical studies and early clinical trials do not ensure positive or timely results in late-stage clinical
trials or product approval by the FDA or any other regulatory authority. Product candidates that show positive preclinical or early clinical
results often fail in later stage clinical trials. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities is susceptible to varying interpretations,
which could delay, limit, or prevent regulatory approvals.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have limited experience in conducting the clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval. We may not be able to conduct clinical
trials at preferred sites, enlist clinical investigators, enroll sufficient numbers of participants, or begin or successfully complete
clinical trials in a timely fashion, if at all. Any failure to perform may delay or terminate the trials. Our current clinical trials
may be insufficient to demonstrate that our potential products will be active, safe, or effective. Additional clinical trials may be
required if clinical trial results are negative or inconclusive, which will require us to incur additional costs and significant delays.
If we do not receive the necessary regulatory approvals, we will not be able to generate product revenues and may not become profitable.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Our Intellectual Property</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
may not be able to maintain our exclusive worldwide license to use and develop PT00114 which could materially affect our business plan</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
July 21, 2005, we entered into the License Agreement with University of Toronto, or UT, pursuant to which UT agreed to license to us
patent rights and other intellectual property related to PT00114, among other things. The Technology License Agreement was amended on
February 18, 2015. Unless earlier terminated, the term of this agreement shall terminate on the expiration or invalidity of the last
issued Patent in the Agreement</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the License Agreement, we obtained an exclusive worldwide license to make, have made, use, sell and import products based upon the
Technologies, or to sublicense the Technologies in accordance with the terms of the License Agreement. In the event we fail to provide
UT with semi-annual reports on our progress or fail to continue to make reasonable commercial efforts towards obtaining regulatory approval
for products based on the Technologies, UT may convert our exclusive license into a non-exclusive one. In such a case, we would lose
our competitive advantage in the development of treatments based on PT00114.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
have to sustain and further build our intellectual property rights.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we fail to sustain and further build our intellectual property rights, competitors will be able to take advantage of our research and
development efforts to develop competing products. If we are not able to protect our proprietary technology, trade secrets, and know-how,
our competitors may use our inventions to develop competing products. Protagenic has obtained worldwide exclusive rights to PT00114 and
related technology that was developed at UT. The Company currently has four patents issued by the Governments of the United States, Canada,
European Union and Australia. As of December 31, 2022, we have four patents issued by the Governments of the United States, Canada,
European Union (validated in Germany, France and Great Britain) and Australia on our original platform technology. The patent applications
were made in the name of Dr. David A. Lovejoy and inventors, but the Company&#8217;s exclusive, worldwide rights to such patent applications
are included in the License Agreement with UT. We have three further issued patents and ten pending patent applications in related technology
that the company has rights in or own.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">However,
our patents and patent applications, even if granted, may not protect us against our competitors. Our patent positions, and those of
other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions.
The standards which the United States Patent and Trademark Office uses to grant patents, and the standards which courts use to interpret
patents, are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change, particularly as new technologies develop. Consequently, the
level of protection, if any, that will be provided by our patents if we attempt to enforce them, and they are challenged, is uncertain.
In addition, the type and extent of patent claims that will be issued to us in the future is uncertain. Any patents that are issued may
not contain claims that permit us to stop competitors from using similar technology.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition to our patentable technology, we also rely on unpatented technology, trade secrets, and confidential information. We may not
be able to effectively protect our rights to this technology or information. Other parties may independently develop substantially equivalent
information and techniques or otherwise gain access to or disclose our technology. We generally require each of our employees, consultants,
collaborators, and certain contractors to execute a confidentiality agreement at the commencement of an employment, consulting, collaborative,
or contractual relationship with us. However, these agreements may not provide effective protection of our technology or information
or, in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure, they may not provide adequate remedies.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
patent position is generally uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries
do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and other biotechnology companies have encountered
significant problems in protecting and defending their proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions. Whether filed in the United States
or abroad, our patent applications may be challenged or may fail to result in issued patents. In addition, any future patents we obtain
may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing or commercializing competing products.
Furthermore, others may independently develop or commercialize similar or alternative technologies or drugs, or design around our patents.
Our patents may be challenged, invalidated or fail to provide us with any competitive advantages. We may not have the funds available
to protect our patents or other technology; such protection is costly and can result in further litigation expenses.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we do not obtain or we are unable to maintain adequate patent or trade secret protection for our products in the United States, competitors
could duplicate them without repeating the extensive testing that we will be required to undertake to obtain approval of the products
by the FDA. Regardless of any patent protection, under the current statutory framework the FDA is prohibited by law from approving any
generic version of any of our products for three years after it has approved our product. Upon the expiration of that period, or if that
time period is altered, the FDA could approve a generic version of our product unless we have patent protection sufficient for us to
block that generic version. Without sufficient patent protection, the applicant for a generic version of our product would be required
only to conduct a relatively inexpensive study to show that its product is bioequivalent to our product and may not have to repeat the
studies that we will need to conduct to demonstrate that the product is safe and effective. In the absence of adequate patent protection
in other countries, competitors may similarly be able to obtain regulatory approval in those countries of products that duplicate our
products.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
have to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property licenses with third parties</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property licenses with third parties, we could lose license rights that are
important to our business<b><i>. </i></b>We are a party to the License Agreement with UT under which we receive the right to practice
and use important third party patent rights. We may enter into additional licenses in the future. Our existing licenses impose, and we
expect future licenses will impose, various diligences, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. If we fail
to comply with these obligations, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, in which event we might not be able to market
any product that is covered by the licensed patents.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may need to resort to litigation to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, including any patents issued to us. If a competitor
or collaborator files a patent application claiming technology also invented by us, in order to protect our rights, we may have to participate
in an expensive and time consuming interference proceeding before the United States Patent and Trademark Office. We cannot guarantee
that our product candidates will be free of claims by third parties alleging that we have infringed their intellectual property rights.
Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technologies without authorization and they may resort to litigation
to attempt to enforce their rights. Third parties may have or obtain patents in the future and claim that the use of our technology or
any of our product candidates infringes their patents. We may not be able to develop or commercialize combination product candidates
because of patent protection others have. Our business will be harmed if we cannot obtain a necessary or desirable license, can obtain
such a license only on terms we consider to be unattractive or unacceptable, or if we are unable to redesign our product candidates or
processes to avoid actual or potential patent or other intellectual property infringement. Obtaining, protecting and defending patent
and other intellectual property rights can be expensive and may require us to incur substantial costs, including the diversion of management
and technical personnel. An unfavorable ruling in patent or intellectual property litigation could subject us to significant liabilities
to third parties, require us to cease developing, manufacturing or selling the affected products or using the affected processes, require
us to license the disputed rights from third parties, or result in awards of substantial damages against us.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
can be no assurance that we would prevail in any intellectual property infringement action, will be able to obtain a license to any third
party intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms, successfully develop non-infringing alternatives on a timely basis, or
license non-infringing alternatives, if any exist, on commercially reasonable terms. Any significant intellectual property impediment
to our ability to develop and commercialize our products could seriously harm our business and prospects.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Patent
litigation or other litigation in connection with our intellectual property rights may lead to publicity that may harm our reputation
and the value of our common stock may decline</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the course of any patent litigation, there may be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, and other interim proceedings
or developments in the litigation. If securities analysts or investors regard these announcements as negative, the value of our common
stock may decline. General proclamations or statements by key public figures may also have a negative impact on the perceived value of
our intellectual property.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Protecting
and defending against intellectual property claims may have a material adverse effect on our business</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">From
time to time, we may receive notice that others have infringed on our proprietary rights or that we have infringed on the intellectual
property rights of others. There can be no assurance that infringement or invalidity claims will not materially adversely affect our
business, financial condition or results of operations. Regardless of the validity or the success of the assertion of claims, we could
incur significant costs and diversion of resources in protecting or defending against claims, which could have a material adverse effect
on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We may not have the funds or resources available to protect our intellectual
property.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Intellectual
property disputes could require us to spend time and money to address such disputes and could limit our intellectual property rights.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
biopharmaceutical industry has been characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights, and
companies have employed intellectual property litigation and USPTO post-grant proceedings to gain a competitive advantage. We may become
subject to infringement claims or litigation arising out of patents and pending applications of our competitors, or additional interference
proceedings declared by the USPTO to determine the priority and patentability of inventions. The defense and prosecution of intellectual
property suits, USPTO proceedings, and related legal and administrative proceedings are costly and time-consuming to pursue, and their
outcome is uncertain. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our issued patents, to protect our trade secrets and know-how, or to determine
the enforceability, scope, and validity of the proprietary rights of others. An adverse determination in litigation or USPTO post-grant
and interference proceedings to which we may become a party could subject us to significant liabilities, require us to obtain licenses
from third parties, or restrict or prevent us from selling our products in certain markets. Even if a given patent or intellectual property
dispute were settled through licensing or similar arrangements, our costs associated with such arrangements may be substantial and could
include the payment by us of large fixed payments and ongoing royalties. Furthermore, the necessary licenses may not be available on
satisfactory terms or at all. Even where we have meritorious claims or defenses, the costs of litigation may prevent us from pursuing
these claims or defenses and/or may require extensive financial and personnel resources to pursue these claims or defenses. In addition,
it is possible there may be defects of form in our current and future patents that could result in our inability to defend the intended
claims. Intellectual property disputes arising from the aforementioned factors, or other factors, may materially harm our business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Companies have
encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal
systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property
protection, especially those relating to life sciences. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or
the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under
which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against third
parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Proceedings
to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts
and attention from other aspects of our business. Furthermore, while we intend to protect our intellectual property rights in our expected
significant markets, we cannot ensure that we will be able to initiate or maintain similar efforts in all jurisdictions in which we may
wish to market PT00114 or any future products. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries
may be inadequate. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the U.S. and foreign countries may affect our ability
to obtain and enforce adequate intellectual property protection for our products and technology.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Changes
to the patent law in the U.S. and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to
protect our product candidates.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
is the case with other biopharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents.
Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal complexity. Therefore, obtaining
and enforcing biopharmaceutical patents is costly, time consuming and inherently uncertain. In addition, the U.S. has recently enacted
and is currently implementing wide ranging patent reform legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent
years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in
certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination
of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents once obtained. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress,
the federal courts and the USPTO, as well as other jurisdictions around the world, the laws and regulations governing patents could change
in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might
obtain in the future.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Obtaining
and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements
imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other
provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent
application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might
be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>If
we fail to comply with our obligations under any license, collaboration or other intellectual property-related agreements, we may be
required to pay damages and could lose intellectual property rights that may be necessary for developing, commercializing and protecting
our current or future technologies or drug candidates or we could lose certain rights to grant sublicenses.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
license, collaboration or other intellectual property-related agreements impose, and any future license, collaboration or other intellectual
property-related agreements we enter into are likely to impose, various development, commercialization, funding, milestone, royalty,
diligence, sublicensing, insurance, patent prosecution and enforcement or other obligations on us. If we breach any of these obligations,
or use the intellectual property licensed to us in an unauthorized manner, we may be required to pay damages and the licensor may have
the right to terminate the license. In spite of our best efforts, any of our future licensors might conclude that we have materially
breached our license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing our ability to develop and commercialize
products and technologies covered by these license agreements. Any license agreements we enter into may be complex, and certain provisions
in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may
arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we
believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on
our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may seek to obtain licenses from licensors in the future, however, we may be unable to obtain any such licenses at a reasonable cost
or on reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, if any of our future licensors terminate any such license agreements, such license termination
could result in our inability to develop, manufacture and sell products that are covered by the licensed technology or could enable a
competitor to gain access to the licensed technology. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position,
business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to achieve profitability.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Furthermore,
we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, enforcement and defense of patents and patent
applications that we license from third parties. Therefore, we cannot be certain that these patents and patent applications will be prepared,
filed, prosecuted, maintained, enforced and defended in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If our future licensors
fail to prosecute, maintain, enforce and defend patents we may in-license, or lose rights to licensed patents or patent applications,
our license rights may be reduced or eliminated. In such circumstances, our right to develop and commercialize any of our products or
drug candidates that is the subject of such licensed rights could be materially adversely affected. In certain circumstances, our licensed
patent rights are subject to our reimbursing our licensors for their patent prosecution and maintenance costs.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Moreover,
our licensors may own or control intellectual property that has not been licensed to us and, as a result, we may be subject to claims,
regardless of their merit, that we are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the licensor&#8217;s intellectual property
rights and the amount of any damages or future royalty obligations that would result, if any such claims were successful, would depend
on the technology and intellectual property we use in products that we successfully develop and commercialize, if any. Therefore, even
if we successfully develop and commercialize products, due to such obligations, we may be unable to achieve or maintain profitability.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Related to Our Business Operations and Industry</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>If
we are not able to retain our current senior management team and our scientific advisors or continue to attract and retain qualified
scientific, technical and business personnel, our business will suffer</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are dependent on the members of our management team and our scientific advisors for our business success. An important element of our
strategy is to take advantage of the research and development expertise of our current management and to utilize the unique expertise
of our scientific advisors. We do not have any employment agreements with our executive officers. The loss of any one of our executive
officers or key scientific consultants, including, in particular, Garo Armen, Ph.D., Chairman of the Board, and Dr. David A. Lovejoy,
our Chief Scientific Advisor, could result in a significant loss in the knowledge and experience that we, as an organization, possess
and could cause significant delays, or outright failure, in the development and further commercialization of our product candidates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
grow, we will eventually need to hire a significant number of qualified commercial, scientific and administrative personnel. However,
there is intense competition for human resources, including management in the technical fields in which we operate, and we may not be
able to attract and retain qualified personnel necessary for the successful development and commercialization of our product candidates.
Our inability to attract new employees or to retain existing employees could limit our growth and harm our business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could adversely affect our operations</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
ability to manage our operations and growth effectively depends upon the continual improvement of our procedures, reporting systems,
and operational, financial, and management controls. We may not be able to implement improvements in an efficient or timely manner and
may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. If we do not meet these challenges, we may be unable to take advantage of
market opportunities, execute our business strategies or respond to competitive pressures which in turn may slow our growth or give rise
to inefficiencies that would increase our losses.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may acquire additional technology and complementary businesses in the future. Acquisitions involve many risks, any one of which could
materially harm our business, including the diversion of management&#8217;s attention from core business concerns, failure to exploit
acquired technologies, or the loss of key employees from either our business or the acquired business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Healthcare
reform measures could adversely affect our business</i>.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
efforts of governmental and third-party payers to contain or reduce the costs of healthcare may adversely affect the business and financial
condition of pharmaceutical companies. In the United States and in foreign jurisdictions there have been, and we expect that there will
continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory proposals aimed at changing the healthcare system. For example, in some countries
other than the United States, pricing of prescription drugs is subject to government control, and we expect proposals to implement similar
controls in the United States to continue. The pendency or approval of such proposals could result in a decrease in our common stock
value or limit our ability to raise capital or to enter into collaborations or license rights to our products.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Our
business and operations are vulnerable to computer system failures, cyber-attacks or deficiencies in our cyber-security, which could
increase our expenses, divert the attention of our management and key personnel away from our business operations and adversely affect
our results of operations.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Despite
the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of third parties on which we rely, are to damage from:
computer viruses; malware; natural disasters; terrorism; war; telecommunication and electrical failures; cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions
over the Internet; attachments to emails; persons inside our organization; or persons with access to systems inside our organization.
The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign
governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions
from around the world have increased. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a
material disruption of our product development programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing or planned
clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce
the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach was to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate
disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur material legal claims and liability, and damage to our reputation,
and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed. We could be forced to expend significant resources in response
to a cyber security breach, including repairing system damage, increasing cyber security protection costs by deploying additional personnel
and protection technologies, paying regulatory fines and resolving legal claims and regulatory actions, all of which would increase our
expenses, divert the attention of our management and key personnel away from our business operations and adversely affect our results
of operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Failure
to comply with health and data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions (which could include civil
or criminal penalties), private litigation or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
and our current and any of our future collaborators may be subject to federal, state and foreign data protection laws and regulations
(i.e., laws and regulations that address privacy and data security). In the U.S., numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including
federal health information privacy laws (e.g., the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (&#8220;HIPAA&#8221;), as amended
by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (&#8220;HITECH&#8221;)), state data breach notification laws,
state health information privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission
Act), that govern the collection, use, disclosure and protection of health-related and other personal information could apply to our
operations or the operations of our collaborators. In addition, we may obtain health information from third parties (including research
institutions from which we obtain clinical trial data) that are subject to privacy and security requirements under HIPAA, as amended
by HITECH, or other privacy and data security laws. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we could be subject to criminal penalties
if we knowingly obtain, use, or disclose individually identifiable health information maintained by a HIPAA-covered entity in a manner
that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">International
data protection laws, including Regulation 2016/679, known as the General Data Protection Regulation (&#8220;GDPR&#8221;) may also apply
to health-related and other personal information obtained outside of the U.S. The GDPR went into effect on May 25, 2018. The GDPR introduced
new data protection requirements in the EU, as well as potential fines for non-compliant companies of up to the greater of &#8364;20 million
or 4% of annual global revenue. The regulation imposes numerous new requirements for the collection, use, storage and disclosure of personal
information, including more stringent requirements relating to consent and the information that must be shared with data subjects about
how their personal information is used, the obligation to notify regulators and affected individuals of personal data breaches, extensive
new internal privacy governance obligations and obligations to honor expanded rights of individuals in relation to their personal information
(e.g., the right to access, correct and delete their data). In addition, the GDPR includes restrictions on cross-border data transfers.
The GDPR increased our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process where such processing is subject to
the GDPR, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR, including as implemented by
individual countries. Further, the United Kingdom&#8217;s vote in favor of exiting the EU, often referred to as Brexit, has created uncertainty
with regard to data protection regulation in the United Kingdom. In particular, it is unclear how data transfers to and from the United
Kingdom will be regulated.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, California recently enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (&#8220;CCPA&#8221;), which creates new individual privacy
rights for California consumers (as defined in the law) and places increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal
data of consumers or households. The CCPA will require covered companies to provide new disclosure to consumers about such companies&#8217;
data collection, use and sharing practices, provide such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales or transfers of personal information,
and provide consumers with additional causes of action. The CCPA goes into effect on January 1, 2020, and the California Attorney General
may bring enforcement actions for violations beginning July 1, 2020. The CCPA was amended on September 23, 2018, and it remains unclear
what, if any, further modifications will be made to this legislation or how it will be interpreted. As currently written, the CCPA may
impact our business activities and exemplifies the vulnerability of our business to the evolving regulatory environment related to personal
data and protected health information.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Compliance
with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts,
restrict our ability to collect, use and disclose data, or in some cases, impact our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions. Failure
to comply with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could
include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>If
we, our CROs or our IT vendors experience security or data privacy breaches or other unauthorized or improper access to, use of, or destruction
of personal data, we may face costs, significant liabilities, harm to our brand and business disruption.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
connection with our drug research and development efforts, we or our CROs may collect and use a variety of personal data, such as names,
mailing addresses, email addresses, phone numbers and clinical trial information. Although we have extensive measures in place to prevent
the sharing and loss of patient data in our clinical trial processes associated with our developed technologies and drug candidates,
any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches or improper access to, use of, or disclosure of our clinical data or patients&#8217;
personal data could result in significant liability under state (e.g., state breach notification laws), federal (e.g., HIPAA, as amended
by HITECH), and international laws (e.g., the GDPR). Any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches or improper access to, use
of, or disclosure of our clinical data or patients&#8217; personal data may cause a material adverse impact to our reputation, affect
our ability to conduct new studies and potentially disrupt our business. We may also rely on third-party IT vendors to host or otherwise
process some of our data and that of users, and any failure by such IT vendor to prevent or mitigate security breaches or improper access
to or disclosure of such information could have similarly adverse consequences for us. If we are unable to prevent or mitigate the impact
of such security or data privacy breaches, we could be exposed to litigation and governmental investigations, which could lead to a potential
disruption to our business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>If
we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely
affected.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
research and development and drug candidates and future commercial manufacturing may involve the use of hazardous materials and various
chemicals. We currently do not maintain a research laboratory, but we engage third-party research organizations and manufacturers to
conduct our preclinical studies, clinical trials and manufacturing. These third-party laboratories and manufacturers are subject to federal,
state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials. We
must rely on the third parties&#8217; procedures for storing, handling and disposing of these materials in their facilities to comply
with the relevant guidelines of the states in which they operate and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department
of Labor. Although we believe that their safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards mandated
by applicable regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident occurs,
this could result in significant delays in our development. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety
laws and regulations. Although we maintain workers&#8217; compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due
to injuries to our employees, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. Additional federal, state
and local laws and regulations affecting our operations may be adopted in the future. We may incur substantial costs to comply with,
and substantial fines or penalties if we violate, any of these laws or regulations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risks
Associated to our Common Stock</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>If
we fail to comply with the continued minimum closing bid requirements of Nasdaq by October 3, 2022 or other requirements for continued
listing, including stockholder equity requirements, our common stock may be delisted and the price of our common stock and our ability
to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
common stock is listed for trading on Nasdaq. We must satisfy Nasdaq&#8217;s continued listing requirements, including, among other things,
a minimum closing bid price requirement of $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. If a company&#8217;s common stock trades
for 30 consecutive business days below the $1.00 minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq will send a deficiency notice, advising
that such company has been afforded a &#8220;compliance period&#8221; of 180 calendar days to regain compliance with the applicable requirements.
Thereafter, if such a company does not regain compliance with the bid price requirement, a second 180-day compliance period may be available,
provided (i) it meets the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other applicable requirements
for initial listing on Nasdaq, including stockholder equity requirements, which we may be unable to satisfy (except for the bid price
requirement), and (ii) it provides written notice to Nasdaq of its intention to cure this deficiency during the second compliance period
by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. In the event the company does not regain compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2) prior to the
expiration of the initial 180 calendar day period, and if it appears to the Staff of the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq
Stock Market LLC (the &#8220;Nasdaq Staff&#8221;) that the company will not be able to cure the deficiency, or if the company is not
otherwise eligible, the Nasdaq Staff will provide the company with written notification that its securities are subject to delisting
from Nasdaq. At that time, the company may appeal the delisting determination to a Hearings Panel.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
April 5, 2022, the Nasdaq Staff notified us that we did not comply with the minimum $1.00 per share bid price requirement for continued
listing, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), and we had 180 calendar days, or until October 3, 2022, to regain compliance.
The closing bid price of our securities must be at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of ten consecutive business days to regain compliance.
In September 2022, Nasdaq extended the timeframe by another six months, giving us until April 4, 2023 to comply.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On March 22, 2023, the company underwent a 1-for-4 reverse stock split,
to exceed the $1.00 per share minimum bid price and preserving our listing on Nasdaq.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the future, if we are unable to maintain compliance with the minimum closing bid price requirement, or if we fail to meet any of the
other continued listing requirements, including stockholder equity requirements, our securities may be delisted from Nasdaq, which could
reduce the liquidity of our common stock materially and result in a corresponding material reduction in the price of our common stock.
In addition, delisting could harm our ability to raise capital through alternative financing sources on terms acceptable to us, or at
all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, employees and business development opportunities. Such a delisting
likely would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. Further, if we were to be delisted from
Nasdaq, our common stock may no longer be recognized as a &#8220;covered security&#8221; and we would be subject to regulation in each
state in which we offer our securities. Thus, delisting from Nasdaq could adversely affect our ability to raise additional financing
through the public or private sale of equity securities, would significantly impact the ability of investors to trade our securities
and would negatively impact the value and liquidity of our common stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Our
common stock is a &#8220;Penny Stock&#8221; subject to specific rules governing its sale to investors that could impact its liquidity.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
SEC has adopted Rule 15g-9 which establishes the definition of a &#8220;penny stock,&#8221; for the purposes relevant to our common stock,
as any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share or with an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject
to certain exceptions. For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require that a broker or dealer approve
a person&#8217;s account for transactions in penny stocks; and the broker or dealer receive from the investor a written agreement to
the transaction, setting forth the identity and quantity of the penny stock to be purchased.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
order to approve a person&#8217;s account for transactions in penny stocks, the broker or dealer must obtain financial information and
investment experience objectives of the person; and make a reasonable determination that the transactions in penny stocks are suitable
for that person and the person has sufficient knowledge and experience in financial matters to be capable of evaluating the risks of
transactions in penny stocks.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
broker or dealer must also deliver, prior to any transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule prescribed by the SEC relating to
the penny stock market, which, in highlight form sets forth the basis on which the broker or dealer made the suitability determination,
and states that the broker or dealer received a signed, written agreement from the investor prior to the transaction.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Generally,
brokers may be less willing to execute transactions in securities subject to the &#8220;penny stock&#8221; rules. This may make it more
difficult for investors sell shares of our common stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Disclosure
also has to be made about the risks of investing in penny stocks in both public offerings and in secondary trading and about the commissions
payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative, current quotations for the securities and the rights and remedies
available to an investor in cases of fraud in penny stock transactions. Finally, monthly statements have to be sent disclosing recent
price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stocks.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>The
market price of our common stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment</i></b>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
market price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors,
some of which are beyond our control.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
market price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially and will depend on a number of factors many of which are beyond our control
and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our
common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you pay for the shares. Factors that could cause fluctuations
in the market price of our common stock include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">price
    and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">volatility
    in the market prices and trading volumes of pharmaceutical and biotechnology stocks;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">changes
    in operating performance and stock market valuations of other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies generally, or those in our
    industry in particular;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">sales
    of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">failure
    of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow our company,
    or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections or our failure to meet those projections;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">announcements
    by us or our competitors of new products or services;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    public&#8217;s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">rumors
    and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">actual
    or anticipated changes in our operating results or fluctuations in our operating results;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">actual
    or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors&#8217; businesses or the competitive landscape generally;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">litigation
    involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">developments
    or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">announced
    or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">new
    laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">changes
    in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any
    significant change in our management; and</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">general
    economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company&#8217;s securities,
securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could
result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management&#8217;s attention and resources.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Compliance
with the reporting requirements of federal securities laws can be expensive.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are a public reporting company in the United States, and accordingly, subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange
Act and other federal securities laws, and certain compliance obligations of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The costs of preparing and filing
annual and quarterly reports and other information with the SEC and furnishing audited reports to stockholders are substantial.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Applicable
regulatory requirements, including those contained in and issued under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, may make it difficult for us to
retain or attract qualified officers and directors, which could adversely affect the management of its business and its ability to obtain
or retain listing of our common stock.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
may be unable to attract and retain those qualified officers, directors and members of board committees required to provide for effective
management because of the rules and regulations that govern publicly held companies, including, but not limited to, certifications by
principal executive officers. The enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has resulted in the issuance of a series of related rules and regulations
and the strengthening of existing rules and regulations by the SEC, as well as the adoption of new and more stringent rules by the stock
exchanges. The perceived increased personal risk associated with these changes may deter qualified individuals from accepting roles as
directors and executive officers.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Further,
some of these changes heighten the requirements for board or committee membership, particularly with respect to an individual&#8217;s
independence from the corporation and level of experience in finance and accounting matters. We may have difficulty attracting and retaining
directors with the requisite qualifications. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified officers and directors, the management
of our business and our ability to obtain or retain listing of our shares of common stock on any stock exchange (assuming we elect to
seek and are successful in obtaining such listing) could be adversely affected.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>If
we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or detect
fraud. Consequently, investors could lose confidence in our financial reporting and this may decrease the trading price of our stock.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
must maintain effective internal controls to provide reliable financial reports and detect fraud. We have been assessing our internal
controls to identify areas that need improvement and will continue to monitor internal controls to improve them. Failure to implement
these changes to our internal controls or any others that it identifies as necessary to maintain an effective system of internal controls
could harm our operating results and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. Any such loss of confidence
would have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Management
has concluded that, during the year-ended December 31, 2022, our internal controls and procedures were not effective to detect the inappropriate
application of U.S. GAAP. Management identified the following material weaknesses set forth below in our internal control over financial
reporting.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    lack the necessary corporate accounting resources to maintain adequate segregation of duties; and</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    did not perform an effective risk assessment or monitor internal controls over financial reporting.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>The
price of our common stock may become volatile, which could lead to losses by investors and costly securities litigation.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
trading price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and could fluctuate in response to factors such as:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">actual
    or anticipated variations in our operating results;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">announcements
    of developments by us or our competitors;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    timing of IDE and/or NDA approval, the completion and/or results of our clinical trials;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">regulatory
    actions regarding our products;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">announcements
    by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">adoption
    of new accounting standards affecting our industry;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">additions
    or departures of key personnel;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">introduction
    of new products by us or our competitors;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">sales
    of our common stock or other securities in the open market; and</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">other
    events or factors, many of which are beyond our control.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
stock market is subject to significant price and volume fluctuations. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price
of a company&#8217;s securities, securities class action litigation has often been initiated against such a company. Litigation initiated
against us, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management&#8217;s attention and resources,
which could harm our business and financial condition.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Investors
may experience dilution of their ownership interests because of the future issuance of additional shares of our common stock.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the future, we may issue additional authorized but previously unissued equity securities, resulting in the dilution of the ownership
interests of our present stockholders. We may also issue additional shares of our common stock or other securities that are convertible
into or exercisable for our common stock in connection with hiring or retaining employees, future acquisitions, future sales of our securities
for capital raising purposes, or for other business purposes and some of these issuances may be at a price (or exercise prices) below
the price at which shares of our common stock is currently quoted on the NASDAQ Capital Market. The future issuance of any such additional
shares of common stock may create downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Our
common stock is controlled by insiders</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
officers and directors beneficially own approximately 26% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Such concentrated control of our
common stock may adversely affect the price of our common stock. Investors who acquire our common stock may have no effective voice in
the management of our operations. Sales by our insiders or affiliates, along with any other market transactions, could affect the market
price of our common stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future and may never pay dividends.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have paid no dividends on our common stock to date and it is not anticipated that any dividends will be paid to holders of our common
stock in the foreseeable future. While our future dividend policy will be based on the operating results and capital needs of our business,
it is currently anticipated that any earnings will be retained to finance our future expansion and for the implementation of our business
plan. As an investor, you should take note of the fact that a lack of a dividend can further affect the market value of our stock, and
could significantly affect the value of any investment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>There
can be no assurance that we will ever provide liquidity to our investors through a sale of our Company.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">While
acquisitions of pharmaceutical companies like ours are not uncommon, potential investors are cautioned that no assurances can be given
that any form of merger, combination, or sale of our Company will take place or that any merger, combination, or sale, even if consummated,
would provide liquidity or a profit for our investors. You should not invest in our Company with the expectation that we will be able
to sell the business in order to provide liquidity or a profit for our investors.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Our
certificate of incorporation allows for our board to create new series of preferred stock without further approval by our stockholders,
which could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
board of directors has the authority to issue shares of our preferred stock, with such relative rights and preferences as the board of
directors may determine, without further stockholder approval. As a result, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of a
series of preferred stock that would grant to holders special and unique rights, including without limitation, a preferred right to our
assets upon liquidation, a right to receive dividend payments before dividends are distributed to the holders of common stock and the
right to convert into our common stock at a price more favorable then the price at which you acquired our common stock. The issuance
of any preferred stock could decrease the value of your common stock and relative voting power of our common stock or result in dilution
to our existing stockholders.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, which may, unless certain
criteria are met, prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of the voting rights on our common stock, from
engaging in certain business combinations with us for a prescribed period of time.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_001"></span>Item
1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Not
applicable.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_002"></span>Item
2. Properties.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company does not currently own any real property. The Company leases office space for its principal executive office located at 149 Fifth
Avenue, Suite 500, New York, New York 10010.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_003"></span>Item
3. Legal Proceedings.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">From
time to time we may be named in claims arising in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2022, no legal proceedings, government
actions, administrative actions, investigations or claims are pending against us or involve us that, in the opinion of our management,
could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_004"></span>Item
4. Mine Safety Disclosures.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Not
applicable.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_005"></span>PART
II</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_006"></span>Item
5. Market for Registrant&#8217;s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Market
Information</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
common stock is currently available for trading in the over-the-counter market and is quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the
symbol &#8220;PTIX.&#8221; There has been very limited market for our common stock and trading volume has been negligible. There is no
guarantee that an active trading market will develop in our common stock. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated and
as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market, the high and low bid prices for our common stock. Such quotations reflect inter-dealer prices,
without retail mark-up, markdown or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    high and low bid prices for this quarter were reported by the Nasdaq Capital Market. There was negligible trading volume during
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Holders</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of March 31, 2023, there are approximately 3,000 record holders of our common stock and zero holders of our Series B Preferred Stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Dividend
Policy</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common
stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion
of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon a
number of factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions, restrictions
imposed by applicable law and other factors our board of directors deems relevant.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Recent
Sales of Unregistered Securities</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year December 31, 2022, $94,985 in principal and interest were converted to 18,912 shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_007"></span>Item
6. [Reserved]</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_008"></span>Item
7. Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>You
should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements
and the related notes included at the end of this report. This discussion and other parts of this report contain forward-looking statements
that involve risks and uncertainties such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. As a result of many factors,
including those factors set forth in the &#8220;Risk factors&#8221; section of this report, our actual results could differ materially
from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on Protagenic&#8217;s financial statements, which
Protagenic has prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements
requires Protagenic to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of
contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting
periods. On an ongoing basis, Protagenic evaluates such estimates and judgments, including those described in greater detail below. Protagenic
bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that Protagenic believes are reasonable under the circumstances,
the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent
from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
expect to continue to incur significant expenses and minimal positive net cash flows from operations or negative net cash flows from
operations for the foreseeable future, and those expenses and losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year.
We anticipate that our expenses will fluctuate substantially as we:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
continue our ongoing preclinical studies, clinical trials and our product development activities for our pipeline of product candidates;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
continue research and preclinical development and initiate clinical trials of our other product candidates;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
seek to discover and develop additional product candidates either internally or in partnership with other pharmaceutical companies;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
adapt our regulatory compliance efforts to incorporate requirements applicable to marketed products;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; and</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses in operating as a public company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Results
of Operations</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are a development stage company currently performing clinical trials to obtain Food and Drug Administration (&#8220;FDA&#8221;) approval
and commercialization of our product.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred a loss from operations of $3,557,788 as compared to $4,140,413 for the year ended
December 31, 2021. The decrease in the loss is due to an increase in research and development expense of $452,449 from $1,136,790
for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1,589,239 for the year ended December 31, 2022, and a decrease in general and
administrative expenses of $1,035,074 from $3,003,623 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1,968,549 for the year ended December
31, 2022. The increase in research and development expense is due to additional cost related to the Company&#8217;s continued
research and development efforts. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was due to lower stock compensation expense in
the current year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Liquidity
and Capital Resources</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Since
our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. We have not yet commercialized any of our product candidates and we do
not expect to generate revenue from sales of any product candidates for several years, if at all. To date, we have primarily financed
our operations through the public offering of our equity securities and the private placement of our convertible securities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
April 2021, we completed a public offering of our securities and uplisted to the Nasdaq Capital Market (the &#8220;Offering&#8221;).
Pursuant to the Offering, we issued and sold 795,000 units at a public offering price of $16.60 Each unit consisted of one share of our
common stock and one warrant, for a total of 795,000 shares of our common stock and 795,000 warrants to purchase up to an aggregate 795,000
shares of our common stock. Each warrant is exercisable to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $19.92 per share
(120% of the public offering price of the unit). The warrants are exercisable at any time from the date of issuance through the fifth
anniversary of the date of issuance. The aggregate net proceeds received by the Company from the Offering (before expenses) were $12.1
million. Upon the pricing of the Offering, our common stock was approved for listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market and commenced trading
under the ticker symbol &#8220;PTIX&#8221;. At this time, our warrants were also approved for listing and commenced trading under the
ticker symbol &#8220;PTIXW&#8221;.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
June 2021, the SEC declared effective a shelf registration statement filed by us. This shelf registration statement allows us to issue
any combination of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, or units from time to time for an aggregate initial
offering price of up to $100.0 million. In July 2021, we entered into an At Market Issuance Agreement, or the ATM Agreement, with B.
Riley Securities, Inc. and EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC, or the Sales Agents, under which we may issue and sell
from time to time up to $10.0 million of our common stock through or to the Sales Agents, as agent or principal. Any sale of shares of
our common stock under the Sales Agreement will be made under our shelf registration statement on Form S-3. Sales of our common stock
under the Sales Agreement are made at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; as defined
in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Company has not yet sold any shares under the ATM Agreement. Therefore,
as of December 31, 2021, $10.0 million of our common stock remained available for sale under the Sales Agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Operating
activities used $1,993,814 and $2,798,614 in cash for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The use of cash in operating
activities during the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily comprised of $3,555,505 net loss, $864,681 in stock compensation expense,
a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $631,728, amortization of debt discount of $110,797, and a $91,596 decrease
of accounts payable and accrued expenses, which included payments to legal and accounting professionals, payments to consultants, and
other administrative expenses.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Investing
activities provided $1,596,974 and used $9,909,601 in cash for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The cash
provided by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted of $1,632,901 from the sale of marketable
securities and ($34,122) in the purchase of marketable securities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
continually project anticipated cash requirements, predominantly from the ongoing funding requirements of our neuropeptide drug development
program. The majority of these expenses relate to paying external vendors such as Contract Research Organizations (CROs) and peptide
synthesizer companies. They could also include business combinations, capital expenditures, and new drug development working capital
requirements. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash of $215,189 and working capital of $6,915,783.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
anticipate that losses will continue for the foreseeable future. Based on our current operating plans, we believe that our cash resources
will be sufficient to fund its operations until approximately the end of the third quarter of 2024. In order to continue our operations
beyond our forecasted runway we will need to raise additional capital, and we have no committed sources of additional capital at this
time. The forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and the actual amount of our
expenses could vary materially and adversely as a result of a number of factors. We have based our estimates on assumptions that may
prove to be wrong, and our expenses could prove to be significantly higher than we currently anticipate. Management does not know whether
additional financing will be on terms favorable or acceptable to us when needed, if at all. If adequate additional funds are not available
when required, or if we are unsuccessful in entering into partnership agreements for further development of our product candidates, management
may need to curtail its development efforts and planned operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Contractual
Obligations</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table sets forth certain information concerning the future contractual obligations under our convertible notes at December
31, 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Plan
of Operations</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Business
Overview</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company is in its developmental stage, with encouraging but not conclusive evidence that its lead drug candidate, PT00014, may be effective
as an anti-anxiety and/or anti-depression drug. It is focused on confirming the efficacy of this drug candidate, along with performing
the other preclinical steps needed to progress along the pathway to bring this drug candidate into human clinical trials and eventually,
to the global market to provide a new pharmaceutical for patients suffering from anxiety or treatment-resistant depression.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we are able to successfully develop our drug, PT00114, and obtain FDA approval, we could then begin marketing and selling it in the United
States and generate revenue. FDA approval to begin commercial sales is the singular gating item that will allow us to begin generating
sales revenue in the U.S., so it will have an enormous impact on our business plan and our financial condition. It is anticipated that
the sale of our drug will allow the Company to generate enough sales revenue to support all of our operations and to generate a profit.
However, given the stage of development, even if FDA Approval is obtained, we do not anticipate generating any revenue from sales prior
to 2026.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Development
Milestones Currently Anticipated</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Recent
communications with the U.S. FDA has resulted in following revised guidance for clinical timelines.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Anticipate
    Q3 2023: Initiation of Phase I/IIa study for PT00114</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Human
Resources (current state of employees)</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has two part-time employees: Garo H. Armen, PhD, the Executive Chairman, and Alexander K. Arrow, MD, the Chief Financial Officer,
and one full-time employee, Lauren Mueller, PhD, a Senior Research Scientist. The Company also has six paid consultants: Andrew Slee,
PhD, Chief Operating Officer, Robert S. Stein, MD, PhD, Chief Medical Officer, Dalia Barsyte, PhD, Scientific Advisor, David Lovejoy,
PhD, Scientific Advisor, and Zack Armen, Strategic Advisor.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Financing
Activities</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Financing
activities provided $0 and $12,577,664 in cash for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The cash provided by financing
consisted of $100,000 in proceeds from convertible notes, ($100,000) from the repayment of convertible notes, $327,125 from the exercise
of warrants, $542,500 from the exercise of options, and $11,708,039 from the sale of shares and warrants, net of offering costs, for
the year ended December 31, 2021.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Off
Balance Sheet Arrangements</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have no material off-balance sheet arrangements that are likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes
in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital resources, or capital expenditures.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Critical
accounting policies and estimates</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which
have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (&#8220;GAAP&#8221;).
The notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in this Annual Report describe our significant accounting policies used
in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates
and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the
date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could
differ from those estimates. We continually evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>COVID-19</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 novel coronavirus outbreak a &#8220;Public Health Emergency of
International Concern&#8221; and on March 10, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. Actions taken around the world to help mitigate the
spread of the coronavirus include restrictions on travel, and quarantines in certain areas, and forced closures for certain types of
public places and businesses. The COVID-19 coronavirus and actions taken to mitigate it have had and are expected to continue to have
an adverse impact on the economies and financial markets of many countries, including the geographical area in which the Company operates.
While it is unknown how long these conditions will last and what the financial impact will be to the Company, it is reasonably possible
that future capital raising efforts and additional development of our technologies may be negatively affected.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Recently
Issued Accounting Pronouncements</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">None</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_009"></span>Item
7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Not
applicable.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_010"></span>Item
8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
pages F-1 through F-20 following the Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_011"></span>Item
9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">None.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_012"></span>Item
9A. Controls and Procedures.</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Assessment
of the Effectiveness of Internal Controls over Financial Reporting</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Under
the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted
an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of
Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework published in 2013. Based on its evaluation,
our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of the end of the period covered by
this Annual Report on Form 10-K.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>(a)
Management&#8217;s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance
regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Internal control over financial reporting includes those
policies and procedures that:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)
pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our
assets;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)
provide reasonable assurance that the transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with the authorization
of management and/or our Board of Directors; and</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)
provide reasonable assurance regarding the prevention or timely detection of any unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our
assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Due
to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of
any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate due to changes in conditions,
or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, management has completed a proper evaluation, risk assessment and monitoring of the Company&#8217;s internal controls
over financial reporting based on the 2013 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) framework. Management concluded that, during
the period covered by this report, our internal controls and procedures were not effective to detect the inappropriate application of
GAAP. Management identified the following material weaknesses and concluded that the internal controls over financial reporting were
not effective.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    lack the necessary corporate accounting resources to maintain adequate segregation of duties. We currently rely heavily on our Executive
    Chairman, for almost every key financial duty and he has access to materially all of our financial information. Such a lack of segregation
    of duties is typical in a company with limited resources. Although the Company&#8217;s Executive Chairman and Board of Directors
    review the financial statements and would most likely discover any misappropriation of funds, this cannot be assured by the existing
    system.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Limited
    level of multiple reviews in connection with the financial reporting process.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
annual report does not include an attestation report by our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control
over financial reporting. As we are neither a large accelerated filer nor an accelerated filer, our management&#8217;s report was not
subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit
us to provide only management&#8217;s report in this annual report.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>(b)
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to Rule 13a&#8211;15(b) under the Exchange Act, the Company carried out an evaluation, with the participation of the Company&#8217;s
management, including the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness
of the Company&#8217;s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under Rule 13a&#8211;15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end
of the period covered by this Report. Based upon that evaluation, the Company&#8217;s management concluded that the Company&#8217;s disclosure
controls and procedures were not effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that the
Company files or submits under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in
the SEC&#8217;s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company&#8217;s management to allow
timely decisions regarding required disclosure due to the following:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
    do not have sufficient segregation of duties within accounting functions, which is a basic internal control. Due to our size and
    nature, segregation of all conflicting duties may not always be possible and may not be economically feasible. However, to the extent
    possible, the initiation of transactions, the custody of assets and the recording of transactions should be performed by separate
    individuals. Management evaluated the impact of our failure to have segregation of duties on our assessment of our disclosure controls
    and procedures and has concluded that the control deficiency that resulted represented a material weakness.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Limited
    level of multiple reviews among those tasked with preparing the financial statements.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the quarter ended December 31, 2022, the Company analyzed and documenting accounting policies and procedures. In addition, management
implemented certain policies and procedures but concluded that material weaknesses still exist and that such controls are not effective
under the COSO framework. These material weaknesses could result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim condensed consolidated
financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Remediation
Plan</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>&#160;</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
address the material weakness described above, we have engaged an independent third party to enhance our segregation of duties.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Since
we remain a small Company, with limited segregation of duties, the third party has identified certain areas where we can layer in added
controls and procedures. Management intends to implement such controls and procedures in the future.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Limitations
on the Effectiveness of Controls</i>. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect
that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A
control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of
the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the
benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation
of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our Company have been detected.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>(c)
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Other
than as discussed above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in the Exchange Act Rules
13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely
to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="sj_010"></span>Item
9B. Other Information.</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Nasdaq
Deficiency Notice</i></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
April 5, 2022, we received a deficiency letter from the Nasdaq Staff notifying the Company that, for the last 30 consecutive business
days, the closing bid price for our common stock had been below the minimum $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq
Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (&#8220;Rule 5550(a)(2)&#8221;).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we were given 180 calendar days, or until October 3, 2022, to regain compliance with
Rule 5550(a)(2). On October 4, 2022, we received a letter from Nasdaq notifying us that we had been granted the Second 180 Day Compliance
Period or until April 5, 2022, to regain compliance with the minimum $1.00 bid price per share requirement of the Rule. On March 22,
2023, the company underwent a 1-for-4 reverse stock split, to exceed the $1.00 per share minimum bid price and preserve our listing on
Nasdaq.</span></p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_013"></span>Item
9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[Not
applicable].</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_014"></span>PART
III</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_015"></span>Item
10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Executive
Officers and Directors</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following sets forth certain information with respect to our executive officers and directors.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 48.95pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 30%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Name</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 8%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Age</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 58%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Position(s)</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Garo
    H. Armen</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">70</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive
    Chairman of the Board of Directors</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Alexander
    K. Arrow</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">52</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief
    Financial Officer</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Robert
    B. Stein</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">72</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director,
    Chief Medical Officer</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Andrew
    Slee</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">73</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief
    Operating Officer</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Khalil
    Barrage</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">58</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Timothy
    Wright</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">65</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Brian
    Corvese</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">65</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jennifer
    Buell</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">48</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Garo
H. Armen, PhD, Executive Chairman,</b> is one of our founders and joined us in September 2004. Dr. Armen is Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer of Agenus Inc., a biotechnology company he co-founded in 1994. From mid-2002 through 2004, he also served as Chairman of the
Board of directors of the biopharmaceutical company Elan Corporation, plc, which he successfully restructured. Prior to Agenus Inc.,
Dr. Armen established Armen Partners, a money management firm specializing in biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and was the
architect of the widely publicized creation of the Immunex Lederle oncology business in 1993. Earlier, he was a senior vice president
of research at Dean Witter Reynolds, having begun his career on Wall Street as an analyst and investment banker at EF Hutton. In 2002,
Dr. Armen founded the Children of Armenia Fund, a nonprofit organization dedicated to significantly rebuilding and revitalizing impoverished
rural Armenian towns to provide immediate and sustainable benefits to children and youth. He received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor
in 2004 for his humanitarian efforts, and received the Sabin Humanitarian Award from the Sabin Vaccine Institute in 2006 for his achievements
in biotechnology and progressing medical research. Dr. Armen was also the Ernst &amp; Young 2002 New York City Biotechnology Entrepreneur
of the Year, and received a Wings of Hope Award in 2005 from The Melanoma Research Foundation for his ongoing commitment to the melanoma
community. Dr. Armen received a PhD in physical chemistry from the Graduate Center, City University of New York, after which he worked
as a research fellow at Brookhaven National Laboratories in Long Island, NY.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Alexander
K. Arrow, M.D., CFA, Chief Financial Officer</b>. Dr. Arrow became our Chief Financial Officer in February 2016. Dr. Arrow is the Chief
Financial Officer of Carlsmed, Inc, a spinal implant manufacturer whose mission is to improve outcomes and decrease the cost of healthcare
for spine surgery and beyond. He serves on the Boards of Zelegent, Inc., a medical device company selling a minimally-invasive snoring
alleviation tool, and Paragonix Technologies, the supplier of the leading solid organ transportation device. Previously, Dr. Arrow served
as a director of Neumedicines, Inc., a company developing protein therapeutics in Oncology, Hematology and Immunology. Dr. Arrow served
as a director and as Chairman of the Audit and Compensation Committees of Biolase, Inc. (NASDAQ: BIOL) from 2010 through 2014, and served
as the President and Chief Operating Officer. Biolase, Inc. is the leading manufacturer of dental lasers. Before Biolase, he was the
Chief Medical and Strategic Officer of Circuit Therapeutics, Inc., in the field of optogenetics. From 2007 through 2012, Dr. Arrow was
the Chief Financial Officer of Arstasis, Inc., a cardiology device manufacturer. From 2002 to 2007, he headed medical technology equity
research at the global investment bank Lazard Capital markets, LLC. Dr. Arrow spent two years 1999-2001 as Chief Financial Officer of
the Patent &amp; License Exchange Inc., and three years as the life sciences research analyst at Wedbush Morgan Securities. Dr. Arrow
received his CFA in 1999. He was awarded an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1996 and a B.A. in Biophysics, <i>magna cum laude</i>,
from Cornell University in 1992.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Robert
B. Stein, PhD. MD, Director, Chief Medical Officer</b>, joined us effective the closing of the Merger in February, 2016. Dr. Robert B.
Stein retired as President of R&amp;D at Agenus Inc. in April 2017. He continues as Senior Advisor, R&amp;D for both Agenus, Inc. and
its cell therapy partially-owned subsidiary MiNK Therapeutics (Nasdaq: INKT). Dr. Robert B. Stein lead Agenus&#8217; Research, Preclinical
Development and Translational Medicine functions. He helps shape clinical development strategy for vaccines and adjuvants. Additionally,
he lead integration of the 4-Antibody, PhosImmune, and Xoma Pilot Plant acquisitions, which includes the company&#8217;s fully human
antibody drug discovery and optimization technology platform, and portfolio of immune checkpoint antibody programs. Over his 35 years
of experience in the biopharmaceutical industry he played a pivotal role in bringing to the market Sustiva<sup>&#174;</sup>, Fablyn<sup>&#174;</sup>,
Viviant<sup>&#174;</sup>, PanRetin<sup>&#174;</sup>, TargRetin<sup>&#174;</sup>, Promacta<sup>&#174;</sup> and Eliquis<sup>&#174;</sup>. Prior
to joining Agenus, he held executive management positions at Ligand Pharmaceuticals, DuPont Merck, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Roche Palo
Alto and KineMed. Dr. Stein began his career at Merck, Sharp and Dohme. He holds an MD and a PhD in Physiology &amp; Pharmacology from
Duke University. Dr. Stein filed a personal voluntary bankruptcy petition under Chapter 7 in August of 2012 and the bankruptcy was discharged
in May 2013.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48.95pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Andrew
Slee, PhD, Chief Operating Officer.</b> Dr. Andy Slee joined us in April 2016. During his 37-year pharmaceutical career, Mr. Slee has
taken several drugs from inception through all their pre-clinical and early clinical testing. During the past 37 years, he has worked
for Preclinical CROs, immune-oncology companies and natural product companies focusing on anti-infectives, cancer, CNS, diabetes and
inflammatory diseases. Spreading his influence beyond a single company, he created and ran his own Contract Research Organization (CRO),
VivoSource Laboratories, which for ten years from 2003 to 2013 provided preclinical proof of concept catering to biopharmaceutical companies.
For the 18 years before that, Mr. Slee shepherded multiple pharma targets in several therapeutic areas from inception onward at DuPont
Pharmaceuticals. He is a graduate of Syracuse University and Leeds University.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48.95pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Khalil
Barrage, Director</b>, joined us in July, 2007. Mr. Khalil Barrage has served as a Managing Director of The Invus Group, LLC since 2003,
in charge of the Public Equities Group that he set up in September 2003. Invus manages over $3B of capital, with a primary focus is on
private equity investments, biotechnology and health care. In addition, Invus manages a fund-of-funds liquid alternative investment and,
most recently, the newly established public equities portfolio activity. Mr. Barrage is a value investor. He started his career in 1988
with The Olayan Group, a multibillion private group. He was in charge of the group&#8217;s US public equities portfolio, overseeing more
than $2 billion of assets. Mr. Barrage holds a BA from American University of Beirut.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Brian
J. Corvese, Director</b>, joined us on July 28, 2017, filling the open board seat vacated by Gregory H. Ekizian. Since 1999, Mr. Corvese
has been the President and Founder of Vencor Capital (&#8220;Vencor&#8221;), a private equity firm with telecommunications and technology
investments in the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. Prior to working at Vencor, Mr. Corvese worked on investments in the U.S. and
global equity markets as a Managing Director and partner at Soros Fund Management, the largest hedge fund in the world at the time. From
1988 to 1996, Mr. Corvese was a partner at Chancellor Capital Management (&#8220;Chancellor&#8221;), a $25 billion money management firm.
While at Chancellor, Mr. Corvese was a Portfolio Manager with responsibility for investments made in basic industries, restructurings,
and special situations, corporate governance investments, as well as founded and managed his own hedge fund. From 1981 to 1988, Mr. Corvese
was with Drexel Burnham Lambert (&#8220;Drexel&#8221;) as an equity analyst following the chemical and specialty chemical industries
and participated in a significant number of merger and acquisition activities. While at Drexel, Mr. Corvese was a member of the top chemical
and specialty chemical research team, as ranked by Institutional Investor. Mr. Corvese currently serves on the board of directors of
Agenus Inc. and the National Telecommunications Corporation, based in Cairo, Egypt. Mr. Corvese earned degrees in finance and political
science from The University of Rhode Island and attended New York University Graduate School. With over 30 years of experience in the
financial industry, Mr. Corvese brings substantial financial expertise to our Board.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Timothy
Wright, Director</b>, Mr. Wright is the Chief Executive Officer of MiMedX Group, Inc., a position that he has held since May 2019. MiMedX
is an advanced wound care and emerging therapeutic biologics company. Mr. Wright also currently serves on the board of directors of Agenus
Inc., which he has served on since 2006. Mr. Wright also serves as a Partner at Signal Hill Advisors, LLC, a position he has held since
February 2011. In addition, Mr. Wright serves as Chairman of The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Drug Development Institute
and Director of the Ohio State University Innovation Foundation. Mr. Wright previously held several executive roles at Covidien (now
Medtronic), Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd., DuPont Merck, Elan Bio-Pharmaceuticals, M2Gen Corp. and Curaxis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.
As our Lead Director, Mr. Wright brings 30 years of experience on boards of companies in North America, Europe, Asia and Japan.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Jennifer
Buell, PhD, Director</b>, joined our board in July 2020. Dr. Buell is the President and Chief Operating Officer of Agenus, Inc., where
she has previously served as served as the Head of Global R&amp;D operations, Head of Research, and Chief Communications and External
Affairs Officer. She is also the president of Agenus&#8217; cell therapy partially-owned subsidiary MiNK Therapeutics, Inc, (Nasdaq:
INKT). With 20 years of biopharmaceutical R&amp;D experience, Dr. Buell has extensive knowledge in advancing discovery candidates through
development and experience communicating with external stakeholders including regulators, investors, and collaborators. She has a proven
record of success in R&amp;D leadership, most recently at Agenus, where she led high performing teams in advancing candidates into the
clinic and delivered on key alliance collaborations. Prior to joining Agenus, Dr. Buell held leadership positions in R&amp;D operations
at Bristol-Myers Squibb and later was responsible for Program and Alliance Management at Harvard Clinical Research Institute (Baim),
where she was involved in the development strategy and operations for a portfolio of industry and government sponsored clinical programs.
Dr. Buell obtained her PhD in Cellular, Biochemical, and Molecular Biochemistry with an MS in Biostatistics from Tufts University in
Boston.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Consultants
and Advisors</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>David
A. Lovejoy, PhD, Scientific Advisor</b>, is one of our founders and joined us in September 2004. He holds a PhD in Neuroendocrinology
from the University of Victoria (Victoria, BC) and spent three years at the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology at the
Salk Institute (San Diego, CA) as a postdoctoral fellow. Dr. Lovejoy took his first academic appointment at the University of Manchester
(Manchester, UK), one of the United Kingdom&#8217;s top-ranking research universities. He joined the University of Toronto (Toronto,
Ontario) in 2000 and is currently Professor of Neuroendocrinology in the Department of Cell and Systems Biology at the University of
Toronto. He is the author of more than 210 scientific publications including three books in the field and an Associate Editor for a scientific
journal and is inventor or co-inventor on all of our intellectual property.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Dalia
Barsyte PhD, Scientific Advisor.</b> Dr. Dalia Barsyte received her PhD in molecular and cellular biology from the University of Manchester,
UK. She did the postdoctoral training at the University of Manchester and Ontario Cancer Institute, and currently is a scientist at the
University of Toronto, Structural Genomics Consortium, where she has been employed since 2009. Dr. Barsyte is an inventor on one of the
key Protagenic patents and author of over 50 scientific publications in oncology and neuroscience. Dr. Barsyte&#8217;s scientific interests
include exploring chemical biology in therapeutic target validation through peptide or small molecule chemical probe compounds as well
as novel in vitro models of disease based on patient derived cell culture.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Zack
Armen, Strategic Advisor. </b>Mr. Armen became involved with Protagenic in Fall 2018, and brings experience in strategic finance and
life sciences venture investing to the company through roles at Goldman Sachs, Flagship Pioneering, CiBO Technologies, and his current
role as Director of Corporate Development at Valo Health.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Mark
Berg, Strategic Consultant.</b> Mr. Berg became a strategic consultant to Protagenic in January 2022. He brings several decades of perspective
regarding publicly-traded biotechnology companies&#8217; perceptions by investors.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Director
Independence</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Each
of Messrs. Corvese, Silverman, and Barrage, and Dr. Buell are &#8220;independent&#8221; members of our board of directors as &#8220;independence&#8221;
is defined in Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2).</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Family
Relationships</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
are no family relationships between or among the directors, executive officers or persons nominated or chosen by our stockholders or
us to become directors or executive officers. There is one family relationship between Strategic Advisor Zack Armen and our Executive
Chairman, Garo Armen (Garo Armen is Zack Armen&#8217;s father).</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Former
Voting Agreement</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
February 12, 2016, the Company and certain of its stockholders (then representing approximately 43% of the Company&#8217;s issued and
outstanding common stock), including Drs. Armen, Arrow and former director Mr. Greg Ekizian and former shareholder Strategic Bio Partners,
LLC, entered into a voting agreement whereby these stockholders agreed to vote in favor of setting and maintaining the size of the Board
at five directors (unless increased by the Board), the election of one director designated by Strategic Bio Partners, LLC (Mr. Silverman)
and the election of four directors designated by Dr. Armen (so long as Dr. Armen is an officer or director of the Company). The voting
agreement terminated on February 12, 2019.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Involvement
in Certain Legal Proceedings</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
our knowledge, during the past ten years, none of our directors, executive officers, promoters, control persons, or nominees has:</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">been
convicted in a criminal proceeding or been subject to a pending criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and other minor offenses);</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">except
as set forth above with respect to Dr. Stein, had any bankruptcy petition filed by or against the business or property of the person,
or of any partnership, corporation or business association of which he was a general partner or executive officer, either at the time
of the bankruptcy filing or within two years prior to that time;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">been
subject to any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction or
federal or state authority, permanently or temporarily enjoining, barring, suspending or otherwise limiting, his involvement in any type
of business, securities, futures, commodities, investment, banking, savings and loan, or insurance activities, or to be associated with
persons engaged in any such activity;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">been
found by a court of competent jurisdiction in a civil action or by the SEC or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to have violated
a federal or state securities or commodities law, and the judgment has not been reversed, suspended, or vacated;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">been
the subject of, or a party to, any federal or state judicial or administrative order, judgment, decree, or finding, not subsequently
reversed, suspended or vacated (not including any settlement of a civil proceeding among private litigants), relating to an alleged violation
of any federal or state securities or commodities law or regulation, any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance
companies including, but not limited to, a temporary or permanent injunction, order of disgorgement or restitution, civil money penalty
or temporary or permanent cease-and-desist order, or removal or prohibition order, or any law or regulation prohibiting mail or wire
fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity; or been the subject of, or a party to, any sanction or order, not subsequently
reversed, suspended or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization (as defined in Section 3(a)(26) of the Exchange Act), any registered
entity (as defined in Section 1(a)(29) of the Commodity Exchange Act), or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization
that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Code
of Business Conduct and Ethics</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
February 24, 2017, we adopted a written Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. Guidelines on Significant Governance Issues, and Process
for Security Holder Communications with Directors, each of which is filed as an exhibit to this annual report.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Board
Committees</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
board of directors has established five standing committees: an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, a Nominating and Corporate
Governance Committee, a Science Committee and a Clinical and Regulatory Committee. Each of these committees will operate under a charter
that has been approved by our board of directors.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Audit
Committee. </b>The Audit Committee will oversee and monitor our financial reporting process and internal control system, review and evaluate
the audit performed by our registered independent public accountants and reports to the Board any substantive issues found during the
audit. The Audit Committee will be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of our registered
independent public accountants. The Audit Committee will review and approve all transactions with affiliated parties. The Audit Committee
shall be comprised on two or more independent directors who shall be appointed annually and subject to removal by the Board at any time.
Each member of the Audit Committee shall meet the independence requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC, and SEC regulations, as
well as any other applicable requirements. Messrs. Corvese (Committee Chairperson), Wright, and Barrage comprise the Audit Committee,
each of whom meets the independence requirements. In addition, the Board also designated Brian Corvese as an &#8220;audit committee financial
expert,&#8221; as that term is defined by the NSADAQ Listing Rules and SEC regulations.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Compensation
Committee. </b>The Compensation Committee will provide advice and make recommendations to the board in the areas of employee salaries,
benefit programs and director compensation. The Compensation Committee will also review the compensation of our President, Chief Executive
Officer, and other officers and make recommendations in that regard to the board as a whole. The Compensation Committee shall be comprised
on three or more directors who shall be appointed annually and subject to removal by the Board at any time. The Compensation Committee
must have at least two members, and must consist solely of independent directors. Messrs. Barrage, Corvese, and Wright comprise the Compensation
Committee and are all independent.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Nominating
and Corporate Governance Committee. </b>The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will nominate individuals to be elected to
the full board by our stockholders. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will determine the slate of director nominees for
election to the Board, to identify and recommend candidates to fill vacancies occurring between annual stockholder meetings, to review
the Company&#8217;s policies and programs that relate to matters of corporate responsibility, including public issues of significance
to the Company and its stockholders. The Compensation Committee shall be comprised on three or more directors who shall be appointed
annually and subject to removal by the Board at any time. Each member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may or may
not meet the independence requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC and SEC regulations. Messrs. Wright (Committee Chairperson), and
Drs. Armen and Stein comprise the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Science
Committee.</b> The Science Committee will meet regularly to review the strategic direction being taken by Management with respect to
developing the Company&#8217;s scientific assets. A key function of the Science Committee is to ensure that the Company is targeting
disease indications for its drug candidates that take full advantage of the drug candidates&#8217; potential, within the constraints
of the working capital available to the Company. This process is expected to continually necessitate difficult choices concerning how
many disease targets to pursue. The Science Committee will be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of
the Company&#8217;s top scientific staff. The Science Committee will review and approve all major contractual agreements with contract
research organizations. The Science Committee shall be comprised on two or more directors who shall be appointed annually and subject
to removal by the Board at any time. Drs. Stein (Committee Chairperson) and Armen comprise the Science Committee.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Clinical
and Regulatory Committee: </b>The Clinical and Regulatory committee will meet at least once per year to review progress of the clinical
trial programs of the Company. The Clinical and Regulatory committee was created in July 2020 and Dr. Jennifer Buell was appointed as
its chair.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Limitation
of Directors Liability and Indemnification</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Delaware General Corporation Law authorizes corporations to limit or eliminate, subject to certain conditions, the personal liability
of directors to corporations and their stockholders for monetary damages for breach of their fiduciary duties. Our certificate of incorporation
limits the liability of our directors to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have director and officer liability insurance to cover liabilities our directors and officers may incur in connection with their services
to us, including matters arising under the Securities Act. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws also provide that we will indemnify
our directors and officers who, by reason of the fact that he or she is one of our officers or directors of our company, is involved
in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative related to their board role with the company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. It is anticipated that future directors
and officers will enter into an Indemnification Agreement with us in substantially similar form. The Indemnification Agreement provides,
among other things, that we will indemnify and hold harmless each person subject to an Indemnification Agreement (each, an &#8220;Indemnified
Party&#8221;) to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law from and against all losses, costs, liabilities, judgments, penalties,
fines, expenses and other matters that may result or arise in connection with such Indemnified Party serving in his or her capacity as
a director of ours or serving at our direction as a director, officer, employee, fiduciary or agent of another entity. The Indemnification
Agreement further provides that, upon an Indemnified Party&#8217;s request, we will advance expenses to the Indemnified Party to the
fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Pursuant to the Indemnification Agreement, an Indemnified Party is presumed to be entitled
to indemnification and we have the burden of proving otherwise. The Indemnification Agreement also requires us to maintain in full force
and effect directors&#8217; liability insurance on the terms described in the Indemnification Agreement. If indemnification under the
Indemnification Agreement is unavailable to an Indemnified Party for any reason, we, in lieu of indemnifying the Indemnified Party, will
contribute to any amounts incurred by the Indemnified Party in connection with any claim relating to an indemnifiable event in such proportion
as is deemed fair and reasonable in light of all of the circumstances to reflect the relative benefits received or relative fault of
the parties in connection with such event.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Insofar
as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers, and controlling persons
pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission
such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that
a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling
person in a successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection
with the securities being registered, we will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent,
submit to the court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed
in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
is no pending litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors, officers, employees or agents in which indemnification will be
required or permitted. We are not aware of any threatened litigation or proceeding that may result in a claim for such indemnification.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_016"></span>Item
11. Executive Compensation.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table sets forth information regarding each element of compensation that we paid or awarded to our named executive officers
and for fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Summary
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Employment
Arrangements with Officers and Directors</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dr.
Alexander Arrow, our Chief Financial Officer, receives base compensation of $150,000 per year for his part-time work for us, an increase
from the $125,000 he received until July 1, 2021, except for an 18-month period from February 2019 through August 2020 during which he
received zero cash salary and three grants totaling 88,541 options in lieu of cash salary. From 2016 through 2020, cumulatively, Dr.
Arrow received 25,000 options under the 2006 Plan and three grants totaling 335,000 incentive options in the aggregate under the 2016
plan with exercise prices of $5.00 and $7.00 per share. The terms of Dr. Arrow&#8217;s option grants include full vesting acceleration
upon a change of control.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Consulting
Agreements</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Andrew
Slee, PhD, Chief Operating Officer.</b> In December 2020, we entered into a consulting agreement with Dr. Slee to act as our Chief Operating
Officer. We granted Dr. Slee (i) 25,000 options on April 15, 2016, at an exercise price of $5.00 per option, (ii) 18,750 options on October
16, 2017, at an exercise price of $7.00 per option, (iii) 18,750 options on July 18, 2020, at an exercise price of $5.00 per option,
(iv) 37,500 options on February 13, 2020, at an exercise price of $7.00 per option, and (v) 12,500 options on February 25, 2021, at an
exercise price of $22.40.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Dalia
Barsyte PhD, Scientific Advisor.</b> Our subsidiary, Protagenic Therapeutics Canada (2006) Inc., entered into a consulting agreement
with Dr. Dalia Barsyte. Dr. Barsyte is responsible for overseeing i) design and development of ELISA assays for measuring TCAP, ii) evaluation
of TCAP exposure biomarker assay, iii) development of pipeline peptides, iv) development of clinically compatible formulations for TCAP,
as well as all of the bench research and development of formulation and extraction methods. Her consulting agreement is effective through
December 2017. She is compensated at the rate of up to $3,000 (Canadian) per month, if she works at least 20 hours on behalf of the Company.
As well, we have granted Dr. Barsyte 2,500 shares of our common stock and ten-year options to purchase 37,500 shares of our common stock.
Options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock, at an exercise price of $4.00 per share, have fully vested; the options to purchase
the remaining 12,500 shares of common stock, at an exercise price of $5.00 per share, vested in March 2016. On October 16, 2017, we granted
Dr. Barsyte another ten-year option to purchase 5,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $7.00 per share. On February
13, 2020, we granted Dr. Barsyte ten-year option to purchase 2,500 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $7.00 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Robert
B. Stein, PhD, MD, Director, Chief Medical Officer</b>. We entered into a consulting agreement with Dr. Stein effective January 2015,
and amended and restated this consulting agreement in December 2020 to appoint Dr. Stein as our Chief Medical Officer. Dr. Stein is responsible
for providing us with technical and advisory services related to our research and development efforts. On January 23, 2015, we granted
Dr. Stein ten-year options to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock, at an exercise price of $5.00 per share (the &#8220;January
Options&#8221;). The January Options are fully vested. We granted Dr. Stein (i) 10,000 options on April 15, 2016, at an exercise price
of $5.00 per option, (ii) 50,000 options on October 16, 2017, at an exercise price of $7.00 per option, (iii) 37,500 options on February
13, 2020, at an exercise price of $5.00 per option, and (iv) 12,500 options on February 25, 2021, at an exercise price of $22.40 per
option.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Jennifer
Buell, PhD, Clinical and Regulatory Development Advisor.</b> We entered into a consulting agreement with Dr. Buell effective February
2021, providing for her to do three things: (1) advise the Company&#8217;s clinical and regulatory development plan to support the Company&#8217;s
lead product candidate, PT00114, in support of an IND application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and demonstration of safety
and clinical activity in early phase clinical trials, (2) develop a panel of experts to prepare a clinical development plan and operational
plan that would enable the evaluation of safety and clinical activity of the companies lead therapeutic, PT00114, and (3) determine the
fastest development pathway of PT00114 in four key indications as defined by the Company Management. We granted Dr. Buell 50,000 nonstatutory
stock options (&#8220;<span style="text-decoration: underline">NSOs</span>&#8221;) on February 25, 2021 at an exercise price of $22.40 per share, and 36,250 options on July 18,
2020 at an exercise price of $7.00 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Mark
Berg, Strategic Advisor</b>. We entered into a consulting agreement with Mr. Berg effective January 2022, providing for him to provide
strategic consulting services to the company, none of which involves direct contact with investors. We granted Mr. Berg 12,500 nonstatutory
stock options (&#8220;<span style="text-decoration: underline">NSOs</span>&#8221;) on January 26, 2022 at an exercise price of $4.84 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Director
Compensation</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
fiscal year 2021 we issued 50,000 options with an exercise price of $22.40 to Dr. Buell for her services on the Board.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Going
forward, on April 15 of each fiscal year, we plan to grant each non-employee director an option under the 2016 Plan to purchase 10,000
shares of common stock, as well as an option to purchase 1,250 shares for each committee which they chair. No additional options shall
be granted for serving on a committee without being its chair. All options will be granted at fair market value, as defined in the 2016
Plan, on the date of grant, and will vest over a three-year period in equal monthly installments. Vesting will accelerate in certain
circumstances, such as a change of control of the Company, and unvested options will terminate upon the cessation of an individual&#8217;s
service to us as a director.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-employee
directors may be reimbursed for their reasonable expenses in attending Board and committee meetings.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
entered into an amended and restated consulting agreement during fiscal year 2020 with Robert B. Stein, PhD, MD, under which we issued
137,500 options on February 13, 2020, at an exercise price of $5.00 per option. During fiscal year 2021 with Robert B. Stein, PhD, MD,
under which we issued 12,500 options on February 20, 2021, at an exercise price of $22.40 per option.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_022"></span>Item
12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Equity
Compensation Plans</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Equity
Compensation Plan Information</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Plan category</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">(a)<br /> No. of securities<br /> to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">(c)<br /> No. of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected<br /> in column (a)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left; padding-left: 0pt">Equity compensation plans approved by security holders</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">2,894,624</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">10.54</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">48,719</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 0pt">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 0pt">Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 0pt">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 0pt">Total</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">2,894,624</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">10.54</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">48,719</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>2006
Employee, Director and Consultant Stock Plan</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
June 17, 2016, our stockholders adopted our 2016 Equity Compensation Plan and, as a result, we terminated the 2006 Plan. We will not
grant any further awards under the 2006 Plan. All outstanding grants under the 2006 Plan will continue in effect in accordance with the
terms of the particular grant and the 2006 Plan.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following description of the pertinent terms of the 2006 Plan is a summary and is qualified in its entirety by the full text of the 2006
Plan.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Administration</i>.
</b>The administrator (the &#8220;<b>Administrator</b>&#8221;) of the 2006 Plan is the Board of Directors, except to the extent the Board
of Directors delegates its authority to the Compensation committee (the &#8220;<b>Committee</b>&#8221;) of the Board, in which case the
Committee shall be the Administrator.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Terms
and Conditions of Options</i>.</b> Options granted under the 2006 Plan may be either &#8220;incentive stock options&#8221; that are intended
to meet the requirements of Section 422 of the Code or &#8220;nonqualified stock options&#8221; that do not meet the requirements of
Section 422 of the Code. The Administrator will determine the exercise price of options granted under the 2006 Plan. The exercise price
of stock options may not be less than the fair market value per share of our common stock on the date of grant (or 110% of fair market
value in the case of incentive stock options granted to a ten-percent stockholder).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
on the date of grant the common stock is listed on a stock exchange or national market system, the fair market value will generally be
the closing sale price on the date of grant. If the common stock is not traded on a stock exchange or national market system on the date
of grant, the fair market value will generally be the mean between the bid and the asked price for the common stock at the close of trading
in the over-the-counter market for the trading day on which common stock was traded immediately preceding the applicable date. If no
such prices are available, the fair market value shall be determined in good faith by the Administrator.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No
option intended to qualify as an ISO may be exercisable for more than ten years from the date of grant (five years in the case of an
incentive stock option granted to a ten-percent stockholder). Options granted under the 2006 Plan will be exercisable at such time or
times as the Administrator prescribes at the time of grant. No employee may receive incentive stock options that first become exercisable
in any calendar year in an amount exceeding $100,000.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Generally,
the exercise price of an option may be paid (a) in cash or by certified bank check, (b) at the discretion of the Administrator, through
delivery of shares of our common stock held for at least six months having a fair market value equal to the purchase price, (c) at the
discretion of the Administrator, by delivery of the grantee&#8217;s personal note, for full, partial or no recourse, bearing interest
payable not less than annually at market rate on the date of exercise and at no less than 100% of the applicable Federal rate, as defined
in Section 1274(d) of the Code, with or without the pledge of such shares as collateral, or (d) at the discretion of the Administrator,
in accordance with a cashless exercise program established with a securities brokerage firm, and approved by the Administrator, or (e)
at the discretion of the Administrator, by any combination of the above methods.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No
option may be transferred other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, and during a recipient&#8217;s lifetime an option
may be exercised only by the recipient. The Administrator will determine the extent to which a holder of a stock option may exercise
the option following termination of service with us.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Administrator will determine the extent to which a holder of a stock option may exercise the option following termination of service
with us.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Effect
of Certain Corporate Transactions</i>.</b> If the Company is to be consolidated with or acquired by another entity in a merger, sale
of all or substantially all of the Company&#8217;s assets other than a transaction to merely change the state of incorporation (a &#8220;<b>Corporate
Transaction</b>&#8221;), the Administrator or the board of directors of any entity assuming the obligations of the Company hereunder
(the &#8220;<b>Successor Board</b>&#8221;), shall, as to outstanding options, either (i) make appropriate provision for the continuation
of such options by substituting on an equitable basis for the Shares then subject to such options; or (ii) upon written notice to the
participants, provide that all options must be exercised (either to the extent then exercisable or, at the discretion of the Administrator,
all options being made fully or partially exercisable), within a specified number of days of the date of such notice, at the end of which
period the options shall terminate; or (iii) terminate all options in exchange for a cash payment equal to the excess of the fair market
value of the shares of common stock subject to such options (either to the extent then exercisable or, at the discretion of the Administrator,
all options being made fully or partially exercisable) over the exercise price thereof.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Tax
Withholding.</i></b> As and when appropriate, we shall have the right to require each optionee purchasing shares of common stock and
each grantee receiving an award of shares of common stock under the 2006 Plan to pay any federal, state or local taxes required by law
to be withheld.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>2016
Equity Compensation Plan</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following description of the principal terms of the 2016 Plan is a summary and is qualified in its entirety by the full text of the 2016
Plan.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Administration</i>.
</b>The 2016 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors, provided that the entire Board of Directors
may act in lieu of the Compensation Committee on any matter, subject to certain requirements set forth in the 2016 Plan. The Compensation
Committee may grant options to purchase shares of our common stock, stock appreciation rights, stock units, restricted shares of our
common stock, performance shares, performance units, incentive bonus awards, other cash-based awards and other stock-based awards. The
Compensation Committee also has broad authority to determine the terms and conditions of each option or other kind of award, and adopt,
amend and rescind rules and regulations for the administration of the 2016 Plan. Subject to applicable law, the Compensation Committee
may authorize one or more reporting persons (as defined in the 2016 Plan) or other officers to make awards (other than awards to reporting
persons, or other officers whom the Compensation Committee has specifically authorized to make awards). No awards may be granted under
the 2016 Plan on or after the ten-year anniversary of the adoption of the 2016 Plan by our Board of Directors, but awards granted prior
to such tenth anniversary may extend beyond that date.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Eligibility</i>.
</b>Awards may be granted under the 2016 Plan to any person who is an employee, officer, director, consultant, advisor or other individual
service provider of the Company or any subsidiary, or any person who is determined by the Compensation Committee to be a prospective
employee, officer, director, consultant, advisor or other individual service provider of the Company or any subsidiary.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Shares
Subject to the 2016 Plan</i>.</b> The aggregate number of shares of common stock proposed to be available for issuance in connection
with options and awards granted under the 2016 Plan is 750,000 shares. Incentive Stock Options may, but need not be, granted with respect
to all of the shares available for issuance under the 2016 Plan; provided, however, that the maximum aggregate number of shares of common
stock which may be issued in respect of Incentive Stock Options (after giving effect to any increases pursuant to the &#8220;evergreen&#8221;
provisions of the 2016 Plan discussed below) shall not exceed 1,500,000 shares, subject to adjustment in the event of stock, splits and
similar transactions. If any award granted under the 2016 Plan payable in shares of common stock is forfeited, cancelled, or returned
for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, otherwise terminates without payment being made, or if shares of common stock are withheld
to cover withholding taxes on options or other awards, the number of shares of common stock as to which such option or award was forfeited,
or which were withheld, will be available for future grants under the 2016 Plan.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, the 2016 Plan contains an &#8220;evergreen&#8221; provision allowing for an annual increase in the number of shares of our
common stock available for issuance under the 2016 Plan on January 1 of each year during the period beginning January 1, 2017, and ending
on (and including) January 1, 2026. The annual increase in the number of shares shall be equal to (i) five point five percent (5.5%)
of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, or (ii) with respect to shares
of common stock which may be issued under the 2016 Plan other than in respect to Incentive Stock Options, the difference between (x)
eighteen percent (18%) of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, and
(y) the total number of shares of common stock reserved under the 2016 Plan on December 31st of such preceding calendar year (including
shares subject to outstanding awards, issued pursuant to awards or available for future awards) if such amount is greater than the amount
determined in (i) immediately above; provided, however, that our Board may act prior to the first day of any calendar year to provide
that there shall be no increase such calendar year, or that the increase shall be a lesser number of shares of common stock than would
otherwise occur. On January 1, 2017, 2019, and 2020, each year 141,095 shares of common stock were added to the 2016 Plan pursuant to
this evergreen provision. On January 1, 2021, 142,457 shares of common stock were added to the 2016 Plan pursuant to this evergreen provision.
On January 1, 2022, 184,260 additional shares of common stock are available for issuance under the 2016 Plan as a result of operation
of the evergreen provision: (a) 141,070 shares resulting from operation of the evergreen provision in 2019, which were never previously
registered and (b) 43,191 shares resulting from operation of the evergreen provision in 2022.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Terms
and Conditions of Options</i>.</b> Options granted under the 2016 Plan may be either &#8220;incentive stock options&#8221; that are intended
to meet the requirements of Section 422 of the Code or &#8220;nonqualified stock options&#8221; that do not meet the requirements of
Section 422 of the Code. The Compensation Committee will determine the exercise price of options granted under the 2016 Plan. The exercise
price of stock options may not be less than the fair market value, on the date of grant, per share of our common stock issuable upon
exercise of the option (or 110% of fair market value in the case of incentive options granted to a ten-percent stockholder).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
on the date of grant the common stock is listed on a stock exchange or national market system, the fair market value shall generally
be the closing sale price as of such date, or if there were no trades recorded on such date, then the most recent date preceding such
date on which trades were recorded. If on the date of grant the common stock is traded in an over-the-counter market, the fair market
will generally be the average of the closing bid and asked prices for the shares of common stock as of such date, or, if there are no
closing bid and asked prices for the shares of common stock on such date, then the average of the bid and asked prices for the shares
of common stock on the most recent date preceding such date on which such closing bid and asked prices are available. If the common stock
is not listed on a national securities exchange or national market system or traded in an over-the-counter market, the fair market value
shall be determined by the Compensation Committee in a manner consistent with Section 409A of the Code. Notwithstanding the foregoing,
if on the date of grant the common stock is listed on a stock exchange or is quoted on a national market system, or is traded in an over-the-counter
market, then solely for purposes of determining the exercise price of any grant of a stock option or the base price of any grant of a
stock appreciation right, the Compensation Committee may, in its discretion, base fair market value on the last sale before or the first
sale after the grant, the closing price on the trading day before or the trading day of the grant, the arithmetic mean of the high and
low prices on the trading day before or the trading day of the grant, or any other reasonable method using actual transactions of the
common stock as reported by the exchange or market on which the common stock is traded. In addition, the determination of fair market
value also may be made using any other method permitted under Treasury Regulation section 1.409A-1(b)(5)(iv).</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No
option may be exercisable for more than ten years from the date of grant (five years in the case of an incentive stock option granted
to a ten-percent stockholder). Options granted under the 2016 Plan will be exercisable at such time or times as the Compensation Committee
prescribes at the time of grant. No employee may receive incentive stock options that first become exercisable in any calendar year in
an amount exceeding $100,000. The Compensation Committee may, in its discretion, permit a holder of a nonqualified stock option to exercise
the option before it has otherwise become exercisable, in which case the shares of our common stock issued to the recipient will continue
to be subject to the vesting requirements that applied to the option before exercise.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Generally,
the option price may be paid in cash or by bank check, or such other means as the Compensation Committee may accept. As set forth in
an award agreement or otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee, in its sole discretion, at or after grant, payment in full
or part of the exercise price of an option may be made (a) in the form of shares of common stock that have been held by the participant
for such period as the Compensation Committee may deem appropriate for accounting purposes or otherwise, valued at the fair market value
of such shares on the date of exercise; (ii) by surrendering to the Company shares of common stock otherwise receivable on exercise of
the option; (iii) by a cashless exercise program implemented by the Compensation Committee in connection with the 2016 Plan; and/or (iv)
by such other method as may be approved by the Compensation Committee and set forth in an award agreement.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No
option may be transferred other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, and during a recipient&#8217;s lifetime an option
may be exercised only by the recipient or the recipient&#8217;s guardian or legal representative. However, the Compensation Committee
may permit the transfer of a nonqualified stock option, share-settled stock appreciation right, restricted stock award, performance share
or share-settled other stock-based award either (a) by instrument to the participant&#8217;s immediate family (as defined in the 2016
Plan), (b) by instrument to an inter vivos or testamentary trust (or other entity) in which the award is to be passed to the participant&#8217;s
designated beneficiaries, or (c) by gift to charitable institutions. The Compensation Committee will determine the extent to which a
holder of a stock option may exercise the option following termination of service.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Stock
Appreciation Rights</i>.</b> The Compensation Committee may grant stock appreciation rights independent of or in connection with an option.
The Compensation Committee will determine the terms applicable to stock appreciation rights. The base price of a stock appreciation right
will be determined by the Compensation Committee, but will not be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock
with respect to the date of grant of such stock appreciation right. The maximum term of any SAR granted under the 2016 Plan is ten years
from the date of grant. Generally, each SAR stock appreciation right will entitle a participant upon exercise to an amount equal to:</span></p>

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<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    excess of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of exercise of the stock appreciation right over the base
    price of such stock appreciation right, multiplied by</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    number of shares as to which such stock appreciation right is exercised.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payment
may be made in shares of our common stock, in cash, or partly in common stock and partly in cash, all as determined by the Compensation
Committee.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Restricted
Stock and Stock Units</i></b><i>.</i> The Compensation Committee may award restricted common stock and/or stock units under the 2016
Plan. Restricted stock awards consist of shares of stock that are transferred to a participant subject to restrictions that may result
in forfeiture if specified conditions are not satisfied. Stock units confer the right to receive shares of our common stock, cash, or
a combination of shares and cash, at a future date upon or following the attainment of certain conditions specified by the Compensation
Committee. The Compensation Committee will determine the restrictions and conditions applicable to each award of restricted stock or
stock units, which may include performance-based conditions. Dividends with respect to restricted stock may be paid to the holder of
the shares as and when dividends are paid to stockholders or at the times of vesting or other payment of the restricted stock award.
Stock unit awards may be granted with dividend equivalent rights, which may be accumulated and may be deemed reinvested in additional
stock units, as determined by the Compensation Committee in its discretion. If any dividend equivalents are paid while a stock unit award
is subject to restrictions, the dividend equivalents shall be subject to the same restrictions on transferability as the underlying stock
units, unless otherwise set forth in an award agreement. Unless the Compensation Committee determines otherwise, holders of restricted
stock will have the right to vote the shares.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Performance
Shares and Performance Units</i></b><i>.</i> The Compensation Committee may award performance shares and/or performance units under the
2016 Plan. Performance shares and performance units are awards which are earned during a specified performance period subject to the
attainment of performance criteria, as established by the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee will determine the restrictions
and conditions applicable to each award of performance shares and performance units.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Incentive
Bonus Awards</i></b>. The Compensation Committee may award Incentive Bonus Awards under the 2016 Plan. Incentive Bonus Awards may be
based upon the attainment of specified levels of Company or subsidiary performance as measured by pre-established, objective performance
criteria determined at the discretion of the Compensation Committee. Incentive Bonus Awards will be paid in cash or common stock, as
set forth in an award agreement.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Other
Stock-Based and Cash-Based Awards</i></b><i>.</i> The Compensation Committee may award other types of equity-based or cash-based awards
under the 2016 Plan, including the grant or offer for sale of unrestricted shares of our common stock and payment in cash or otherwise
of amounts based on the value of shares of common stock.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Section
162(m) Compliance</i></b>. If stock or cash-based awards are intended to satisfy the conditions for deductibility under Section 162(m)
of the Code as &#8220;performance-based compensation,&#8221; the performance criteria will be selected from among the following, which
may be applied to our Company as a whole, any subsidiary or any division or operating unit thereof: (a) pre-tax income; (b) after-tax
income; (c) net income; (d) operating income or profit; (e) cash flow, free cash flow, cash flow return on investment, net cash provided
by operations, or cash flow in excess of cost of capital; (f) earnings per share; (g) return on equity; (h) return on sales or revenues;
(i) return on invested capital or assets; (j) cash, funds or earnings available for distribution; (k) appreciation in the fair market
value of the common stock; (l) operating expenses; (m) implementation or completion of critical projects or processes; (n) return on
investment; (o) total return to stockholders; (p) dividends paid; (q) net earnings growth; (r) related return ratios; (s) increase in
revenues; (t) the Company&#8217;s published ranking against its peer group of pharmaceutical companies based on total stockholder return;
(u) net earnings; (v) changes (or the absence of changes) in the per share or aggregate market price of the common stock; (w) number
of securities sold; (x) earnings before or after any one or more of the following items: interest, taxes, depreciation or amortization,
as reflected in the Company&#8217;s financial reports for the applicable period; (y) total revenue growth; (z) economic value created;
(aa) operating margin or profit margin; (bb) share price or total stockholder return; (cc) cost targets, reductions and savings, productivity
and efficiencies; (dd) strategic business criteria, consisting of one or more objectives based on meeting objectively determinable criteria:
specified market penetration, geographic business expansion, progress with research and development activities, investor satisfaction,
employee satisfaction, human resources management, supervision of litigation, information technology, and goals relating to acquisitions,
divestitures, joint ventures and similar transactions, and budget comparisons; (ee) objectively determinable personal or professional
objectives, including any of the following performance goals: the implementation of policies and plans, the negotiation of transactions,
the development of long term business goals, formation of joint ventures, research or development collaborations, and the completion
of other corporate transactions, and (ff) any combination of, or a specified increase or improvement in, any of the foregoing.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the end of the performance period established in connection with any award, the Compensation Committee will determine the extent to which
the performance goal or goals established for such award have been attained, and shall determine, on that basis, the number of performance
shares or performance units included in such award that have been earned and as to which payment will be made. The Compensation Committee
will certify in writing the extent to which it has determined that the performance goal or goals established by it for such award have
been attained.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">With
respect to awards intended to be performance-based compensation under Section 162(m) of the Code, no participant of the 2016 Plan may
receive in any one fiscal year (a) options or stock appreciation rights relating to more than 250,000 shares of our common stock, and
(b) stock units, restricted shares, performance shares, performance units or other stock-based awards that are denominated in shares
of common stock relating to more than 250,000 shares of our common stock in the aggregate. The maximum dollar value payable to any participant
for a fiscal year of the Company with respect to stock units, performance units or incentive bonus awards or other stock-based awards
that may be settled in cash or other property (other than common stock) is $1,500,000.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Effect
of Certain Corporate Transactions</i>.</b> The Compensation Committee may, at the time of the grant of an award, provide for the effect
of a change in control (as defined in the 2016 Plan) on any award, including (i) accelerating or extending the time periods for exercising,
vesting in, or realizing gain from any award, (ii) eliminating or modifying the performance or other conditions of an award, (iii) providing
for the cash settlement of an award for an equivalent cash value, as determined by the Compensation Committee, or (iv) such other modification
or adjustment to an award as the Compensation Committee deems appropriate to maintain and protect the rights and interests of participants
upon or following a change in control. The Compensation Committee may, in its discretion and without the need for the consent of any
recipient of an award, also take one or more of the following actions contingent upon the occurrence of a change in control: (a) cause
any or all outstanding options and stock appreciation rights to become immediately exercisable, in whole or in part; (b) cause any other
awards to become non-forfeitable, in whole or in part; (c) cancel any option or stock appreciation right in exchange for a substitute
option; (d) cancel any award of restricted stock, stock units, performance shares or performance units in exchange for a similar award
of the capital stock of any successor corporation; (e) redeem any restricted stock, stock unit, performance share or performance unit
for cash and/or other substitute consideration with a value equal to the fair market value of an unrestricted share of our common stock
on the date of the change in control; (f) cancel any option or stock appreciation right in exchange for cash and/or other substitute
consideration based on the value of our common stock on the date of the change in control<i>,</i> and cancel any option or stock appreciation
right without any payment if its exercise price exceeds the value of our common stock on the date of the change in control; (g) cancel
any stock unit or performance unit held by a participant affected by the change in control in exchange for cash and/or other substitute
consideration with a value equal to the fair market value per share of common stock on the date of the change in control, or (h) make
such other modifications, adjustments or amendments to outstanding awards as the Compensation Committee deems necessary or appropriate.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Amendment,
Termination</i>.</b> The 2016 Plan will remain in effect until March 2026, or, if earlier, when awards have been granted covering all
available shares under the 2016 Plan or the 2016 Plan is otherwise terminated by the Board. The Board may amend the terms of awards in
any manner not inconsistent with the 2016 Plan, provided that no amendment shall adversely affect the rights of a participant with respect
to an outstanding award without the participant&#8217;s consent. In addition, our Board of Directors may at any time amend, suspend,
or terminate the 2016 Plan, provided that (i) no such amendment, suspension or termination shall materially and adversely affect the
rights of any participant under any outstanding award without the consent of such participant and (ii) to the extent necessary and desirable
to comply with any applicable law, regulation, or stock exchange rule, the 2016 Plan requires us to obtain stockholder consent. Stockholder
approval is required for any plan amendment that increases the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2016
Plan or changes the persons or classes of persons eligible to receive awards.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Tax
Withholding. </i></b>The Company has the power and right to deduct or withhold, or require a participant to remit to the Company, the
minimum statutory amount to satisfy federal, state, and local taxes, domestic or foreign, required by law or regulations to be withheld.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Recoupment
Policy</i>. </b>Awards granted under the 2016 Plan will be subject to any provisions of applicable law providing for the recoupment or
clawback of incentive compensation, such as provisions imposed pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection
Act; the terms of any Company recoupment, clawback or similar policy in effect at the time of grant of the award; and any recoupment,
clawback or similar provisions that may be included in the applicable award agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Federal
Income Tax Consequences. </i></b>The following is a brief summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to awards granted
under the 2016 Plan based on the federal income tax laws in effect on the date of this report. This summary is not intended to be exhaustive
and does not address all matters relevant to a particular participant based on his or her specific circumstances. The summary expressly
does not discuss the income tax laws of any state, municipality, or non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction, or the gift, estate, excise (including
the rules applicable to deferred compensation under Code Section 409A), or other tax laws other than federal income tax law. The following
is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purposes of avoiding taxpayer penalties. Because individual circumstances
may vary, the Company advises all participants to consult their own tax advisor concerning the tax implications of awards granted under
the 2016 Plan.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
recipient of a stock option or stock appreciation right will not have taxable income upon the grant of the stock option or stock appreciation
right. For non-statutory stock options and stock appreciation rights, the participant will recognize ordinary income upon exercise in
an amount equal to the difference between the fair market value of the shares and the exercise price on the date of exercise. Any gain
or loss recognized upon any later disposition of the shares generally will be a capital gain or loss.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
acquisition of shares upon exercise of an incentive stock option will not result in any taxable income to the participant, except, possibly,
for purposes of the alternative minimum tax. The gain or loss recognized by the participant on a later sale or other disposition of such
shares will either be long-term capital gain or loss or ordinary income, depending upon whether the participant holds the shares for
the legally-required period (two years from the date of grant and one year from the date of exercise). If the shares are not held for
the legally-required period, the participant will recognize ordinary income equal to the lesser of (i) the difference between the fair
market value of the shares on the date of exercise and the exercise price, or (ii) the difference between the sales price and the exercise
price, and the balance of the gain, if any, will be afforded capital gain treatment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
awards of stock grants, the participant will not have taxable income upon the receipt of the award (unless the participant elects to
be taxed at the time of the stock is granted rather than when it becomes vested). The stock grants will generally be subject to tax upon
vesting as ordinary income equal to the fair market value of the shares at the time of vesting less the amount paid for such shares (if
any).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
participant is not deemed to receive any taxable income at the time an award of restricted stock units is granted. When vested restricted
stock units (and dividend equivalents, if any) are settled and distributed, the participant will recognize ordinary income equal to the
amount of cash and/or the fair market value of shares received less the amount paid for such restricted stock units (if any).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
the participant is an employee or former employee, the amount a participant recognizes as ordinary income in connection with any award
is subject to withholding taxes (not applicable to incentive stock options) and the Company is allowed a tax deduction equal to the amount
of ordinary income recognized by the participant. In addition, Code Section 162(m) contains special rules regarding the federal income
tax deductibility of compensation paid to the Company&#8217;s chief executive officer and to certain of the Company&#8217;s other executive
officers. The general rule is that annual compensation paid to any of these specified executives will be deductible only to the extent
that it does not exceed $1,000,000. However, the Company can preserve the deductibility of certain compensation in excess of $1,000,000
if such compensation qualifies as &#8220;performance-based compensation&#8221; by complying with certain conditions imposed by the Code
Section 162(m) rules (including the establishment of a maximum number of shares with respect to which awards may be granted to any one
employee during one fiscal year).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Option
Grants and Stock Awards</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding stock options to purchase 1,357,466 shares at an average exercise price of approximately $7.39
per share. Included in the total outstanding stock options were 0 stock options granted under the 2006 Plan in 2022 and 12,500 nonqualified
stock options granted under the 2016 Plan in 2022 to our executive officers and others at an exercise price of $4.84 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48.95pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
awards to be made under the 2016 Plan are discretionary, subject to the terms of the 2016 Plan. Therefore, the benefits and amounts that
will be received or allocated under the 2016 Plan are generally not determinable at this time. The equity grant program for our non-employee
directors is described under the Compensation of Directors section in this proxy statement. The following table summarizes these 2016
awards to our named executive officers, all executive officers and the non-executive officer employees and consultants.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Outstanding
Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(6)</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(7)</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(8)</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(9)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dr.
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(10)</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(11)</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(12)</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(13)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dr.
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(14)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dr.
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(15)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dr.
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(16)</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
Drs. Armen and Arrow, following a qualified Change of Control, a resignation for Good Reason, or an involuntary termination other than
For Cause, 100% of the executives&#8217; then-unvested options shall become immediately vested.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Security
Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of the Common Stock as of March 26, 2023, unless otherwise
indicated, by (1) each person known by the Company to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of common stock,
(2) each director of the Company, (3) the Company&#8217;s current executive officers, and (4) all current directors and executive officers
of the Company as a group. The persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all such
shares owned by them, unless otherwise indicated.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jennifer Buell<sup>(1)</sup></span></td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 0pt">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Andrew Slee<sup>(1)</sup></span></td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">92,578</td><td style="text-align: left"><sup>(10)</sup></td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify; padding-left: 0pt">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-style: italic; text-align: left; padding-left: 0pt">All directors and executive officers as a group (7 persons)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1,980,840</td><td style="text-align: left"><sup>(11)</sup></td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">36</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*
Address for each party listed in the above table is c/o Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., 149 Fifth Avenue, Suite 500, New York, NY 10010.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)
Executive officer and/or director.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)
Includes warrants to purchase 238,342 shares of common stock at an exercise price of approximately $4.00 per share. Includes 675,989
shares held in the name of Dr. Armen and 62,500 shares held in the name of the Garo H. Armen IRA, as to which Dr. Armen has sole voting
and dispositive power. Also includes options to purchase 262,500 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 or $7.00 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)
Represents options to purchase 154,531 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00, $7.00, or $22.40 per share. Does not include
options to purchase 5,469 shares that are not exercisable within 60 days of the date of this report.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)
Includes 102,500 shares of common stock and options to purchase 45,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $14.60 per share.
Also includes convertible note of $200,000 that converts at $5.00 per share for a total of 40,000 shares of common stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(5)
Includes options to purchase 197,291 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.00, $5.00 or $7.00 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(6)
Includes warrants to purchase 75,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.00 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(7)
Includes options to purchase 53,750 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $7.00 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(8)
Includes options to purchase 105,929 shares of common stock in the aggregate with an exercise price ranging from $4.00 to $5.00 per share.
Does not include options to purchase 1,146 shares of common stock that are not exercisable within 60 days of the date of this report.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(9)
Includes options to purchase 55,859 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $7.00 or $22.40 per share. Does not include options
to purchase 30,391 shares of common stock that are not exercisable within 60 days of the date of this report.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(10)
Includes options to purchase 92,578 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00, $7.00, or $22.40 per share. Does not include
options to purchase 19,922 shares of common stock that are not exercisable within 60 days of the date of this report.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(11)
Includes warrants to purchase 238,342 shares of common stock and options to purchase 861,509 shares of common stock. Also includes convertible
notes of $200,000 that converts at $5.00 per share for a total of 40,000 shares of common stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_021"></span>Item
13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Certain
Relationships and Related Party Transactions</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Other
than compensation arrangements for our named executive officers and directors, we describe below each transaction or series of similar
transactions, since January 1, 2016, to which we were a party or will be a party, in which:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    amounts involved exceeded or will exceed $120,000; and</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any
    of our directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of our capital stock, or any member of the immediate family of the
    foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Compensation
arrangements for our named executive officers and directors are described in Item 11, Executive Compensation.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
principal offices are located at 149 Fifth Avenue, Suite 500, New York, New York 10010, in a conference room of Agenus, Inc. We utilize
our principal office for quarterly board meetings and our annual shareholder meeting at no cost. Our personnel and consultants all work
remotely, the Company&#8217;s basic science laboratory work is conducted in the Lovejoy Lab at the University of Toronto, and its preclinical
efficacy work is conducted at CROs. Hence the Company does not have the need for a day-to-day physical office location other than a mailing
address and conference room facility for meetings. For that reason, the Agenus conference room suits its purposes without imposing any
inconveniences upon Agenus. Dr. Armen, our Executive Chairman, is also the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Agenus Inc.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>2019-2020
Convertible Note Offering</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Garo
H. Armen and Khalil Barrage invested $200,000 and $200,000, respectively, in the Convertible Note Offering on the same terms as all other
Investors.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Zack
Armen</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the latter part of 2018 and the first quarter of 2019, Zack Armen, the son of our Executive Chairman, Garo H. Armen, Ph.D., assisted
us in the development of slide deck presentations and summaries, video editing, and forecasting and market size projections that were
incorporated into presentations to investors and others. We have included these presentations in various Current Reports on Form 8-K
which we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. On June 17, 2019, the Compensation and Audit Committees of the Board authorized
the issuance to Mr. Zack Armen of 6,250 stock options under the 2016 Plan in consideration for his services. These options vested in
their entirety on issuance, have a ten-year term and are exercisable at a price of $7.00 per share. On February 21, 2020 Mr. Zack Armen
was also issued an additional 12,500 stock options that vest over 48 months and are exercisable at a price of $7.00 per share. On July
18, 2020 Mr. Zack Armen was also issued an additional 7,500 stock options that vest over 48 months and are exercisable at a price of
$7.00 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Policies
and Procedures for Related Party Transactions</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have adopted a policy that our executive officers, directors, nominees for election as a director, beneficial owners of more than 5%
of any class of our common stock, any members of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons and any firms, corporations or
other entities in which any of the foregoing persons is employed or is a partner or principal or in a similar position or in which such
person has a 5% or greater beneficial ownership interest, which we refer to collectively as related parties, are not permitted to enter
into a transaction with us without the prior consent of our Board of Directors acting through the audit committee or, in certain circumstances,
the chairman of the audit committee. Any request for us to enter into a transaction with a related party, in which the amount involved
exceeds $100,000 and such related party would have a direct or indirect interest must first be presented to our audit committee, or in
certain circumstances the chairman of our audit committee, for review, consideration and approval. In approving or rejecting any such
proposal, our audit committee, or the chairman of our audit committee, is to consider the material facts of the transaction, including,
but not limited to, whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party
under the same or similar circumstances, the extent of the benefits to us, the availability of other sources of comparable products or
services and the extent of the related party&#8217;s interest in the transaction.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Director
Independence</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are not currently listed on any national securities exchange or in an inter-dealer quotation system that has a requirement that the Board
of Directors be independent. However, in evaluating the independence of our members and the composition of the committees of our Board
of Directors, our Board utilizes the definition of &#8220;independence&#8221; as that term is defined by applicable listing standards
of the NASDAQ Stock Market and SEC rules, including the rules relating to the independence standards of an audit committee and the non-employee
director definition of Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
Board of Directors expects to continue to evaluate its independence standards and whether and to what extent the composition of the Board
and its committees meets those standards. We ultimately intend to appoint such persons to our Board and committees of our Board as are
expected to be required to meet the corporate governance requirements imposed by a national securities exchange. Therefore, we intend
that a majority of our directors will be independent directors of which at least one director will qualify as an &#8220;audit committee
financial expert,&#8221; within the meaning of Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K, as promulgated by the SEC.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
believe that Messrs. Barrage, Corvese, Wright, and Dr. Buell are each an &#8220;independent&#8221; director as that term is defined by
the NASDAQ Stock Market, Inc. Marketplace Rules and SEC Regulations. In addition, the Board also designated Brian Corvese as an &#8220;audit
committee financial expert,&#8221; as that term is defined by the NASDAQ Listing Rules and SEC regulations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">With
regard to Mr. Wright&#8217;s independent status, the Board considered the fact that he is a current CEO of a publicly-traded biopharmaceutical
company (MiMedX Group, Inc.) and that he is as a Partner at an investment firm (Signal Hill Advisors, LLC). He also serves on the Board
of Directors of Agenus, Inc., a publicly-traded company for which Dr. Armen is the Chaiman and CEO.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">With
regard to Mr. Corvese&#8217;s independent status, the Board considered the fact that he has no business relationship with the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">With
regard to Mr. Barrage&#8217;s independent status, the Board considered the fact that he has no business relationship with the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">With
regard to Dr. Buell&#8217;s independent status, the Board considered the fact that she has no business relationship with the Company
except her consulting role assisting with clinical trial design and that she reports to Dr. Armen in the course of her primary roles,
as president of Agenus, Inc and MiNK Therapeutics, Inc, and is therefore not considered &#8220;independent.&#8221;.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dr.
Stein, a member of the Science and Clinical &amp; Regulatory Committees, serves as our Chief Medical Officer, and is therefore not considered
&#8220;independent.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dr.
Armen, a member of the Science and Clinical &amp; Regulatory Committees, serves as our Executive Chairman, and is therefore not considered
&#8220;independent.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
principal offices are located at 149 Fifth Avenue, Suite 500, New York, New York 10010, in a conference room of Agenus, Inc. We utilize
our principal office for quarterly board meetings and our annual shareholder meeting on a month to month basis at a nominal value. Dr.
Armen, our Executive Chairman, is also the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Agenus Inc.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_020"></span>Item
14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table sets forth the fees for services provided and reasonably expected to be billed by Malone Bailey LLP. The following is
a summary of the fees billed to the Company for professional services rendered for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Fiscal Year&#160;2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">85,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">62,750</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 0pt">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">85,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Audit
Fees: </b>For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the aggregate audit fees billed by our independent auditors were for
professional services rendered for audits and quarterly reviews of our consolidated financial statements, and assistance with reviews
of registration statements and documents filed with the SEC.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Audit-Related
Fees: </b>Audit-related fees are for assurance and other activities not explicitly related to the audit of our financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Tax
Fees: </b>For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no tax fees, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>All
Other Fees: </b>For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were $0 and $0, respectively</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Audit
Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures. </b>The Audit Committee oversees and monitors our financial reporting process and internal
control system, reviews and evaluates the audit performed by our registered independent public accountants and reports to the Board any
substantive issues found during the audit. The Audit Committee is directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight
of the work of our registered independent public accountants. The Audit Committee convenes on a quarterly basis to approve each quarterly
filing, and an annual basis to review the engagement of the Company&#8217;s external auditor.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Audit Committee has considered whether the provision of Audit-Related Fees, Tax Fees, and all other fees as described above is compatible
with maintaining MaloneBailey, LLP&#8217;s independence and has determined that such services for fiscal years 2022 and 2021, respectively,
were compatible. All such services were approved by the Audit Committee pursuant to Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X under the Exchange Act
to the extent that rule was applicable.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_017"></span>PART
IV</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_018"></span>Item
15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>(a)
List of Documents filed as part of this Report</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>(1)
Consolidated Financial Statements</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
F-1 through F-20 following the Exhibit List as required by Part II, Item 8 &#8220;Financial Statements and Supplementary Data&#8221;
of this Form 10-K.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>(2)
Financial Statement Schedules.</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Schedules
are omitted because they are either not required, not applicable, or the information is otherwise included.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>(3)
Exhibits</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has filed with this report or incorporated by reference herein certain exhibits as specified below pursuant to Rule 12b-32 under
the Exchange Act. See Exhibit Index following the signature page to this report for a complete list of documents filed with this report.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 0.6in; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibit<br />
    No.</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: top; width: 0.1in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Description</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000143774916034055/ex3-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 20, 2016).</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000142488416000197/exhibit3-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Designations, Powers, Preferences and Other Rights of Preferred Stock and Qualifications, Limitations and Restrictions Thereof of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock of Atrinsic, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 5, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.3</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000149315218008098/ex3-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Second Amended and Restated Bylaws Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 1, 2018).</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="ex4-1.htm">Description of Securities*</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex41.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form of Warrant of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3(i)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex43i.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Warrant of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. issued to Garo H. Armen on May 17, 2011. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3(i) to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3(ii)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex43ii.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Warrant of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. issued to Garo H. Armen on February 18, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3(ii) to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.4(i)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex44i.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Warrant of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. issued to Gregory H. Ekizian on July 7, 2011. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4(i) to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.6in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.4(ii)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.1in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex44ii.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Warrant of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. issued to PENSCO Trust Company, FBO Gregory H. Ekizian on February 18, 2013. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4(ii) to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.5</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000114420416094817/v437233_ex4-5.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form of Placement Agent Warrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on April 18, 2016).</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex1012.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Employment Agreement, effective January 1, 2014 between Protagenic Therapeutics Canada (2006) Inc. and Dr. Robert Ziroyan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)**</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000149315221006756/ex10-2.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Consulting Agreement, effective December 18, 2020, between Protagenic Therapeutics Inc. and Dr. Andrew Slee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on March 25, 2021.)* **</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex1013.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Consulting Agreement, as amended, between Protagenic Therapeutics Canada (2006) Inc. and Dr. Dalia Barsyte (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)**</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000149315221006756/ex10-4.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement, effective December 18, 2020, between Protagenic Therapeutics Inc. and Dr. Robert B. Stein. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on March 25, 2021.)* **</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.5</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex1016.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. 2006 Employee, Director and Consultant Stock Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)**</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.6</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex1017.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement under the 2006 Employee, Director and Consultant Stock Plan. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.) **</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.7(i)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex1019i.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Technology License Agreement, effective July 21, 2005, between The University of Toronto Innovations Foundation and Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19(i) to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.7(ii)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex1019ii.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">First Amendment to Technology License Agreement, effective February 18, 2015, between the Governing Council of the University of Toronto and Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19(ii) to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.8(i)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex1020i.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Sponsored Research Agreement, effective April 1, 2014, between the Governing Council of the University of Toronto and Protagenic Therapeutics Canada (2006), Inc., Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20(i) to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.8(ii)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000119312516462444/d128148dex1020ii.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Amendment to the Sponsored Research Agreement, effective April 1, 2015, between the Governing Council of the University of Toronto and Protagenic Therapeutics Canada (2006), Inc., Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20(ii) to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016.)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.9</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000143774916034055/ex10-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. 2016 Equity Compensation Plan. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 20, 2016.)**</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.10</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000143774916034055/ex10-2.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. 2016 Equity Compensation Plan. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 20, 2016.) **</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.11</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000143774916034055/ex10-3.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Agreement under the Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. 2016 Equity Compensation Plan. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 20, 2016.) **</a></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.6in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.12</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.1in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000149315219018180/ex10-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form of Convertible Note Purchase Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on November 21, 2019)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.13</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000149315219018180/ex10-2.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form of Convertible Promissory Note (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on November 21, 2019)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.14</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000149315219018180/ex10-3.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form of Guaranty (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on November 21, 2019)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000143774917006686/ex14-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the Current Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on April 18, 2017).</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14.2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000143774917006686/ex14-2.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. Guideline on Significant Corporate Governance Issues (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.2 to the Current Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on April 18, 2017).</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14.3</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000143774917006686/ex14-3.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. Process for Security Holder Communications with Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.3 to the Current Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on April 18, 2017).</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="ex21-1.htm">Subsidiaries *</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="ex31-1.htm">Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)*.</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31.2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="ex31-2.htm">Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b)*.</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="ex99-1.htm">Audit Committee Charter adopted by Board of Directors of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. on March 7, 2017*.</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="ex99-2.htm">Compensation Committee Charter adopted by Board of Directors of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. on March 7, 2017*.</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.3</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="ex99-3.htm">Governance and Nominating Committee Charter adopted by Board of Directors of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. on March 7, 2017*.</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.4</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022899/000149315220007286/ex99-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Science Committee Charter adopted by the Board of Directors of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on April 29, 2020)</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[100.1]</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[XBRL-related
    documents]</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[101.1]</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[Interactive
    Data Files]</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">101.SCH</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inline
    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">101.CAL</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inline
    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">101.DEF</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inline
    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">101.LAB</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inline
    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">101.PRE</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inline
    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">104</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cover
    Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Filed
    herewith</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">**</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designates
    management contracts and compensation plans</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#8224;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Furnished
    herewith</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span>&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="bs_019"></span>SIGNATURES</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed
on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>PROTAGENIC
    THERAPEUTICS, INC.</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 5%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 44%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 46%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Date:</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
    31, 2023</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>/s/
    Garo H. Armen</i></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Garo
    H. Armen</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Chairman
(Principal Executive Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons in
the capacities and on the dates indicated.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Signatures</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 52%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Title</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 20%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Date</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>/s/
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Brian
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>/s/
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Timothy
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>/s/
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>PROTAGENIC
THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>CONSOLIDATED
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>FOR
THE YEARS ENDED</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>DECEMBER
31, 2022 AND 2021</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Page</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">F-2</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#sj_005">Consolidated Balance Sheets</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">F-3</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#sj_006">Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">F-4</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="sj_004"></span>REPORT
OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
the Stockholders and Board of Directors of</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Protagenic
Therapeutics, Inc.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Opinion
on the Financial Statements</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiary (collectively the &#8220;Company&#8221;)
as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders&#8217;
equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the &#8220;financial statements&#8221;).
In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December
31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles
generally accepted in the United States of America.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Basis
for Opinion</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">These
financial statements are the responsibility of the Company&#8217;s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company&#8217;s
financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(United States) (&#8220;PCAOB&#8221;) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal
securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company
is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits
we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion
on the effectiveness of the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error
or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant
estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits
provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Critical
Audit Matters</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Critical
audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be
communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and
(2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgements. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">www.malonebailey.com</span></span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
    31, 2023</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="sj_005"></span>PROTAGENIC
THERAPEUTICS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARY<br />
CONSOLIDATED
BALANCE SHEETS</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_iB" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_i01B_zj72zfExhYq2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_i02I_maLCzeHJ_zBLz7j3A4oPg" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_40C_ecustom--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesRelatedPartyCurrent_i02I_maLCzeHJ_zPLGaRyxKKVb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--NotesPayableCurrent_i01I_maLCzeHJ_zQXegOgPuvvi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt">PIK convertible notes payable, net of debt discount</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0087">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--NotesPayableRelatedPartiesClassifiedCurrent_i01I_maLCzeHJ_zEZoqNi9PWq5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_i02TI_mtLCzeHJ_maLzIGE_ztsYhu5F4qck" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--ConvertibleLongTermNotesPayable_i01I_maLzIGE_zqG1mlTih1ce" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">PIK convertible notes payable, net of debt discount</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0095">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConvertibleLongTermNotesPayable" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">132,284</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--NotesPayableRelatedPartiesNoncurrent_i01I_maLzIGE_z2ryuI7gg4ng" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">PIK convertible notes payable, net of debt discount - related parties</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0098">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NotesPayableRelatedPartiesNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">186,149</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--Liabilities_iTI_mtLzIGE_maLASEzKp7_zxlcWuTEhOzd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">TOTAL LIABILITIES</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:Liabilities" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,119,862</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:Liabilities" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,117,968</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityAbstract_i01B" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--PreferredStockValue_i02I_maSEznfV_zUGdoyiVxvk9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Preferred stock, $<span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_c20221231_zzzLqwi6A5bk" title="Preferred stock, par value"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_c20211231_zhMXo1Cgsuoa" title="Preferred stock, par value"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">0.000001</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span></span> par value; <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesAuthorized_iI_c20221231_zkLDWocG0Jwg" title="Preferred stock, shares authorized"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesAuthorized_iI_c20211231_ziFrCkj4f1N9" title="Preferred stock, shares authorized"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesAuthorized" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesAuthorized" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">20,000,000</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span></span> shares authorized; <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesIssued_iI_dn_c20221231_zuM8TV4yNFb7" title="Preferred stock, shares issued"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesIssued_iI_dn_c20211231_zJ4CaHZMj4jh" title="Preferred stock, shares issued"><span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesOutstanding_iI_dn_c20221231_zpfM9oRdaOz6" title="Preferred stock, shares outstanding"><span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesOutstanding_iI_dn_c20211231_zjGXwJhKasPj" title="Preferred stock, shares outstanding"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesIssued" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesIssued" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">none</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span></span></span></span> shares issued and outstanding in the following classes:</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--PreferredStockValue_i02I_maSEznfV_zJBKeOm9RzK7" style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Preferred stock value</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
<tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--PreferredStockValue_i02I_hus-gaap--StatementClassOfStockAxis__us-gaap--PreferredStockMember_maSEznfV_zuZGGEDvUUQ5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Preferred stock; par value $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_c20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--PreferredStockMember_pdd" title="Preferred stock, par value"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--PreferredStockMember_z6LuFGASQeDd" title="Preferred stock, par value"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_PreferredStockMember96243156" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_PreferredStockMember96243156" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">0.000001</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span></span>; <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesAuthorized_c20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--PreferredStockMember_pdd" title="Preferred stock, shares authorized"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesAuthorized_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--PreferredStockMember_zUNhuXC9x0Bc" title="Preferred stock, shares authorized"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesAuthorized" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_PreferredStockMember96243156" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesAuthorized" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_PreferredStockMember96243156" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">2,000,000</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span></span> shares authorized; <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesIssued_iI_dn_c20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--PreferredStockMember_z1xl2f32i6q7" title="Preferred stock, shares issued"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesOutstanding_iI_dn_c20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--PreferredStockMember_z0IhVCqB3d9h" title="Preferred stock, shares outstanding"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesIssued_iI_dn_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--PreferredStockMember_zNwkktCTrIJg" title="Preferred stock, shares issued"><span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--PreferredStockSharesOutstanding_iI_dn_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--PreferredStockMember_zfOMjBT1TBL9" title="Preferred stock, shares outstanding"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesIssued" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_PreferredStockMember96243156" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_PreferredStockMember96243156" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesIssued" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_PreferredStockMember96243156" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PreferredStockSharesOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_PreferredStockMember96243156" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">none</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span></span></span></span> issued and outstanding</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0129">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="sj_006"></span>PROTAGENIC
THERAPEUTICS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARY<br />
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="sj_007"></span>PROTAGENIC
THERAPEUTICS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARY<br />
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF CHANGE IN STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
the Year Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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  <tr id="xdx_409_ecustom--StockIssuedForUnderwriter_zqJD4GugdDMb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="sj_008"></span>PROTAGENIC
THERAPEUTICS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARY<br />
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_iB_z81xra0mIQ1g" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_iB_zBUAC1HOMMyd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts_i01_maCz1fv_z2cdG5Dnhuvd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_405_ecustom--IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering_i01_maCz1fv_z41aAh4otlL4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_407_ecustom--ProceedsFromNotePayable_i01_maCz1fv_zkcShQI0vMjf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20pt">Proceeds from notes payable</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0510">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--RepaymentsOfNotesPayable_i01N_di_msCz1fv_zzqOtzLabYF6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 20pt">Repayment of notes payable</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_i01T_mtCz1fv_maCzEQw_zAkzqPVJx87l" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_iT_mtCzEQw_zo5igLxB6Cqd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_iS_ztl2fMDJaXRi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_iE_zAPNaAiEH2yd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements</span></p>
<!-- Field: Split-Segment; Name: 001 -->
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span><b>&#160;</b></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span id="sj_009"></span>PROTAGENIC
THERAPEUTICS, INC. &amp; SUBSIDIARY<br />
NOTES
TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>December
31, 2022</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:NatureOfOperations"><p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--NatureOfOperations_zkjMoyrDVYq1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
1 &#8211; <span id="xdx_82B_zwuT6sTqCo3c">ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Company
Background</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Protagenic
Therapeutics, Inc. (&#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;our,&#8221; &#8220;Protagenic&#8221; or &#8220;the Company&#8221;), formerly known as Atrinsic,
Inc., is a Delaware corporation with one subsidiary named Protagenic Therapeutics Canada (2006) Inc. (&#8220;PTI Canada&#8221;), a corporation
formed in 2006 under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are a biopharmaceutical company specializing in the discovery and development of therapeutics to treat stress-related neuropsychiatric
and mood disorders.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Reverse
Stock Split</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
March 22, 2023, the Company effectuated a <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityReverseStockSplit_c20230321__20230322__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zG8NVDR6GVj2" title="Reverse stock split"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2023-03-212023-03-22_us-gaap_SubsequentEventMember" name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquityReverseStockSplit">1 for 4 reverse stock split</ix:nonNumeric></span> (the &#8220;Reverse Split&#8221;). The Company&#8217;s stock began
trading on a split-adjusted basis effective on the Nasdaq Stock Market on March 22, 2023. There was no change to the number of authorized
shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock. All share and per share information in these financial statements are adjusted to reflect the Reverse Split.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="PTIX:LiquidityDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_808_ecustom--LiquidityDisclosureTextBlock_zlxX9Tp4ECIh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
2 - <span id="xdx_827_z7PWcAn2TDi6">LIQUIDITY</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred significant recurring losses resulting in an accumulated
deficit. The Company anticipates further losses in the development of its business. The Company also had negative cash flows used in
operations. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company&#8217;s ability to continue as a going concern.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
on its cash resources and positive working capital as of December 31, 2022, the Company has sufficient resources to fund its operations
at least until the end of the third quarter of 2024. The positive working capital as of December 31, 2022 was due to funds raised by
the Company from its equity offering during the year ended December 31, 2021. Absent generation of sufficient revenue from the execution
of the Company&#8217;s business plan, the Company will need to obtain debt or equity financing by the third quarter of 2024. Because
the Company has sufficient resources on hand to fund operations through
the next twelve months from the date these consolidated financial statements are available to be issued, the Company believes that this alleviates the substantial doubt in connection with its ability to continue
as a going concern.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock_ztoUAuFSikCl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
3 - <span id="xdx_82F_zRmlf96mIswl">SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:BasisOfAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zLPL6LqKHx72" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86E_z6jn9vhCxLU2">Basis
of presentation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;<br />
The Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted
in the United States of America (&#8220;U.S. GAAP&#8221;) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_84E_eus-gaap--ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock_zDRGUFyygTY7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_865_zDkSfo4CogL8">Principles
of consolidation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., and its wholly owned Canadian subsidiary,
PTI Canada. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 83; Value: 1 -->
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    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:UseOfEstimates"><p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_zNBLpM5VgH7e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span><span id="xdx_86B_zKUTD0Z3oYX4">Use
of estimates</span></span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated
financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those
estimates. Significant estimates underlying the consolidated financial statements include valuation
of stock options and warrants and assessment of deferred tax asset valuation allowance.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk"><p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk_z0AJkzbYFQel" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_866_zltMemarNVCg">Concentrations
of Credit Risk</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company maintains its cash accounts at financial institutions which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. At times,
the Company may have deposits in excess of federally insured limits. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has bank balances that exceeds
the federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes, based upon the quality
of the financial institutions, that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_84F_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zwHoEBE6yCh8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86B_zhY2p47XPKTe">Cash
and Cash Equivalents</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company did not have any cash equivalents.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesPolicy"><p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zGHRnpeq2uf7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_860_zfjoqc77ehvb">Marketable
Securities</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company accounts for marketable debt securities, the only type of securities it owns, in accordance with the FASB Accounting Standards
Codification 320, Investments &#8211; Debt and Equity Securities (&#8220;ASC 320&#8221;).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to ASC 320-10-35-1, investments in debt securities that are classified as available for sale shall be measured subsequently at fair value
in the consolidated balance sheets at each balance sheet date. Unrealized holding gains and losses for available-for-sale securities
(including those classified as current assets) shall be excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company purchased $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_ztLdnY3ZE6eb" title="Purchase of marketable securities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">34,122</ix:nonFraction></span> and sold $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_zaBDphgGBQm5" title="Proceeds from sale of marketable securities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities" contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,632,901</ix:nonFraction></span> in marketable securities with a realized loss of
$<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesRealizedGainLoss_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231_zRg2D0AhGde8" title="Realized gain on marketable securities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesRealizedGainLoss" contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">46,051</ix:nonFraction></span> and an unrealized loss of $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_c20220101__20221231_zoQ8vrDxdYVa" title="Unrealized gain on marketable securities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss" contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">421,738</ix:nonFraction></span>. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company owned marketable securities with
a total value of $<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_z5Uuhjr45V68" title="Marketable securities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:MarketableSecurities" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">7,763,517</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_ziMSqdvABO86" title="Marketable securities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:MarketableSecurities" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">9,830,085</ix:nonFraction></span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zZDLsdegIGcl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_862_zPb6YKIgoWp">Equipment</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Equipment
is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes expenditures for computer equipment. Maintenance and repairs are charged
to expense as incurred. When assets are sold, retired, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from
the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. The cost of equipment is depreciated using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets which is three years. Depreciation expense was not material for the year
ended December 31, 2022.</span></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zzC3YwS2kejj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86B_zbxIWvip31h2">Fair
Value Measurements</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC
820, &#8220;Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure,&#8221; defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or
paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not adjusted for transaction
costs. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value
into three broad levels giving the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1)
and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
three levels are described below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
1 Inputs &#8211; Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that is accessible by the Company;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
2 Inputs &#8211; Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable,
either directly or indirectly;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
3 Inputs &#8211; Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability including significant assumptions of the Company and other market participants.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
carrying amount of the Company&#8217;s financial assets and liabilities, such as cash, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate
their fair value because of the short term maturity of those instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value
since the related rates of interest approximate current market rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 84; Value: 1 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Transactions
involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm&#8217;s-length basis, as the requisite conditions of competitive,
free-market dealings may not exist. Representations about transactions with related parties, if made, shall not imply that the related
party transactions were consummated on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm&#8217;s-length transactions unless such representations
can be substantiated.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock_zLfj44QQADlb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
assets or liability&#8217;s fair value measurement within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of any input that is
significant to the fair value measurement. The following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair
value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BE_zHgs4WyyMn7i" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Carrying</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zF4qPNRPpThi" title="Marketable securities, current" style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">7,763,517</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zGdAejD6YjGd" title="Investments, fair value disclosure" style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">7,763,517</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zcCkla17gSib" title="Investments, fair value disclosure" style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0591">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zySsElQ9RVLg" title="Investments, fair value disclosure" style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0593">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zHQD97xa10Ug" title="Investments, fair value disclosure" style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">7,763,517</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 2</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 35%; text-align: left">Marketable securities</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zqKGKH3SovHg" title="Marketable securities, current" style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">9,830,085</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AF_zOVqJeAhQ2b2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
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which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense related to the fair value of stock based compensation awards that
are ultimately expected to vest. Stock based compensation expense recognized includes the compensation cost for all stock based payments
granted to employees, officers, non-employees, and directors based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions
of ASC 718. ASC. 718 is also applied to awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled during the periods reported.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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any award granted under the Company&#8217;s 2016 Equity Compensation Plan (the &#8220;2016 Plan&#8221;) payable in shares of common stock
is forfeited, cancelled, or returned for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, otherwise terminates without payment being made, or
if shares of common stock are withheld to cover withholding taxes on options or other awards, the number of shares of common stock as
to which such option or award was forfeited, or which were withheld, will be available for future grants under the 2016 Plan. The Company
recognizes the impact of forfeitures when they occur.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AD_zK0fntPwA0hh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy"><p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zpAykMDCznn3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_864_zP3xiY1eRyLe">Research
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock_zrLge08eyEvi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_868_zn9HzO1D1vK">Foreign
Currency Translation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company follows ASC 830, <i>Foreign Currency Matters</i> (&#8220;ASC 830&#8221;) for foreign currency translation to translate the financial
statements of the foreign subsidiary from the functional currency, generally the local currency, into U.S. Dollars. ASC 830-10-45 sets
out the guidance relating to how a reporting entity determines the functional currency of a foreign entity (including of a foreign entity
in a highly inflationary economy), re-measures the books of record (if necessary), and characterizes transaction gains and losses. Pursuant
to ASC 830-10-45, the assets, liabilities, and operations of a foreign entity shall be measured using the functional currency of that
entity. An entity&#8217;s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates; normally,
that is the currency of the environment, or local currency, in which an entity primarily generates and expends cash.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
functional currency of each foreign subsidiary is determined based on management&#8217;s judgment and involves consideration of all relevant
economic facts and circumstances affecting the subsidiary. Generally, the currency in which the subsidiary transacts a majority of its
transactions, including billings, financing, payroll and other expenditures, would be considered the functional currency, but any dependency
upon the parent and the nature of the subsidiary&#8217;s operations must also be considered. If a subsidiary&#8217;s functional currency
is deemed to be the local currency, then any gain or loss associated with the translation of that subsidiary&#8217;s financial statements
is included in accumulated other comprehensive income. However, if the functional currency is deemed to be the U.S. Dollar, then any
gain or loss associated with the re-measurement of these financial statements from the local currency to the functional currency would
be included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company disposes of foreign
subsidiaries, then any cumulative translation gains or losses would be recorded into the condensed consolidated statements of operations
and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company determines that there has been a change in the functional currency of a subsidiary to
the U.S. Dollar, any translation gains or losses arising after the date of change would be included within the condensed consolidated
statements of operations and comprehensive loss.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
on an assessment of the factors discussed above, the management of the Company determined its subsidiary&#8217;s local currency (i.e.
the Canadian dollar) to be the functional currency for its foreign subsidiary.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zMyRNqgqnAV8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_863_zZTDgTE4Vkdc">Recent
Accounting Pronouncements</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Management
does not believe that any recently issued, but not effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect
on the Company&#8217;s financial statements.</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_85A_zCNwV2MLeH2c" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock_zQ4qj04p435" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
4 - <span id="xdx_824_zAGBlkEYZt47">ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zqvCitPnw3rk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accounts
payable and accrued expenses consist of the following at:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BF_zSddRzZozLol" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_406_ecustom--AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zEUE8XULOBTb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 60%">Accounting</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">68,151</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40E_ecustom--AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zvAnwSKuAwi1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_znpsH8X964bf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">25,462</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zp9JCc8hvX3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iTI_pp0p0_mtAPAALzt0f_zfteL4w1ThUb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">775,632</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  </table>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A0_zWtB0B2mwPI7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 86; Value: 1 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:DebtDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--DebtDisclosureTextBlock_zdQaC2Y13SI9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
5 &#8211; <span><span id="xdx_826_zoqx1hLyDjhk">NOTE PAYABLE AND CONVERTIBLE NOTE PAYABLE</span> (PIK NOTES)</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Convertible
Notes Payable</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company amortized $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_z3lhJ10vxIJ1" title="Amortization of debt discount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">110,797</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zqdOBo0o5Uq2" title="Amortization of debt discount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">333,400</ix:nonFraction></span> of the debt discount, respectively. At December
31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had an unamortized debt discount of $<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zZRWAcLygxQg" title="Unamortized debt discount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">79,409</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_z74k0wVen7G7" title="Unamortized debt discount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">182,716</ix:nonFraction></span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2022, a total of <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--DebtConversionConvertedInstrumentSharesIssued1_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zqG6wU9tRAyj" title="Debt conversion of shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DebtConversionConvertedInstrumentSharesIssued1" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">18,912</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock was issued for the conversion of notes
and interest. A total of $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentPrincipal_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zEx5eCrETkY5" title="Debt instrument principal amount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentPrincipal" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">85,000</ix:nonFraction></span> in principal and $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentInterest_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zP7XF1YW4Mkh" title="Debt instrument interest amount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentInterest" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">9,985</ix:nonFraction></span> in accrued interest was converted.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company owes $<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayable_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zPDPKwk4wv6a" title="Convertible notes payable"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">230,000</ix:nonFraction></span>
and $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayable_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_pp0p0" title="Convertible notes payable"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">315,000</ix:nonFraction></span>
on the outstanding Convertible Notes, respectively. These convertible notes have a maturity date of November 6, 2023.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Convertible
Notes Payable &#8211; Related Parties</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company amortized $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zw0NQ4sfXHAl" title="Amortization of debt discount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">7,490</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zpZaSXoMrj13" title="Amortization of debt discount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">93,737</ix:nonFraction></span> of the debt discount, respectively. At December
31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had an unamortized debt discount of $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zUBJIGLaAIJ" title="Unmortization of debt discount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">6,361</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zq6qeimHvcK8" title="Unamortization of debt discount"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">13,851</ix:nonFraction></span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company owes $<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayable_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zHYK2wuWavhd" title="Convertible notes payable"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">200,000</ix:nonFraction></span>
and $<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayable_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_pp0p0" title="Convertible notes payable"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">200,000</ix:nonFraction></span>
on the outstanding Convertible Notes, respectively. These convertible notes have a maturity date of November 6, 2023.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zsW0Zpfpnlc5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
6 - <span id="xdx_827_zcaAtvO5yG37">STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; DEFICIT</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Common
Stock</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the years ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities_c20220101__20221231_zdlXzgmc7wI9" title="Number of shares issued, conversion of convertible securities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities" contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">18,911</ix:nonFraction>
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares of common stock for the conversion of
notes and interest. (See Note 5).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Stock-Based
Compensation</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company adopted an Employee, Director and Consultant Stock Plan on June 17, 2016 (the &#8220;2016 Plan&#8221;). Pursuant to the 2016
Plan, the Company&#8217;s Compensation Committee may grant awards to any employee, officer, director, consultant, advisor or other individual
service provider of the Company or any subsidiary. Due to an annual &#8220;evergreen&#8221; provision in the 2016 Plan, the
number of shares reserved for future grants was increased by <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized_c20220101__20220101__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_zKPJ5QKKPXpi" title="Number of additional shares granted"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-01-01_custom_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">184,260</ix:nonFraction></span> and <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized_c20210101__20210101__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_zVwBuUs76Ky3" title="Number of additional shares granted"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-01-01_custom_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">142,457</ix:nonFraction></span> in 2022 and 2021, respectively. As a result of these
increases, as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the aggregate number of shares of common stock available for awards under the
2016 Plan was <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_z3Lf47wsjkw6" title="Number of shares available for grant"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,543,872</ix:nonFraction></span> shares and <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_zXQBJ9ejOO" title="Number of shares available for grant"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,359,612</ix:nonFraction></span> shares, respectively. Options issued under the 2016 Plan are exercisable for up to ten years
from the date of issuance.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
were <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20221231_zsdk8RJQLVja" title="Stock options outstanding"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,357,466</ix:nonFraction></span> options outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The fair value of each stock option granted during the year ended December
31, 2022 was estimated using the Black-Scholes assumptions and or factors as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_895_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zbk5eVzAFYD8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B6_zi7OBV8tnHq2" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED PAYMENT AWARD, STOCK OPTIONS, VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 80%">Exercise price</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected dividend yield</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Risk free interest rate</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected life in years</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zhZPQNiw2lEh" title="Expected life in years"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1">10</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected volatility</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  </table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">There were
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Black-Scholes assumptions and or factors as follows:</p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>Exercise price</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    </tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="width: 80%; text-align: left">Expected dividend yield</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_z34HWaeYR8m3" title="Expected dividend yield" style="width: 16%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">0</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">%</td>
    </tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Risk free interest rate</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    </tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected life in years</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z8f2jIc9VcC4" title="Expected life in years"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MinimumMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1">5</ix:nonNumeric></span>-<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zH4xqVLcUe0a" title="Expected life in years"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MaximumMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1">10</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    </tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected volatility</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    </tr>
  </table>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A4_z5LyKAnVI8xj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_891_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zFmaSKnsipje" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following is an analysis of the stock option grant activity under the Plan:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BA_zcFgfMGwxUP6" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION, STOCK OPTIONS, ACTIVITY</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Weighted<br /> Average</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Weighted<br /> Average</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Exercise Price</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Remaining Life</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-align: left">Stock Options</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Outstanding December 31, 2020</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zoL0vtF1YBMk" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,399,466</ix:nonFraction></p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zJ9d374ngDA8" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">5.88</ix:nonFraction></p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zp0sz6IaUXIa" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2">6.48</ix:nonNumeric></span></p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zw7cZ5epOQSc" title="Stock Options, Granted" style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">12,500</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_iN_di_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zuFpTglo12u7" title="Stock Options, Expired" style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">35,250</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zbmdrQHbPIyl" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Expired" style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">6.09</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zMWxa17TwYb5" title="Stock Option, Exercised" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0770">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z73bFcifteD9" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Exercised" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0772">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Outstanding December 31, 2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zbmzoweL1ODd" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Ending" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,357,466</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zS86JF3K9Z03" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2">5.41</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>


</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A1_zflskuFXWF97" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfNonvestedShareActivityTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfNonvestedShareActivityTableTextBlock_zLNshK1BbId5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
summary of the status of the Company&#8217;s nonvested options as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the years ended December 31,
2022 and 2021, is presented below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B6_zRl10klC2441" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION NONVESTED SHARES</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Nonvested Options</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Options</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Weighted-Average<br /> Exercise Price</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Nonvested at December 31, 2020</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Vested</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance" style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_z8Af6lsnZlna" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Vested" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">12.28</ix:nonFraction></p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">Forfeited</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td title="Nonvested Options, Forfeited" id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares_c20210101__20211231_zRQHOotQGB0i" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0794">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Vested</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Forfeited</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares_c20220101__20221231_zQqkrwKnnDG9" title="Nonvested Options, Forfeited" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0810">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Nonvested at December 31, 2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iE_c20220101__20221231_zPBR5NdcHfOh" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Ending Balance" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">13.07</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>


</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AE_zIX8jYRZUqaj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, the Company had <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20221231_zPezLfPu5YL3" title="Stock options outstanding"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,357,466</ix:nonFraction></span> shares issuable under options outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iI_c20221231_zIbAykyxNin4" title="Stock options outstanding weighted average exercise price"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">7.39</ix:nonFraction></span>
and an intrinsic value of $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zc4SikyLJHc1" title="Stock options. intrinsic value"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">0</ix:nonFraction></span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
total number of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zpqhQECsWc64" title="Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">12,500</ix:nonFraction></span> and <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zh8H4Q8c3wgk" title="Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">145,750</ix:nonFraction></span>, respectively. The exercise
price for these options ranges from $<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zCoj3jGUr7O7" title="Exercise price options range"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember_srt_MinimumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">4.84</ix:nonFraction></span> to $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zzpglbjaT6li" title="Exercise price options range"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember_srt_MaximumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">22.40</ix:nonFraction></span> per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recognized compensation expense related to options issued of $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zBl9ijO5JO9c" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">844,248</ix:nonFraction></span>
and $<span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zk4rf6rHZHo6" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">1,518,756</ix:nonFraction></span>
for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in which $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember_zYm0d8poF0G1" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">747,830</ix:nonFraction></span>
and $<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember_zSR2MvHEXoJf" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">1,513,835</ix:nonFraction></span>
is included in general and administrative expenses and $<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember_zek0m124wRy1" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">96,418</ix:nonFraction></span>
and $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember_z3kGNBeENlYl"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">4,921</ix:nonFraction></span>
in research and development expenses, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesMember_zkI8cm0daAEe" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_EmployeesMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">182,748</ix:nonFraction></span>
and $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesMember_zEmiLVNBMZB3" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_EmployeesMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">769,479</ix:nonFraction></span> of the stock compensation was related to employees and $<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--NonEmployeesMember_z9WyPeAycU84" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_NonEmployeesMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">661,500</ix:nonFraction></span>
and $<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--NonEmployeesMember_zL5l03WriFPe" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_NonEmployeesMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">749,277</ix:nonFraction></span> was related to non-employees, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, the unamortized stock option expense was $<span id="xdx_902_ecustom--UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zlWglC1ITbYg" title="Unamortized stock option expense"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:UnamortizedStockOptionExpense" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">1,342,673</ix:nonFraction></span> with $<span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesMember_zwf8YcGbDtRf" title="Unamortized stock option expense"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:UnamortizedStockOptionExpense" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_EmployeesMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">8,566</ix:nonFraction></span> being related to employees and $<span id="xdx_904_ecustom--UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--NonEmployeesMember_zuVS2X0A6W74" title="Unamortized stock option expense"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:UnamortizedStockOptionExpense" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_NonEmployeesMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">1,334,107</ix:nonFraction></span> being
related to non-employees. As of December 31, 2022, the weighted average period for the unamortized stock compensation to be recognized
is <span id="xdx_904_ecustom--UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm_pp0p0_dtY_c20220101__20221231_ztwiqXHzooN4" title="Weighted average period for unamortized stock compensation"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="PTIX:UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm">3.37</ix:nonNumeric></span> years.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
January 6, 2022, the Company issued a total of <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z2MA5Pc8zaIc" title="Options to purchase shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" contextRef="From2022-01-052022-01-06_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">12,500</ix:nonFraction></span> options to purchase shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock to a consultant.
These options had a grant date fair value of $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1_pp0p0_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zwnQQBGnCrTb" title="Stock options, fair value"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1" contextRef="From2022-01-052022-01-06_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">68,614</ix:nonFraction></span>. These options have an exercise price of $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_pid_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zkFppmfsW2xl" title="Stock options exercise price"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="From2022-01-052022-01-06_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">4.84</ix:nonFraction></span>, a term of <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z3RryeZIr2Cc" title="Stock options, weighted average remaining contractual term"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-052022-01-06_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2">10</ix:nonNumeric></span> years, and vest over
four years.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Warrants:</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock"><p id="xdx_89B_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z4gPW5LKRKX" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
summary of warrant issuances are as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BA_zgv6aWAMR2Ol" style="display: none">SUMMARY
OF WARRANT ISSUANCES</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Remaining Life</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Outstanding December 31, 2020</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zUf4bVmQI1Wi" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">37,562</ix:nonFraction></p></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: justify">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><p id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zgB3IyFVYSOf" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">345,295</ix:nonFraction></p></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations_c20220101__20221231_zk6nyHAbwqx9" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired" style="text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0901">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_c20220101__20221231_z4E0HgRE7Ib9" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0905">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Outstanding December 31, 2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_900_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zLNJcuKYOL8" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="PTIX:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm">2.15</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>


</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AD_zLaDvRI0KpIb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, the Company had <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zJo1kJnMOkdj" title="Warrant shares, outstanding"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,537,158</ix:nonFraction></span> shares issuable under warrants outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $<span id="xdx_901_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z6CYRIBOTc5j" title="Warrant exercise price"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">13.49</ix:nonFraction></span>
and an intrinsic value of $<span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zgpnYCLerUB4" title="Class of warrant or right, outstanding, intrinsic value"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">0</ix:nonFraction></span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recognized compensation expense related to warrants issued of $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zx3VStv8F172" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">20,433</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z7jKxwp6nxT1" title="Share based compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_WarrantMember96246046" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">0</ix:nonFraction></span> during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021,
respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
January 6, 2022, the Company cancelled <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zT4CVOWJHFj7" title="Option forfeited"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod" contextRef="From2022-01-052022-01-06_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">4,000</ix:nonFraction></span> options and replaced them with <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_iI_c20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zmBY4zzJkzK4" title="Warrants to purchase common stock"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights" contextRef="AsOf2022-01-06_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">4,000</ix:nonFraction></span> warrants with a <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm_iI_dtY_c20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zV6R7ByBNCe5" title="Warrant term"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2022-01-06_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm">5</ix:nonNumeric></span>-year term and an exercise price of
$<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_iI_c20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zxPSAXfpPA86" title="Warrant exercise price"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" contextRef="AsOf2022-01-06_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">5.00</ix:nonFraction></span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--CollaborativeArrangementDisclosureTextBlock_zwC2I1NABLUj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
7 - <span id="xdx_82B_zVvifIqksWU1">COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company and the University of Toronto (the &#8220;University&#8221;) entered into an agreement effective April 1, 2014 (the &#8220;New
Research Agreement&#8221;) for the performance of a research project titled &#8220;Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide (&#8220;TCAP&#8221;)
mediated stress attenuation in vertebrates: Establishing the role of organismal and intracellular energy and glucose regulation and metabolism&#8221;
(the &#8220;New Project&#8221;). The New Project is to perform research related to work done by Dr. David A. Lovejoy, a professor at
the University and stockholder of the Company, in regard to TCAP mediated stress attenuation in vertebrates: Establishing the role of
organismal and intracellular energy and glucose regulation and metabolism. In addition to the New Research Agreement, Dr. Lovejoy entered
into an agreement with the University in order to commercialize certain technologies. The New Research Agreement expired on March 30,
2016. In February 2017, the New Research Agreement was extended to December 31, 2017. The extension allowed for further development of
the technologies and use of their applications. On April 10, 2018, the agreement was amended and the research agreement has been further
extended to December 31, 2023.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Prior
to January 1, 2016, the University has been granted <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod_c20150101__20151231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--UniversityOfTorontoMember_zZ5knwXpszNf" title="Share-based compensation stock options, grants"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod" contextRef="From2015-01-012015-12-31_custom_UniversityOfTorontoMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">6,250</ix:nonFraction></span> stock options which are fully vested at the exercise price of $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iI_c20151231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--UniversityOfTorontoMember_ztS5VY8MPY3a" title="Share-based compensation weighted average exercise price"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="AsOf2015-12-31_custom_UniversityOfTorontoMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">4.00</ix:nonFraction></span> exercisable
over a <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_dc_c20150101__20151231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--UniversityOfTorontoMember_zvHmVYBkvTPi" title="Share-based payment award, expiration period"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2015-01-012015-12-31_custom_UniversityOfTorontoMember" format="ixt-sec:durwordsen" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod">ten year</ix:nonNumeric></span> period which ended on April 1, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, Dr. David Lovejoy of the University has been granted <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zRRI4OnUevyl" title="Share-based compensation stock options, grants"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_DrDavidLovejoyMember_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">138,325</ix:nonFraction></span>
stock options, of which <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z3wVHNZ4mjmk" title="Number of stock options vested"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_DrDavidLovejoyMember_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">113,325</ix:nonFraction></span> are fully vested and <span id="xdx_901_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zicZWGNeV3Me" title="Number of stock options expired"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_DrDavidLovejoyMember_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">25,000</ix:nonFraction></span> have expired. <span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--OptionsExpirationDateDescription_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zMmTMnksKFxk" title="Options expiration date, description"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_DrDavidLovejoyMember_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" name="PTIX:OptionsExpirationDateDescription">These have an exercise price of $4.00, $5.00 or $7.00 and are
exercisable over a period ranging from 10 to 13 years.</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
sponsorship research and development expenses pertaining to the Research Agreements were $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--ResearchAgreementsMember_z4GeA89eONn8" title="Research and development expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_ResearchAgreementsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">28,645</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--ResearchAgreementsMember_zM8xBWLgw1j1" title="Research and development expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_ResearchAgreementsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">0</ix:nonFraction></span> for the years ended December
31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 89; Value: 1 -->
    <div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-bottom: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->13<!-- Field: /Sequence --></td></tr></table></div>
    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock_zGEZdxIvG3xg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
8 - <span id="xdx_825_z2iiaHZbApVb">COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Licensing
Agreements</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
July 31, 2005, the Company had entered into a Technology License Agreement (&#8220;License Agreement&#8221;) with the University pursuant
to which the University agreed to license to the Company patent rights and other intellectual property, among other things (the &#8220;Technologies&#8221;).
The Technology License Agreement was amended on February 18, 2015 and currently does not provide for an expiration date.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the License Agreement and its amendment, the Company obtained an exclusive worldwide license to make, have made, use, sell and import
products based upon the Technologies, or to sublicense the Technologies in accordance with the terms of the License Agreement and amendment.
In consideration, the Company agreed to pay to the University a royalty payment of <span id="xdx_900_ecustom--RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231__us-gaap--FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis__us-gaap--LicensingAgreementsMember_zvydotdyAwRi" title="Royalty payment, percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:RoyaltyPaymentPercentage" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">2.5</ix:nonFraction></span>% of net sales of any product based on the Technologies.
If the Company elects to sublicense any rights under the License Agreement and amendment, the Company agrees to pay to the University
<span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231__us-gaap--FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis__us-gaap--LicensingAgreementsMember_zjxxyxb3jISl" title="Up-front sub-license fees, percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>% of any up-front sub-license fees for any sub-licenses that occurred on or after September 9, 2006, and, on behalf of the sub-licensee,
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December 31, 2022 and 2021 and therefore was not subject to paying any royalties.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the event the Company fails to provide the University with semi-annual reports on the progress or fails to continue to make reasonable
commercial efforts towards obtaining regulatory approval for products based on the Technologies, the University may convert our exclusive
license into a non-exclusive arrangement. Interest on any amounts owed under the License Agreement and amendment will be at <span id="xdx_905_ecustom--InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231_zCmHL61Vj8Sc" title="Interest on amounts owed under license agreement, rate"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">3</ix:nonFraction></span>% per annum.
All intellectual property rights resulting from the Technologies or improvements thereon will remain the property of the other inventors
and/or Dr. Lovejoy, and/or the University, as the case may be. The Company has agreed to pay all out-of-pocket filing, prosecution and
maintenance expenses in connection with any patents relating to the Technologies. In the case of infringement upon any patents relating
to the Technologies, the Company may elect, at its own expense, to bring a cause of action asserting such infringement. In such a case,
after deducting any legal expenses the Company may incur, any settlement proceeds will be subject to the <span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231__us-gaap--FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis__us-gaap--LicensingAgreementsMember_zE4ZfLA1K98h" title="Royalty payment, percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:RoyaltyPaymentPercentage" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">2.5</ix:nonFraction></span>% royalty payment owed to
the University under the License Agreement and amendment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
patent applications were made in the name of Dr. Lovejoy and other inventors, but the Company&#8217;s exclusive, worldwide rights to
such patent applications are included in the License Agreement and its amendment with the University. The Company maintains exclusive
licensing agreements and it currently controls the five intellectual patent properties.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 90; Value: 1 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Legal
Proceedings</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">From
time to time we may be named in claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Currently, no legal proceedings, government actions,
administrative actions, investigations or claims are pending against us or involve us that, in the opinion of our management, could reasonably
be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_803_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock_zpcJSVSaq0mg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
9 &#8211; <span id="xdx_82E_zWRKvVtMAgzg">RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company is provided free office space consisting of a conference room by the Company Executive Chairman, Dr. Armen. The Company does
not pay any rent for the use of this space. This space is used for quarterly board meetings and our annual shareholder meeting.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company engaged Agenus Inc., a related party, to perform research and development services. Agenus
Inc. is a related party due to the Company&#8217;s Director and Chairman of the Board being the CEO and Chairman of the Board for Agenus
Inc. The Company accrued $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--AgenusIncMember_zbAzQZkOqfI" title="Accrued expense related to services"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_AgenusIncMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">300,000</ix:nonFraction></span> in expenses related to these services during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company accrued $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--AgenusIncMember_zOckX6IfOA47" title="Accrued expense related to services"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_AgenusIncMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">105,928</ix:nonFraction></span> in expenses related to these services during
the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the balance on these accrued expenses is $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--AgenusIncMember_zcsUMVaPiCo4" title="Related party balance"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_AgenusIncMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">105,928</ix:nonFraction></span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company engaged CTC North, GmbH (&#8220;CTC&#8221;) to perform research and development services.
CTC is a related party due to the Company&#8217;s Director and Chairman of the Board being the CEO and Chairman of the Board for Agenus
Inc, CTC&#8217;s parent company. The total commitment for this agreement is $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--OtherCommitment_iI_pn5n6_c20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CTCNorthGmbHMember_z1iI4qR1QLqi" title="Commitment for agreement"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OtherCommitment" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_CTCNorthGmbHMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">1.3</ix:nonFraction></span> million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company
has incurred a total of $<span id="xdx_904_ecustom--AgreementExpenses_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CTCNorthGmbHMember_zKii4rrBZ0Qb" title="Agreement expenses"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:AgreementExpenses" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_CTCNorthGmbHMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">105,801</ix:nonFraction></span> in expenses related to this agreement. As of December 31, 2022, there is $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CTCNorthGmbHMember_zlp59sMvG0zg" title="Related party payments"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_CTCNorthGmbHMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">0</ix:nonFraction></span> owed to CTC in connection
with this agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 91; Value: 1 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_znpkbtg7OMne" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
10 &#8211; <span id="xdx_826_zYKwN5Xm4gD8">INCOME TAXES</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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components of loss before income taxes are as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B4_zvphDSGtspni" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20220101__20221231_zBpZrStl4pF1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AA_zO9O1m9ZeEtd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company had no income tax expense due to operating losses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_zWZ7LiwECMBh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, a reconciliation of the Company&#8217;s effective tax rate to the statutory U.S. Federal
rate is as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B5_z6GkNCXQGvh1" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION</span></span></p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">Change in valuation allowance</td><td>&#160;</td>
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A1_zbvLTiUaosWj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B5_zrFqOVPcoK7a" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES</span></span></p>

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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A4_zDJLUs2SX1Oj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022 the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards (&#8220;NOL&#8221;) of approximately $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pn5n6_c20221231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__custom--FederalMember_zzL7IARCaZEk"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_FederalMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">10.8</ix:nonFraction></span>
million. The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (&#8220;TCJA&#8221;) will generally allow losses incurred after 2017 to be carried over indefinitely,
but will generally limit the net operating loss deduction to the lesser of the net operating loss carryover or </span><span id="xdx_902_ecustom--PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome_iI_dp_uPure_c20221231__srt--StatementScenarioAxis__custom--LossesIncurredAfter2017Member_zCcCC4iBW7Xg" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">80</ix:nonFraction></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
of a corporation&#8217;s taxable income (subject to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended). Also, there will be
no carryback for losses incurred after 2017. Losses incurred prior to 2018 will generally be deductible to the extent of the lesser of
a corporation&#8217;s net operating loss carryover or <span id="xdx_904_ecustom--PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome_iI_dp_uPure_c20221231__srt--StatementScenarioAxis__custom--LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member_zAizv4VsqjBl"><ix:nonFraction name="PTIX:PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">100</ix:nonFraction></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
of a corporation&#8217;s taxable income and be available for twenty years from the period the loss was generated. <span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_c20220101__20221231_zkgIXK08r3P6"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" name="PTIX:OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription">The
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of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had state and local net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__custom--StateAndLocalMember_zTEkhLWvcx95"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_StateAndLocalMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">9,568,415</ix:nonFraction>
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respectively, to reduce future state tax liabilities also through 2035.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had Canadian NOL of approximately $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__country--CA_zVn4rHQSFDR9" title="Net operating loss carryforwards"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_country_CA" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,413,000</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__country--CA_zqYAaVp5mjpa" title="Net operating loss carryforwards"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_country_CA" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,446,000</ix:nonFraction></span>, respectively. The Canadian losses
expire in stages beginning in 2026. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company also has unclaimed Canadian federal scientific research
and development investment tax credits, which are available to reduce future federal taxes payable of approximately $<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch_c20220101__20221231_zjGMFSzISR0h" title="Research and development investment tax credits"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch" contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">0</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch_c20210101__20211231_zNoXnJuDXVSk" title="Research and development investment tax credits"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">0</ix:nonFraction></span> respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a result of losses and uncertainty of future profit, the net deferred tax asset has been fully reserved. The net change in the valuation
allowance during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was an increase of $<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_c20220101__20221231_zTcoq2AEs0dk" title="No change in valuation allowance"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">137,000</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_c20210101__20211231_zCPQvevYjY43" title="No change in valuation allowance"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,300,000</ix:nonFraction></span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Foreign
earnings are assumed to be permanently reinvested. U.S. Federal income taxes have not been provided on undistributed earnings of our
foreign subsidiary.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company
has not identified any uncertain tax positions requiring a reserve as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company is required to file U.S. federal and state income tax returns. These returns are subject to audit by tax authorities beginning
with the year ended December 31, 2017.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_812_zEvRmvaEKMih" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"></p>

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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-4.1
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>ex4-1.htm
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
4.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase"><B>DESCRIPTION
OF SECURITIES</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase"><B>pursuant
to section 12 of the securities exchange act of 11934</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>The
following description is intended as a summary of our third amended and restated certificate of incorporation (which we refer to as our
&ldquo;charter&rdquo;) and our bylaws, and to the applicable provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Because the following
is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that may be important to you. For a complete description, you should refer
to our charter and bylaws.</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
current certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">100,000,000
    shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20,000,000
    shares of Preferred Stock, par value $0.000001 per share, of which 18,000,000 shares have been designated as Series B preferred stock
    and the remainder of which have not been designated.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of March 31, 2023, there were 4,321,445 shares of common stock outstanding and 0 shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
Stock</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Voting</I>.
The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters on which the holders are entitled
to vote (or consent pursuant to written consent).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Dividends</I>.
The holders of our common stock are entitled to receive, ratably, dividends only if, when and as declared by our board of directors out
of funds legally available therefor and after provision is made for each class of capital stock having preference over the common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Liquidation
Rights</I>. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of our common stock are entitled to share, ratably,
in all assets remaining available for distribution after payment of all liabilities and after provision is made for each class of capital
stock having preference over the common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Conversion
Rights</I>. The holders of our common stock have no conversion rights.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Preemptive
and Similar Rights</I>. The holders of our common stock have no preemptive or similar rights.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Redemption/Put
Rights</I>. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. All of the outstanding shares of our common
stock are fully-paid and non-assessable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Preferred
Stock</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are authorized to issue up to 20,000,000 shares of &ldquo;blank check&rdquo; preferred, which may be issued from time to time in one
or more series upon authorization by our board of directors. Our board of directors, without further approval of the stockholders, is
authorized to fix the dividend rights and terms, conversion rights, voting rights, redemption rights and terms, liquidation preferences,
and any other rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions applicable to each series of preferred stock. Accordingly, our board of
directors is empowered, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting, or other
rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. The issuance of preferred stock
could have the effect of restricting dividends on our common stock, diluting the voting power of our common stock, impairing the liquidation
rights of our common stock, or delaying or preventing a change in control of our company, all without further action by our stockholders.
Our board of directors has designated 18,000,000 of our preferred stock as Series B Preferred Stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Series
B Preferred Stock</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Voting</I>.
The holders of our Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to vote together with our common stock as a single class, on all matters on
which the holders of the common stock are entitled to vote (or consent pursuant to written consent) Each share of Series B Preferred
Stock will have a number of votes equal to one share of common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Dividends</I>.
The holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to share, ratably and on an as-converted basis, in all dividends declared by our
board of directors and paid to the holders of our common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Liquidation</I>.
In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, the assets available for distribution to our stockholders
will be distributed among the holders of our Series B Preferred Stock and the holders of our common stock, pro rata, on an as-converted-to-common
stock basis.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Conversion
Rights</I>. Under the terms of the Series B Preferred Stock, each share of Series Preferred B Stock was to convert into one share of
our common stock upon the Reverse Split unless (i) to the extent (but only to the extent) such conversion for a Series B Preferred Stock
holder would violate the Springing Blocker and (ii) such holder has notified the Company in writing that it wants the Springing Blocker
to apply to such holder. We had only one holder of our Series B Preferred Stock that notified the Company that it wanted the Springing
Blocker to apply. Any Series B Preferred Stock not converted as a result of this provision would automatically convert into common stock
as soon as such conversion would not violate the Springing Blocker. Our Series B Preferred Stock will cease to be designated as a separate
series of our preferred stock when all of such shares have converted into shares of our common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Preemptive
and Similar Rights</I>. The holders of our Series B Preferred Stock have no preemptive or similar rights.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Redemption/Put
Rights</I>. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our Series B Preferred Stock. All of the outstanding shares
of our Series B Preferred Stock are fully-paid and non-assessable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Transfer
Agent and Registrar</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">American
Stock Transfer &amp; Trust Company, LLC is the transfer agent and registrar for our common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Dividends</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common
stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion
of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon a
number of factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions, restrictions
imposed by applicable law and other factors our board of directors deems relevant.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Anti-Takeover
Effect of Delaware Law, Certain Charter and Bylaw Provisions</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition to the provisions included in our Amended and Restated Certificate and Bylaws, we are subject to the provisions of Section 203
of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, an anti-takeover law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware
corporation from engaging in a &ldquo;business combination&rdquo; with an &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo; for a period of three
years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved
in the following prescribed manner:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">prior
    to the time of the transaction, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction
    which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 48px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">upon
    completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the stockholder owned at least
    85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining
    the number of shares outstanding (1) shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers and (2) shares owned by employee
    stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan
    will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">on
    or subsequent to the time of the transaction, the business combination is approved by the board and authorized at an annual or special
    meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock
    which is not owned by the interested stockholder.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Generally,
for purposes of Section 203, a &ldquo;business combination&rdquo; includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction resulting
in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. An &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo; is a person who, together with affiliates
and associates, owns or, within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, owned 15% or more of a corporation&rsquo;s
outstanding voting securities.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Public
Warrants</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>General.
</I>Each warrant is exercisable to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $9.92 per share. This exercise price will
be adjusted if specific events, summarized below, occur. A holder of warrants will not be deemed a holder of the underlying stock for
any purpose until the warrant is exercised.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Form
and Exchange Listing. </I>The warrants are listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol &ldquo;PTIXW&rdquo;.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Warrant
Agent</I>. The warrants were issued in registered form under a warrant agency agreement between American Stock Transfer &amp; Trust Company,
LLC, as warrant agent, and us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Exercisability.
</I>The warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance and at any time up to the date that is five years after their
original issuance. The warrants are exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed
exercise notice and, at any time a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the warrants
under the Securities Act is effective and available for the issuance of such shares, or an exemption from registration under the Securities
Act is available for the issuance of such shares, by payment in full in immediately available funds for the number of shares of Common
Stock purchased upon such exercise. If a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the
warrants under the Securities Act is not effective or available and an exemption from registration under the Securities Act is not available
for the issuance of such shares, the holder may, in its sole discretion, elect to exercise the warrant through a cashless exercise, in
which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to the formula set
forth in the warrant. No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a warrant. In lieu of fractional
shares, we will pay the holder an amount in cash equal to the fractional amount multiplied by the exercise price.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Exercise
Price. </I>The exercise price per share of common stock purchasable upon exercise of the warrants is $4.98 per share. The exercise price
is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications
or similar events affecting our Common Stock and also upon any distributions of assets, including cash, stock or other property to our
stockholders.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Transferability.
</I>Subject to applicable laws, the warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Redemption.
</I>Beginning July 25, 2021, the warrants became redeemable at our option, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to $0.10
per warrant upon 30 days&rsquo; prior notice (which may be made via publication of a press release), at any time after the date on which
the closing price of our common stock has equaled or exceeded $29.04 for at least five consecutive trading days, provided we have a current
and effective registration statement available covering the exercise of the warrants. Notice of redemption may be made via publication
of a press release or any other lawful means. If notice of redemption is made via publication of a press release, no other form of notice
or publication will be required. If we call the warrants for redemption, the holders of the warrants will then have to decide whether
to sell warrants, exercise them before the close of business on the business day preceding the specified redemption date or hold them
for redemption.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>&nbsp;</I></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Adjustments
in Certain Events.</I> We will make adjustments to the terms of the warrants if certain events occur as described below. If prior to
the exercise of any warrants, we effect one or more stock splits, stock dividends or other increases or reductions of the number of shares
of our common stock outstanding without receiving compensation therefor in money, services or property, the number of shares of common
stock subject to the warrants shall (i) if a net increase shall have been effected in the number of outstanding shares of common stock,
be proportionately increased, and the exercise price payable per share of common stock subject to the warrant shall be proportionately
reduced, and, (ii) if a net reduction shall have been effected in the number of outstanding shares of the common stock, be proportionately
reduced and the exercise price payable per share of common stock subject to the warrant shall be proportionately increased. We may, in
our sole discretion, lower the exercise price per share of common stock subject to the warrant at any time prior to the expiration date
for a period of not less than 20 days.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the event of a capital reorganization or reclassification of our common stock, the warrants will be adjusted so that thereafter each
warrant holder will be entitled to receive upon exercise the same number and kind of securities that such holder would have received
if the warrant had been exercised before the capital reorganization or reclassification of our common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
we merge or consolidate with another corporation, or if we sell our assets as an entirety or substantially as an entirety to another
corporation, we will make provisions so that warrantholders will be entitled to receive upon exercise of a warrant the kind and number
of securities, cash or other property that would have been received as a result of the transaction by a person who was our stockholder
immediately before the transaction and who owned the same number of shares of common stock for which the warrant was exercisable immediately
before the transaction. No adjustment to the warrants will be made, however, if a merger or consolidation does not result in any reclassification
or change in our outstanding common stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Rights
as a Stockholder. </I>Except as otherwise provided in the warrants or by virtue of such holder&rsquo;s ownership of shares of our common
stock, the holder of a warrant does not have the rights or privileges of a holder of our common stock, including any voting rights, until
the holder exercises the warrant.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<TYPE>EX-21.1
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
21.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SUBSIDIARIES
OF PROTAGENIC THERAPEUTICS, INC.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Subsidiary</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Jurisdiction
    of Organization/Incorporation</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Protagenic
    Therapuetics Canada (2006) Inc.</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Canada</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<TYPE>EX-31.1
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
31.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">I,
Garo H. Armen, PhD, certify that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">I
    have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc..</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
    on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary
    to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to
    the period covered by this report;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
    on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material
    respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in
    this report;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures
    (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange
    Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,
    to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others
    within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our
    supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements
    for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Evaluated
    the effectiveness of the registrant&rsquo;s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about
    the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Disclosed
    in this report any change in the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant&rsquo;s
    most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant&rsquo;s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected,
    or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial
    reporting, to the registrant&rsquo;s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant&rsquo;s board of directors (or persons performing
    the equivalent functions):</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
    significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are
    reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant&rsquo;s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant&rsquo;s
    internal control over financial reporting.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
    31, 2023</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 45%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Garo H. Armen</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Garo
    H. Armen, Ph.D.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive
    Chairman</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-31.2
<SEQUENCE>9
<FILENAME>ex31-2.htm
<TEXT>
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<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
31.2</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">I,
Alexander K. Arrow, MD, certify that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">I
    have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
    on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary
    to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to
    the period covered by this report;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
    on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material
    respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in
    this report;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures
    (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange
    Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,
    to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others
    within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our
    supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements
    for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Evaluated
    the effectiveness of the registrant&rsquo;s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about
    the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Disclosed
    in this report any change in the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant&rsquo;s
    most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant&rsquo;s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected,
    or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial
    reporting, to the registrant&rsquo;s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant&rsquo;s board of directors (or persons performing
    the equivalent functions):</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
    significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are
    reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant&rsquo;s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant&rsquo;s
    internal control over financial reporting.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
    31, 2023</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 45%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Alexander K. Arrow</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Alexander
    K. Arrow, MD</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief
    Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.1
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>ex99-1.htm
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
99.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Charter
of the Audit Committee of the</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Board
of Directors of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Purpose</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
principal purpose of the Audit and Finance Committee (the &ldquo;Committee&rdquo;) is to assist the Board of Directors (the &ldquo;Board&rdquo;)
of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) in fulfilling its responsibility to oversee the Company&rsquo;s accounting
and financial reporting processes and audits of the Company&rsquo;s financial statements, including by reviewing the financial reports
and other financial information provided by the Company, the Company&rsquo;s disclosure controls and procedures and internal accounting
and financial controls, and the annual independent audit process.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
discharging its oversight role, the Committee is granted the authority to investigate any matter brought to its attention with full access
to all books, records, facilities and personnel of the Company and the authority to engage independent counsel and other advisors, as
it determines necessary to carry out its duties. The Committee also is authorized to approve the use of Company funds to the extent it
deems such expenditures necessary or appropriate in carrying out the responsibilities of the Committee.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Committee shall be responsible for the appointment (and where appropriate, replacement), compensation, retention and oversight of the
work of the Company&rsquo;s outside auditor in preparing or issuing an audit report or related work, including resolving any disagreements
between management and the outside auditor regarding financial reporting. The Committee shall receive direct reports from the outside
auditor. The Committee shall be responsible for overseeing the independence of the outside auditor and for approving all auditing services
and permitted nonaudit services provided by the outside auditor.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
Charter shall be reviewed for adequacy on an annual basis by the Committee and any changes thereto shall be submitted to the Board for
approval.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Membership</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Committee shall be comprised of not less than two members of the Board, and the Committee&rsquo;s composition will meet the Nasdaq Audit
Committee requirements. Accordingly, subject to the paragraph below, all of the members will be directors:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Who
    are &ldquo;independent&rdquo; as defined by applicable Nasdaq rules, who meet the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3(b)(1)
    under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (subject to the exemptions provided in Rule 10A-3(c)), and who have not participated
    in the preparation of the financial statements of the Company or any current subsidiary of the Company at any time during the past
    three years. In order to ensure the independence of the Committee members, the Committee&rsquo;s members must be monitored throughout
    the year to confirm that they all remain independent as required by Nasdaq rules. In addition, it must be considered whether any
    members of the Committee have relationships with the Company that may create the appearance of a lack of independence, even though
    such relationships do not automatically disqualify the person from being &ldquo;independent&rdquo; under applicable laws and listing
    rules;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Who
    do not receive any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee from the Company, other than in the member&rsquo;s capacity as
    a member of the Board or any of its committees; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Who
    must be able to read and understand fundamental financial statements, including the Company&rsquo;s balance sheet, income statement,
    and cash flow statement. In addition, at least one member must have past employment experience in finance or accounting, requisite
    professional certification in accounting, or any other comparable experience or background which results in the individual&rsquo;s
    financial sophistication, including being or having been a chief executive officer, chief financial officer or other senior officer
    with financial oversight responsibilities. Unless otherwise determined by the Board (in which case disclosure of such determination
    shall be made in the Company&rsquo;s annual report filed with the SEC), at least one member of the Committee shall be an &ldquo;audit
    committee financial expert&rdquo; (as defined by applicable SEC rules).</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Except
under exceptional circumstances approved by the Board, no member of the Committee may serve simultaneously on the audit committee of
more than three other public companies. Subject to applicable law and regulations, the Board may appoint one member who does not meet
the independence requirements set forth above and who is not a current employee of the Company or an immediate family member of such
employee if the Board, under exceptional and limited circumstances, determines that membership on the Committee by the individual is
required in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders. Such member may not serve for more than two years, and may not serve
as the Committee chair. The Board shall disclose in the next proxy statement after such determination the nature of the relationship
and the reasons for the determination.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
order to fulfill its role, the Committee shall be organized and governed in the following manner:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Committee
    members and the Committee chair will be recommended by the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee and appointed and removed,
    with or without cause, by the Board;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Action
    may be taken by the Committee (or any subcommittee of the Committee) upon the affirmative vote of a majority of the members of the
    Committee (or subcommittee);</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    member of the Committee may call a meeting of the Committee upon due notice to each other member at least twenty-four hours prior
    to the meeting (provided that participation in any meeting shall be deemed to constitute waiver of any deficiency in such notice);</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Action
    may be taken by the Committee without a meeting if all of the members of the Committee indicate their approval thereof in writing
    or by electronic transmission;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall have the authority to delegate to subcommittees of the Committee any responsibilities of the full Committee; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall periodically perform an evaluation of the performance of the Committee and report to the Board on the results of
    such evaluation.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Key
Responsibilities</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Committee&rsquo;s role is one of oversight, and it is recognized that the Company&rsquo;s management is responsible for preparing the
Company&rsquo;s financial statements and that the outside auditor is responsible for auditing those financial statements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following functions shall be the common recurring activities of the Committee in carrying out its oversight function. The functions are
set forth as a guide and may be varied from time to time as appropriate under the circumstances.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review with management and the outside auditor the audited financial statements to be included in the Company&rsquo;s
    Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Annual Report to Stockholders, including the Company&rsquo;s disclosures under &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s
    Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,&rdquo; and shall review and consider with the outside auditor
    the matters required to be discussed under generally accepted auditing standards, including Auditing Standard No. 16, or other such
    requirements established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
    a whole, or through the Committee chair, the Committee shall review with the outside auditor, prior to filing with the SEC, the Company&rsquo;s
    interim financial information to be included in the Company&rsquo;s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and the matters required to be
    discussed by SAS No. 61 or other such requirements established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall recommend to the Board whether, based on the reviews and discussions referred to above, the financial statements
    should be included in the</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Company&rsquo;s
    Annual Report on Form 10-K.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall periodically discuss with management and the outside auditor the effectiveness and adequacy of the Company&rsquo;s
    internal controls and internal auditing procedures, including any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the design or
    operation of those controls which could adversely affect the Company&rsquo;s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial
    data and any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company&rsquo;s
    internal controls, and discuss with the outside auditor how the Company&rsquo;s financial systems and controls compare with industry
    practices.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall periodically review with management and the outside auditor the quality, as well as acceptability, of the Company&rsquo;s
    accounting policies, and discuss with the outside auditor how the Company&rsquo;s accounting policies compare with those in the industry
    and all alternative treatments of financial information within generally accepted accounting principles that have been discussed
    with management, the ramifications of use of such alternative disclosures and treatments and the treatment preferred by the outside
    auditor.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall periodically discuss with the outside auditor whether all material correcting adjustments identified by the outside
    auditor in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and the rules of the SEC are reflected in the Company&rsquo;s
    financial statements.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review with management and the outside auditor any material financial or other arrangements of the Company which
    do not appear on the Company&rsquo;s financial statements and any transactions or courses of dealing with third parties that are
    significant in size or involve terms or other aspects that differ from those that would likely be negotiated with independent parties,
    and which arrangements or transactions are relevant to an understanding of the Company&rsquo;s financial statements.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review with management and the outside auditor the Company&rsquo;s critical accounting policies and practices.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review with the outside auditor all material communications between the outside auditor and management, such as any
    management letter or schedule of unadjusted differences.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall (i) request from the outside auditor annually a formal written statement delineating all relationships between the
    auditor and the Company consistent with other requirements as may be consistent with requirements established by the Public Company
    Accounting Oversight Board; (ii) discuss with the outside auditor any such disclosed relationships or services and their impact on
    the outside auditor&rsquo;s independence; and (iii) take appropriate action to oversee the independence of the outside auditor.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall approve the engagement of the outside auditor and shall approve, in advance, all audit services and all permitted
    non-audit services to be provided to the Company by the outside auditor. The committee may also delegate this responsibility (for
    services up to $50,000) to the chairman in between meetings, with those actions disclosed to the full committee at the next regularly
    scheduled meeting.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall approve a code of ethics, as required by rules of the SEC, for senior financial officers and such other employees
    and agents of the Company as it determines.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall ensure that this charter is posted to the Company&rsquo;s Web site in accordance with the rules and regulations of
    the SEC or the exchanges.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review and approve all transaction required to be disclosed in the Company&rsquo;s filings with the SEC pursuant
    to Item 404 of Regulation S-K (each, a &ldquo;Related Party Transaction&rdquo;). In considering any Related Party Transaction, the
    Committee shall consider the facts and circumstances regarding such transaction, including, among other things, the amounts involved
    (including whether the transaction amount exceeds $120,000), the relationship of the related person (including those persons identified
    in the instructions to Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K) with the Company and the terms that would be available in a similar transaction
    with an unaffiliated third-party. The Committee shall also consider its fiduciary duties, the Company&rsquo;s obligations under applicable
    securities law, including disclosure obligations and director independence rules, and other applicable law in evaluating any Related
    Party Transaction.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Complaint
Procedures</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
issue of significant financial misconduct shall be brought to the attention of the Committee for its consideration. In this connection,
the Committee shall establish procedures for (i) the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by the Company regarding
accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and (ii) the confidential, anonymous submission by employees of the Company
of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Adopted
March 25, 2016</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
be amended in May 2016 following expected corporate name change to Protagenic</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Therapeutics,
Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended
March 7, 2017</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.2
<SEQUENCE>11
<FILENAME>ex99-2.htm
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
99.2</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Charter
of the Compensation Committee of the</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Board
of Directors of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;)</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Purpose</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
principal purpose of the Compensation Committee (the &ldquo;Committee&rdquo;) of the Board of Directors (the &ldquo;Board&rdquo;) is
to approve, administer and interpret the Company&rsquo;s executive and key employee compensation and benefit policies, including the
Company&rsquo;s equity incentive plans. The Committee shall ensure that the Company&rsquo;s executive and key employee compensation and
benefit program is consistent with the Company&rsquo;s compensation philosophy and the Company&rsquo;s Guidelines on Significant Corporate
Governance Issues, and determine the executive compensation packages offered to the Company&rsquo;s executive officers.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Committee&rsquo;s responsibilities and authority include the following:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review and approve corporate goals and objectives relevant to, and incentives for risk-taking created by, executive
    officer compensation, and evaluate the performance of executive officers in light of those goals, objectives and incentives;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall determine the compensation of the Chief Executive Officer and/or Executive Chairman; provided that the Chief Executive
    Officer or Executive Chairman may not be present during voting or deliberations on his or her compensation; provided, further, that
    in evaluating and determining the compensation of the Chief Executive Officer or Executive Chairman, the Committee shall consider
    the results of the most recent stockholder advisory vote on executive compensation (&ldquo;Say on Pay Vote&rdquo;) required by Section
    14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;);</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review and approve the compensation of other executive officers and key employees; provided that in evaluating and
    determining the compensation of other executive officers and key employees, the Committee shall consider the results of the most
    recent Say on Pay Vote;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review and recommend compensation for members of the Board and Board committees; provided that no adoption, amendment
    or termination of any compensation plan under which a member of the Board who is not an employee of the Company may be a participant
    shall be effective unless the same shall be approved by the Board and, to the extent required by law or the rules of the Nasdaq Stock
    Market, by the Company&rsquo;s stockholders;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review and discuss with management the compensation discussion and analysis required to be included in the Company&rsquo;s
    filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission and, based on such review and discussion, in the case of compensation discussion
    and analysis proposed to be included in the Company&rsquo;s annual report on Form 10-K or proxy statement, recommend to the Board
    whether the compensation discussion and analysis should be included in such annual report or proxy statement;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review and consider the outcome of stockholder advisory votes on the compensation of the Company&rsquo;s named executive
    officers when considering future executive compensation arrangements;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">The
Committee shall make recommendations to the Board regarding the adoption of new incentive compensation plans and equity-based plans and
administer the Company&rsquo;s existing incentive compensation plans and equity-based plans, including reviewing and approving stock
option grants. To the extent permitted by applicable law and the provisions of a given equity-based plan, and consistent with the requirements
of applicable law and such equity-based plan, the Committee may delegate to one or more executive officers of the Company the power to
grant options or other stock awards pursuant to such equity-based plan to employees of the Company or any subsidiary of the Company who
are not directors or executive officers of the Company;</TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall have authority to adopt, amend or terminate compensation plans applicable to any class of employees of the Company
    and/or any subsidiary of the Company;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall consider and take actions with respect to the adoption, amendment, administration and termination of compensation,
    welfare, benefit, pension and other plans related to compensation of employees of the Company, in each case taking into account appropriate
    industry benchmarks and, as appropriate, the compensation policies pursued by companies similarly situated to the Company;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall establish and review the Company&rsquo;s policies concerning perquisites provided to the Company&rsquo;s executive
    officers, including benefits provided upon retirement or other termination of employment;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review and recommend to the Board the frequency with which the Company will conduct Say on Pay Votes, taking into
    account, among other things, the results of the most recent stockholder advisory vote on frequency of Say on Pay Votes required by
    Section 14A of the Exchange Act;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee may, in its sole discretion, retain or obtain the advice of any compensation consultants, legal counsel or other advisers;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of any compensation consultant,
    legal counsel and other adviser retained by the Committee;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company must provide for appropriate funding, as determined by the Committee, for payment of reasonable compensation to a compensation
consultant, legal counsel or any other adviser retained by the Committee;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee may select, or receive advice from, a compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser to the Committee, other than
    in-house legal counsel, only after taking into consideration the following factors:</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in">&#9675;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    provision of other services to the Company by the person that employs the compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    amount of fees received from the Company by the person that employs the compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser,
    as a percentage of the total revenue of the person that employs the compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in">&#9675;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
    policies and procedures of the person that employs the compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser that are designed
    to prevent conflicts of interest;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any
    business or personal relationship of the compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser with a member of the Committee;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any
    stock of the Company owned by the compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any
    business or personal relationship of the compensation consultant, legal counsel, other adviser or the person employing the adviser
    with an executive officer of the Company.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall, not less than annually, review and assess the adequacy of this charter and submit any changes to the Board for approval;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall, not less than annually, perform an evaluation of the performance of the Committee and report to the Board on the
    results of such evaluation; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall review such other matters as the Board or the Committee shall deem appropriate.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Membership</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Committee shall be composed of at least three directors, at least two of which shall satisfy the independence and eligibility requirements
of the Nasdaq Stock Market and be appointed by the Board on the recommendation of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee.
In addition, at least two members of the Committee shall qualify as &ldquo;outside directors&rdquo; within the meaning of Section 162(m)
of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and shall be a &ldquo;nonemployee director&rdquo; within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 under the
Exchange Act. Subject to applicable law and regulations, if the Committee consists of three or more members, the Board may appoint, for
a period not to exceed two (2) years, one or more members who do not meet the independence requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market and
as otherwise set forth above and who is not a current employee of the Company or an immediate family member of such employee if the Board,
under exceptional and limited circumstances, determines that membership on the Committee by the individual or individuals is required
in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders. The Board shall disclose in the next proxy statement after such determination
the nature of the relationship and the reasons for the determination.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
order to fulfill its role, the Committee shall be organized and governed in the following manner:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Committee
    members will be appointed and removed by the Board on the recommendation of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Action
    may be taken by the Committee (or any subcommittee of the Committee) upon the affirmative vote of a majority of the members of the
    Committee (or subcommittee) provided, however, at any time the Committee consists of two members, if one member recuses himself or
    herself due to a potential conflict of interest, action may be taken by the other member;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    member of the Committee may call a meeting of the Committee upon due notice to each other member at least twenty-four hours prior
    to the meeting (provided that participation in any meeting shall be deemed to constitute waiver of any deficiency in such notice);</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Action
    may be taken by the Committee without a meeting if all of the members of the Committee indicate their approval thereof in writing
    or electronic submission; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall have the authority to delegate to subcommittees of the Committee any of the responsibilities of the full Committee.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Adopted
March 25, 2016</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
be amended May 2016 following expected corporate name change to Protagenic</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Therapeutics,
Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended
March 7, 2017</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<TYPE>EX-99.3
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<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
99.3</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Charter
of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee of the</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Board
of Directors of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc. (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;)</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Function</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee (the &ldquo;Committee&rdquo;) shall, among other things, review and recommend policies
to the Board of Directors of the Company (the &ldquo;Board&rdquo;) regarding Board procedures, Board leadership, the process for annual
evaluations of the performance of the Board, the Chairman of the Board, the Executive Chairman, and/or the Chief Executive Officer and
issues of corporate public responsibility, including charitable contributions; evaluate the independence of Board members and serve as
the Company&rsquo;s nominating committee to review the requisite skills and criteria for new Board members as well as the composition
of the Board as a whole, recommend a slate of director nominees to be proposed by the Board to the Company&rsquo;s stockholders, recommend
any director nominees to be elected by the Board to fill interim vacancies and recommend directors for membership on the Board committees.
If a director believes that a significant issue exists that implicates corporate governance at the Company, that director should promptly
bring such issue directly to the attention of the Committee; absent unusual circumstances, discussion with the Committee should occur
prior to raising the matter with other directors or members of management.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Organization
and Governance</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Committee shall consist of not less than two members appointed by the Board at the recommendation of the Committee who may or may not
satisfy the independence and eligibility requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
order to fulfill its role, the Committee shall be organized and governed in the following manner:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Committee
    members will be appointed and removed, with or without cause, by the Board;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Action
    may be taken by the Committee (or any subcommittee of the Committee) upon the affirmative vote of a majority of the members of the
    Committee (or subcommittee); provided, however, at any time the Committee consists of two members, if one member recuses himself
    or herself due to a potential conflict of interest, action may be taken by the other member;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    member of the Committee may call a meeting of the Committee upon due notice to each other member at least twenty-four hours prior
    to the meeting (provided that participation in any meeting shall be deemed to constitute waiver of any deficiency in such notice);</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Action
    may be taken by the Committee without a meeting if all of the members of the Committee indicate their approval thereof in writing
    or by electronic transmission; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Committee shall have the authority to delegate to subcommittees of the Committee any responsibilities of the full Committee.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Management
Oversight</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Committee shall oversee the development and presentation to the Board of management&rsquo;s plans for succession to senior management
positions in the Company, including the position of Chief Executive Officer.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Other</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Committee shall:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Periodically
    review and assess the adequacy of this charter and submit any changes to the Board for approval;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Periodically
    perform an evaluation of the performance of the Committee and report to the Board on the results of such evaluation;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Periodically
    evaluate the Company&rsquo;s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (including the Company&rsquo;s Policy Statement on Insider Trading
    and Disclosure by Company Personnel, Directors and Executive Officers) and, if appropriate, recommend changes thereto; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Review
    such other matters as the Board or the Committee shall deem appropriate.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Powers
of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
order to fulfill its role, the Committee shall have the authority to retain and terminate a search firm to assist in the identification
of director candidates, and have the authority to approve the search firm&rsquo;s fees and other retention terms. The Committee shall
also have the authority to obtain advice and assistance from internal or external legal, accounting or other advisors and to authorize
payment of such advisors with Company funds.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Adopted
March 25, 2016</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
be amended May 2016 following expected corporate name change to Protagenic</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Therapeutics,
Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended
March 7, 2017</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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	  <link:definition>00000011 - Disclosure - NOTE PAYABLE AND CONVERTIBLE NOTE PAYABLE</link:definition>
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	  <link:definition>00000012 - Disclosure - STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; DEFICIT</link:definition>
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	<link:roleType roleURI="http://protagenic.com/role/RelatedPartyTransactions" id="RelatedPartyTransactions">
	  <link:definition>00000015 - Disclosure - RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS</link:definition>
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	  <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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	  <link:definition>00000016 - Disclosure - INCOME TAXES</link:definition>
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	  <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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	  <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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	<link:roleType roleURI="http://protagenic.com/role/AccountsPayableAndAccruedExpensesTables" id="AccountsPayableAndAccruedExpensesTables">
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	  <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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	<link:roleType roleURI="http://protagenic.com/role/StockholdersDeficitTables" id="StockholdersDeficitTables">
	  <link:definition>00000020 - Disclosure - STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; DEFICIT (Tables)</link:definition>
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	  <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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	<link:roleType roleURI="http://protagenic.com/role/IncomeTaxesTables" id="IncomeTaxesTables">
	  <link:definition>00000021 - Disclosure - INCOME TAXES (Tables)</link:definition>
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	  <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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	<link:roleType roleURI="http://protagenic.com/role/OrganizationAndNatureOfBusinessDetailsNarrative" id="OrganizationAndNatureOfBusinessDetailsNarrative">
	  <link:definition>00000022 - Disclosure - ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
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	  <link:definition>00000023 - Disclosure - SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC (Details)</link:definition>
	  <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
	  <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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	<link:roleType roleURI="http://protagenic.com/role/ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareDetails" id="ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareDetails">
	  <link:definition>00000024 - Disclosure - SCHEDULE OF ANTIDILUTIVE SECURITIES EXCLUDED FROM COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE (Details)</link:definition>
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	  <link:definition>00000026 - Disclosure - SCHEDULE OF ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES (Details)</link:definition>
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	  <link:definition>00000027 - Disclosure - NOTE PAYABLE AND CONVERTIBLE NOTE PAYABLE (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
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	<link:roleType roleURI="http://protagenic.com/role/ScheduleOfShare-basedCompensationStockOptionsActivityDetails" id="ScheduleOfShare-basedCompensationStockOptionsActivityDetails">
	  <link:definition>00000029 - Disclosure - SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION, STOCK OPTIONS, ACTIVITY (Details)</link:definition>
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	  <link:definition>00000030 - Disclosure - SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION NONVESTED SHARES (Details)</link:definition>
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	  <link:definition>00000031 - Disclosure - SUMMARY OF WARRANT ISSUANCES (Details)</link:definition>
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	  <link:definition>00000032 - Disclosure - STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; DEFICIT (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
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	  <link:definition>00000034 - Disclosure - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
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	  <link:definition>00000035 - Disclosure - RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
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	<link:roleType roleURI="http://protagenic.com/role/ScheduleOfLossBeforeIncomeTaxDetails" id="ScheduleOfLossBeforeIncomeTaxDetails">
	  <link:definition>00000036 - Disclosure - SCHEDULE OF LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX (Details)</link:definition>
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	  <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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	  <link:definition>00000037 - Disclosure - SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION (Details)</link:definition>
	  <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
	  <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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	  <link:definition>00000038 - Disclosure - SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (Details)</link:definition>
	  <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
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	  <link:definition>00000039 - Disclosure - INCOME TAXES (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.CAL
<SEQUENCE>14
<FILENAME>ptix-20221231_cal.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL CALCULATION FILE
<TEXT>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Debt Instrument [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Convertible Notes Payable [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" xlink:label="PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" xlink:to="PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Convertible Notes Payable Related Party [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_PlanNameAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Plan Name [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember" xlink:label="PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember" xlink:to="PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">2016 Plan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Award Type [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2022/elts/srt-2022.xsd#srt_RangeAxis" xlink:label="srt_RangeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_RangeAxis" xlink:to="srt_RangeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_RangeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statistical Measurement [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2022/elts/srt-2022.xsd#srt_MinimumMember" xlink:label="srt_MinimumMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_MinimumMember" xlink:to="srt_MinimumMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_MinimumMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Minimum [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2022/elts/srt-2022.xsd#srt_MaximumMember" xlink:label="srt_MaximumMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_MaximumMember" xlink:to="srt_MaximumMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_MaximumMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Maximum [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeStatementLocationAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementLocationAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeStatementLocationAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeStatementLocationAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementLocationAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income Statement Location [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">General and Administrative Expense [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and Development Expense [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2022/elts/srt-2022.xsd#srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" xlink:label="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" xlink:to="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of Individual [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_EmployeesMember" xlink:label="PTIX_EmployeesMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_EmployeesMember" xlink:to="PTIX_EmployeesMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_EmployeesMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Employees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_NonEmployeesMember" xlink:label="PTIX_NonEmployeesMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_NonEmployeesMember" xlink:to="PTIX_NonEmployeesMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_NonEmployeesMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Non-Employees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2022/elts/srt-2022.xsd#srt_CounterpartyNameAxis" xlink:label="srt_CounterpartyNameAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_CounterpartyNameAxis" xlink:to="srt_CounterpartyNameAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_CounterpartyNameAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Counterparty Name [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember" xlink:label="PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember" xlink:to="PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">University of Toronto [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember" xlink:label="PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember" xlink:to="PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Dr. David Lovejoy [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember" xlink:label="PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember" xlink:to="PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research Agreements [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Finite-Lived Intangible Assets by Major Class [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensing Agreements [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Related Party [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_AgenusIncMember" xlink:label="PTIX_AgenusIncMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_AgenusIncMember" xlink:to="PTIX_AgenusIncMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_AgenusIncMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Agenus Inc. [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember" xlink:label="PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember" xlink:to="PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">CTC North, GmbH [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income Tax Authority [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_FederalMember" xlink:label="PTIX_FederalMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_FederalMember" xlink:to="PTIX_FederalMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_FederalMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Federal [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2022/elts/srt-2022.xsd#srt_StatementScenarioAxis" xlink:label="srt_StatementScenarioAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_StatementScenarioAxis" xlink:to="srt_StatementScenarioAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_StatementScenarioAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Scenario [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member" xlink:label="PTIX_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member" xlink:to="PTIX_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Losses Incurred After 2017 [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member" xlink:label="PTIX_LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member" xlink:to="PTIX_LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Losses Incurred Prior To 2018 [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_StateAndLocalMember" xlink:label="PTIX_StateAndLocalMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StateAndLocalMember" xlink:to="PTIX_StateAndLocalMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_StateAndLocalMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">State And Local [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2022/country-2022.xsd#country_CA" xlink:label="country_CA" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="country_CA" xlink:to="country_CA_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="country_CA_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">CANADA</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Type</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Interactive Data Current</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Small Business</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Accounting Standard</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other Reporting Standard Item Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Shell Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityPublicFloat" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Public Float</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Bankruptcy Proceedings, Reporting Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NotesPayableRelatedPartiesNoncurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">PIK convertible notes payable, net of debt discount - related parties</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">TOTAL LIABILITIES</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PreferredStockValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_PreferredStockValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PreferredStockValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Series B convertible preferred stock, $0.000001 par value;18,000,000 shares authorized; 0 and 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, $.0001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 4,321,315 and 4,302,403 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapital" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapital" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapital" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapital_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapital_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Additional paid-in-capital</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated deficit</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated other comprehensive loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:to="us-gaap_PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Preferred stock, par value</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:label="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:to="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Preferred stock, shares authorized</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued" xlink:label="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued" xlink:to="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Preferred stock, shares issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Preferred stock, shares outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, par value</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares authorized</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income Statement [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">OPERATING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and development</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">General and administrative</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">TOTAL OPERATING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">LOSS FROM OPERATIONS</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpenseAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpenseAbstract" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpenseAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">OTHER (EXPENSE) INCOME</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest" xlink:label="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest" xlink:to="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Interest income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_InterestExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_InterestExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_InterestExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_InterestExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_InterestExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Interest expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Realized loss on marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet" xlink:label="us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Change in fair value of derivative liability</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpense" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">TOTAL OTHER INCOME (EXPENSES)</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">LOSS BEFORE TAX</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">NET LOSS</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTaxIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTaxIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTaxIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTaxIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTaxIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">COMPREHENSIVE LOSS</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTaxPeriodIncreaseDecreaseAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTaxPeriodIncreaseDecreaseAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTaxPeriodIncreaseDecreaseAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTaxPeriodIncreaseDecreaseAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTaxPeriodIncreaseDecreaseAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other Comprehensive Loss - net of tax</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities" xlink:label="PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net unrealized loss on marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Foreign exchange translation income (loss)</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTax" xlink:label="us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTax" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTax_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTax_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE LOSS</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic" xlink:to="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss per common share - Basic and Diluted</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic" xlink:to="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average common shares - Basic and Diluted</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Beginning balance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Beginning balance, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationGainLossBeforeReclassificationAndTax" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationGainLossBeforeReclassificationAndTax" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationGainLossBeforeReclassificationAndTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationGainLossBeforeReclassificationAndTax_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationGainLossBeforeReclassificationAndTax_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Foreign currency translation gain</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeUnrealizedHoldingGainLossOnSecuritiesArisingDuringPeriodBeforeTax" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeUnrealizedHoldingGainLossOnSecuritiesArisingDuringPeriodBeforeTax" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeUnrealizedHoldingGainLossOnSecuritiesArisingDuringPeriodBeforeTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeUnrealizedHoldingGainLossOnSecuritiesArisingDuringPeriodBeforeTax_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeUnrealizedHoldingGainLossOnSecuritiesArisingDuringPeriodBeforeTax_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Unrealized gain on marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock compensation - stock options</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of warrants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of warrants, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts" xlink:label="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts" xlink:to="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Issuance of shares and warrants from offering, net of offering costs</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Issuance of shares and warrants from offering, net of offering costs, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Conversion of preferred stock</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Conversion of preferred stock,Shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionOfConvertibleSecurities" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionOfConvertibleSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionOfConvertibleSecurities" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionOfConvertibleSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionOfConvertibleSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Conversion of notes and interest</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Conversion of notes and interest, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued for underwriter</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued for underwriter, shares</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalWarrantIssued" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalWarrantIssued" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalWarrantIssued" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalWarrantIssued_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalWarrantIssued_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock compensation - warrants</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Ending balance</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Ending balance, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net Loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_Depreciation" xlink:label="us-gaap_Depreciation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Depreciation" xlink:to="us-gaap_Depreciation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_Depreciation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Depreciation expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock-based compensation</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Change in fair value of the derivative liability</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Realized loss on sale of marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium" xlink:label="us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium" xlink:to="us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amortization of debt discount</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Changes in operating assets and liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Prepaid expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">NET CASH USED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities" xlink:label="PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from sale of marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Purchase of marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Purchase of fixed assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">NET CASH PROVIDED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of warrants for cash</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options for cash</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering" xlink:label="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering" xlink:to="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Issuance of shares and warrants from offering, net of offering costs</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_ProceedsFromNotePayable" xlink:label="PTIX_ProceedsFromNotePayable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ProceedsFromNotePayable" xlink:to="PTIX_ProceedsFromNotePayable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_ProceedsFromNotePayable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from notes payable</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_RepaymentsOfNotesPayable" xlink:label="us-gaap_RepaymentsOfNotesPayable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RepaymentsOfNotesPayable" xlink:to="us-gaap_RepaymentsOfNotesPayable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_RepaymentsOfNotesPayable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Repayment of notes payable</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">NET CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:to="us-gaap_EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Effect of exchange rate changes on cash</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">NET CHANGE IN CASH</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">CASH, BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">CASH, END OF THE PERIOD</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_InterestPaidNet" xlink:label="us-gaap_InterestPaidNet" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_InterestPaidNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_InterestPaidNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_InterestPaidNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash paid for interest expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxesPaidNet" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxesPaidNet" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeTaxesPaidNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeTaxesPaidNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxesPaidNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash paid for income taxes</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CashFlowNoncashInvestingAndFinancingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashFlowNoncashInvestingAndFinancingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashFlowNoncashInvestingAndFinancingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashFlowNoncashInvestingAndFinancingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashFlowNoncashInvestingAndFinancingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">NONCASH FINANCING AND INVESTING TRANSACTIONS</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssued1" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssued1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssued1" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssued1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssued1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shares issued for conversion of notes and interest</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities" xlink:label="PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise price</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected dividend yield</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Risk free interest rate</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected life in years</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected volatility</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Share-Based Compensation Arrangements by Share-Based Payment Award [Table]</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock Options, Granted</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Granted</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm" xlink:label="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm" xlink:to="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average remaining contractual term</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock Options, Expired</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock options outstanding weighted average exercise price</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock options. intrinsic value</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Options to purchase shares</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock options exercise price</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share based compensation expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense" xlink:label="PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense" xlink:to="PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Unamortized stock option expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm" xlink:label="PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm" xlink:to="PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average period for unamortized stock compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock options, fair value</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock options, weighted average remaining contractual term</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant shares, outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:label="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant exercise price</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding" xlink:label="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding" xlink:to="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Class of warrant or right, outstanding, intrinsic value</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Option forfeited</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants to purchase common stock</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm" xlink:to="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant term</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant exercise price</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfCollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfCollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfCollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfCollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfCollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based compensation stock options, grants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based compensation weighted average exercise price</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based payment award, expiration period</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of stock options vested</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares" xlink:label="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares" xlink:to="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of stock options expired</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_OptionsExpirationDateDescription" xlink:label="PTIX_OptionsExpirationDateDescription" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_OptionsExpirationDateDescription" xlink:to="PTIX_OptionsExpirationDateDescription_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_OptionsExpirationDateDescription_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Options expiration date, description</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and development expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfFiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfFiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfFiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfFiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfFiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage" xlink:label="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage" xlink:to="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty payment, percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage" xlink:label="PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage" xlink:to="PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Up-front sub-license fees, percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage" xlink:label="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage" xlink:to="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty payment on behalf of sublicensee percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_Revenues" xlink:label="us-gaap_Revenues" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Revenues" xlink:to="us-gaap_Revenues_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_Revenues_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Sales revenue</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate" xlink:label="PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate" xlink:to="PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Interest on amounts owed under license agreement, rate</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfRelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfRelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfRelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfRelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfRelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Related Party Transactions, by Related Party [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Related Party Transaction [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty" xlink:to="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accrued expense related to services</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Related party balance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OtherCommitment" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherCommitment" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherCommitment" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherCommitment_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherCommitment_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Commitment for agreement</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_AgreementExpenses" xlink:label="PTIX_AgreementExpenses" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_AgreementExpenses" xlink:to="PTIX_AgreementExpenses_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_AgreementExpenses_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Agreement expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty" xlink:to="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Related party payments</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Domestic</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Foreign</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income taxes at Federal statutory rate</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes" xlink:to="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">State income taxes, net of Federal income tax effect</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent" xlink:label="PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent" xlink:to="PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Perm difference</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential" xlink:to="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Foreign tax rate differential</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" xlink:to="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Change in valuation allowance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments" xlink:to="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations" xlink:to="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income tax provision</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">U.S. net operating loss carryforwards</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet" xlink:label="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet" xlink:to="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss" xlink:label="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss" xlink:to="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Canadian Provincial income tax losses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Canadian Provincial scientific investment tax credits</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred tax assets, gross</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Valuation allowance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net deferred tax assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsTable" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Loss Carryforwards [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net operating loss carryforwards</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome" xlink:label="PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome" xlink:to="PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="ptix-20221231.xsd#PTIX_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription" xlink:label="PTIX_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription" xlink:to="PTIX_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesRelatedPartyCurrent_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Accounts payable and accrued liabilities related party current.</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_ConvertibleNotesMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Convertible Notes [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent" xlink:to="PTIX_AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Accrued accounting fees current and noncurrent.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent" xlink:to="PTIX_AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Accrued research and development current and noncurrent.</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_SeriesBConvertiblePreferredStockMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Series B Convertible Preferred Stock [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember" xlink:to="PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Convertible Notes Payable Related Party [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember" xlink:to="PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">2016 Plan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Other comprehensive income loss net unrealized loss on marketable securities.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock Issued During Period Value Stock Warrants Exercised.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued during period shares stock warrants exercised.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts" xlink:to="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Issuance Of Shares And Warrants From Offering Net Of Offering Costs.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued during period shares issuance of shares and warrants from offering.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock Issued During Period Value Conversion of preferred stock.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued during period share conversion of preferred stock.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued for underwriter.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares" xlink:to="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued for underwriter shares.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm" xlink:to="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average remaining contractual term</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Sale of marketable securities.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_EmployeesMember" xlink:to="PTIX_EmployeesMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_EmployeesMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Employees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_NonEmployeesMember" xlink:to="PTIX_NonEmployeesMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_NonEmployeesMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Non-Employees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense" xlink:to="PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Unamortized stock option expense.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm" xlink:to="PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Unamortized stock compensation term.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering" xlink:to="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Issuance of shares and warrants from offering.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Unrealized loss on marketable securities.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average price at which grantees can acquire the shares reserved for issuance under the stock non-option equity plan.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average per share amount at which grantees can acquire shares of common stock by exercise of non-option equity.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Number of warrants outstanding, weighted average exercise price, expired.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Number of warrants outstanding, weighted average exercise price, expired</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Class of warrant or right, outstanding, weighted average exercise price.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding" xlink:to="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Class of warrant or right, outstanding, intrinsic value.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember" xlink:to="PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">University of Toronto [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember" xlink:to="PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Dr. David Lovejoy [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares" xlink:to="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Number of stock options expired.</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_OptionsExpirationDateDescription_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Options expiration date, description.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember" xlink:to="PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Research Agreements [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage" xlink:to="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_doc" xml:lang="en-US">The percentage of royalty payment of net sales.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage" xlink:to="PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Up front sub license fees percentage.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage" xlink:to="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage_doc" xml:lang="en-US">The percentage of royalty payment of net sales made on behalf of a sub-licensee.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate" xlink:to="PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate_doc" xml:lang="en-US">The interest rate charged per annum on any amounts owed under the license agreement and amendment.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_AgenusIncMember" xlink:to="PTIX_AgenusIncMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_AgenusIncMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Agenus Inc., [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember" xlink:to="PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">CTC North, GmbH [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_AgreementExpenses" xlink:to="PTIX_AgreementExpenses_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_AgreementExpenses_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Agreement expenses.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent" xlink:to="PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Effective income tax rate reconciliation permanent difference percent.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet" xlink:to="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred tax assets tax deferred expense compensation and benefits share based compensation cost net.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss" xlink:to="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred tax assets income tax loss.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_FederalMember" xlink:to="PTIX_FederalMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_FederalMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Federal [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome" xlink:to="PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Percentage Of Corporations Taxable Income.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PTIX_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member" xlink:to="PTIX_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="PTIX_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Losses Incurred After 2017 [Member]</link:label>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712780152048">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Mar. 31, 2023</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2022</div></th>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">10-K<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentAnnualReport', window );">Document Annual Report</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentTransitionReport', window );">Document Transition Report</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Dec. 31,  2022<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus', window );">Document Fiscal Period Focus</a></td>
<td class="text">FY<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus', window );">Document Fiscal Year Focus</a></td>
<td class="text">2022<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-51353<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc.\new<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001022899<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">06-1390025<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">149
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</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">New
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">10010<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(212)<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">994-8200<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer', window );">Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer</a></td>
<td class="text">No<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers', window );">Entity Voluntary Filers</a></td>
<td class="text">No<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus', window );">Entity Current Reporting Status</a></td>
<td class="text">Yes<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent', window );">Entity Interactive Data Current</a></td>
<td class="text">Yes<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory', window );">Entity Filer Category</a></td>
<td class="text">Non-accelerated Filer<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness', window );">Entity Small Business</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityShellCompany', window );">Entity Shell Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityPublicFloat', window );">Entity Public Float</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="nump">$ 12,514,529<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="nump">4,321,445<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock', window );">Documents Incorporated by Reference</a></td>
<td class="text">None<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_IcfrAuditorAttestationFlag', window );">ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AuditorFirmId', window );">Auditor Firm ID</a></td>
<td class="text">206<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AuditorName', window );">Auditor Name</a></td>
<td class="text">MaloneBailey, LLP<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AuditorLocation', window );">Auditor Location</a></td>
<td class="text">Houston,
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember', window );">Common Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">PTIX<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">PTIXW<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AuditorFirmId">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>PCAOB issued Audit Firm Identifier</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-K<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 310<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 20-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 220<br> -Subsection f<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 40-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 240<br> -Subsection f<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AuditorFirmId</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:nonemptySequenceNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AuditorLocation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-K<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 310<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 20-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 220<br> -Subsection f<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 40-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 240<br> -Subsection f<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AuditorLocation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:internationalNameItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AuditorName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-K<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 310<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 20-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 220<br> -Subsection f<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 40-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 240<br> -Subsection f<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AuditorName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:internationalNameItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentAnnualReport">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true only for a form used as an annual report.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-K<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 310<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 20-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 220<br> -Subsection f<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 40-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 240<br> -Subsection f<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentAnnualReport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fiscal period values are FY, Q1, Q2, and Q3.  1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter 10-Q or 10-QT statements have value Q1, Q2, and Q3 respectively, with 10-K, 10-KT or other fiscal year statements having FY.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fiscalPeriodItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>This is focus fiscal year of the document report in YYYY format. For a 2006 annual report, which may also provide financial information from prior periods, fiscal 2006 should be given as the fiscal year focus. Example: 2006.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gYearItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentTransitionReport">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true only for a form used as a transition report.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 20-F<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13<br> -Subsection a-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentTransitionReport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Documents incorporated by reference.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-23<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate number of shares or other units outstanding of each of registrant's classes of capital or common stock or other ownership interests, if and as stated on cover of related periodic report. Where multiple classes or units exist define each class/interest by adding class of stock items such as Common Class A [Member], Common Class B [Member] or Partnership Interest [Member] onto the Instrument [Domain] of the Entity Listings, Instrument.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate 'Yes' or 'No' whether registrants (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrants were required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate whether the registrant is one of the following: Large Accelerated Filer, Accelerated Filer, Non-accelerated Filer. Definitions of these categories are stated in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFilerCategory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:filerCategoryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation S-T<br> -Number 232<br> -Section 405<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityPublicFloat">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityPublicFloat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityShellCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityShellCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicates that the company is a Smaller Reporting Company (SRC).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntitySmallBusiness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate 'Yes' or 'No' if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate 'Yes' or 'No' if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Is used on Form Type: 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K, 20-F, 6-K, 10-K/A, 10-Q/A, 20-F/A, 6-K/A, N-CSR, N-Q, N-1A.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 405<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_IcfrAuditorAttestationFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-K<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 310<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 20-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 220<br> -Subsection f<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 40-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 240<br> -Subsection f<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_IcfrAuditorAttestationFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>19
<FILENAME>R2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712784718432">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>CURRENT ASSETS</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Cash', window );">Cash</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 215,189<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 541,171<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">7,763,517<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">9,830,085<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent', window );">Prepaid expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">56,939<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">688,667<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent', window );">TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS</a></td>
<td class="nump">8,035,645<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11,059,923<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet', window );">Equipment - net</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,775<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Assets', window );">TOTAL ASSETS</a></td>
<td class="nump">8,037,420<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11,059,923<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>CURRENT LIABILITIES</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">669,704<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">499,535<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesRelatedPartyCurrent', window );">Accounts payable and accrued expenses - related party</a></td>
<td class="nump">105,928<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">300,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NotesPayableCurrent', window );">PIK convertible notes payable, net of debt discount</a></td>
<td class="nump">150,591<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NotesPayableRelatedPartiesClassifiedCurrent', window );">PIK convertible notes payable, net of debt discount - related parties</a></td>
<td class="nump">193,639<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent', window );">TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,119,862<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">799,535<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConvertibleLongTermNotesPayable', window );">PIK convertible notes payable, net of debt discount</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">132,284<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NotesPayableRelatedPartiesNoncurrent', window );">PIK convertible notes payable, net of debt discount - related parties</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">186,149<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Liabilities', window );">TOTAL LIABILITIES</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,119,862<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,117,968<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract', window );"><strong>STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue', window );">Common stock, $.0001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 4,321,315 and 4,302,403 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">434<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">432<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapital', window );">Additional paid-in-capital</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,371,406<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">32,411,742<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit', window );">Accumulated deficit</a></td>
<td class="num">(25,777,375)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(22,221,870)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax', window );">Accumulated other comprehensive loss</a></td>
<td class="num">(676,907)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(248,349)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</a></td>
<td class="nump">6,917,558<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">9,941,955<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity', window );">TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</a></td>
<td class="nump">8,037,420<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11,059,923<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_PreferredStockMember', window );">Preferred Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract', window );"><strong>STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockValue', window );">Series B convertible preferred stock, $0.000001 par value;18,000,000 shares authorized; 0 and 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=PTIX_SeriesBConvertiblePreferredStockMember', window );">Series B Convertible Preferred Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract', window );"><strong>STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; EQUITY</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockValue', window );">Series B convertible preferred stock, $0.000001 par value;18,000,000 shares authorized; 0 and 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Accounts payable and accrued liabilities related party current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying values as of the balance sheet date of obligations incurred through that date and due within one year (or the operating cycle, if longer), including liabilities incurred (and for which invoices have typically been received) and payable to vendors for goods and services received, taxes, interest, rent and utilities, accrued salaries and bonuses, payroll taxes and fringe benefits.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19,20)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Accumulated change in equity from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources, net of tax effect, at period end. Excludes Net Income (Loss), and accumulated changes in equity from transactions resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Includes foreign currency translation items, certain pension adjustments, unrealized gains and losses on certain investments in debt and equity securities, other than temporary impairment (OTTI) losses related to factors other than credit losses on available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities that an entity does not intend to sell and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell before recovery of the amortized cost basis, as well as changes in the fair value of derivatives related to the effective portion of a designated cash flow hedge.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(4))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=d3e637-108580<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(23)(a)(3))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126734703&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14A<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=SL7669686-108580<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (h)(2)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)(ii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br><br>Reference 7: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=d3e681-108580<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax</td>
</tr>
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<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
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<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of excess of issue price over par or stated value of stock and from other transaction involving stock or stockholder. Includes, but is not limited to, additional paid-in capital (APIC) for common and preferred stock.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all assets that are recognized. Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Assets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all assets that are expected to be realized in cash, sold, or consumed within one year (or the normal operating cycle, if longer). Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124433192&amp;loc=SL2890621-112765<br><br>Reference 4: 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FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iv))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 810<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116870748&amp;loc=SL6758485-165988<br><br>Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(B))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br><br>Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(ii))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(5))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 810<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AssetsCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of currency on hand as well as demand deposits with banks or financial institutions. Includes other kinds of accounts that have the general characteristics of demand deposits. Excludes cash and cash equivalents within disposal group and discontinued operation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118262064&amp;loc=SL116631418-115840<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 21<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118262064&amp;loc=SL116631419-115840<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(1))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Cash</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Aggregate par or stated value of issued nonredeemable common stock (or common stock redeemable solely at the option of the issuer). This item includes treasury stock repurchased by the entity. Note: elements for number of nonredeemable common shares, par value and other disclosure concepts are in another section within stockholders' equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockValue</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConvertibleLongTermNotesPayable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of long-term debt (with maturities initially due after one year or beyond the operating cycle if longer) identified as Convertible Notes Payable, excluding current portion. Convertible Notes Payable is a written promise to pay a note which can be exchanged for a specified amount of another, related security, at the option of the issuer and the holder.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.22)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConvertibleLongTermNotesPayable</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Liabilities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all liabilities that are recognized. Liabilities are probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of an entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19-26)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124433192&amp;loc=SL2890621-112765<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Liabilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of liabilities and equity items, including the portion of equity attributable to noncontrolling interests, if any.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(23))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126897435&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(25))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126734703&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(32))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total obligations incurred as part of normal operations that are expected to be paid during the following twelve months or within one business cycle, if longer.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of investment in marketable security, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NotesPayableCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying values as of the balance sheet date of the portions of long-term notes payable due within one year or the operating cycle if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19,20)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NotesPayableCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount for notes payable (written promise to pay), due to related parties. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 850<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6457730&amp;loc=d3e39549-107864<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19(a)(5))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(k)(1))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount for notes payable (written promise to pay), payable to related parties, which are due after one year (or one business cycle).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 850<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6457730&amp;loc=d3e39549-107864<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(k)(1))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.23)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Aggregate par or stated value of issued nonredeemable preferred stock (or preferred stock redeemable solely at the option of the issuer). This item includes treasury stock repurchased by the entity. Note: elements for number of nonredeemable preferred shares, par value and other disclosure concepts are in another section within stockholders' equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PreferredStockValue</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of asset related to consideration paid in advance for costs that provide economic benefits in future periods, and amount of other assets that are expected to be realized or consumed within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(9))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization of physical assets used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale. Examples include, but are not limited to, land, buildings, machinery and equipment, office equipment, and furniture and fixtures.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(8))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126734703&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124429447&amp;loc=SL124453093-239630<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cumulative amount of the reporting entity's undistributed earnings or deficit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(3))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(23)(a)(4))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126734703&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (h)(2)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)(i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit</td>
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<tr>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</table></div>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122038336&amp;loc=d3e74512-122707<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712778873056">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare', window );">Preferred stock, par value</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.000001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.000001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized', window );">Preferred stock, shares authorized</a></td>
<td class="nump">20,000,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">20,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued', window );">Preferred stock, shares issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Preferred stock, shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare', window );">Common stock, par value</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized', window );">Common stock, shares authorized</a></td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued', window );">Common stock, shares issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,321,315<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,302,403<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Common stock, shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,321,315<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,302,403<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=PTIX_SeriesBConvertiblePreferredStockMember', window );">Series B Convertible Preferred Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare', window );">Preferred stock, par value</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.000001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.000001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized', window );">Preferred stock, shares authorized</a></td>
<td class="nump">18,000,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">18,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued', window );">Preferred stock, shares issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Preferred stock, shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_PreferredStockMember', window );">Preferred Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare', window );">Preferred stock, par value</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.000001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.000001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized', window );">Preferred stock, shares authorized</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,000,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued', window );">Preferred stock, shares issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Preferred stock, shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Face amount or stated value per share of common stock.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum number of common shares permitted to be issued by an entity's charter and bylaws.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total number of common shares of an entity that have been sold or granted to shareholders (includes common shares that were issued, repurchased and remain in the treasury). These shares represent capital invested by the firm's shareholders and owners, and may be all or only a portion of the number of shares authorized. Shares issued include shares outstanding and shares held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares of common stock outstanding. Common stock represent the ownership interest in a corporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Face amount or stated value per share of preferred stock nonredeemable or redeemable solely at the option of the issuer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=SL123496158-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PreferredStockParOrStatedValuePerShare</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum number of nonredeemable preferred shares (or preferred stock redeemable solely at the option of the issuer) permitted to be issued by an entity's charter and bylaws.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesAuthorized</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total number of nonredeemable preferred shares (or preferred stock redeemable solely at the option of the issuer) issued to shareholders (includes related preferred shares that were issued, repurchased, and remain in the treasury). May be all or portion of the number of preferred shares authorized. Excludes preferred shares that are classified as debt.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=SL123496158-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesIssued</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Aggregate share number for all nonredeemable preferred stock (or preferred stock redeemable solely at the option of the issuer) held by stockholders. Does not include preferred shares that have been repurchased.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PreferredStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=PTIX_SeriesBConvertiblePreferredStockMember">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712778908816">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract', window );"><strong>OPERATING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense', window );">Research and development</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,589,239<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,136,790<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpense', window );">General and administrative</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,968,549<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,003,623<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpenses', window );">TOTAL OPERATING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,557,788<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,140,413<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss', window );">LOSS FROM OPERATIONS</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,557,788)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(4,140,413)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpenseAbstract', window );"><strong>OTHER (EXPENSE) INCOME</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest', window );">Interest income</a></td>
<td class="nump">185,790<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,207<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InterestExpense', window );">Interest expense</a></td>
<td class="num">(137,456)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(496,912)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss', window );">Realized loss on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="num">(46,051)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,486)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet', window );">Change in fair value of derivative liability</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">83,670<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpense', window );">TOTAL OTHER INCOME (EXPENSES)</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,283<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(382,521)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest', window );">LOSS BEFORE TAX</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,555,505)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(4,522,934)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit', window );">INCOME TAX EXPENSE</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">NET LOSS</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,555,505)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(4,522,934)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTaxPeriodIncreaseDecreaseAbstract', window );"><strong>Other Comprehensive Loss - net of tax</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities', window );">Net unrealized loss on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="num">(421,738)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(77,029)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax', window );">Foreign exchange translation income (loss)</a></td>
<td class="num">(6,820)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">266<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTax', window );">TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE LOSS</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (3,984,063)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (4,599,697)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic', window );">Net loss per common share - Basic and Diluted</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (0.82)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (1.24)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic', window );">Weighted average common shares - Basic and Diluted</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,317,875<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,685,206<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Other comprehensive income loss net unrealized loss on marketable securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetUnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after tax of increase (decrease) in equity from transactions and other events and circumstances from net income and other comprehensive income, attributable to parent entity. Excludes changes in equity resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(22))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400993&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(24))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=d3e557-108580<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(26))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=SL7669625-108580<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=SL7669619-108580<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ComprehensiveIncomeNetOfTax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of realized loss on investment in debt security measured at fair value with change in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income (available-for-sale).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 320<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126970911&amp;loc=d3e27357-111563<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<tr>
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</table></div>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in the fair value of derivatives recognized in the income statement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 815<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4A<br> -Subparagraph (b)(1)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=125515794&amp;loc=SL5618551-113959<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of net income (loss) for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 815<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (e)(4)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126732423&amp;loc=SL123482106-238011<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124431687&amp;loc=d3e22583-107794<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124431687&amp;loc=d3e22694-107794<br><br>Reference 4: 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-SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(25))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126958026&amp;loc=d3e1252-109256<br><br>Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 60B<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126958026&amp;loc=SL5780133-109256<br><br>Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(27))<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate total of expenses of managing and administering the affairs of an entity, including affiliates of the reporting entity, which are not directly or indirectly associated with the manufacture, sale or creation of a product or product line.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.4)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of income (loss) from continuing operations, including income (loss) from equity method investments, before deduction of income tax expense (benefit), and income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 940<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126941158&amp;loc=d3e41242-110953<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(10))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 7: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(8))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400993&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 235<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-05(b)(2))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399901&amp;loc=d3e537907-122884<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 31<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8924-108599<br><br>Reference 10: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(15))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of current income tax expense (benefit) and deferred income tax expense (benefit) pertaining to continuing operations.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.7)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32672-109319<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (h)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124431687&amp;loc=d3e22663-107794<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123586238&amp;loc=d3e38679-109324<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(9))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400993&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124431687&amp;loc=d3e22658-107794<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_InterestExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of the cost of borrowed funds accounted for as interest expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 835<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6450988&amp;loc=d3e26243-108391<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 835<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124435984&amp;loc=d3e28555-108399<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (210.5-03(11))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04.9)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_InterestExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before accretion (amortization) of purchase discount (premium) of interest income on nonoperating securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.7(b))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate amount of income or expense from ancillary business-related activities (that is to say, excluding major activities considered part of the normal operations of the business).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.7)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpenseAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NonoperatingIncomeExpenseAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Generally recurring costs associated with normal operations except for the portion of these expenses which can be clearly related to production and included in cost of sales or services. Includes selling, general and administrative expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The net result for the period of deducting operating expenses from operating revenues.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 31<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8924-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after tax and reclassification adjustments of gain (loss) on foreign currency translation adjustments, foreign currency transactions designated and effective as economic hedges of a net investment in a foreign entity and intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term-investment nature.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 10A<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=SL7669646-108580<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTaxPeriodIncreaseDecreaseAbstract</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility, and costs allocated in accounting for a business combination to in-process projects deemed to have no alternative future use.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 912<br> -SubTopic 730<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6472174&amp;loc=d3e58812-109433<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 985<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6501960&amp;loc=d3e128462-111756<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 730<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6420194&amp;loc=d3e21568-108373<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of [basic] shares or units, after adjustment for contingently issuable shares or units and other shares or units not deemed outstanding, determined by relating the portion of time within a reporting period that common shares or units have been outstanding to the total time in that period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126958026&amp;loc=d3e1448-109256<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712783430848">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Statements of Change in Stockholders' Equity - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Series B Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] </div>
<div>Preferred Stock [Member]</div>
</th>
<th class="th"><div>Common Stock [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Retained Earnings [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Total</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 260<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 16,720,525<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (17,698,936)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (171,586)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (1,149,736)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Beginning balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">872,766<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,590,120<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationGainLossBeforeReclassificationAndTax', window );">Foreign currency translation gain</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">266<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">266<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeUnrealizedHoldingGainLossOnSecuritiesArisingDuringPeriodBeforeTax', window );">Unrealized gain on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(77,029)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(77,029)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue', window );">Stock compensation - stock options</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,518,756<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,518,756<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 9<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">542,491<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">542,500<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options, shares</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">92,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of warrants</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 27<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">327,098<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">327,125<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of warrants, shares</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">269,170<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts', window );">Issuance of shares and warrants from offering, net of offering costs</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 80<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11,707,959<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11,708,039<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering', window );">Issuance of shares and warrants from offering, net of offering costs, shares</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">795,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock', window );">Conversion of preferred stock</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (1)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 22<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(21)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock', window );">Conversion of preferred stock,Shares</a></td>
<td class="num">(872,766)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">218,192<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionOfConvertibleSecurities', window );">Conversion of notes and interest</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 32<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,594,936<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,594,968<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities', window );">Conversion of notes and interest, shares</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">317,546<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter', window );">Stock issued for underwriter</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares', window );">Stock issued for underwriter, shares</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">19,875<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(4,522,934)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(4,522,934)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 432<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">32,411,742<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(22,221,870)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(248,349)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">9,941,955<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,302,403<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationGainLossBeforeReclassificationAndTax', window );">Foreign currency translation gain</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(6,820)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(6,820)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeUnrealizedHoldingGainLossOnSecuritiesArisingDuringPeriodBeforeTax', window );">Unrealized gain on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(421,738)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(421,738)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue', window );">Stock compensation - stock options</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">844,248<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">844,248<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionOfConvertibleSecurities', window );">Conversion of notes and interest</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">94,893<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 94,985<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities', window );">Conversion of notes and interest, shares</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">18,912<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">18,911<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(3,555,505)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (3,555,505)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalWarrantIssued', window );">Stock compensation - warrants</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">20,433<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">20,433<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 434<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 33,371,406<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (25,777,375)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (676,907)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 6,917,558<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2022</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,321,315<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Issuance Of Shares And Warrants From Offering Net Of Offering Costs.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOfferingNetOfOfferingCosts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued during period share conversion of preferred stock.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodShareConversionofpreferredstock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued during period shares stock warrants exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockwarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock Issued During Period Value Conversion of preferred stock.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionofpreferredstock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock Issued During Period Value Stock Warrants Exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockWarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued during period shares issuance of shares and warrants from offering.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_StockIssuedDuringPeriodsharesIssuanceofsharesandwarrantsfromoffering</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued for underwriter.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued for underwriter shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_StockIssuedForUnderwriterShares</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase to additional paid-in capital (APIC) for recognition of cost for award under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126964447&amp;loc=d3e11149-113907<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126964447&amp;loc=d3e11178-113907<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 35<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126961718&amp;loc=d3e4534-113899<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalWarrantIssued">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase in additional paid in capital (APIC) resulting from the issuance of warrants. Includes allocation of proceeds of debt securities issued with detachable stock purchase warrants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466302&amp;loc=d3e4724-112606<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalWarrantIssued</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationGainLossBeforeReclassificationAndTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before tax and reclassification adjustments of gain (loss) on foreign currency translation adjustments, foreign currency transactions designated and effective as economic hedges of a net investment in a foreign entity and intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term-investment nature.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126980362&amp;loc=d3e28129-110885<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118261656&amp;loc=d3e32022-110900<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=d3e637-108580<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 10A<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=SL7669646-108580<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 35<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123602790&amp;loc=d3e30304-110892<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationGainLossBeforeReclassificationAndTax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeUnrealizedHoldingGainLossOnSecuritiesArisingDuringPeriodBeforeTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, before tax and adjustment, of unrealized holding gain (loss) on investment in debt security measured at fair value with change in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income (available-for-sale). Excludes unrealized gain (loss) on investment in debt security measured at amortized cost (held-to-maturity) from transfer to available-for-sale.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 10A<br> -Subparagraph (e)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=SL7669646-108580<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126968391&amp;loc=d3e637-108580<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 320<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126970911&amp;loc=d3e27357-111563<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeUnrealizedHoldingGainLossOnSecuritiesArisingDuringPeriodBeforeTax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares issued which are neither cancelled nor held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares issued during the period as a result of the conversion of convertible securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.29-30)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1E<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495348-112611<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21475-112644<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of share options (or share units) exercised during the current period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(02)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionOfConvertibleSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The gross value of stock issued during the period upon the conversion of convertible securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.29-31)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueConversionOfConvertibleSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Value of stock issued as a result of the exercise of stock options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.29-31)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122038336&amp;loc=d3e74512-122707<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712778930640">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net Loss</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (3,555,505)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (4,522,934)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Depreciation', window );">Depreciation expense</a></td>
<td class="nump">30<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation', window );">Stock-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="nump">864,681<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,518,756<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet', window );">Change in fair value of the derivative liability</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(83,670)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss', window );">Realized loss on sale of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">46,051<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,486<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium', window );">Amortization of debt discount</a></td>
<td class="nump">110,797<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">427,137<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract', window );"><strong>Changes in operating assets and liabilities</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpense', window );">Prepaid expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">631,728<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(480,510)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities', window );">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</a></td>
<td class="num">(91,596)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">340,121<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities', window );">NET CASH USED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES</a></td>
<td class="num">(1,993,814)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,798,614)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities', window );">Proceeds from sale of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,632,901<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">485,946<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities', window );">Purchase of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="num">(34,122)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(10,395,547)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets', window );">Purchase of fixed assets</a></td>
<td class="num">(1,805)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities', window );">NET CASH PROVIDED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,596,974<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(9,909,601)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts', window );">Exercise of warrants for cash</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">327,125<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt', window );">Exercise of options for cash</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">542,500<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering', window );">Issuance of shares and warrants from offering, net of offering costs</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11,708,039<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_ProceedsFromNotePayable', window );">Proceeds from notes payable</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">100,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RepaymentsOfNotesPayable', window );">Repayment of notes payable</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(100,000)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities', window );">NET CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12,577,664<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">Effect of exchange rate changes on cash</a></td>
<td class="nump">70,858<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">631<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect', window );">NET CHANGE IN CASH</a></td>
<td class="num">(325,982)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(129,920)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">CASH, BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD</a></td>
<td class="nump">541,171<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">671,091<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">CASH, END OF THE PERIOD</a></td>
<td class="nump">215,189<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">541,171<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract', window );"><strong>SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InterestPaidNet', window );">Cash paid for interest expense</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxesPaidNet', window );">Cash paid for income taxes</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashFlowNoncashInvestingAndFinancingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>NONCASH FINANCING AND INVESTING TRANSACTIONS</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssued1', window );">Shares issued for conversion of notes and interest</a></td>
<td class="nump">94,985<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,594,968<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities', window );">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 421,738<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 77,029<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Issuance of shares and warrants from offering.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_ProceedsFromNotePayable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Proceeds from note payable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_ProceedsFromNotePayable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sale of marketable securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_SaleOfMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Unrealized loss on marketable securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncash expense included in interest expense to amortize debt discount and premium associated with the related debt instruments. Excludes amortization of financing costs. Alternate captions include noncash interest expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 835<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124435984&amp;loc=d3e28541-108399<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1F<br> -Subparagraph (b)(2)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495355-112611<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.8)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash and cash equivalents, and cash and cash equivalents restricted to withdrawal or usage; including, but not limited to, disposal group and discontinued operations. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposits with banks or financial institutions, and other accounts with general characteristics of demand deposits. Cash equivalents include, but are not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126999549&amp;loc=SL98516268-108586<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3044-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and cash and cash equivalents restricted to withdrawal or usage; including effect from exchange rate change. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposits with banks or financial institutions, and other accounts with general characteristics of demand deposits. Cash equivalents include, but are not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 230<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123444420&amp;loc=d3e33268-110906<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashFlowNoncashInvestingAndFinancingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashFlowNoncashInvestingAndFinancingActivitiesDisclosureAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of realized loss on investment in debt security measured at fair value with change in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income (available-for-sale).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 320<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126970911&amp;loc=d3e27357-111563<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesAvailableForSaleRealizedLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Depreciation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of expense recognized in the current period that reflects the allocation of the cost of tangible assets over the assets' useful lives. Includes production and non-production related depreciation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Depreciation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in the fair value of derivatives recognized in the income statement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 815<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4A<br> -Subparagraph (b)(1)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=125515794&amp;loc=SL5618551-113959<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DerivativeGainLossOnDerivativeNet</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) from effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents, and cash and cash equivalents restricted to withdrawal or usage; held in foreign currencies; including, but not limited to, disposal group and discontinued operations. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposits with banks or financial institutions, and other accounts with general characteristics of demand deposits. Cash equivalents include, but are not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 230<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123444420&amp;loc=d3e33268-110906<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxesPaidNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of cash paid during the current period to foreign, federal, state, and local authorities as taxes on income, net of any cash received during the current period as refunds for the overpayment of taxes.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126999549&amp;loc=d3e4297-108586<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxesPaidNet</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</table></div>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The increase (decrease) during the reporting period in the amounts payable to vendors for goods and services received and the amount of obligations and expenses incurred but not paid.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The increase (decrease) during the reporting period in the amount of outstanding money paid in advance for goods or services that bring economic benefits for future periods.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_InterestPaidNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash paid for interest, excluding capitalized interest, classified as operating activity. Includes, but is not limited to, payment to settle zero-coupon bond for accreted interest of debt discount and debt instrument with insignificant coupon interest rate in relation to effective interest rate of borrowing attributable to accreted interest of debt discount.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126999549&amp;loc=d3e4297-108586<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 17<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3367-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -Subparagraph (e)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3536-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_InterestPaidNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities, including discontinued operations. Financing activity cash flows include obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on, and a return of, their investment; borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed, or settling the obligation; and obtaining and paying for other resources obtained from creditors on long-term credit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from investing activities, including discontinued operations. Investing activity cash flows include making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments and property, plant, and equipment and other productive assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities, including discontinued operations. Operating activity cash flows include transactions, adjustments, and changes in value not defined as investing or financing activities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3536-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash outflow for purchase of marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 320<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124260329&amp;loc=d3e26853-111562<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash outflow for purchases of and capital improvements on property, plant and equipment (capital expenditures), software, and other intangible assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3213-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 805<br> -SubTopic 50<br> -Section 30<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126928898&amp;loc=d3e9212-128498<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 805<br> -SubTopic 50<br> -Section 30<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126928898&amp;loc=d3e9215-128498<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 805<br> -SubTopic 50<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=127000608&amp;loc=d3e9135-128495<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow from the issuance of a long-term debt instrument which can be exchanged for a specified amount of another security, typically the entity's common stock, at the option of the issuer or the holder.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3255-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow from additional borrowings, net of cash paid to third parties in connection with debt origination.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3255-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RepaymentsOfNotesPayable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash outflow for a borrowing supported by a written promise to pay an obligation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 15<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3291-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RepaymentsOfNotesPayable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126999549&amp;loc=d3e4304-108586<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126999549&amp;loc=d3e4332-108586<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126999549&amp;loc=d3e4313-108586<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712788036080">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NatureOfOperations', window );">ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--NatureOfOperations_zkjMoyrDVYq1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
1 &#8211; <span id="xdx_82B_zwuT6sTqCo3c">ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Company
Background</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Protagenic
Therapeutics, Inc. (&#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;our,&#8221; &#8220;Protagenic&#8221; or &#8220;the Company&#8221;), formerly known as Atrinsic,
Inc., is a Delaware corporation with one subsidiary named Protagenic Therapeutics Canada (2006) Inc. (&#8220;PTI Canada&#8221;), a corporation
formed in 2006 under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
are a biopharmaceutical company specializing in the discovery and development of therapeutics to treat stress-related neuropsychiatric
and mood disorders.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Reverse
Stock Split</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
March 22, 2023, the Company effectuated a <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityReverseStockSplit_c20230321__20230322__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zG8NVDR6GVj2" title="Reverse stock split">1 for 4 reverse stock split</span> (the &#8220;Reverse Split&#8221;). The Company&#8217;s stock began
trading on a split-adjusted basis effective on the Nasdaq Stock Market on March 22, 2023. There was no change to the number of authorized
shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock. All share and per share information in these financial statements are adjusted to reflect the Reverse Split.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for the nature of an entity's business, major products or services, principal markets including location, and the relative importance of its operations in each business and the basis for the determination, including but not limited to, assets, revenues, or earnings. For an entity that has not commenced principal operations, disclosures about the risks and uncertainties related to the activities in which the entity is currently engaged and an understanding of what those activities are being directed toward.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=99393423&amp;loc=d3e5967-108592<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 275<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2134479<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712780148880">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>LIQUIDITY<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_DisclosureLiquidityAbstract', window );"><strong>Liquidity</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_LiquidityDisclosureTextBlock', window );">LIQUIDITY</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_808_ecustom--LiquidityDisclosureTextBlock_zlxX9Tp4ECIh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
2 - <span id="xdx_827_z7PWcAn2TDi6">LIQUIDITY</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred significant recurring losses resulting in an accumulated
deficit. The Company anticipates further losses in the development of its business. The Company also had negative cash flows used in
operations. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company&#8217;s ability to continue as a going concern.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
on its cash resources and positive working capital as of December 31, 2022, the Company has sufficient resources to fund its operations
at least until the end of the third quarter of 2024. The positive working capital as of December 31, 2022 was due to funds raised by
the Company from its equity offering during the year ended December 31, 2021. Absent generation of sufficient revenue from the execution
of the Company&#8217;s business plan, the Company will need to obtain debt or equity financing by the third quarter of 2024. Because
the Company has sufficient resources on hand to fund operations through
the next twelve months from the date these consolidated financial statements are available to be issued, the Company believes that this alleviates the substantial doubt in connection with its ability to continue
as a going concern.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712787991776">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract', window );"><strong>Accounting Policies [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock', window );">SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES</a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zLPL6LqKHx72" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86E_z6jn9vhCxLU2">Basis
of presentation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;<br/>
The Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted
in the United States of America (&#8220;U.S. GAAP&#8221;) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_84E_eus-gaap--ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock_zDRGUFyygTY7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_865_zDkSfo4CogL8">Principles
of consolidation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., and its wholly owned Canadian subsidiary,
PTI Canada. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

<p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_zNBLpM5VgH7e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span><span id="xdx_86B_zKUTD0Z3oYX4">Use
of estimates</span></span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated
financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those
estimates. Significant estimates underlying the consolidated financial statements include valuation
of stock options and warrants and assessment of deferred tax asset valuation allowance.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk_z0AJkzbYFQel" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_866_zltMemarNVCg">Concentrations
of Credit Risk</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company maintains its cash accounts at financial institutions which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. At times,
the Company may have deposits in excess of federally insured limits. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has bank balances that exceeds
the federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes, based upon the quality
of the financial institutions, that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_84F_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zwHoEBE6yCh8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86B_zhY2p47XPKTe">Cash
and Cash Equivalents</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company did not have any cash equivalents.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"/>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zGHRnpeq2uf7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_860_zfjoqc77ehvb">Marketable
Securities</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company accounts for marketable debt securities, the only type of securities it owns, in accordance with the FASB Accounting Standards
Codification 320, Investments &#8211; Debt and Equity Securities (&#8220;ASC 320&#8221;).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to ASC 320-10-35-1, investments in debt securities that are classified as available for sale shall be measured subsequently at fair value
in the consolidated balance sheets at each balance sheet date. Unrealized holding gains and losses for available-for-sale securities
(including those classified as current assets) shall be excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company purchased $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_ztLdnY3ZE6eb" title="Purchase of marketable securities">34,122</span> and sold $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_zaBDphgGBQm5" title="Proceeds from sale of marketable securities">1,632,901</span> in marketable securities with a realized loss of
$<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesRealizedGainLoss_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231_zRg2D0AhGde8" title="Realized gain on marketable securities">46,051</span> and an unrealized loss of $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_c20220101__20221231_zoQ8vrDxdYVa" title="Unrealized gain on marketable securities">421,738</span>. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company owned marketable securities with
a total value of $<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_z5Uuhjr45V68" title="Marketable securities">7,763,517</span> and $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_ziMSqdvABO86" title="Marketable securities">9,830,085</span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"/><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zZDLsdegIGcl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_862_zPb6YKIgoWp">Equipment</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Equipment
is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes expenditures for computer equipment. Maintenance and repairs are charged
to expense as incurred. When assets are sold, retired, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from
the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. The cost of equipment is depreciated using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets which is three years. Depreciation expense was not material for the year
ended December 31, 2022.</span></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zzC3YwS2kejj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86B_zbxIWvip31h2">Fair
Value Measurements</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC
820, &#8220;Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure,&#8221; defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or
paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not adjusted for transaction
costs. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value
into three broad levels giving the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1)
and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
three levels are described below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
1 Inputs &#8211; Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that is accessible by the Company;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
2 Inputs &#8211; Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable,
either directly or indirectly;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
3 Inputs &#8211; Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability including significant assumptions of the Company and other market participants.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
carrying amount of the Company&#8217;s financial assets and liabilities, such as cash, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate
their fair value because of the short term maturity of those instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value
since the related rates of interest approximate current market rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Transactions
involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm&#8217;s-length basis, as the requisite conditions of competitive,
free-market dealings may not exist. Representations about transactions with related parties, if made, shall not imply that the related
party transactions were consummated on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm&#8217;s-length transactions unless such representations
can be substantiated.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock_zLfj44QQADlb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
assets or liability&#8217;s fair value measurement within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of any input that is
significant to the fair value measurement. The following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair
value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BE_zHgs4WyyMn7i" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Carrying</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Fair Value Measurement Using</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 1</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 2</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 35%; text-align: left">Marketable securities</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zF4qPNRPpThi" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current">7,763,517</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zGdAejD6YjGd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">7,763,517</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zcCkla17gSib" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0591">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zySsElQ9RVLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0593">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zHQD97xa10Ug" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">7,763,517</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Carrying</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Fair Value Measurement Using</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 1</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 2</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<p id="xdx_8AF_zOVqJeAhQ2b2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--CompensationRelatedCostsPolicyTextBlock_zq8z6zaRykX6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86A_z7q6wRRaDVA5">Stock-Based
Compensation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company accounts for stock based compensation costs under the provisions of ASC 718, &#8220;Compensation&#8212;Stock Compensation&#8221;,
which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense related to the fair value of stock based compensation awards that
are ultimately expected to vest. Stock based compensation expense recognized includes the compensation cost for all stock based payments
granted to employees, officers, non-employees, and directors based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions
of ASC 718. ASC. 718 is also applied to awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled during the periods reported.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
any award granted under the Company&#8217;s 2016 Equity Compensation Plan (the &#8220;2016 Plan&#8221;) payable in shares of common stock
is forfeited, cancelled, or returned for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, otherwise terminates without payment being made, or
if shares of common stock are withheld to cover withholding taxes on options or other awards, the number of shares of common stock as
to which such option or award was forfeited, or which were withheld, will be available for future grants under the 2016 Plan. The Company
recognizes the impact of forfeitures when they occur.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_849_eus-gaap--EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock_z8GAvlpMDZi4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_865_zoQd7lko8Dif">Basic
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Basic
(loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for
each period. Diluted (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock
outstanding plus the dilutive effect of shares issuable through the common stock equivalents. The effect of dilution on net loss becomes
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zbZshuKZcFKl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">86,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<p id="xdx_8AD_zK0fntPwA0hh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

<p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zpAykMDCznn3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_864_zP3xiY1eRyLe">Research
and Development</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock_zrLge08eyEvi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_868_zn9HzO1D1vK">Foreign
Currency Translation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company follows ASC 830, <i>Foreign Currency Matters</i> (&#8220;ASC 830&#8221;) for foreign currency translation to translate the financial
statements of the foreign subsidiary from the functional currency, generally the local currency, into U.S. Dollars. ASC 830-10-45 sets
out the guidance relating to how a reporting entity determines the functional currency of a foreign entity (including of a foreign entity
in a highly inflationary economy), re-measures the books of record (if necessary), and characterizes transaction gains and losses. Pursuant
to ASC 830-10-45, the assets, liabilities, and operations of a foreign entity shall be measured using the functional currency of that
entity. An entity&#8217;s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates; normally,
that is the currency of the environment, or local currency, in which an entity primarily generates and expends cash.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
functional currency of each foreign subsidiary is determined based on management&#8217;s judgment and involves consideration of all relevant
economic facts and circumstances affecting the subsidiary. Generally, the currency in which the subsidiary transacts a majority of its
transactions, including billings, financing, payroll and other expenditures, would be considered the functional currency, but any dependency
upon the parent and the nature of the subsidiary&#8217;s operations must also be considered. If a subsidiary&#8217;s functional currency
is deemed to be the local currency, then any gain or loss associated with the translation of that subsidiary&#8217;s financial statements
is included in accumulated other comprehensive income. However, if the functional currency is deemed to be the U.S. Dollar, then any
gain or loss associated with the re-measurement of these financial statements from the local currency to the functional currency would
be included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company disposes of foreign
subsidiaries, then any cumulative translation gains or losses would be recorded into the condensed consolidated statements of operations
and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company determines that there has been a change in the functional currency of a subsidiary to
the U.S. Dollar, any translation gains or losses arising after the date of change would be included within the condensed consolidated
statements of operations and comprehensive loss.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
on an assessment of the factors discussed above, the management of the Company determined its subsidiary&#8217;s local currency (i.e.
the Canadian dollar) to be the functional currency for its foreign subsidiary.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zMyRNqgqnAV8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_863_zZTDgTE4Vkdc">Recent
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Management
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on the Company&#8217;s financial statements.</span></p>

<p id="xdx_85A_zCNwV2MLeH2c" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<span></span>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712786311344">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PayablesAndAccrualsAbstract', window );"><strong>Payables and Accruals [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock', window );">ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock_zQ4qj04p435" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
4 - <span id="xdx_824_zAGBlkEYZt47">ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zqvCitPnw3rk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accounts
payable and accrued expenses consist of the following at:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BF_zSddRzZozLol" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
OF ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES</span></span></p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20221231_zswky176nl5d" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">December 31, 2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20211231_zUPijYsrI2wl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">December 31, 2021</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 60%">Accounting</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right">36,750</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right">68,151</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40E_ecustom--AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zvAnwSKuAwi1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Research and development</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">557,934</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">375,427</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_znpsH8X964bf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>Legal</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">25,462</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">77,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zp9JCc8hvX3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Other</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">155,486</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">278,957</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iTI_pp0p0_mtAPAALzt0f_zfteL4w1ThUb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">775,632</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">799,535</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p id="xdx_8A0_zWtB0B2mwPI7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for accounts payable and accrued liabilities at the end of the reporting period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19(a),20,24)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712786271760">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>NOTE PAYABLE AND CONVERTIBLE NOTE PAYABLE<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Debt Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtDisclosureTextBlock', window );">NOTE PAYABLE AND CONVERTIBLE NOTE PAYABLE</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--DebtDisclosureTextBlock_zdQaC2Y13SI9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
5 &#8211; <span><span id="xdx_826_zoqx1hLyDjhk">NOTE PAYABLE AND CONVERTIBLE NOTE PAYABLE</span> (PIK NOTES)</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Convertible
Notes Payable</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company amortized $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_z3lhJ10vxIJ1" title="Amortization of debt discount">110,797</span> and $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zqdOBo0o5Uq2" title="Amortization of debt discount">333,400</span> of the debt discount, respectively. At December
31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had an unamortized debt discount of $<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zZRWAcLygxQg" title="Unamortized debt discount">79,409</span> and $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_z74k0wVen7G7" title="Unamortized debt discount">182,716</span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2022, a total of <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--DebtConversionConvertedInstrumentSharesIssued1_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zqG6wU9tRAyj" title="Debt conversion of shares">18,912</span> shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock was issued for the conversion of notes
and interest. A total of $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentPrincipal_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zEx5eCrETkY5" title="Debt instrument principal amount">85,000</span> in principal and $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentInterest_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zP7XF1YW4Mkh" title="Debt instrument interest amount">9,985</span> in accrued interest was converted.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
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and $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayable_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_pp0p0" title="Convertible notes payable">315,000</span>
on the outstanding Convertible Notes, respectively. These convertible notes have a maturity date of November 6, 2023.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Convertible
Notes Payable &#8211; Related Parties</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company amortized $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zw0NQ4sfXHAl" title="Amortization of debt discount">7,490</span> and $<span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zpZaSXoMrj13" title="Amortization of debt discount">93,737</span> of the debt discount, respectively. At December
31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had an unamortized debt discount of $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zUBJIGLaAIJ" title="Unmortization of debt discount">6,361</span> and $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zq6qeimHvcK8" title="Unamortization of debt discount">13,851</span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for information about short-term and long-term debt arrangements, which includes amounts of borrowings under each line of credit, note payable, commercial paper issue, bonds indenture, debenture issue, own-share lending arrangements and any other contractual agreement to repay funds, and about the underlying arrangements, rationale for a classification as long-term, including repayment terms, interest rates, collateral provided, restrictions on use of assets and activities, whether or not in compliance with debt covenants, and other matters important to users of the financial statements, such as the effects of refinancing and noncompliance with debt covenants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2208564<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (h)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495323-112611<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1C<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495334-112611<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1I<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495371-112611<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1I<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495371-112611<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(c))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (g)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495323-112611<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1C<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495334-112611<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1C<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495334-112611<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1E<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495348-112611<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495323-112611<br><br>Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1I<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495371-112611<br><br>Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495323-112611<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712873961152">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; DEFICIT<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock', window );">STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; DEFICIT</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zsW0Zpfpnlc5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
6 - <span id="xdx_827_zcaAtvO5yG37">STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; DEFICIT</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Common
Stock</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the years ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities_c20220101__20221231_zdlXzgmc7wI9" title="Number of shares issued, conversion of convertible securities">18,911
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares of common stock for the conversion of
notes and interest. (See Note 5).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Stock-Based
Compensation</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company adopted an Employee, Director and Consultant Stock Plan on June 17, 2016 (the &#8220;2016 Plan&#8221;). Pursuant to the 2016
Plan, the Company&#8217;s Compensation Committee may grant awards to any employee, officer, director, consultant, advisor or other individual
service provider of the Company or any subsidiary. Due to an annual &#8220;evergreen&#8221; provision in the 2016 Plan, the
number of shares reserved for future grants was increased by <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized_c20220101__20220101__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_zKPJ5QKKPXpi" title="Number of additional shares granted">184,260</span> and <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized_c20210101__20210101__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_zVwBuUs76Ky3" title="Number of additional shares granted">142,457</span> in 2022 and 2021, respectively. As a result of these
increases, as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the aggregate number of shares of common stock available for awards under the
2016 Plan was <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_z3Lf47wsjkw6" title="Number of shares available for grant">1,543,872</span> shares and <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_zXQBJ9ejOO" title="Number of shares available for grant">1,359,612</span> shares, respectively. Options issued under the 2016 Plan are exercisable for up to ten years
from the date of issuance.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
were <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20221231_zsdk8RJQLVja" title="Stock options outstanding">1,357,466</span> options outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The fair value of each stock option granted during the year ended December
31, 2022 was estimated using the Black-Scholes assumptions and or factors as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_895_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zbk5eVzAFYD8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B6_zi7OBV8tnHq2" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED PAYMENT AWARD, STOCK OPTIONS, VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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    <td style="width: 80%">Exercise price</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20221231_zXj5qjjKIxQ7" title="Exercise price">4.84</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected dividend yield</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_dp_uPure_c20220101__20221231_zA3r1OJ07LZ4" style="text-align: right" title="Expected dividend yield">0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Risk free interest rate</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20220101__20221231_z8dsjrPyDbsf" title="Risk free interest rate">1.73</span></td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected life in years</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zhZPQNiw2lEh" title="Expected life in years">10</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected volatility</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20220101__20221231_zYSlVdqA7A3k" title="Expected volatility">146</span></td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">There were
<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20211231_zxUfGqFjev31" title="Stock options outstanding">1,380,216</span>&#160;options outstanding as of December 31, 2021. The fair value of each stock option granted was estimated using the
Black-Scholes assumptions and or factors as follows:</p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>Exercise price</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    </tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="width: 80%; text-align: left">Expected dividend yield</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_z34HWaeYR8m3" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Expected dividend yield">0</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">%</td>
    </tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Risk free interest rate</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_pid_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_znabhnVXQiV8" title="Risk free interest rate">0.81%</span>-<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zI2sDxTHATZf" title="Risk free interest rate">1.58</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left">%</td>
    </tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected life in years</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    </tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected volatility</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zPG4VOWAhMsh" title="Expected volatility">147%</span>-<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zXT4bm9A3LXh" title="Expected volatility">158</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left">%</td>
    </tr>
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<p id="xdx_8A4_z5LyKAnVI8xj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_891_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zFmaSKnsipje" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following is an analysis of the stock option grant activity under the Plan:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BA_zcFgfMGwxUP6" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION, STOCK OPTIONS, ACTIVITY</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Weighted<br/> Average</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Weighted<br/> Average</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Exercise Price</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Remaining Life</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-align: left">Stock Options</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zg3z6Mj96lbd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Stock Options, Expired">(72,500</p></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; width: 46%">Outstanding December 31, 2021</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zDN7P1DplPy7" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning">1,380,216</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zrWUFPwJ3Ve3" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning">7.36</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zeeLTVx23sah" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending">6.32</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zw7cZ5epOQSc" style="text-align: right" title="Stock Options, Granted">12,500</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z9AUH5OUGHv4" title="Weighted average remaining contractual term">9.02</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_iN_di_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zuFpTglo12u7" style="text-align: right" title="Stock Options, Expired">(35,250</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zMWxa17TwYb5" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Stock Option, Exercised"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0770">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z73bFcifteD9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Exercised"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0772">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Outstanding December 31, 2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zbmzoweL1ODd" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Ending">1,357,466</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zQOCkYz1Tpz" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Ending">7.39</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zS86JF3K9Z03" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending">5.41</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>


<p id="xdx_8A1_zflskuFXWF97" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfNonvestedShareActivityTableTextBlock_zLNshK1BbId5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
summary of the status of the Company&#8217;s nonvested options as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the years ended December 31,
2022 and 2021, is presented below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B6_zRl10klC2441" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION NONVESTED SHARES</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Nonvested Options</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Options</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Weighted-Average<br/> Exercise Price</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Nonvested at December 31, 2020</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"><p id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares_iS_c20210101__20211231_zZGf6FWq6h5e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance">215,708</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"><p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iS_c20210101__20211231_zDY4A6wQy92h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance">7.00</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"><p id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231_z2I3qwsSHsjl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested Options, Granted">145,750</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"><p id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zOI4g6noBexi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Granted">19.08</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Vested</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"><p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_z8Af6lsnZlna" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Vested">12.28</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">Forfeited</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares_c20210101__20211231_zRQHOotQGB0i" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Forfeited"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0794">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zOUvQe8Ew0X7" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Forfeited"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0796">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left">Nonvested at December 31, 2021</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares_iS_c20220101__20221231_zUTWRIm7Dxek" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance">202,583</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iS_c20220101__20221231_z1stZif7r8od" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance">12.32</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231_zu0uj2atJItl" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Granted">12,500</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20220101__20221231_zYBwgOaAAf37" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Granted">4.84</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Vested</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_iN_di_c20220101__20221231_z4ydzf9SZqG4" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Vested">(96,896</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20220101__20221231_zXZl69g5C4bj" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Vested">10.44</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Forfeited</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20220101__20221231_zzg6YjPoPwHc" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Forfeited"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0812">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Nonvested at December 31, 2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iE_c20220101__20221231_zPBR5NdcHfOh" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Ending Balance">13.07</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>


<p id="xdx_8AE_zIX8jYRZUqaj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, the Company had <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20221231_zPezLfPu5YL3" title="Stock options outstanding">1,357,466</span> shares issuable under options outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iI_c20221231_zIbAykyxNin4" title="Stock options outstanding weighted average exercise price">7.39</span>
and an intrinsic value of $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zc4SikyLJHc1" title="Stock options. intrinsic value">0</span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
total number of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zpqhQECsWc64" title="Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross">12,500</span> and <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zh8H4Q8c3wgk" title="Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross">145,750</span>, respectively. The exercise
price for these options ranges from $<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zCoj3jGUr7O7" title="Exercise price options range">4.84</span> to $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zzpglbjaT6li" title="Exercise price options range">22.40</span> per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recognized compensation expense related to options issued of $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zBl9ijO5JO9c" title="Share based compensation expense">844,248</span>
and $<span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zk4rf6rHZHo6" title="Share based compensation expense">1,518,756</span>
for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in which $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember_zYm0d8poF0G1" title="Share based compensation expense">747,830</span>
and $<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember_zSR2MvHEXoJf" title="Share based compensation expense">1,513,835</span>
is included in general and administrative expenses and $<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember_zek0m124wRy1" title="Share based compensation expense">96,418</span>
and $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember_z3kGNBeENlYl">4,921</span>
in research and development expenses, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesMember_zkI8cm0daAEe" title="Share based compensation expense">182,748</span>
and $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesMember_zEmiLVNBMZB3" title="Share based compensation expense">769,479</span> of the stock compensation was related to employees and $<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--NonEmployeesMember_z9WyPeAycU84" title="Share based compensation expense">661,500</span>
and $<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--NonEmployeesMember_zL5l03WriFPe" title="Share based compensation expense">749,277</span> was related to non-employees, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, the unamortized stock option expense was $<span id="xdx_902_ecustom--UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zlWglC1ITbYg" title="Unamortized stock option expense">1,342,673</span> with $<span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesMember_zwf8YcGbDtRf" title="Unamortized stock option expense">8,566</span> being related to employees and $<span id="xdx_904_ecustom--UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--NonEmployeesMember_zuVS2X0A6W74" title="Unamortized stock option expense">1,334,107</span> being
related to non-employees. As of December 31, 2022, the weighted average period for the unamortized stock compensation to be recognized
is <span id="xdx_904_ecustom--UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm_pp0p0_dtY_c20220101__20221231_ztwiqXHzooN4" title="Weighted average period for unamortized stock compensation">3.37</span> years.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
January 6, 2022, the Company issued a total of <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z2MA5Pc8zaIc" title="Options to purchase shares">12,500</span> options to purchase shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock to a consultant.
These options had a grant date fair value of $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1_pp0p0_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zwnQQBGnCrTb" title="Stock options, fair value">68,614</span>. These options have an exercise price of $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_pid_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zkFppmfsW2xl" title="Stock options exercise price">4.84</span>, a term of <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z3RryeZIr2Cc" title="Stock options, weighted average remaining contractual term">10</span> years, and vest over
four years.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Warrants:</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_89B_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z4gPW5LKRKX" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
summary of warrant issuances are as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BA_zgv6aWAMR2Ol" style="display: none">SUMMARY
OF WARRANT ISSUANCES</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Exercise Price</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Remaining Life</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-align: justify">Warrants</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20210101__20211231_z0yZZF5dXrkj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Granted">914,250</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: justify">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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<p id="xdx_8AD_zLaDvRI0KpIb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022, the Company had <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zJo1kJnMOkdj" title="Warrant shares, outstanding">1,537,158</span> shares issuable under warrants outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $<span id="xdx_901_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z6CYRIBOTc5j" title="Warrant exercise price">13.49</span>
and an intrinsic value of $<span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zgpnYCLerUB4" title="Class of warrant or right, outstanding, intrinsic value">0</span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recognized compensation expense related to warrants issued of $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zx3VStv8F172" title="Share based compensation expense">20,433</span> and $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z7jKxwp6nxT1" title="Share based compensation expense">0</span> during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021,
respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
January 6, 2022, the Company cancelled <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zT4CVOWJHFj7" title="Option forfeited">4,000</span> options and replaced them with <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_iI_c20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zmBY4zzJkzK4" title="Warrants to purchase common stock">4,000</span> warrants with a <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm_iI_dtY_c20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zV6R7ByBNCe5" title="Warrant term">5</span>-year term and an exercise price of
$<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_iI_c20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zxPSAXfpPA86" title="Warrant exercise price">5.00</span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712780114656">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract', window );"><strong>Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--CollaborativeArrangementDisclosureTextBlock_zwC2I1NABLUj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
7 - <span id="xdx_82B_zVvifIqksWU1">COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company and the University of Toronto (the &#8220;University&#8221;) entered into an agreement effective April 1, 2014 (the &#8220;New
Research Agreement&#8221;) for the performance of a research project titled &#8220;Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide (&#8220;TCAP&#8221;)
mediated stress attenuation in vertebrates: Establishing the role of organismal and intracellular energy and glucose regulation and metabolism&#8221;
(the &#8220;New Project&#8221;). The New Project is to perform research related to work done by Dr. David A. Lovejoy, a professor at
the University and stockholder of the Company, in regard to TCAP mediated stress attenuation in vertebrates: Establishing the role of
organismal and intracellular energy and glucose regulation and metabolism. In addition to the New Research Agreement, Dr. Lovejoy entered
into an agreement with the University in order to commercialize certain technologies. The New Research Agreement expired on March 30,
2016. In February 2017, the New Research Agreement was extended to December 31, 2017. The extension allowed for further development of
the technologies and use of their applications. On April 10, 2018, the agreement was amended and the research agreement has been further
extended to December 31, 2023.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Prior
to January 1, 2016, the University has been granted <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod_c20150101__20151231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--UniversityOfTorontoMember_zZ5knwXpszNf" title="Share-based compensation stock options, grants">6,250</span> stock options which are fully vested at the exercise price of $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iI_c20151231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--UniversityOfTorontoMember_ztS5VY8MPY3a" title="Share-based compensation weighted average exercise price">4.00</span> exercisable
over a <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_dc_c20150101__20151231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--UniversityOfTorontoMember_zvHmVYBkvTPi" title="Share-based payment award, expiration period">ten year</span> period which ended on April 1, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, Dr. David Lovejoy of the University has been granted <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zRRI4OnUevyl" title="Share-based compensation stock options, grants">138,325</span>
stock options, of which <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z3wVHNZ4mjmk" title="Number of stock options vested">113,325</span> are fully vested and <span id="xdx_901_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zicZWGNeV3Me" title="Number of stock options expired">25,000</span> have expired. <span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--OptionsExpirationDateDescription_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zMmTMnksKFxk" title="Options expiration date, description">These have an exercise price of $4.00, $5.00 or $7.00 and are
exercisable over a period ranging from 10 to 13 years.</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
sponsorship research and development expenses pertaining to the Research Agreements were $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--ResearchAgreementsMember_z4GeA89eONn8" title="Research and development expense">28,645</span> and $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--ResearchAgreementsMember_zM8xBWLgw1j1" title="Research and development expense">0</span> for the years ended December
31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for collaborative arrangements in which the entity is a participant, including a) information about the nature and purpose of such arrangements; b) its rights and obligations thereunder; c) the accounting policy for collaborative arrangements; and d) the income statement classification and amounts attributable to transactions arising from the collaborative arrangement between participants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 808<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6931272&amp;loc=SL5834143-161434<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 808<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6931272&amp;loc=SL5834143-161434<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 808<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=5833765<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712788766272">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock', window );">COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock_zGEZdxIvG3xg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
8 - <span id="xdx_825_z2iiaHZbApVb">COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Licensing
Agreements</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
July 31, 2005, the Company had entered into a Technology License Agreement (&#8220;License Agreement&#8221;) with the University pursuant
to which the University agreed to license to the Company patent rights and other intellectual property, among other things (the &#8220;Technologies&#8221;).
The Technology License Agreement was amended on February 18, 2015 and currently does not provide for an expiration date.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the License Agreement and its amendment, the Company obtained an exclusive worldwide license to make, have made, use, sell and import
products based upon the Technologies, or to sublicense the Technologies in accordance with the terms of the License Agreement and amendment.
In consideration, the Company agreed to pay to the University a royalty payment of <span id="xdx_900_ecustom--RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231__us-gaap--FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis__us-gaap--LicensingAgreementsMember_zvydotdyAwRi" title="Royalty payment, percentage">2.5</span>% of net sales of any product based on the Technologies.
If the Company elects to sublicense any rights under the License Agreement and amendment, the Company agrees to pay to the University
<span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231__us-gaap--FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis__us-gaap--LicensingAgreementsMember_zjxxyxb3jISl" title="Up-front sub-license fees, percentage">10</span>% of any up-front sub-license fees for any sub-licenses that occurred on or after September 9, 2006, and, on behalf of the sub-licensee,
<span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage_iI_dp_uPure_c20221231_z260Yln2Ttp9" title="Royalty payment on behalf of sublicensee percentage">2.5</span>% of net sales by the sub-licensee of all products based on the Technologies. The Company had <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--Revenues_pp0p0_do_c20220101__20221231_zQa6umeMrJgi" title="Sales revenue"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--Revenues_pp0p0_do_c20210101__20211231_zzzGGRfXsA5g" title="Sales revenue">no</span></span> sales revenue for the years ended
December 31, 2022 and 2021 and therefore was not subject to paying any royalties.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the event the Company fails to provide the University with semi-annual reports on the progress or fails to continue to make reasonable
commercial efforts towards obtaining regulatory approval for products based on the Technologies, the University may convert our exclusive
license into a non-exclusive arrangement. Interest on any amounts owed under the License Agreement and amendment will be at <span id="xdx_905_ecustom--InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231_zCmHL61Vj8Sc" title="Interest on amounts owed under license agreement, rate">3</span>% per annum.
All intellectual property rights resulting from the Technologies or improvements thereon will remain the property of the other inventors
and/or Dr. Lovejoy, and/or the University, as the case may be. The Company has agreed to pay all out-of-pocket filing, prosecution and
maintenance expenses in connection with any patents relating to the Technologies. In the case of infringement upon any patents relating
to the Technologies, the Company may elect, at its own expense, to bring a cause of action asserting such infringement. In such a case,
after deducting any legal expenses the Company may incur, any settlement proceeds will be subject to the <span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231__us-gaap--FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis__us-gaap--LicensingAgreementsMember_zE4ZfLA1K98h" title="Royalty payment, percentage">2.5</span>% royalty payment owed to
the University under the License Agreement and amendment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
patent applications were made in the name of Dr. Lovejoy and other inventors, but the Company&#8217;s exclusive, worldwide rights to
such patent applications are included in the License Agreement and its amendment with the University. The Company maintains exclusive
licensing agreements and it currently controls the five intellectual patent properties.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Legal
Proceedings</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">From
time to time we may be named in claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Currently, no legal proceedings, government actions,
administrative actions, investigations or claims are pending against us or involve us that, in the opinion of our management, could reasonably
be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for commitments and contingencies.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 440<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2144648<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 954<br> -SubTopic 440<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6491277&amp;loc=d3e6429-115629<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 450<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2127136<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 440<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123406679&amp;loc=d3e25336-109308<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 440<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123406679&amp;loc=d3e25336-109308<br></p></div>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712784966608">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsAbstract', window );"><strong>Related Party Transactions [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock', window );">RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_803_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock_zpcJSVSaq0mg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
9 &#8211; <span id="xdx_82E_zWRKvVtMAgzg">RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company is provided free office space consisting of a conference room by the Company Executive Chairman, Dr. Armen. The Company does
not pay any rent for the use of this space. This space is used for quarterly board meetings and our annual shareholder meeting.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company engaged Agenus Inc., a related party, to perform research and development services. Agenus
Inc. is a related party due to the Company&#8217;s Director and Chairman of the Board being the CEO and Chairman of the Board for Agenus
Inc. The Company accrued $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--AgenusIncMember_zbAzQZkOqfI" title="Accrued expense related to services">300,000</span> in expenses related to these services during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company accrued $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--AgenusIncMember_zOckX6IfOA47" title="Accrued expense related to services">105,928</span> in expenses related to these services during
the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the balance on these accrued expenses is $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--AgenusIncMember_zcsUMVaPiCo4" title="Related party balance">105,928</span>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company engaged CTC North, GmbH (&#8220;CTC&#8221;) to perform research and development services.
CTC is a related party due to the Company&#8217;s Director and Chairman of the Board being the CEO and Chairman of the Board for Agenus
Inc, CTC&#8217;s parent company. The total commitment for this agreement is $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--OtherCommitment_iI_pn5n6_c20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CTCNorthGmbHMember_z1iI4qR1QLqi" title="Commitment for agreement">1.3</span> million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company
has incurred a total of $<span id="xdx_904_ecustom--AgreementExpenses_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CTCNorthGmbHMember_zKii4rrBZ0Qb" title="Agreement expenses">105,801</span> in expenses related to this agreement. As of December 31, 2022, there is $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CTCNorthGmbHMember_zlp59sMvG0zg" title="Related party payments">0</span> owed to CTC in connection
with this agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712785121616">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>INCOME TAXES<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock', window );">INCOME TAXES</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_znpkbtg7OMne" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>NOTE
10 &#8211; <span id="xdx_826_zYKwN5Xm4gD8">INCOME TAXES</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_89E_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfIncomeBeforeIncomeTaxDomesticAndForeignTableTextBlock_zwN1cJDWrnre" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
components of loss before income taxes are as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B4_zvphDSGtspni" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX</span></span></p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20220101__20221231_zBpZrStl4pF1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left; width: 63%">Domestic</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">(3,522,834</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">(4,522,862</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign_maILFCOz0xd_zkGZHCv0oVJ6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Foreign</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(32,671</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(72</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Loss before income taxes</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(3,555,505</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(4,522,934</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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<p id="xdx_8AA_zO9O1m9ZeEtd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company had no income tax expense due to operating losses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_zWZ7LiwECMBh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, a reconciliation of the Company&#8217;s effective tax rate to the statutory U.S. Federal
rate is as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B5_z6GkNCXQGvh1" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION</span></span></p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49C_20220101__20221231_zANNHMgvOpc8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20210101__20211231_zq3fShMHZDzc" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2021</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 63%; text-align: left">Income taxes at Federal statutory rate</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">(21.0</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">)%</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">(21.0</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">)%</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes_dp_uPure_zzIVaBbfmP2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">State income taxes, net of Federal income tax effect</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(8.8</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(8.9</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Perm difference</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Foreign tax rate differential</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(0.2</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Change in valuation allowance</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">30.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">29.9</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments_dp_uPure_z5w9b5GL676j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Other</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Income tax provision</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
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<p id="xdx_8A1_zbvLTiUaosWj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_89D_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_z4ydpWKU9xT9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Company&#8217;s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B5_zrFqOVPcoK7a" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20221231_zdXvDVrFGk52" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20211231_zSDToikDUys3" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2021</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic_iI_maDTAGz9hr_zve3Riil2Ubf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 63%; text-align: left">U.S. net operating loss carryforwards</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">3,620,000</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">3,779,000</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet_iI_maDTAGz9hr_zzBqiCSpueF8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Stock compensation</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1,931,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1,672,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss_iI_maDTAGz9hr_zMtONU1rYRk4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Canadian Provincial income tax losses</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">7,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(3,000</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Canadian Provincial scientific investment tax credits</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1030">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(27,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iTI_mtDTAGz9hr_maDTANzgvI_zxDmaldhOV25" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Deferred tax assets, gross</span></td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">5,558,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">5,421,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(5,558,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(5,421,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Net deferred tax assets</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1040">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p id="xdx_8A4_zDJLUs2SX1Oj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"/>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022 the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards (&#8220;NOL&#8221;) of approximately $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pn5n6_c20221231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__custom--FederalMember_zzL7IARCaZEk">10.8</span>
million. The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (&#8220;TCJA&#8221;) will generally allow losses incurred after 2017 to be carried over indefinitely,
but will generally limit the net operating loss deduction to the lesser of the net operating loss carryover or </span><span id="xdx_902_ecustom--PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome_iI_dp_uPure_c20221231__srt--StatementScenarioAxis__custom--LossesIncurredAfter2017Member_zCcCC4iBW7Xg" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">80</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
of a corporation&#8217;s taxable income (subject to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended). Also, there will be
no carryback for losses incurred after 2017. Losses incurred prior to 2018 will generally be deductible to the extent of the lesser of
a corporation&#8217;s net operating loss carryover or <span id="xdx_904_ecustom--PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome_iI_dp_uPure_c20221231__srt--StatementScenarioAxis__custom--LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member_zAizv4VsqjBl">100</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
of a corporation&#8217;s taxable income and be available for twenty years from the period the loss was generated. <span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_c20220101__20221231_zkgIXK08r3P6">The
federal net operating losses generated prior to 2018 of $0.1 million will expire at various dates through 2037.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had state and local net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__custom--StateAndLocalMember_zTEkhLWvcx95">9,568,415
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">and $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__custom--StateAndLocalMember_zR0b2OC91WF">6,921,574</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">,
respectively, to reduce future state tax liabilities also through 2035.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had Canadian NOL of approximately $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__country--CA_zVn4rHQSFDR9" title="Net operating loss carryforwards">1,413,000</span> and $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__country--CA_zqYAaVp5mjpa" title="Net operating loss carryforwards">1,446,000</span>, respectively. The Canadian losses
expire in stages beginning in 2026. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company also has unclaimed Canadian federal scientific research
and development investment tax credits, which are available to reduce future federal taxes payable of approximately $<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch_c20220101__20221231_zjGMFSzISR0h" title="Research and development investment tax credits">0</span> and $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch_c20210101__20211231_zNoXnJuDXVSk" title="Research and development investment tax credits">0</span> respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a result of losses and uncertainty of future profit, the net deferred tax asset has been fully reserved. The net change in the valuation
allowance during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was an increase of $<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_c20220101__20221231_zTcoq2AEs0dk" title="No change in valuation allowance">137,000</span> and $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_c20210101__20211231_zCPQvevYjY43" title="No change in valuation allowance">1,300,000</span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Foreign
earnings are assumed to be permanently reinvested. U.S. Federal income taxes have not been provided on undistributed earnings of our
foreign subsidiary.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company
has not identified any uncertain tax positions requiring a reserve as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company is required to file U.S. federal and state income tax returns. These returns are subject to audit by tax authorities beginning
with the year ended December 31, 2017.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712784720128">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract', window );"><strong>Accounting Policies [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_BasisOfAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock', window );">Basis of presentation</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zLPL6LqKHx72" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86E_z6jn9vhCxLU2">Basis
of presentation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;<br/>
The Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted
in the United States of America (&#8220;U.S. GAAP&#8221;) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock', window );">Principles of consolidation</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_84E_eus-gaap--ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock_zDRGUFyygTY7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_865_zDkSfo4CogL8">Principles
of consolidation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., and its wholly owned Canadian subsidiary,
PTI Canada. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_UseOfEstimates', window );">Use of estimates</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_zNBLpM5VgH7e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span><span id="xdx_86B_zKUTD0Z3oYX4">Use
of estimates</span></span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated
financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those
estimates. Significant estimates underlying the consolidated financial statements include valuation
of stock options and warrants and assessment of deferred tax asset valuation allowance.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk', window );">Concentrations of Credit Risk</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk_z0AJkzbYFQel" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_866_zltMemarNVCg">Concentrations
of Credit Risk</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company maintains its cash accounts at financial institutions which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. At times,
the Company may have deposits in excess of federally insured limits. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has bank balances that exceeds
the federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes, based upon the quality
of the financial institutions, that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock', window );">Cash and Cash Equivalents</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_84F_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zwHoEBE6yCh8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86B_zhY2p47XPKTe">Cash
and Cash Equivalents</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company did not have any cash equivalents.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"/>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesPolicy', window );">Marketable Securities</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zGHRnpeq2uf7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_860_zfjoqc77ehvb">Marketable
Securities</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company accounts for marketable debt securities, the only type of securities it owns, in accordance with the FASB Accounting Standards
Codification 320, Investments &#8211; Debt and Equity Securities (&#8220;ASC 320&#8221;).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to ASC 320-10-35-1, investments in debt securities that are classified as available for sale shall be measured subsequently at fair value
in the consolidated balance sheets at each balance sheet date. Unrealized holding gains and losses for available-for-sale securities
(including those classified as current assets) shall be excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company purchased $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_ztLdnY3ZE6eb" title="Purchase of marketable securities">34,122</span> and sold $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_zaBDphgGBQm5" title="Proceeds from sale of marketable securities">1,632,901</span> in marketable securities with a realized loss of
$<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesRealizedGainLoss_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231_zRg2D0AhGde8" title="Realized gain on marketable securities">46,051</span> and an unrealized loss of $<span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_c20220101__20221231_zoQ8vrDxdYVa" title="Unrealized gain on marketable securities">421,738</span>. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company owned marketable securities with
a total value of $<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_z5Uuhjr45V68" title="Marketable securities">7,763,517</span> and $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_ziMSqdvABO86" title="Marketable securities">9,830,085</span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"/><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock', window );">Equipment</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zZDLsdegIGcl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_862_zPb6YKIgoWp">Equipment</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Equipment
is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes expenditures for computer equipment. Maintenance and repairs are charged
to expense as incurred. When assets are sold, retired, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from
the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. The cost of equipment is depreciated using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets which is three years. Depreciation expense was not material for the year
ended December 31, 2022.</span></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock', window );">Fair Value Measurements</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zzC3YwS2kejj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86B_zbxIWvip31h2">Fair
Value Measurements</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC
820, &#8220;Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure,&#8221; defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or
paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not adjusted for transaction
costs. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value
into three broad levels giving the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1)
and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
three levels are described below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
1 Inputs &#8211; Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that is accessible by the Company;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
2 Inputs &#8211; Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable,
either directly or indirectly;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
3 Inputs &#8211; Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability including significant assumptions of the Company and other market participants.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
carrying amount of the Company&#8217;s financial assets and liabilities, such as cash, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate
their fair value because of the short term maturity of those instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value
since the related rates of interest approximate current market rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Transactions
involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm&#8217;s-length basis, as the requisite conditions of competitive,
free-market dealings may not exist. Representations about transactions with related parties, if made, shall not imply that the related
party transactions were consummated on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm&#8217;s-length transactions unless such representations
can be substantiated.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock_zLfj44QQADlb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
assets or liability&#8217;s fair value measurement within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of any input that is
significant to the fair value measurement. The following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair
value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BE_zHgs4WyyMn7i" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Carrying</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Fair Value Measurement Using</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 1</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 2</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 35%; text-align: left">Marketable securities</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zF4qPNRPpThi" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current">7,763,517</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zGdAejD6YjGd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">7,763,517</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zcCkla17gSib" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0591">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zySsElQ9RVLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0593">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zHQD97xa10Ug" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">7,763,517</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Carrying</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Fair Value Measurement Using</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 1</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 2</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 35%; text-align: left">Marketable securities</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zqKGKH3SovHg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current">9,830,085</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zt2Gmro6knLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">9,830,085</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zCTY3JWTeNF7" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0601">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zLuy5grSXmXd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0603">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zdSNNILdGJ2h" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">9,830,085</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>

<p id="xdx_8AF_zOVqJeAhQ2b2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CompensationRelatedCostsPolicyTextBlock', window );">Stock-Based Compensation</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--CompensationRelatedCostsPolicyTextBlock_zq8z6zaRykX6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_86A_z7q6wRRaDVA5">Stock-Based
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company accounts for stock based compensation costs under the provisions of ASC 718, &#8220;Compensation&#8212;Stock Compensation&#8221;,
which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense related to the fair value of stock based compensation awards that
are ultimately expected to vest. Stock based compensation expense recognized includes the compensation cost for all stock based payments
granted to employees, officers, non-employees, and directors based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions
of ASC 718. ASC. 718 is also applied to awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled during the periods reported.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
any award granted under the Company&#8217;s 2016 Equity Compensation Plan (the &#8220;2016 Plan&#8221;) payable in shares of common stock
is forfeited, cancelled, or returned for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, otherwise terminates without payment being made, or
if shares of common stock are withheld to cover withholding taxes on options or other awards, the number of shares of common stock as
to which such option or award was forfeited, or which were withheld, will be available for future grants under the 2016 Plan. The Company
recognizes the impact of forfeitures when they occur.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock', window );">Basic and Diluted Net (Loss) per Common Share</a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Basic
(loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for
each period. Diluted (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock
outstanding plus the dilutive effect of shares issuable through the common stock equivalents. The effect of dilution on net loss becomes
anti-dilutive and therefore is not reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zFz2nl0JHOYd" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">103,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<p id="xdx_8AD_zK0fntPwA0hh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy', window );">Research and Development</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zpAykMDCznn3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_864_zP3xiY1eRyLe">Research
and Development</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock', window );">Foreign Currency Translation</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock_zrLge08eyEvi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_868_zn9HzO1D1vK">Foreign
Currency Translation</span></i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company follows ASC 830, <i>Foreign Currency Matters</i> (&#8220;ASC 830&#8221;) for foreign currency translation to translate the financial
statements of the foreign subsidiary from the functional currency, generally the local currency, into U.S. Dollars. ASC 830-10-45 sets
out the guidance relating to how a reporting entity determines the functional currency of a foreign entity (including of a foreign entity
in a highly inflationary economy), re-measures the books of record (if necessary), and characterizes transaction gains and losses. Pursuant
to ASC 830-10-45, the assets, liabilities, and operations of a foreign entity shall be measured using the functional currency of that
entity. An entity&#8217;s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates; normally,
that is the currency of the environment, or local currency, in which an entity primarily generates and expends cash.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
functional currency of each foreign subsidiary is determined based on management&#8217;s judgment and involves consideration of all relevant
economic facts and circumstances affecting the subsidiary. Generally, the currency in which the subsidiary transacts a majority of its
transactions, including billings, financing, payroll and other expenditures, would be considered the functional currency, but any dependency
upon the parent and the nature of the subsidiary&#8217;s operations must also be considered. If a subsidiary&#8217;s functional currency
is deemed to be the local currency, then any gain or loss associated with the translation of that subsidiary&#8217;s financial statements
is included in accumulated other comprehensive income. However, if the functional currency is deemed to be the U.S. Dollar, then any
gain or loss associated with the re-measurement of these financial statements from the local currency to the functional currency would
be included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company disposes of foreign
subsidiaries, then any cumulative translation gains or losses would be recorded into the condensed consolidated statements of operations
and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company determines that there has been a change in the functional currency of a subsidiary to
the U.S. Dollar, any translation gains or losses arising after the date of change would be included within the condensed consolidated
statements of operations and comprehensive loss.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
on an assessment of the factors discussed above, the management of the Company determined its subsidiary&#8217;s local currency (i.e.
the Canadian dollar) to be the functional currency for its foreign subsidiary.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock', window );">Recent Accounting Pronouncements</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zMyRNqgqnAV8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i><span id="xdx_863_zZTDgTE4Vkdc">Recent
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Management
does not believe that any recently issued, but not effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect
on the Company&#8217;s financial statements.</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for basis of accounting, or basis of presentation, used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS).</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for cash and cash equivalents, including the policy for determining which items are treated as cash equivalents. Other information that may be disclosed includes (1) the nature of any restrictions on the entity's use of its cash and cash equivalents, (2) whether the entity's cash and cash equivalents are insured or expose the entity to credit risk, (3) the classification of any negative balance accounts (overdrafts), and (4) the carrying basis of cash equivalents (for example, at cost) and whether the carrying amount of cash equivalents approximates fair value.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for salaries, bonuses, incentive awards, postretirement and postemployment benefits granted to employees, including equity-based arrangements; discloses methodologies for measurement, and the bases for recognizing related assets and liabilities and recognizing and reporting compensation expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (b),(f(1))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for credit risk.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy regarding (1) the principles it follows in consolidating or combining the separate financial statements, including the principles followed in determining the inclusion or exclusion of subsidiaries or other entities in the consolidated or combined financial statements and (2) its treatment of interests (for example, common stock, a partnership interest or other means of exerting influence) in other entities, for example consolidation or use of the equity or cost methods of accounting. The accounting policy may also address the accounting treatment for intercompany accounts and transactions, noncontrolling interest, and the income statement treatment in consolidation for issuances of stock by a subsidiary.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126899994&amp;loc=d3e18823-107790<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 810<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109239629&amp;loc=d3e5614-111684<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for computing basic and diluted earnings or loss per share for each class of common stock and participating security. Addresses all significant policy factors, including any antidilutive items that have been excluded from the computation and takes into account stock dividends, splits and reverse splits that occur after the balance sheet date of the latest reporting period but before the issuance of the financial statements.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3630-109257<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for fair value measurements of financial and non-financial assets, liabilities and instruments classified in shareholders' equity. Disclosures include, but are not limited to, how an entity that manages a group of financial assets and liabilities on the basis of its net exposure measures the fair value of those assets and liabilities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for (1) transactions denominated in a currency other than the reporting enterprise's functional currency, (2) translating foreign currency financial statements that are incorporated into the financial statements of the reporting enterprise by consolidation, combination, or the equity method of accounting, and (3) remeasurement of the financial statements of a foreign reporting enterprise in a hyperinflationary economy.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 830<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2175825<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for investment classified as marketable security.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy pertaining to new accounting pronouncements that may impact the entity's financial reporting. Includes, but is not limited to, quantification of the expected or actual impact.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for long-lived, physical asset used in normal conduct of business and not intended for resale. Includes, but is not limited to, work of art, historical treasure, and similar asset classified as collections.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 958<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126982197&amp;loc=d3e99779-112916<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 958<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126982197&amp;loc=d3e99893-112916<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for costs it has incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 730<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6420194&amp;loc=d3e21568-108373<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for the use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712788034112">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract', window );"><strong>Accounting Policies [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock', window );">SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock_zLfj44QQADlb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
assets or liability&#8217;s fair value measurement within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of any input that is
significant to the fair value measurement. The following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair
value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BE_zHgs4WyyMn7i" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Carrying</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Fair Value Measurement Using</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 1</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 2</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 35%; text-align: left">Marketable securities</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zF4qPNRPpThi" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current">7,763,517</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zGdAejD6YjGd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">7,763,517</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zcCkla17gSib" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0591">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zySsElQ9RVLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0593">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zHQD97xa10Ug" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">7,763,517</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Carrying</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Fair Value Measurement Using</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Value</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 1</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 2</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Level 3</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 35%; text-align: left">Marketable securities</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zqKGKH3SovHg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current">9,830,085</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zt2Gmro6knLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">9,830,085</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zCTY3JWTeNF7" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0601">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zLuy5grSXmXd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0603">&#8212;</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zdSNNILdGJ2h" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure">9,830,085</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTextBlock', window );">SCHEDULE OF ANTIDILUTIVE SECURITIES EXCLUDED FROM COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTextBlock_z9LcH2QJapC6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B4_zomN9Bjdb1e2" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF ANTIDILUTIVE SECURITIES EXCLUDED FROM COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center">Potentially Outstanding <br/> Dilutive Common Shares</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center">For the Years Ended December 31, 2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center">For the Years Ended December 31, 2021</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Conversion Feature Shares</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left">Stock Options</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zrxDQ4wyZtwc" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">1,357,466</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zj1cR4OBmV62" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">1,380,215</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Warrants</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z0KFZyU75AB7" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">1,537,158</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zYdMhxsnXxC" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">1,533,158</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Convertible Notes</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zbZshuKZcFKl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">86,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zFz2nl0JHOYd" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">103,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231_zDWQGA4Q7J9i" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">2,980,624</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231_zSMCUoBat6Yg" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares">3,016,373</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>


<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of securities (including those issuable pursuant to contingent stock agreements) that could potentially dilute basic earnings per share (EPS) in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because to do so would increase EPS amounts or decrease loss per share amounts for the period presented, by antidilutive securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 820<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126976982&amp;loc=d3e19207-110258<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 820<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126976982&amp;loc=d3e19207-110258<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712782702160">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of the (a) carrying value as of the balance sheet date of liabilities incurred (and for which invoices have typically been received) and payable to vendors for goods and services received that are used in an entity's business (accounts payable); (b) other payables; and (c) accrued liabilities. Examples include taxes, interest, rent and utilities. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer). An alternative caption includes accrued expenses.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712778793056">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; DEFICIT (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
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<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock', window );">SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED PAYMENT AWARD, STOCK OPTIONS, VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS</a></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></p>

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    </tr>
  </table>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock', window );">SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION, STOCK OPTIONS, ACTIVITY</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_891_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zFmaSKnsipje" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following is an analysis of the stock option grant activity under the Plan:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BA_zcFgfMGwxUP6" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION, STOCK OPTIONS, ACTIVITY</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Weighted<br/> Average</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-align: left">Stock Options</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Outstanding December 31, 2020</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zJ9d374ngDA8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning">5.88</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zg3z6Mj96lbd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Stock Options, Expired">(72,500</p></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zNDUDSDx7Kp8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Expired">4.00</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zd6wdBY87vj8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Stock Option, Exercised">(92,500</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zwDItdMm4zRl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Exercised">5.92</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; width: 46%">Outstanding December 31, 2021</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zDN7P1DplPy7" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning">1,380,216</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zrWUFPwJ3Ve3" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning">7.36</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zeeLTVx23sah" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending">6.32</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zw7cZ5epOQSc" style="text-align: right" title="Stock Options, Granted">12,500</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zTl3iyKyvDn4" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Granted">4.84</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z9AUH5OUGHv4" title="Weighted average remaining contractual term">9.02</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_iN_di_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zuFpTglo12u7" style="text-align: right" title="Stock Options, Expired">(35,250</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zbmdrQHbPIyl" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Expired">6.09</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zMWxa17TwYb5" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Stock Option, Exercised"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0770">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z73bFcifteD9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Exercised"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0772">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Outstanding December 31, 2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zbmzoweL1ODd" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Ending">1,357,466</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zQOCkYz1Tpz" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Ending">7.39</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zS86JF3K9Z03" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending">5.41</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>


<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfNonvestedShareActivityTableTextBlock', window );">SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION NONVESTED SHARES</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfNonvestedShareActivityTableTextBlock_zLNshK1BbId5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
summary of the status of the Company&#8217;s nonvested options as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the years ended December 31,
2022 and 2021, is presented below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B6_zRl10klC2441" style="display: none">SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION NONVESTED SHARES</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Nonvested Options</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Options</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Weighted-Average<br/> Exercise Price</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Nonvested at December 31, 2020</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"><p id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares_iS_c20210101__20211231_zZGf6FWq6h5e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance">215,708</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"><p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iS_c20210101__20211231_zDY4A6wQy92h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance">7.00</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Vested</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Vested</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_iN_di_c20220101__20221231_z4ydzf9SZqG4" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Vested">(96,896</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Forfeited</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock', window );">SUMMARY OF WARRANT ISSUANCES</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_89B_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z4gPW5LKRKX" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
summary of warrant issuances are as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BA_zgv6aWAMR2Ol" style="display: none">SUMMARY
OF WARRANT ISSUANCES</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Weighted<br/> Average</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Remaining Life</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-align: justify">Warrants</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Outstanding December 31, 2020</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231_z89nxlDID86f" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Beginning">1,001,765</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20210101__20211231_z0yZZF5dXrkj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Granted">914,250</p></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><p id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zUf4bVmQI1Wi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired">(37,562</p></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: justify">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><p id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zgB3IyFVYSOf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised">(345,295</p></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><p id="xdx_989_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231_zfrBXPY2nhc9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised">4.52</p></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 46%; text-align: justify">Outstanding December 31, 2021</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20220101__20221231_z7coI87mY8fb" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Beginning">1,533,158</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20220101__20221231_zsu8iJ0XCbf4" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning">13.52</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zg7kFRuXFiNk" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life">3.15</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Granted</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20220101__20221231_zl4i0tBcUPM1" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Granted">4,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_909_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zJ8lkSXV6Qxf" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life">4.02</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Expired</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations_c20220101__20221231_zk6nyHAbwqx9" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0901">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_982_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231_zNmzlrNaZwJ4" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Expired"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0903">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Exercised</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_c20220101__20221231_z4E0HgRE7Ib9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0905">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231_zUSvGL72uFxb" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0907">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Outstanding December 31, 2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20220101__20221231_zbc1Ejq6d7td" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Ending">1,537,158</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98D_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20220101__20221231_z0yDh3flQ66h" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending">13.49</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_900_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zLNJcuKYOL8" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life">2.15</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>


<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of the changes in outstanding nonvested shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(2)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of warrants or rights issued. Warrants and rights outstanding are derivative securities that give the holder the right to purchase securities (usually equity) from the issuer at a specific price within a certain time frame. Warrants are often included in a new debt issue to entice investors by a higher return potential. The main difference between warrants and call options is that warrants are issued and guaranteed by the company, whereas options are exchange instruments and are not issued by the company. Also, the lifetime of a warrant is often measured in years, while the lifetime of a typical option is measured in months. Disclose the title of issue of securities called for by warrants and rights outstanding, the aggregate amount of securities called for by warrants and rights outstanding, the date from which the warrants or rights are exercisable, and the price at which the warrant or right is exercisable.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712780084432">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>INCOME TAXES (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfIncomeBeforeIncomeTaxDomesticAndForeignTableTextBlock', window );">SCHEDULE OF LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_89E_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfIncomeBeforeIncomeTaxDomesticAndForeignTableTextBlock_zwN1cJDWrnre" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B4_zvphDSGtspni" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20220101__20221231_zBpZrStl4pF1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20210101__20211231_zYzPXXbslf6c" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2021</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left; width: 63%">Domestic</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">(3,522,834</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">(4,522,862</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign_maILFCOz0xd_zkGZHCv0oVJ6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Foreign</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(32,671</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(72</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_iT_mtILFCOz0xd_z2xeuKx5uAdj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Loss before income taxes</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(3,555,505</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(4,522,934</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock', window );">SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_zWZ7LiwECMBh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, a reconciliation of the Company&#8217;s effective tax rate to the statutory U.S. Federal
rate is as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B5_z6GkNCXQGvh1" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION</span></span></p>

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    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49C_20220101__20221231_zANNHMgvOpc8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20210101__20211231_zq3fShMHZDzc" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2021</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 63%; text-align: left">Income taxes at Federal statutory rate</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">(21.0</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">)%</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right">(21.0</td><td style="width: 2%; text-align: left">)%</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">State income taxes, net of Federal income tax effect</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(8.8</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(8.9</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Perm difference</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Foreign tax rate differential</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(0.2</td><td style="text-align: left">)%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Change in valuation allowance</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">30.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">29.9</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments_dp_uPure_z5w9b5GL676j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Other</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations_dp_uPure_z05Ufkq9vR2g" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Income tax provision</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">0.0</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  </table>

<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock', window );">SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_89D_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_z4ydpWKU9xT9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Company&#8217;s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B5_zrFqOVPcoK7a" style="display: none">SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES</span></span></p>

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    <td>&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(1)(Note 1))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br></p></div>
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<th class="th"><div>Mar. 22, 2023</div></th>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Description of the reverse stock split arrangement. Also provide the retroactive effect given by the reverse split that occurs after the balance sheet date but before the release of financial statements.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712780128704">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringAndNonrecurringBasisLineItems', window );"><strong>Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="nump">$ 7,763,517<span></span>
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<td class="nump">$ 9,830,085<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis=us-gaap_FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember', window );">Fair Value, Recurring [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringAndNonrecurringBasisLineItems', window );"><strong>Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure', window );">Investments, fair value disclosure</a></td>
<td class="nump">7,763,517<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">9,830,085<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis=us-gaap_FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember', window );">Fair Value, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringAndNonrecurringBasisLineItems', window );"><strong>Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure', window );">Investments, fair value disclosure</a></td>
<td class="nump">7,763,517<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">9,830,085<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis=us-gaap_FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember', window );">Fair Value, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringAndNonrecurringBasisLineItems', window );"><strong>Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure', window );">Investments, fair value disclosure</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis=us-gaap_FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember', window );">Fair Value, Recurring [Member] | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringAndNonrecurringBasisLineItems', window );"><strong>Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure', window );">Investments, fair value disclosure</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_FairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringAndNonrecurringBasisLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringAndNonrecurringBasisLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fair value portion of investment securities, including, but not limited to, marketable securities, derivative financial instruments, and investments accounted for under the equity method.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 820<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126976982&amp;loc=d3e19207-110258<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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</table></div>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of investment in marketable security, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis=us-gaap_FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis=us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis=us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel2Member</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712782761040">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SCHEDULE OF ANTIDILUTIVE SECURITIES EXCLUDED FROM COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE (Details) - shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems', window );"><strong>Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount', window );">Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,980,624<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,016,373<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=us-gaap_StockOptionMember', window );">Equity Option [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems', window );"><strong>Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount', window );">Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,357,466<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,380,215<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember', window );">Warrant [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems', window );"><strong>Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount', window );">Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,537,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,533,158<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=PTIX_ConvertibleNotesMember', window );">Convertible Notes [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems', window );"><strong>Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount', window );">Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">86,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">103,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Securities (including those issuable pursuant to contingent stock agreements) that could potentially dilute basic earnings per share (EPS) or earnings per unit (EPU) in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS or EPU because to do so would increase EPS or EPU amounts or decrease loss per share or unit amounts for the period presented.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=us-gaap_StockOptionMember</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=PTIX_ConvertibleNotesMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=PTIX_ConvertibleNotesMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>42
<FILENAME>R25.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712783461680">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract', window );"><strong>Accounting Policies [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities', window );">Purchase of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 34,122<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 10,395,547<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities', window );">Proceeds from sale of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,632,901<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesRealizedGainLoss', window );">Realized gain on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">46,051<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss', window );">Unrealized gain on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">421,738<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecurities', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 7,763,517<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 9,830,085<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of investment in marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03.4)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126897435&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecurities</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesRealizedGainLoss">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of realized gain (loss) on investment in marketable security, including other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of unrealized gain (loss) on investment in marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(7)(c))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash outflow for purchase of marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 320<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124260329&amp;loc=d3e26853-111562<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow associated with the aggregate amount received by the entity through sale or maturity of marketable securities (held-to-maturity or available-for-sale) during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>43
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712779859344">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SCHEDULE OF ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PayablesAndAccrualsAbstract', window );"><strong>Payables and Accruals [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent', window );">Accounting</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 36,750<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 68,151<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent', window );">Research and development</a></td>
<td class="nump">557,934<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">375,427<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent', window );">Legal</a></td>
<td class="nump">25,462<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">77,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent', window );">Other</a></td>
<td class="nump">155,486<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">278,957<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent', window );">Total</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 775,632<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 799,535<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Accrued accounting fees current and noncurrent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Accrued research and development current and noncurrent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying values as of the balance sheet date of obligations incurred through that date, including liabilities incurred and payable to vendors for goods and services received, taxes, interest, rent and utilities, compensation costs, payroll taxes and fringe benefits (other than pension and postretirement obligations), contractual rights and obligations, and statutory obligations.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03.15)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126734703&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03.15(1),(5))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126897435&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of obligations incurred through that date and payable for professional fees, such as for legal and accounting services received.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03.15(a))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126734703&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03.15(5))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126897435&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expenses incurred but not yet paid classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03.15(a))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126734703&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03.15(5))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126897435&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PayablesAndAccrualsAbstract</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712782781248">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>NOTE PAYABLE AND CONVERTIBLE NOTE PAYABLE (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShortTermDebtLineItems', window );"><strong>Short-Term Debt [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium', window );">Amortization of debt discount</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 110,797<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 427,137<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember', window );">Convertible Notes Payable [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShortTermDebtLineItems', window );"><strong>Short-Term Debt [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium', window );">Amortization of debt discount</a></td>
<td class="nump">110,797<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">333,400<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount', window );">Unamortization of debt discount</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 79,409<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">182,716<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtConversionConvertedInstrumentSharesIssued1', window );">Debt conversion of shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">18,912<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentPrincipal', window );">Debt instrument principal amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 85,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentInterest', window );">Debt instrument interest amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">9,985<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayable', window );">Convertible notes payable</a></td>
<td class="nump">230,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">315,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember', window );">Convertible Notes Payable Related Party [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShortTermDebtLineItems', window );"><strong>Short-Term Debt [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium', window );">Amortization of debt discount</a></td>
<td class="nump">7,490<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">93,737<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount', window );">Unamortization of debt discount</a></td>
<td class="nump">6,361<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">13,851<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayable', window );">Convertible notes payable</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 200,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 200,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncash expense included in interest expense to amortize debt discount and premium associated with the related debt instruments. Excludes amortization of financing costs. Alternate captions include noncash interest expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 835<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124435984&amp;loc=d3e28541-108399<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1F<br> -Subparagraph (b)(2)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495355-112611<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126954810&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.8)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Including the current and noncurrent portions, carrying value as of the balance sheet date of a written promise to pay a note, initially due after one year or beyond the operating cycle if longer, which can be exchanged for a specified amount of one or more securities (typically common stock), at the option of the issuer or the holder.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(16))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126897435&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-04(13))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120401414&amp;loc=d3e603758-122996<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(22))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(16)(a))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126734703&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtConversionConvertedInstrumentSharesIssued1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The number of shares issued in exchange for the original debt being converted in a noncash (or part noncash) transaction. "Part noncash" refers to that portion of the transaction not resulting in cash receipts or payments in the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126999549&amp;loc=d3e4332-108586<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126999549&amp;loc=d3e4304-108586<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtConversionConvertedInstrumentSharesIssued1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentInterest">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of the required periodic payments applied to interest.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.22)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentInterest</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of the required periodic payments applied to principal.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.22)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentPrincipal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, after accumulated amortization, of debt discount.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 835<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124435984&amp;loc=d3e28541-108399<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 835<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114775985&amp;loc=d3e28878-108400<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1D<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495340-112611<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShortTermDebtLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShortTermDebtLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=PTIX_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
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<FILENAME>R28.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712783372592">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED PAYMENT AWARD, STOCK OPTIONS, VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS (Details) - $ / shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice', window );">Exercise price</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.84<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate', window );">Expected dividend yield</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate', window );">Risk free interest rate</a></td>
<td class="nump">1.73%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1', window );">Expected life in years</a></td>
<td class="text">10 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate', window );">Expected volatility</a></td>
<td class="nump">146.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember', window );">Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice', window );">Exercise price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7.84<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate', window );">Risk free interest rate</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0.81%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1', window );">Expected life in years</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate', window );">Expected volatility</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">147.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember', window );">Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice', window );">Exercise price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 22.40<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate', window );">Risk free interest rate</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1.58%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1', window );">Expected life in years</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">10 years<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate', window );">Expected volatility</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">158.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Agreed-upon price for the exchange of the underlying asset relating to the share-based payment award.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The estimated dividend rate (a percentage of the share price) to be paid (expected dividends) to holders of the underlying shares over the option's term.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(iii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The estimated measure of the percentage by which a share price is expected to fluctuate during a period. Volatility also may be defined as a probability-weighted measure of the dispersion of returns about the mean. The volatility of a share price is the standard deviation of the continuously compounded rates of return on the share over a specified period. That is the same as the standard deviation of the differences in the natural logarithms of the stock prices plus dividends, if any, over the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(ii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The risk-free interest rate assumption that is used in valuing an option on its own shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(iv)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Expected term of award under share-based payment arrangement, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<DOCUMENT>
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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<head>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712779837232">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION, STOCK OPTIONS, ACTIVITY (Details) - $ / shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="3">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 06, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardLineItems', window );"><strong>Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,380,216<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Stock Options, Granted</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">145,750<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Stock Options Outstanding, Ending</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,357,466<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,380,216<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Ending</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7.39<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember', window );">Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardLineItems', window );"><strong>Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,380,216<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,399,466<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7.36<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 5.88<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2', window );">Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending</a></td>
<td class="text">10 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years 4 months 28 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">6 years 3 months 25 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">6 years 5 months 23 days<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Stock Options, Granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">12,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">145,750<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.84<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.84<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 19.08<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm', window );">Weighted average remaining contractual term</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">9 years 7 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">9 years 1 month 13 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod', window );">Stock Options, Expired</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(35,250)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(72,500)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Expired</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 6.09<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.00<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised', window );">Stock Option, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(92,500)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 5.92<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised', window );">Stock Option, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">92,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Stock Options Outstanding, Ending</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,357,466<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,380,216<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,399,466<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Ending</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7.39<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7.36<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 5.88<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average remaining contractual term</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of options or other stock instruments for which the right to exercise has lapsed under the terms of the plan agreements.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Gross number of share options (or share units) granted during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(01)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of options outstanding, including both vested and non-vested options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(ii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average price at which grantees can acquire the shares reserved for issuance under the stock option plan.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(ii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average price at which option holders acquired shares when converting their stock options into shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(02)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average price at which grantees could have acquired the underlying shares with respect to stock options of the plan that expired.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average per share amount at which grantees can acquire shares of common stock by exercise of options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(01)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average remaining contractual term for option awards outstanding, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents the reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (e)(1)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of share options (or share units) exercised during the current period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(02)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712783346992">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION NONVESTED SHARES (Details) - $ / shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares', window );">Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance</a></td>
<td class="nump">202,583<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">215,708<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue', window );">Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 12.32<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7.00<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Nonvested Options, Granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">12,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">145,750<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue', window );">Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.84<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 19.08<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares', window );">Nonvested Options, Vested</a></td>
<td class="nump">96,896<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">158,875<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue', window );">Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Vested</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 10.44<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 12.28<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares', window );">Nonvested Options, Forfeited</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue', window );">Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Forfeited</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares', window );">Nonvested Options, Vested</a></td>
<td class="num">(96,896)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(158,875)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares', window );">Nonvested Options, Ending Balance</a></td>
<td class="nump">118,187<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">202,583<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue', window );">Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Ending Balance</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 13.07<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 12.32<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EquityAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Gross number of share options (or share units) granted during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(01)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the reporting period as calculated by applying the disclosed option pricing methodology.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (d)(1)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of non-vested options outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of non-vested options forfeited.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average grant-date fair value of non-vested options forfeited.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average grant-date fair value of non-vested options outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of options vested.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average grant-date fair value of options vested.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>48
<FILENAME>R31.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712780129728">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SUMMARY OF WARRANT ISSUANCES (Details) - $ / shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="3">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,533,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,001,765<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 13.52<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.24<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life</a></td>
<td class="text">2 years 1 month 24 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">3 years 1 month 24 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">1 year 10 months 9 days<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">914,250<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 5.00<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 19.92<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life</a></td>
<td class="text">4 years 7 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">4 years 9 months 29 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(37,562)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Expired</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 5.00<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(345,295)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.52<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">37,562<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">345,295<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Ending</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,537,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,533,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,001,765<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 13.49<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 13.52<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.24<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of warrants outstanding, weighted average exercise price, expired</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of warrants outstanding, weighted average exercise price, expired.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>ShareBased payment award non option equity instruments granted weighted average remaining contractual term.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average per share amount at which grantees can acquire shares of common stock by exercise of non-option equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average price at which grantees can acquire the shares reserved for issuance under the stock non-option equity plan.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>ShareBased payment award non option equity instruments outstanding weighted average remaining contractual term.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EquityAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of non-option equity instruments exercised by participants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(2)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares under non-option equity instrument agreements for which rights to exercise lapsed.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(4)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Net number of non-option equity instruments granted to participants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(1)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of equity instruments other than options outstanding, including both vested and non-vested instruments.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(ii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712778324608">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; DEFICIT (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="3">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 06, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 01, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 01, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities', window );">Number of shares issued, conversion of convertible securities</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">18,911<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Stock options outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,357,466<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,380,216<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Stock options outstanding weighted average exercise price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7.39<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue', window );">Stock options. intrinsic value</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Options to purchase shares</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">145,750<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm', window );">Weighted average period for unamortized stock compensation</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">3 years 4 months 13 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber', window );">Warrant shares, outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,537,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,533,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,001,765<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember', window );">Warrant [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense', window );">Share based compensation expense</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 20,433<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber', window );">Warrant shares, outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,537,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Warrant exercise price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 13.49<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding', window );">Class of warrant or right, outstanding, intrinsic value</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod', window );">Option forfeited</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights', window );">Warrants to purchase common stock</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm', window );">Warrant term</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 5.00<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=PTIX_EmployeesMember', window );">Employees [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense', window );">Share based compensation expense</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">182,748<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">769,479<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense', window );">Unamortized stock option expense</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">8,566<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=PTIX_NonEmployeesMember', window );">Non-Employees [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense', window );">Share based compensation expense</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">661,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 749,277<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense', window );">Unamortized stock option expense</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,334,107<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember', window );">Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Stock options outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,357,466<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,380,216<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,399,466<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Stock options outstanding weighted average exercise price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7.39<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7.36<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 5.88<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Options to purchase shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">12,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">145,750<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Stock options exercise price</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.84<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.84<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 19.08<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense', window );">Share based compensation expense</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 844,248<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,518,756<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1', window );">Stock options, fair value</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 68,614<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2', window );">Stock options, weighted average remaining contractual term</a></td>
<td class="text">10 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years 4 months 28 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">6 years 3 months 25 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">6 years 5 months 23 days<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember', window );">Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member] | General and Administrative Expense [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense', window );">Share based compensation expense</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 747,830<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,513,835<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember', window );">Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member] | Research and Development Expense [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense', window );">Share based compensation expense</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 96,418<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,921<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember', window );">Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member] | Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Stock options exercise price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.84<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember', window );">Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member] | Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Stock options exercise price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 22.40<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_StockOptionMember', window );">Equity Option [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense', window );">Unamortized stock option expense</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,342,673<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PlanNameAxis=PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember', window );">2016 Plan [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized', window );">Number of additional shares granted</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">184,260<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">142,457<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant', window );">Number of shares available for grant</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,543,872<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,359,612<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Class of warrant or right, outstanding, weighted average exercise price.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Class of warrant or right, outstanding, intrinsic value.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Unamortized stock compensation term.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Unamortized stock option expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_UnamortizedStockOptionExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for award under share-based payment arrangement. Excludes amount capitalized.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (h)(1)(i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Exercise price per share or per unit of warrants or rights outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21475-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of securities into which the class of warrant or right may be converted. For example, but not limited to, 500,000 warrants may be converted into 1,000,000 shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21475-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of equity instruments other than options outstanding, including both vested and non-vested instruments.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(ii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of additional shares authorized for issuance under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The difference between the maximum number of shares (or other type of equity) authorized for issuance under the plan (including the effects of amendments and adjustments), and the sum of: 1) the number of shares (or other type of equity) already issued upon exercise of options or other equity-based awards under the plan; and 2) shares (or other type of equity) reserved for issuance on granting of outstanding awards, net of cancellations and forfeitures, if applicable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The number of shares under options that were cancelled during the reporting period as a result of occurrence of a terminating event specified in contractual agreements pertaining to the stock option plan.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(03)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Gross number of share options (or share units) granted during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(01)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount by which the current fair value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of options outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of options outstanding, including both vested and non-vested options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(ii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average price at which grantees can acquire the shares reserved for issuance under the stock option plan.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(ii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average per share amount at which grantees can acquire shares of common stock by exercise of options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(01)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average remaining contractual term for option awards outstanding, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents the reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (e)(1)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fair value of options vested. Excludes equity instruments other than options, for example, but not limited to, share units, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (d)(2)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares issued during the period as a result of the conversion of convertible securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.29-30)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1E<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123466505&amp;loc=SL123495348-112611<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21475-112644<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126973232&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Period between issuance and expiration of outstanding warrant and right embodying unconditional obligation requiring redemption by transferring asset at specified or determinable date or upon event certain to occur, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 820<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (bbb)(2)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126976982&amp;loc=d3e19207-110258<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=PTIX_EmployeesMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=PTIX_EmployeesMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=PTIX_NonEmployeesMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=PTIX_NonEmployeesMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeStatementLocationAxis=us-gaap_GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeStatementLocationAxis=us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember</td>
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<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_StockOptionMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PlanNameAxis=PTIX_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712780186672">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="3">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2015</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems', window );"><strong>Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares', window );">Number of stock options vested</a></td>
<td class="nump">96,896<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">158,875<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense', window );">Research and development expense</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,589,239<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,136,790<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember', window );">Research Agreements [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems', window );"><strong>Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense', window );">Research and development expense</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 28,645<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_CounterpartyNameAxis=PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember', window );">University of Toronto [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems', window );"><strong>Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod', window );">Share-based compensation stock options, grants</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6,250<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Share-based compensation weighted average exercise price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.00<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod', window );">Share-based payment award, expiration period</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">10 years<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_CounterpartyNameAxis=PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember', window );">Dr. David Lovejoy [Member] | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems', window );"><strong>Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod', window );">Share-based compensation stock options, grants</a></td>
<td class="nump">138,325<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares', window );">Number of stock options vested</a></td>
<td class="nump">113,325<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares', window );">Number of stock options expired</a></td>
<td class="nump">25,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_OptionsExpirationDateDescription', window );">Options expiration date, description</a></td>
<td class="text">These have an exercise price of $4.00, $5.00 or $7.00 and are
exercisable over a period ranging from 10 to 13 years.<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_OptionsExpirationDateDescription">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Options expiration date, description.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_OptionsExpirationDateDescription</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of stock options expired.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems</td>
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<tr>
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<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility, and costs allocated in accounting for a business combination to in-process projects deemed to have no alternative future use.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 912<br> -SubTopic 730<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6472174&amp;loc=d3e58812-109433<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 985<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6501960&amp;loc=d3e128462-111756<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 730<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6420194&amp;loc=d3e21568-108373<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The weighted-average price as of the balance sheet date at which grantees can acquire the shares reserved for issuance on vested portions of options outstanding and currently exercisable under the stock option plan.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iii)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Net number of share options (or share units) granted during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(01)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Period from grant date that an equity-based award expires, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents the reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)(2)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=128089324&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of options vested.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=PTIX_ResearchAgreementsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_CounterpartyNameAxis=PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_CounterpartyNameAxis=PTIX_UniversityOfTorontoMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_CounterpartyNameAxis=PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_CounterpartyNameAxis=PTIX_DrDavidLovejoyMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>51
<FILENAME>R34.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712782521072">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsLineItems', window );"><strong>Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage', window );">Royalty payment on behalf of sublicensee percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">2.50%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Revenues', window );">Sales revenue</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate', window );">Interest on amounts owed under license agreement, rate</a></td>
<td class="nump">3.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis=us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember', window );">Licensing Agreements [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsLineItems', window );"><strong>Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage', window );">Royalty payment, percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">2.50%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage', window );">Up-front sub-license fees, percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The interest rate charged per annum on any amounts owed under the license agreement and amendment.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The percentage of royalty payment of net sales made on behalf of a sub-licensee.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The percentage of royalty payment of net sales.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_RoyaltyPaymentPercentage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Up front sub license fees percentage.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Revenues">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of revenue recognized from goods sold, services rendered, insurance premiums, or other activities that constitute an earning process. Includes, but is not limited to, investment and interest income before deduction of interest expense when recognized as a component of revenue, and sales and trading gain (loss).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI 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-SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(5))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 41<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e9038-108599<br><br>Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(5))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 42<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e9054-108599<br><br>Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 20: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 235<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-05(b)(2))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399901&amp;loc=d3e537907-122884<br><br>Reference 21: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(B))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 22: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(ii))<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Revenues</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis=us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis=us-gaap_LicensingAgreementsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712778847344">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis=PTIX_AgenusIncMember', window );">Agenus Inc. [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionLineItems', window );"><strong>Related Party Transaction [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty', window );">Accrued expense related to services</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 105,928<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 300,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent', window );">Related party balance</a></td>
<td class="nump">105,928<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis=PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember', window );">CTC North, GmbH [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionLineItems', window );"><strong>Related Party Transaction [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherCommitment', window );">Commitment for agreement</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,300,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_AgreementExpenses', window );">Agreement expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">105,801<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty', window );">Related party payments</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_AgreementExpenses">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Agreement expenses.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_AgreementExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying amount as of the balance sheet date of obligations due all related parties.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(k)(1))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(C))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(5))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03.17)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126734703&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iv))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iii)(B))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(5))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iv))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126975872&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 9: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03.15(3),(4))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126897435&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 850<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6457730&amp;loc=d3e39549-107864<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherCommitment">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Minimum amount of other commitment not otherwise specified in the taxonomy. Excludes commitments explicitly modeled in the taxonomy, including but not limited to, long-term and short-term purchase commitments, recorded and unrecorded purchase obligations, supply commitments, registration payment arrangements, leases, debt, product warranties, guarantees, environmental remediation obligations, and pensions.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherCommitment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Expenses recognized resulting from transactions (excluding transactions that are eliminated in consolidated or combined financial statements) with related party.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 850<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6457730&amp;loc=d3e39549-107864<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionLineItems</td>
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<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Purchases during the period (excluding transactions that are eliminated in consolidated or combined financial statements) with related party.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis=PTIX_AgenusIncMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis=PTIX_AgenusIncMember</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis=PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis=PTIX_CTCNorthGmbHMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>53
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712785393616">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SCHEDULE OF LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic', window );">Domestic</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (3,522,834)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (4,522,862)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign', window );">Foreign</a></td>
<td class="num">(32,671)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(72)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest', window );">LOSS BEFORE TAX</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (3,555,505)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (4,522,934)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of earnings or loss from continuing operations before income taxes that is attributable to domestic operations.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(1))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.Fact.3)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of income (loss) from continuing operations, including income (loss) from equity method investments, before deduction of income tax expense (benefit), and income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 940<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126941158&amp;loc=d3e41242-110953<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(10))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126953954&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 7: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(8))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400993&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 235<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-05(b)(2))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399901&amp;loc=d3e537907-122884<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 31<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=126901519&amp;loc=d3e8924-108599<br><br>Reference 10: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(15))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of earnings or loss from continuing operations before income taxes that is attributable to foreign operations, which is defined as Income or Loss generated from operations located outside the entity's country of domicile.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(1))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.Fact.3)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</body>
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>54
<FILENAME>R37.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712782482528">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION (Details)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate', window );">Income taxes at Federal statutory rate</a></td>
<td class="num">(21.00%)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(21.00%)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes', window );">State income taxes, net of Federal income tax effect</a></td>
<td class="num">(8.80%)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(8.90%)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent', window );">Perm difference</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential', window );">Foreign tax rate differential</a></td>
<td class="num">(0.20%)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance', window );">Change in valuation allowance</a></td>
<td class="nump">30.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">29.90%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments', window );">Other</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations', window );">Income tax provision</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Effective income tax rate reconciliation permanent difference percent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage of current income tax expense (benefit) and deferred income tax expense (benefit) pertaining to continuing operations.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage of domestic federal statutory tax rate applicable to pretax income (loss).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.Fact.4)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2))<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage of the difference between reported income tax expense (benefit) and expected income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the domestic federal statutory income tax rates to pretax income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.Fact.4)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage of the difference between reported income tax expense (benefit) and expected income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the domestic federal statutory income tax rates to pretax income (loss) from continuing operations applicable to statutory income tax expense (benefit) outside of the country of domicile.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.Fact.4)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage of the difference between reported income tax expense (benefit) and expected income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the domestic federal statutory income tax rates to pretax income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to other adjustments.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.Fact.4)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage of the difference between reported income tax expense (benefit) and expected income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the domestic federal statutory income tax rates to pretax income (loss) from continuing operations applicable to state and local income tax expense (benefit), net of federal tax expense (benefit).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.Fact.4)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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</body>
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712782779360">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic', window );">U.S. net operating loss carryforwards</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,620,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,779,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet', window );">Stock compensation</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,931,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,672,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss', window );">Canadian Provincial income tax losses</a></td>
<td class="nump">7,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(3,000)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch', window );">Canadian Provincial scientific investment tax credits</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(27,000)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross', window );">Deferred tax assets, gross</a></td>
<td class="nump">5,558,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,421,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance', window );">Valuation allowance</a></td>
<td class="num">(5,558,000)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(5,421,000)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet', window );">Net deferred tax assets</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Deferred tax assets income tax loss.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Deferred tax assets tax deferred expense compensation and benefits share based compensation cost net.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary differences and carryforwards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32537-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary differences and carryforwards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32537-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible domestic operating loss carryforwards. Excludes state and local operating loss carryforwards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32632-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32621-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible research tax credit carryforwards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32632-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32559-109319<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32621-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of deferred tax assets for which it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32537-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139712783380784">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>INCOME TAXES (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems', window );"><strong>Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription', window );">[custom:OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription]</a></td>
<td class="text">The
federal net operating losses generated prior to 2018 of $0.1 million will expire at various dates through 2037.<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch', window );">Research and development investment tax credits</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance', window );">No change in valuation allowance</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 137,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,300,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_StatementScenarioAxis=PTIX_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member', window );">Losses Incurred After 2017 [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems', window );"><strong>Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome', window );">[custom:PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome-0]</a></td>
<td class="nump">80.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_StatementScenarioAxis=PTIX_LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member', window );">Losses Incurred Prior To 2018 [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems', window );"><strong>Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome', window );">[custom:PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome-0]</a></td>
<td class="nump">100.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis=PTIX_FederalMember', window );">Federal [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems', window );"><strong>Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards', window );">Net operating loss carryforwards</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 10,800,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis=PTIX_StateAndLocalMember', window );">State And Local [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems', window );"><strong>Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards', window );">Net operating loss carryforwards</a></td>
<td class="nump">9,568,415<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6,921,574<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis=country_CA', window );">CANADA</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems', window );"><strong>Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards', window );">Net operating loss carryforwards</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,413,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,446,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Operating loss carryforwards expiration description.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage Of Corporations Taxable Income.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">PTIX_PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>PTIX_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">327125</us-gaap:ProceedsFromDebtNetOfIssuanceCosts>
    <us-gaap:ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">542500</us-gaap:ProceedsFromConvertibleDebt>
    <PTIX:IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">11708039</PTIX:IssuanceOfSharesAndWarrantsFromOffering>
    <PTIX:ProceedsFromNotePayable
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">100000</PTIX:ProceedsFromNotePayable>
    <us-gaap:RepaymentsOfNotesPayable
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">100000</us-gaap:RepaymentsOfNotesPayable>
    <us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">12577664</us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities>
    <us-gaap:EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">70858</us-gaap:EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations>
    <us-gaap:EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">631</us-gaap:EffectOfExchangeRateOnCashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations>
    <us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-325982</us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect>
    <us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-129920</us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect>
    <us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">541171</us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations>
    <us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">671091</us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations>
    <us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">215189</us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations>
    <us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">541171</us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations>
    <us-gaap:StockIssued1
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">94985</us-gaap:StockIssued1>
    <us-gaap:StockIssued1
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">1594968</us-gaap:StockIssued1>
    <PTIX:UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">421738</PTIX:UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities>
    <PTIX:UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">77029</PTIX:UnrealizedLossOnMarketableSecurities>
    <us-gaap:NatureOfOperations contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--NatureOfOperations_zkjMoyrDVYq1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE
1 &#x2013; &lt;span id="xdx_82B_zwuT6sTqCo3c"&gt;ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF BUSINESS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Company
Background&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Protagenic
Therapeutics, Inc. (&#x201c;we,&#x201d; &#x201c;our,&#x201d; &#x201c;Protagenic&#x201d; or &#x201c;the Company&#x201d;), formerly known as Atrinsic,
Inc., is a Delaware corporation with one subsidiary named Protagenic Therapeutics Canada (2006) Inc. (&#x201c;PTI Canada&#x201d;), a corporation
formed in 2006 under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;We
are a biopharmaceutical company specializing in the discovery and development of therapeutics to treat stress-related neuropsychiatric
and mood disorders.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Reverse
Stock Split&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;On
March 22, 2023, the Company effectuated a &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityReverseStockSplit_c20230321__20230322__us-gaap--SubsequentEventTypeAxis__us-gaap--SubsequentEventMember_zG8NVDR6GVj2" title="Reverse stock split"&gt;1 for 4 reverse stock split&lt;/span&gt; (the &#x201c;Reverse Split&#x201d;). The Company&#x2019;s stock began
trading on a split-adjusted basis effective on the Nasdaq Stock Market on March 22, 2023. There was no change to the number of authorized
shares of the Company&#x2019;s common stock. All share and per share information in these financial statements are adjusted to reflect the Reverse Split.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:NatureOfOperations>
    <us-gaap:StockholdersEquityReverseStockSplit contextRef="From2023-03-212023-03-22_us-gaap_SubsequentEventMember">1 for 4 reverse stock split</us-gaap:StockholdersEquityReverseStockSplit>
    <PTIX:LiquidityDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_808_ecustom--LiquidityDisclosureTextBlock_zlxX9Tp4ECIh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE
2 - &lt;span id="xdx_827_z7PWcAn2TDi6"&gt;LIQUIDITY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred significant recurring losses resulting in an accumulated
deficit. The Company anticipates further losses in the development of its business. The Company also had negative cash flows used in
operations. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company&#x2019;s ability to continue as a going concern.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Based
on its cash resources and positive working capital as of December 31, 2022, the Company has sufficient resources to fund its operations
at least until the end of the third quarter of 2024. The positive working capital as of December 31, 2022 was due to funds raised by
the Company from its equity offering during the year ended December 31, 2021. Absent generation of sufficient revenue from the execution
of the Company&#x2019;s business plan, the Company will need to obtain debt or equity financing by the third quarter of 2024. Because
the Company has sufficient resources on hand to fund operations through
the next twelve months from the date these consolidated financial statements are available to be issued, the Company believes that this alleviates the substantial doubt in connection with its ability to continue
as a going concern.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</PTIX:LiquidityDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock_ztoUAuFSikCl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE
3 - &lt;span id="xdx_82F_zRmlf96mIswl"&gt;SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zLPL6LqKHx72" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86E_z6jn9vhCxLU2"&gt;Basis
of presentation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;br/&gt;
The Company&#x2019;s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted
in the United States of America (&#x201c;U.S. GAAP&#x201d;) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (&#x201c;SEC&#x201d;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_84E_eus-gaap--ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock_zDRGUFyygTY7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_865_zDkSfo4CogL8"&gt;Principles
of consolidation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., and its wholly owned Canadian subsidiary,
PTI Canada. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#160;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#160;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_zNBLpM5VgH7e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zKUTD0Z3oYX4"&gt;Use
of estimates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated
financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those
estimates. Significant estimates underlying the consolidated financial statements include valuation
of stock options and warrants and assessment of deferred tax asset valuation allowance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk_z0AJkzbYFQel" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_866_zltMemarNVCg"&gt;Concentrations
of Credit Risk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company maintains its cash accounts at financial institutions which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. At times,
the Company may have deposits in excess of federally insured limits. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has bank balances that exceeds
the federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes, based upon the quality
of the financial institutions, that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_84F_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zwHoEBE6yCh8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zhY2p47XPKTe"&gt;Cash
and Cash Equivalents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company did not have any cash equivalents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"/&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zGHRnpeq2uf7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_860_zfjoqc77ehvb"&gt;Marketable
Securities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company accounts for marketable debt securities, the only type of securities it owns, in accordance with the FASB Accounting Standards
Codification 320, Investments &#x2013; Debt and Equity Securities (&#x201c;ASC 320&#x201d;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Pursuant
to ASC 320-10-35-1, investments in debt securities that are classified as available for sale shall be measured subsequently at fair value
in the consolidated balance sheets at each balance sheet date. Unrealized holding gains and losses for available-for-sale securities
(including those classified as current assets) shall be excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company purchased $&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_ztLdnY3ZE6eb" title="Purchase of marketable securities"&gt;34,122&lt;/span&gt; and sold $&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_zaBDphgGBQm5" title="Proceeds from sale of marketable securities"&gt;1,632,901&lt;/span&gt; in marketable securities with a realized loss of
$&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesRealizedGainLoss_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231_zRg2D0AhGde8" title="Realized gain on marketable securities"&gt;46,051&lt;/span&gt; and an unrealized loss of $&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_c20220101__20221231_zoQ8vrDxdYVa" title="Unrealized gain on marketable securities"&gt;421,738&lt;/span&gt;. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company owned marketable securities with
a total value of $&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_z5Uuhjr45V68" title="Marketable securities"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_ziMSqdvABO86" title="Marketable securities"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/span&gt;, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"/&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zZDLsdegIGcl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_862_zPb6YKIgoWp"&gt;Equipment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Equipment
is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes expenditures for computer equipment. Maintenance and repairs are charged
to expense as incurred. When assets are sold, retired, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from
the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. The cost of equipment is depreciated using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets which is three years. Depreciation expense was not material for the year
ended December 31, 2022.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zzC3YwS2kejj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zbxIWvip31h2"&gt;Fair
Value Measurements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;ASC
820, &#x201c;Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure,&#x201d; defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or
paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not adjusted for transaction
costs. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value
into three broad levels giving the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1)
and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
three levels are described below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Level
1 Inputs &#x2013; Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that is accessible by the Company;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Level
2 Inputs &#x2013; Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable,
either directly or indirectly;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Level
3 Inputs &#x2013; Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability including significant assumptions of the Company and other market participants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
carrying amount of the Company&#x2019;s financial assets and liabilities, such as cash, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate
their fair value because of the short term maturity of those instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value
since the related rates of interest approximate current market rates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Transactions
involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm&#x2019;s-length basis, as the requisite conditions of competitive,
free-market dealings may not exist. Representations about transactions with related parties, if made, shall not imply that the related
party transactions were consummated on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm&#x2019;s-length transactions unless such representations
can be substantiated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock_zLfj44QQADlb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
assets or liability&#x2019;s fair value measurement within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of any input that is
significant to the fair value measurement. The following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair
value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BE_zHgs4WyyMn7i" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Carrying&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Fair Value Measurement Using&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Value&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 35%; text-align: left"&gt;Marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zF4qPNRPpThi" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zGdAejD6YjGd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zcCkla17gSib" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0591"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zySsElQ9RVLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0593"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zHQD97xa10Ug" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Carrying&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Fair Value Measurement Using&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Value&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 35%; text-align: left"&gt;Marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zqKGKH3SovHg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zt2Gmro6knLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zCTY3JWTeNF7" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0601"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zLuy5grSXmXd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0603"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zdSNNILdGJ2h" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AF_zOVqJeAhQ2b2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--CompensationRelatedCostsPolicyTextBlock_zq8z6zaRykX6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86A_z7q6wRRaDVA5"&gt;Stock-Based
Compensation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company accounts for stock based compensation costs under the provisions of ASC 718, &#x201c;Compensation&#x2014;Stock Compensation&#x201d;,
which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense related to the fair value of stock based compensation awards that
are ultimately expected to vest. Stock based compensation expense recognized includes the compensation cost for all stock based payments
granted to employees, officers, non-employees, and directors based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions
of ASC 718. ASC. 718 is also applied to awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled during the periods reported.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;If
any award granted under the Company&#x2019;s 2016 Equity Compensation Plan (the &#x201c;2016 Plan&#x201d;) payable in shares of common stock
is forfeited, cancelled, or returned for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, otherwise terminates without payment being made, or
if shares of common stock are withheld to cover withholding taxes on options or other awards, the number of shares of common stock as
to which such option or award was forfeited, or which were withheld, will be available for future grants under the 2016 Plan. The Company
recognizes the impact of forfeitures when they occur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_849_eus-gaap--EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock_z8GAvlpMDZi4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_865_zoQd7lko8Dif"&gt;Basic
and Diluted Net (Loss) per Common Share&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Basic
(loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for
each period. Diluted (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock
outstanding plus the dilutive effect of shares issuable through the common stock equivalents. The effect of dilution on net loss becomes
anti-dilutive and therefore is not reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTextBlock_z9LcH2QJapC6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B4_zomN9Bjdb1e2" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF ANTIDILUTIVE SECURITIES EXCLUDED FROM COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Potentially Outstanding &lt;br/&gt; Dilutive Common Shares&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;For the Years Ended December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;For the Years Ended December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"&gt;Conversion Feature Shares&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 60%; text-align: left"&gt;Stock Options&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zrxDQ4wyZtwc" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,357,466&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zj1cR4OBmV62" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,380,215&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Warrants&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z0KFZyU75AB7" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,537,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zYdMhxsnXxC" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,533,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Convertible Notes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zbZshuKZcFKl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;86,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zFz2nl0JHOYd" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;103,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231_zDWQGA4Q7J9i" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;2,980,624&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231_zSMCUoBat6Yg" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;3,016,373&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;


&lt;p id="xdx_8AD_zK0fntPwA0hh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#160;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zpAykMDCznn3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_864_zP3xiY1eRyLe"&gt;Research
and Development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Research
and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock_zrLge08eyEvi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_868_zn9HzO1D1vK"&gt;Foreign
Currency Translation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company follows ASC 830, &lt;i&gt;Foreign Currency Matters&lt;/i&gt; (&#x201c;ASC 830&#x201d;) for foreign currency translation to translate the financial
statements of the foreign subsidiary from the functional currency, generally the local currency, into U.S. Dollars. ASC 830-10-45 sets
out the guidance relating to how a reporting entity determines the functional currency of a foreign entity (including of a foreign entity
in a highly inflationary economy), re-measures the books of record (if necessary), and characterizes transaction gains and losses. Pursuant
to ASC 830-10-45, the assets, liabilities, and operations of a foreign entity shall be measured using the functional currency of that
entity. An entity&#x2019;s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates; normally,
that is the currency of the environment, or local currency, in which an entity primarily generates and expends cash.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
functional currency of each foreign subsidiary is determined based on management&#x2019;s judgment and involves consideration of all relevant
economic facts and circumstances affecting the subsidiary. Generally, the currency in which the subsidiary transacts a majority of its
transactions, including billings, financing, payroll and other expenditures, would be considered the functional currency, but any dependency
upon the parent and the nature of the subsidiary&#x2019;s operations must also be considered. If a subsidiary&#x2019;s functional currency
is deemed to be the local currency, then any gain or loss associated with the translation of that subsidiary&#x2019;s financial statements
is included in accumulated other comprehensive income. However, if the functional currency is deemed to be the U.S. Dollar, then any
gain or loss associated with the re-measurement of these financial statements from the local currency to the functional currency would
be included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company disposes of foreign
subsidiaries, then any cumulative translation gains or losses would be recorded into the condensed consolidated statements of operations
and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company determines that there has been a change in the functional currency of a subsidiary to
the U.S. Dollar, any translation gains or losses arising after the date of change would be included within the condensed consolidated
statements of operations and comprehensive loss.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Based
on an assessment of the factors discussed above, the management of the Company determined its subsidiary&#x2019;s local currency (i.e.
the Canadian dollar) to be the functional currency for its foreign subsidiary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zMyRNqgqnAV8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_863_zZTDgTE4Vkdc"&gt;Recent
Accounting Pronouncements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Management
does not believe that any recently issued, but not effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect
on the Company&#x2019;s financial statements.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_85A_zCNwV2MLeH2c" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#160;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:BasisOfAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zLPL6LqKHx72" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86E_z6jn9vhCxLU2"&gt;Basis
of presentation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;br/&gt;
The Company&#x2019;s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted
in the United States of America (&#x201c;U.S. GAAP&#x201d;) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (&#x201c;SEC&#x201d;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:BasisOfAccountingPolicyPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_84E_eus-gaap--ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock_zDRGUFyygTY7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_865_zDkSfo4CogL8"&gt;Principles
of consolidation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Protagenic Therapeutics, Inc., and its wholly owned Canadian subsidiary,
PTI Canada. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#160;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#160;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:ConsolidationPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:UseOfEstimates contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_zNBLpM5VgH7e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zKUTD0Z3oYX4"&gt;Use
of estimates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated
financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those
estimates. Significant estimates underlying the consolidated financial statements include valuation
of stock options and warrants and assessment of deferred tax asset valuation allowance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:UseOfEstimates>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk_z0AJkzbYFQel" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_866_zltMemarNVCg"&gt;Concentrations
of Credit Risk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company maintains its cash accounts at financial institutions which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. At times,
the Company may have deposits in excess of federally insured limits. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has bank balances that exceeds
the federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes, based upon the quality
of the financial institutions, that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskCreditRisk>
    <us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_84F_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zwHoEBE6yCh8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zhY2p47XPKTe"&gt;Cash
and Cash Equivalents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company did not have any cash equivalents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"/&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesPolicy contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zGHRnpeq2uf7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_860_zfjoqc77ehvb"&gt;Marketable
Securities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company accounts for marketable debt securities, the only type of securities it owns, in accordance with the FASB Accounting Standards
Codification 320, Investments &#x2013; Debt and Equity Securities (&#x201c;ASC 320&#x201d;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Pursuant
to ASC 320-10-35-1, investments in debt securities that are classified as available for sale shall be measured subsequently at fair value
in the consolidated balance sheets at each balance sheet date. Unrealized holding gains and losses for available-for-sale securities
(including those classified as current assets) shall be excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company purchased $&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_ztLdnY3ZE6eb" title="Purchase of marketable securities"&gt;34,122&lt;/span&gt; and sold $&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_c20220101__20221231_zaBDphgGBQm5" title="Proceeds from sale of marketable securities"&gt;1,632,901&lt;/span&gt; in marketable securities with a realized loss of
$&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesRealizedGainLoss_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231_zRg2D0AhGde8" title="Realized gain on marketable securities"&gt;46,051&lt;/span&gt; and an unrealized loss of $&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_c20220101__20221231_zoQ8vrDxdYVa" title="Unrealized gain on marketable securities"&gt;421,738&lt;/span&gt;. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company owned marketable securities with
a total value of $&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_z5Uuhjr45V68" title="Marketable securities"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--MarketableSecurities_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_ziMSqdvABO86" title="Marketable securities"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/span&gt;, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"/&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesPolicy>
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      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">34122</us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities>
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      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">1632901</us-gaap:ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities>
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      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">46051</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesRealizedGainLoss>
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      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">421738</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss>
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    <us-gaap:MarketableSecurities contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">9830085</us-gaap:MarketableSecurities>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zZDLsdegIGcl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_862_zPb6YKIgoWp"&gt;Equipment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Equipment
is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes expenditures for computer equipment. Maintenance and repairs are charged
to expense as incurred. When assets are sold, retired, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from
the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. The cost of equipment is depreciated using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets which is three years. Depreciation expense was not material for the year
ended December 31, 2022.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zzC3YwS2kejj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zbxIWvip31h2"&gt;Fair
Value Measurements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;ASC
820, &#x201c;Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure,&#x201d; defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or
paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not adjusted for transaction
costs. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value
into three broad levels giving the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1)
and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
three levels are described below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Level
1 Inputs &#x2013; Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that is accessible by the Company;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Level
2 Inputs &#x2013; Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable,
either directly or indirectly;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Level
3 Inputs &#x2013; Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability including significant assumptions of the Company and other market participants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
carrying amount of the Company&#x2019;s financial assets and liabilities, such as cash, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate
their fair value because of the short term maturity of those instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value
since the related rates of interest approximate current market rates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Transactions
involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm&#x2019;s-length basis, as the requisite conditions of competitive,
free-market dealings may not exist. Representations about transactions with related parties, if made, shall not imply that the related
party transactions were consummated on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm&#x2019;s-length transactions unless such representations
can be substantiated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock_zLfj44QQADlb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
assets or liability&#x2019;s fair value measurement within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of any input that is
significant to the fair value measurement. The following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair
value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BE_zHgs4WyyMn7i" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Carrying&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Fair Value Measurement Using&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Value&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 35%; text-align: left"&gt;Marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zF4qPNRPpThi" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zGdAejD6YjGd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zcCkla17gSib" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0591"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zySsElQ9RVLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0593"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zHQD97xa10Ug" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Carrying&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Fair Value Measurement Using&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Value&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 35%; text-align: left"&gt;Marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zqKGKH3SovHg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zt2Gmro6knLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zCTY3JWTeNF7" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0601"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zLuy5grSXmXd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0603"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zdSNNILdGJ2h" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AF_zOVqJeAhQ2b2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfFairValueAssetsAndLiabilitiesMeasuredOnRecurringBasisTableTextBlock_zLfj44QQADlb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
assets or liability&#x2019;s fair value measurement within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of any input that is
significant to the fair value measurement. The following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair
value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BE_zHgs4WyyMn7i" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED ON RECURRING BASIC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Carrying&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Fair Value Measurement Using&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Value&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 35%; text-align: left"&gt;Marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zF4qPNRPpThi" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zGdAejD6YjGd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel2Member_zcCkla17gSib" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0591"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zySsElQ9RVLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0593"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zHQD97xa10Ug" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;7,763,517&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
following table provides a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Carrying&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Fair Value Measurement Using&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Value&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Level 3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 35%; text-align: left"&gt;Marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zqKGKH3SovHg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities, current"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_zt2Gmro6knLg" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
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    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel3Member_zLuy5grSXmXd" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0603"&gt;&#x2014;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--InvestmentsFairValueDisclosure_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FairValueByMeasurementFrequencyAxis__us-gaap--FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember_zdSNNILdGJ2h" style="width: 9%; text-align: right" title="Investments, fair value disclosure"&gt;9,830,085&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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Compensation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company accounts for stock based compensation costs under the provisions of ASC 718, &#x201c;Compensation&#x2014;Stock Compensation&#x201d;,
which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense related to the fair value of stock based compensation awards that
are ultimately expected to vest. Stock based compensation expense recognized includes the compensation cost for all stock based payments
granted to employees, officers, non-employees, and directors based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions
of ASC 718. ASC. 718 is also applied to awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled during the periods reported.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;If
any award granted under the Company&#x2019;s 2016 Equity Compensation Plan (the &#x201c;2016 Plan&#x201d;) payable in shares of common stock
is forfeited, cancelled, or returned for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, otherwise terminates without payment being made, or
if shares of common stock are withheld to cover withholding taxes on options or other awards, the number of shares of common stock as
to which such option or award was forfeited, or which were withheld, will be available for future grants under the 2016 Plan. The Company
recognizes the impact of forfeitures when they occur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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and Diluted Net (Loss) per Common Share&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Basic
(loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for
each period. Diluted (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock
outstanding plus the dilutive effect of shares issuable through the common stock equivalents. The effect of dilution on net loss becomes
anti-dilutive and therefore is not reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTextBlock_z9LcH2QJapC6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B4_zomN9Bjdb1e2" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF ANTIDILUTIVE SECURITIES EXCLUDED FROM COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Potentially Outstanding &lt;br/&gt; Dilutive Common Shares&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;For the Years Ended December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;For the Years Ended December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"&gt;Conversion Feature Shares&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 60%; text-align: left"&gt;Stock Options&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zrxDQ4wyZtwc" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,357,466&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zj1cR4OBmV62" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,380,215&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Warrants&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z0KFZyU75AB7" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,537,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zYdMhxsnXxC" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,533,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Convertible Notes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zbZshuKZcFKl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;86,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zFz2nl0JHOYd" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;103,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231_zDWQGA4Q7J9i" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;2,980,624&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231_zSMCUoBat6Yg" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;3,016,373&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;


&lt;p id="xdx_8AD_zK0fntPwA0hh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#160;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTextBlock_z9LcH2QJapC6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B4_zomN9Bjdb1e2" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF ANTIDILUTIVE SECURITIES EXCLUDED FROM COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Potentially Outstanding &lt;br/&gt; Dilutive Common Shares&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;For the Years Ended December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;For the Years Ended December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left"&gt;Conversion Feature Shares&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 60%; text-align: left"&gt;Stock Options&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zrxDQ4wyZtwc" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,357,466&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zj1cR4OBmV62" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,380,215&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Warrants&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z0KFZyU75AB7" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,537,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zYdMhxsnXxC" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;1,533,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Convertible Notes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zbZshuKZcFKl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;86,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesMember_zFz2nl0JHOYd" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;103,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20220101__20221231_zDWQGA4Q7J9i" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;2,980,624&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231_zSMCUoBat6Yg" style="text-align: right" title="Total potentially outstanding dilutive common shares"&gt;3,016,373&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;


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    <us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_844_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zpAykMDCznn3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_864_zP3xiY1eRyLe"&gt;Research
and Development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Research
and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy>
    <us-gaap:ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ForeignCurrencyTransactionsAndTranslationsPolicyTextBlock_zrLge08eyEvi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_868_zn9HzO1D1vK"&gt;Foreign
Currency Translation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company follows ASC 830, &lt;i&gt;Foreign Currency Matters&lt;/i&gt; (&#x201c;ASC 830&#x201d;) for foreign currency translation to translate the financial
statements of the foreign subsidiary from the functional currency, generally the local currency, into U.S. Dollars. ASC 830-10-45 sets
out the guidance relating to how a reporting entity determines the functional currency of a foreign entity (including of a foreign entity
in a highly inflationary economy), re-measures the books of record (if necessary), and characterizes transaction gains and losses. Pursuant
to ASC 830-10-45, the assets, liabilities, and operations of a foreign entity shall be measured using the functional currency of that
entity. An entity&#x2019;s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates; normally,
that is the currency of the environment, or local currency, in which an entity primarily generates and expends cash.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
functional currency of each foreign subsidiary is determined based on management&#x2019;s judgment and involves consideration of all relevant
economic facts and circumstances affecting the subsidiary. Generally, the currency in which the subsidiary transacts a majority of its
transactions, including billings, financing, payroll and other expenditures, would be considered the functional currency, but any dependency
upon the parent and the nature of the subsidiary&#x2019;s operations must also be considered. If a subsidiary&#x2019;s functional currency
is deemed to be the local currency, then any gain or loss associated with the translation of that subsidiary&#x2019;s financial statements
is included in accumulated other comprehensive income. However, if the functional currency is deemed to be the U.S. Dollar, then any
gain or loss associated with the re-measurement of these financial statements from the local currency to the functional currency would
be included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company disposes of foreign
subsidiaries, then any cumulative translation gains or losses would be recorded into the condensed consolidated statements of operations
and comprehensive income (loss). If the Company determines that there has been a change in the functional currency of a subsidiary to
the U.S. Dollar, any translation gains or losses arising after the date of change would be included within the condensed consolidated
statements of operations and comprehensive loss.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Based
on an assessment of the factors discussed above, the management of the Company determined its subsidiary&#x2019;s local currency (i.e.
the Canadian dollar) to be the functional currency for its foreign subsidiary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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    <us-gaap:NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_847_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zMyRNqgqnAV8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_863_zZTDgTE4Vkdc"&gt;Recent
Accounting Pronouncements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Management
does not believe that any recently issued, but not effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect
on the Company&#x2019;s financial statements.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock_zQ4qj04p435" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE
4 - &lt;span id="xdx_824_zAGBlkEYZt47"&gt;ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zqvCitPnw3rk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Accounts
payable and accrued expenses consist of the following at:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BF_zSddRzZozLol" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE
OF ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20221231_zswky176nl5d" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20211231_zUPijYsrI2wl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_406_ecustom--AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zEUE8XULOBTb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 60%"&gt;Accounting&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;36,750&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;68,151&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40E_ecustom--AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zvAnwSKuAwi1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Research and development&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;557,934&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;375,427&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_znpsH8X964bf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Legal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;25,462&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;77,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zp9JCc8hvX3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Other&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;155,486&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;278,957&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iTI_pp0p0_mtAPAALzt0f_zfteL4w1ThUb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;775,632&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;799,535&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A0_zWtB0B2mwPI7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#160;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#160;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zqvCitPnw3rk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Accounts
payable and accrued expenses consist of the following at:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BF_zSddRzZozLol" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE
OF ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20221231_zswky176nl5d" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20211231_zUPijYsrI2wl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_406_ecustom--AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zEUE8XULOBTb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 60%"&gt;Accounting&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;36,750&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;68,151&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40E_ecustom--AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zvAnwSKuAwi1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Research and development&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;557,934&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;375,427&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_znpsH8X964bf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Legal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;25,462&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;77,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAPAALzt0f_zp9JCc8hvX3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Other&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;155,486&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;278,957&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iTI_pp0p0_mtAPAALzt0f_zfteL4w1ThUb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;775,632&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;799,535&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock>
    <PTIX:AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">36750</PTIX:AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <PTIX:AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">68151</PTIX:AccruedAccountingFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <PTIX:AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">557934</PTIX:AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <PTIX:AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">375427</PTIX:AccruedResearchAndDevelopmentCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <us-gaap:AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">25462</us-gaap:AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <us-gaap:AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">77000</us-gaap:AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <us-gaap:OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">155486</us-gaap:OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <us-gaap:OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">278957</us-gaap:OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">775632</us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">799535</us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <us-gaap:DebtDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--DebtDisclosureTextBlock_zdQaC2Y13SI9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE
5 &#x2013; &lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_826_zoqx1hLyDjhk"&gt;NOTE PAYABLE AND CONVERTIBLE NOTE PAYABLE&lt;/span&gt; (PIK NOTES)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Convertible
Notes Payable&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company amortized $&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_z3lhJ10vxIJ1" title="Amortization of debt discount"&gt;110,797&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zqdOBo0o5Uq2" title="Amortization of debt discount"&gt;333,400&lt;/span&gt; of the debt discount, respectively. At December
31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had an unamortized debt discount of $&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zZRWAcLygxQg" title="Unamortized debt discount"&gt;79,409&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_z74k0wVen7G7" title="Unamortized debt discount"&gt;182,716&lt;/span&gt;, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the year ended December 31, 2022, a total of &lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--DebtConversionConvertedInstrumentSharesIssued1_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zqG6wU9tRAyj" title="Debt conversion of shares"&gt;18,912&lt;/span&gt; shares of the Company&#x2019;s common stock was issued for the conversion of notes
and interest. A total of $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentPrincipal_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zEx5eCrETkY5" title="Debt instrument principal amount"&gt;85,000&lt;/span&gt; in principal and $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentInterest_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zP7XF1YW4Mkh" title="Debt instrument interest amount"&gt;9,985&lt;/span&gt; in accrued interest was converted.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company owes $&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayable_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_zPDPKwk4wv6a" title="Convertible notes payable"&gt;230,000&lt;/span&gt;
and $&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayable_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__us-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayableMember_pp0p0" title="Convertible notes payable"&gt;315,000&lt;/span&gt;
on the outstanding Convertible Notes, respectively. These convertible notes have a maturity date of November 6, 2023.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Convertible
Notes Payable &#x2013; Related Parties&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company amortized $&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zw0NQ4sfXHAl" title="Amortization of debt discount"&gt;7,490&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zpZaSXoMrj13" title="Amortization of debt discount"&gt;93,737&lt;/span&gt; of the debt discount, respectively. At December
31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had an unamortized debt discount of $&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zUBJIGLaAIJ" title="Unmortization of debt discount"&gt;6,361&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zq6qeimHvcK8" title="Unamortization of debt discount"&gt;13,851&lt;/span&gt;, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company owes $&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayable_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_zHYK2wuWavhd" title="Convertible notes payable"&gt;200,000&lt;/span&gt;
and $&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConvertibleNotesPayable_c20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember_pp0p0" title="Convertible notes payable"&gt;200,000&lt;/span&gt;
on the outstanding Convertible Notes, respectively. These convertible notes have a maturity date of November 6, 2023.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:DebtDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">110797</us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium>
    <us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">333400</us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium>
    <us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">79409</us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount>
    <us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">182716</us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount>
    <us-gaap:DebtConversionConvertedInstrumentSharesIssued1
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">18912</us-gaap:DebtConversionConvertedInstrumentSharesIssued1>
    <us-gaap:DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentPrincipal
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">85000</us-gaap:DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentPrincipal>
    <us-gaap:DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentInterest
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">9985</us-gaap:DebtInstrumentPeriodicPaymentInterest>
    <us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">230000</us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable>
    <us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_ConvertibleNotesPayableMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">315000</us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable>
    <us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">7490</us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium>
    <us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">93737</us-gaap:AmortizationOfDebtDiscountPremium>
    <us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">6361</us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount>
    <us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">13851</us-gaap:DebtInstrumentUnamortizedDiscount>
    <us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">200000</us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable>
    <us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_ConvertibleNotesPayableRelatedPartyMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">200000</us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayable>
    <us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zsW0Zpfpnlc5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE
6 - &lt;span id="xdx_827_zcaAtvO5yG37"&gt;STOCKHOLDERS&#x2019; DEFICIT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Common
Stock&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the years ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued &lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities_c20220101__20221231_zdlXzgmc7wI9" title="Number of shares issued, conversion of convertible securities"&gt;18,911
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;shares of common stock for the conversion of
notes and interest. (See Note 5).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Stock-Based
Compensation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company adopted an Employee, Director and Consultant Stock Plan on June 17, 2016 (the &#x201c;2016 Plan&#x201d;). Pursuant to the 2016
Plan, the Company&#x2019;s Compensation Committee may grant awards to any employee, officer, director, consultant, advisor or other individual
service provider of the Company or any subsidiary. Due to an annual &#x201c;evergreen&#x201d; provision in the 2016 Plan, the
number of shares reserved for future grants was increased by &lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized_c20220101__20220101__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_zKPJ5QKKPXpi" title="Number of additional shares granted"&gt;184,260&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized_c20210101__20210101__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_zVwBuUs76Ky3" title="Number of additional shares granted"&gt;142,457&lt;/span&gt; in 2022 and 2021, respectively. As a result of these
increases, as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the aggregate number of shares of common stock available for awards under the
2016 Plan was &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_z3Lf47wsjkw6" title="Number of shares available for grant"&gt;1,543,872&lt;/span&gt; shares and &lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember_zXQBJ9ejOO" title="Number of shares available for grant"&gt;1,359,612&lt;/span&gt; shares, respectively. Options issued under the 2016 Plan are exercisable for up to ten years
from the date of issuance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;There
were &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20221231_zsdk8RJQLVja" title="Stock options outstanding"&gt;1,357,466&lt;/span&gt; options outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The fair value of each stock option granted during the year ended December
31, 2022 was estimated using the Black-Scholes assumptions and or factors as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_895_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zbk5eVzAFYD8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B6_zi7OBV8tnHq2" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED PAYMENT AWARD, STOCK OPTIONS, VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 80%"&gt;Exercise price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20221231_zXj5qjjKIxQ7" title="Exercise price"&gt;4.84&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_dp_uPure_c20220101__20221231_zA3r1OJ07LZ4" style="text-align: right" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20220101__20221231_z8dsjrPyDbsf" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;1.73&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected life in years&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zhZPQNiw2lEh" title="Expected life in years"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20220101__20221231_zYSlVdqA7A3k" title="Expected volatility"&gt;146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;There were
&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20211231_zxUfGqFjev31" title="Stock options outstanding"&gt;1,380,216&lt;/span&gt;&#160;options outstanding as of December 31, 2021. The fair value of each stock option granted was estimated using the
Black-Scholes assumptions and or factors as follows:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Exercise price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z3fkdfxYgqIg" title="Exercise price"&gt;7.84&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zYjjuk7tNqX6" title="Exercise price"&gt;22.40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 80%; text-align: left"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_z34HWaeYR8m3" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_pid_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_znabhnVXQiV8" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;0.81%&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zI2sDxTHATZf" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;1.58&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected life in years&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z8f2jIc9VcC4" title="Expected life in years"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zH4xqVLcUe0a" title="Expected life in years"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zPG4VOWAhMsh" title="Expected volatility"&gt;147%&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zXT4bm9A3LXh" title="Expected volatility"&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A4_z5LyKAnVI8xj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_891_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zFmaSKnsipje" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
following is an analysis of the stock option grant activity under the Plan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BA_zcFgfMGwxUP6" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION, STOCK OPTIONS, ACTIVITY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted&lt;br/&gt; Average&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted&lt;br/&gt; Average&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Number&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Exercise Price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Remaining Life&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-align: left"&gt;Stock Options&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2020&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zoL0vtF1YBMk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;1,399,466&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zJ9d374ngDA8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;5.88&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zp0sz6IaUXIa" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending"&gt;6.48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zVRnLXFkJcaa" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Stock Options, Granted"&gt;145,750&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zDi9IPm1z4Jc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Granted"&gt;19.08&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_904_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zgZPG5ahzTP5" title="Weighted average remaining contractual term"&gt;9.12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;Expired&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zg3z6Mj96lbd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Stock Options, Expired"&gt;(72,500&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zNDUDSDx7Kp8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Expired"&gt;4.00&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;Exercised&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zd6wdBY87vj8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Stock Option, Exercised"&gt;(92,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zwDItdMm4zRl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Exercised"&gt;5.92&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; width: 46%"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zDN7P1DplPy7" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;1,380,216&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zrWUFPwJ3Ve3" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;7.36&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zeeLTVx23sah" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending"&gt;6.32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zw7cZ5epOQSc" style="text-align: right" title="Stock Options, Granted"&gt;12,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zTl3iyKyvDn4" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Granted"&gt;4.84&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z9AUH5OUGHv4" title="Weighted average remaining contractual term"&gt;9.02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"&gt;Expired&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_iN_di_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zuFpTglo12u7" style="text-align: right" title="Stock Options, Expired"&gt;(35,250&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zbmdrQHbPIyl" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Expired"&gt;6.09&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt"&gt;Exercised&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zMWxa17TwYb5" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Stock Option, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0770"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z73bFcifteD9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0772"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zbmzoweL1ODd" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Ending"&gt;1,357,466&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zQOCkYz1Tpz" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Ending"&gt;7.39&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zS86JF3K9Z03" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending"&gt;5.41&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;


&lt;p id="xdx_8A1_zflskuFXWF97" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfNonvestedShareActivityTableTextBlock_zLNshK1BbId5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;A
summary of the status of the Company&#x2019;s nonvested options as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the years ended December 31,
2022 and 2021, is presented below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B6_zRl10klC2441" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION NONVESTED SHARES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"&gt;Nonvested Options&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Options&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted-Average&lt;br/&gt; Exercise Price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Nonvested at December 31, 2020&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares_iS_c20210101__20211231_zZGf6FWq6h5e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;215,708&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iS_c20210101__20211231_zDY4A6wQy92h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;7.00&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231_z2I3qwsSHsjl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested Options, Granted"&gt;145,750&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zOI4g6noBexi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;19.08&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Vested&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_c20210101__20211231_zXsYuHlvEggj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested Options, Vested"&gt;158,875&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_z8Af6lsnZlna" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Vested"&gt;12.28&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;Forfeited&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares_c20210101__20211231_zRQHOotQGB0i" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Forfeited"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0794"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zOUvQe8Ew0X7" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Forfeited"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0796"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 60%; text-align: left"&gt;Nonvested at December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares_iS_c20220101__20221231_zUTWRIm7Dxek" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;202,583&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iS_c20220101__20221231_z1stZif7r8od" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;12.32&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231_zu0uj2atJItl" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Granted"&gt;12,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20220101__20221231_zYBwgOaAAf37" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;4.84&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Vested&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_iN_di_c20220101__20221231_z4ydzf9SZqG4" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Vested"&gt;(96,896&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20220101__20221231_zXZl69g5C4bj" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Vested"&gt;10.44&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Forfeited&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares_c20220101__20221231_zQqkrwKnnDG9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Forfeited"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0810"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20220101__20221231_zzg6YjPoPwHc" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Forfeited"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0812"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Nonvested at December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares_iE_c20220101__20221231_zx1FAWqg34U6" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Ending Balance"&gt;118,187&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iE_c20220101__20221231_zPBR5NdcHfOh" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Ending Balance"&gt;13.07&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;


&lt;p id="xdx_8AE_zIX8jYRZUqaj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of December 31, 2022, the Company had &lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20221231_zPezLfPu5YL3" title="Stock options outstanding"&gt;1,357,466&lt;/span&gt; shares issuable under options outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iI_c20221231_zIbAykyxNin4" title="Stock options outstanding weighted average exercise price"&gt;7.39&lt;/span&gt;
and an intrinsic value of $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iI_pp0p0_c20221231_zc4SikyLJHc1" title="Stock options. intrinsic value"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
total number of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was &lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zpqhQECsWc64" title="Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross"&gt;12,500&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zh8H4Q8c3wgk" title="Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross"&gt;145,750&lt;/span&gt;, respectively. The exercise
price for these options ranges from $&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zCoj3jGUr7O7" title="Exercise price options range"&gt;4.84&lt;/span&gt; to $&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zzpglbjaT6li" title="Exercise price options range"&gt;22.40&lt;/span&gt; per share.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company recognized compensation expense related to options issued of $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zBl9ijO5JO9c" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;844,248&lt;/span&gt;
and $&lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zk4rf6rHZHo6" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;1,518,756&lt;/span&gt;
for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in which $&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember_zYm0d8poF0G1" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;747,830&lt;/span&gt;
and $&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--GeneralAndAdministrativeExpenseMember_zSR2MvHEXoJf" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;1,513,835&lt;/span&gt;
is included in general and administrative expenses and $&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember_zek0m124wRy1" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;96,418&lt;/span&gt;
and $&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--IncomeStatementLocationAxis__us-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseMember_z3kGNBeENlYl"&gt;4,921&lt;/span&gt;
in research and development expenses, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, $&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesMember_zkI8cm0daAEe" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;182,748&lt;/span&gt;
and $&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesMember_zEmiLVNBMZB3" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;769,479&lt;/span&gt; of the stock compensation was related to employees and $&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--NonEmployeesMember_z9WyPeAycU84" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;661,500&lt;/span&gt;
and $&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--NonEmployeesMember_zL5l03WriFPe" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;749,277&lt;/span&gt; was related to non-employees, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of December 31, 2022, the unamortized stock option expense was $&lt;span id="xdx_902_ecustom--UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zlWglC1ITbYg" title="Unamortized stock option expense"&gt;1,342,673&lt;/span&gt; with $&lt;span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesMember_zwf8YcGbDtRf" title="Unamortized stock option expense"&gt;8,566&lt;/span&gt; being related to employees and $&lt;span id="xdx_904_ecustom--UnamortizedStockOptionExpense_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--NonEmployeesMember_zuVS2X0A6W74" title="Unamortized stock option expense"&gt;1,334,107&lt;/span&gt; being
related to non-employees. As of December 31, 2022, the weighted average period for the unamortized stock compensation to be recognized
is &lt;span id="xdx_904_ecustom--UnamortizedStockCompensationTerm_pp0p0_dtY_c20220101__20221231_ztwiqXHzooN4" title="Weighted average period for unamortized stock compensation"&gt;3.37&lt;/span&gt; years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;On
January 6, 2022, the Company issued a total of &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z2MA5Pc8zaIc" title="Options to purchase shares"&gt;12,500&lt;/span&gt; options to purchase shares of the Company&#x2019;s common stock to a consultant.
These options had a grant date fair value of $&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1_pp0p0_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zwnQQBGnCrTb" title="Stock options, fair value"&gt;68,614&lt;/span&gt;. These options have an exercise price of $&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_pid_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zkFppmfsW2xl" title="Stock options exercise price"&gt;4.84&lt;/span&gt;, a term of &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z3RryeZIr2Cc" title="Stock options, weighted average remaining contractual term"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; years, and vest over
four years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Warrants:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_89B_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z4gPW5LKRKX" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;A
summary of warrant issuances are as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BA_zgv6aWAMR2Ol" style="display: none"&gt;SUMMARY
OF WARRANT ISSUANCES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted&lt;br/&gt; Average&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted&lt;br/&gt; Average&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Number&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Exercise Price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Remaining Life&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-align: justify"&gt;Warrants&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2020&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231_z89nxlDID86f" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;1,001,765&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_980_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231_zT1WbnNRaSwh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;4.24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20200101__20201231_zcVpYfboFqqi" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;1.86&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20210101__20211231_z0yZZF5dXrkj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Granted"&gt;914,250&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_985_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231_zGLvmI6OBaN6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;19.92&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zU5soFHJWYDl" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;4.83&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Expired&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zUf4bVmQI1Wi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired"&gt;(37,562&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98F_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231_zG7PixRiwQJ7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Expired"&gt;5.00&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Exercised&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zgB3IyFVYSOf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised"&gt;(345,295&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_989_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231_zfrBXPY2nhc9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;4.52&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 46%; text-align: justify"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20220101__20221231_z7coI87mY8fb" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;1,533,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20220101__20221231_zsu8iJ0XCbf4" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;13.52&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zg7kFRuXFiNk" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;3.15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20220101__20221231_zl4i0tBcUPM1" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Granted"&gt;4,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231_zG19lZkNOc3f" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;5.00&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_909_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zJ8lkSXV6Qxf" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;4.02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Expired&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations_c20220101__20221231_zk6nyHAbwqx9" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0901"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231_zNmzlrNaZwJ4" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Expired"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0903"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Exercised&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_c20220101__20221231_z4E0HgRE7Ib9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0905"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231_zUSvGL72uFxb" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0907"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20220101__20221231_zbc1Ejq6d7td" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Ending"&gt;1,537,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20220101__20221231_z0yDh3flQ66h" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending"&gt;13.49&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_900_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zLNJcuKYOL8" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;2.15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;


&lt;p id="xdx_8AD_zLaDvRI0KpIb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of December 31, 2022, the Company had &lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zJo1kJnMOkdj" title="Warrant shares, outstanding"&gt;1,537,158&lt;/span&gt; shares issuable under warrants outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $&lt;span id="xdx_901_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z6CYRIBOTc5j" title="Warrant exercise price"&gt;13.49&lt;/span&gt;
and an intrinsic value of $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding_iI_pp0p0_c20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zgpnYCLerUB4" title="Class of warrant or right, outstanding, intrinsic value"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company recognized compensation expense related to warrants issued of $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zx3VStv8F172" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;20,433&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_z7jKxwp6nxT1" title="Share based compensation expense"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021,
respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;On
January 6, 2022, the Company cancelled &lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_c20220105__20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zT4CVOWJHFj7" title="Option forfeited"&gt;4,000&lt;/span&gt; options and replaced them with &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_iI_c20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zmBY4zzJkzK4" title="Warrants to purchase common stock"&gt;4,000&lt;/span&gt; warrants with a &lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm_iI_dtY_c20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zV6R7ByBNCe5" title="Warrant term"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;-year term and an exercise price of
$&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_iI_c20220106__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zxPSAXfpPA86" title="Warrant exercise price"&gt;5.00&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">18911</us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities>
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      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-01-01_custom_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">184260</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized>
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      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">142457</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorized>
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      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">1543872</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant>
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      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_TwoThousandSixteenPlanMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">1359612</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1357466</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_895_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zbk5eVzAFYD8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B6_zi7OBV8tnHq2" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED PAYMENT AWARD, STOCK OPTIONS, VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 80%"&gt;Exercise price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20221231_zXj5qjjKIxQ7" title="Exercise price"&gt;4.84&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_dp_uPure_c20220101__20221231_zA3r1OJ07LZ4" style="text-align: right" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20220101__20221231_z8dsjrPyDbsf" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;1.73&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected life in years&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zhZPQNiw2lEh" title="Expected life in years"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20220101__20221231_zYSlVdqA7A3k" title="Expected volatility"&gt;146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;There were
&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20211231_zxUfGqFjev31" title="Stock options outstanding"&gt;1,380,216&lt;/span&gt;&#160;options outstanding as of December 31, 2021. The fair value of each stock option granted was estimated using the
Black-Scholes assumptions and or factors as follows:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Exercise price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z3fkdfxYgqIg" title="Exercise price"&gt;7.84&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice_iI_pid_c20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zYjjuk7tNqX6" title="Exercise price"&gt;22.40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 80%; text-align: left"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_z34HWaeYR8m3" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_pid_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_znabhnVXQiV8" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;0.81%&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zI2sDxTHATZf" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;1.58&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected life in years&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z8f2jIc9VcC4" title="Expected life in years"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zH4xqVLcUe0a" title="Expected life in years"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zPG4VOWAhMsh" title="Expected volatility"&gt;147%&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zXT4bm9A3LXh" title="Expected volatility"&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">4.84</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.0173</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1 contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">P10Y</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">1.46</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1380216</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_srt_MinimumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">7.84</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_srt_MaximumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">22.40</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExercisePrice>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MinimumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.0081</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MaximumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.0158</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1 contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MinimumMember">P5Y</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1 contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MaximumMember">P10Y</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MinimumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">1.47</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MaximumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">1.58</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_891_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zFmaSKnsipje" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
following is an analysis of the stock option grant activity under the Plan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BA_zcFgfMGwxUP6" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION, STOCK OPTIONS, ACTIVITY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted&lt;br/&gt; Average&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted&lt;br/&gt; Average&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Number&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Exercise Price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Remaining Life&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-align: left"&gt;Stock Options&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2020&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zoL0vtF1YBMk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;1,399,466&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zJ9d374ngDA8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;5.88&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zp0sz6IaUXIa" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending"&gt;6.48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zVRnLXFkJcaa" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Stock Options, Granted"&gt;145,750&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zDi9IPm1z4Jc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Granted"&gt;19.08&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_904_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zgZPG5ahzTP5" title="Weighted average remaining contractual term"&gt;9.12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;Expired&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zg3z6Mj96lbd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Stock Options, Expired"&gt;(72,500&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zNDUDSDx7Kp8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Expired"&gt;4.00&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;Exercised&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zd6wdBY87vj8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Stock Option, Exercised"&gt;(92,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zwDItdMm4zRl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Exercised"&gt;5.92&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; width: 46%"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zDN7P1DplPy7" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;1,380,216&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zrWUFPwJ3Ve3" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;7.36&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zeeLTVx23sah" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending"&gt;6.32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zw7cZ5epOQSc" style="text-align: right" title="Stock Options, Granted"&gt;12,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zTl3iyKyvDn4" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Granted"&gt;4.84&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z9AUH5OUGHv4" title="Weighted average remaining contractual term"&gt;9.02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"&gt;Expired&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriod_iN_di_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zuFpTglo12u7" style="text-align: right" title="Stock Options, Expired"&gt;(35,250&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zbmdrQHbPIyl" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Expired"&gt;6.09&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt"&gt;Exercised&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zMWxa17TwYb5" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Stock Option, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0770"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z73bFcifteD9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0772"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zbmzoweL1ODd" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Stock Options Outstanding, Ending"&gt;1,357,466&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zQOCkYz1Tpz" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercisable Price, Stock Options Outstanding, Ending"&gt;7.39&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zS86JF3K9Z03" title="Weighted average remaining life, stock options outstanding, ending"&gt;5.41&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;


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    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfNonvestedShareActivityTableTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfNonvestedShareActivityTableTextBlock_zLNshK1BbId5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;A
summary of the status of the Company&#x2019;s nonvested options as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the years ended December 31,
2022 and 2021, is presented below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B6_zRl10klC2441" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE
OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION NONVESTED SHARES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"&gt;Nonvested Options&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Options&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted-Average&lt;br/&gt; Exercise Price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Nonvested at December 31, 2020&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares_iS_c20210101__20211231_zZGf6FWq6h5e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;215,708&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iS_c20210101__20211231_zDY4A6wQy92h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;7.00&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231_z2I3qwsSHsjl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested Options, Granted"&gt;145,750&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zOI4g6noBexi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;19.08&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Vested&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_c20210101__20211231_zXsYuHlvEggj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested Options, Vested"&gt;158,875&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_z8Af6lsnZlna" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Vested"&gt;12.28&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;Forfeited&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares_c20210101__20211231_zRQHOotQGB0i" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Forfeited"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0794"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zOUvQe8Ew0X7" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Forfeited"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0796"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 60%; text-align: left"&gt;Nonvested at December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares_iS_c20220101__20221231_zUTWRIm7Dxek" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Beginning Balance"&gt;202,583&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iS_c20220101__20221231_z1stZif7r8od" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance"&gt;12.32&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20220101__20221231_zu0uj2atJItl" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Granted"&gt;12,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20220101__20221231_zYBwgOaAAf37" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;4.84&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Vested&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_iN_di_c20220101__20221231_z4ydzf9SZqG4" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Vested"&gt;(96,896&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20220101__20221231_zXZl69g5C4bj" style="text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Vested"&gt;10.44&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Forfeited&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedNumberOfShares_c20220101__20221231_zQqkrwKnnDG9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Forfeited"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0810"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsForfeitedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20220101__20221231_zzg6YjPoPwHc" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Forfeited"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0812"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Nonvested at December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares_iE_c20220101__20221231_zx1FAWqg34U6" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Nonvested Options, Ending Balance"&gt;118,187&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_iE_c20220101__20221231_zPBR5NdcHfOh" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Nonvested, Weighterd Average Exercise Price, Ending Balance"&gt;13.07&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;


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      contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31"
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    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
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      unitRef="USDPShares">19.08</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
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    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">202583</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31"
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      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
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    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">4.84</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">96896</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">10.44</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">118187</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedNumberOfShares>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31"
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    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1357466</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31"
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      unitRef="USDPShares">7.39</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue>
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember"
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    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice
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      unitRef="USDPShares">22.40</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice>
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      unitRef="USD">844248</us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense>
    <us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense
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      unitRef="USD">1518756</us-gaap:AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense>
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      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">12500</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1
      contextRef="From2022-01-052022-01-06_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">68614</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedInPeriodFairValue1>
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      contextRef="From2022-01-052022-01-06_us-gaap_EmployeeStockOptionMember"
      decimals="INF"
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    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_89B_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z4gPW5LKRKX" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;A
summary of warrant issuances are as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BA_zgv6aWAMR2Ol" style="display: none"&gt;SUMMARY
OF WARRANT ISSUANCES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted&lt;br/&gt; Average&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Weighted&lt;br/&gt; Average&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Number&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Exercise Price&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;Remaining Life&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; text-align: justify"&gt;Warrants&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2020&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231_z89nxlDID86f" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;1,001,765&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_980_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231_zT1WbnNRaSwh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;4.24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20200101__20201231_zcVpYfboFqqi" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;1.86&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20210101__20211231_z0yZZF5dXrkj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Granted"&gt;914,250&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_985_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231_zGLvmI6OBaN6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;19.92&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zU5soFHJWYDl" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;4.83&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Expired&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zUf4bVmQI1Wi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired"&gt;(37,562&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98F_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231_zG7PixRiwQJ7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Expired"&gt;5.00&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Exercised&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zgB3IyFVYSOf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised"&gt;(345,295&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;p id="xdx_989_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231_zfrBXPY2nhc9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;4.52&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 46%; text-align: justify"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20220101__20221231_z7coI87mY8fb" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Beginning"&gt;1,533,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20220101__20221231_zsu8iJ0XCbf4" style="width: 14%; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;13.52&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zg7kFRuXFiNk" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;3.15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Granted&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20220101__20221231_zl4i0tBcUPM1" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Granted"&gt;4,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231_zG19lZkNOc3f" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;5.00&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_909_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zJ8lkSXV6Qxf" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;4.02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify"&gt;Expired&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirations_c20220101__20221231_zk6nyHAbwqx9" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Expired"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0901"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_982_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExpirationsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231_zNmzlrNaZwJ4" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Expired"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0903"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Exercised&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_c20220101__20221231_z4E0HgRE7Ib9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0905"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercisedInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20220101__20221231_zUSvGL72uFxb" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0907"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Outstanding December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20220101__20221231_zbc1Ejq6d7td" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Ending"&gt;1,537,158&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20220101__20221231_z0yDh3flQ66h" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending"&gt;13.49&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_900_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm_dtY_c20220101__20221231_zLNJcuKYOL8" title="Number of Warrants Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life"&gt;2.15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;


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      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">13.49</PTIX:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice>
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      unitRef="Shares">1537158</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber>
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      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">13.49</PTIX:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionsEquityOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice>
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      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_us-gaap_WarrantMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">0</PTIX:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsNonOptionsAggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding>
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      contextRef="AsOf2022-01-06_us-gaap_WarrantMember"
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      unitRef="Shares">4000</us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights>
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      contextRef="AsOf2022-01-06_us-gaap_WarrantMember"
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    <us-gaap:CollaborativeArrangementDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--CollaborativeArrangementDisclosureTextBlock_zwC2I1NABLUj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE
7 - &lt;span id="xdx_82B_zVvifIqksWU1"&gt;COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company and the University of Toronto (the &#x201c;University&#x201d;) entered into an agreement effective April 1, 2014 (the &#x201c;New
Research Agreement&#x201d;) for the performance of a research project titled &#x201c;Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide (&#x201c;TCAP&#x201d;)
mediated stress attenuation in vertebrates: Establishing the role of organismal and intracellular energy and glucose regulation and metabolism&#x201d;
(the &#x201c;New Project&#x201d;). The New Project is to perform research related to work done by Dr. David A. Lovejoy, a professor at
the University and stockholder of the Company, in regard to TCAP mediated stress attenuation in vertebrates: Establishing the role of
organismal and intracellular energy and glucose regulation and metabolism. In addition to the New Research Agreement, Dr. Lovejoy entered
into an agreement with the University in order to commercialize certain technologies. The New Research Agreement expired on March 30,
2016. In February 2017, the New Research Agreement was extended to December 31, 2017. The extension allowed for further development of
the technologies and use of their applications. On April 10, 2018, the agreement was amended and the research agreement has been further
extended to December 31, 2023.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Prior
to January 1, 2016, the University has been granted &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod_c20150101__20151231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--UniversityOfTorontoMember_zZ5knwXpszNf" title="Share-based compensation stock options, grants"&gt;6,250&lt;/span&gt; stock options which are fully vested at the exercise price of $&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisableWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iI_c20151231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--UniversityOfTorontoMember_ztS5VY8MPY3a" title="Share-based compensation weighted average exercise price"&gt;4.00&lt;/span&gt; exercisable
over a &lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_dc_c20150101__20151231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--UniversityOfTorontoMember_zvHmVYBkvTPi" title="Share-based payment award, expiration period"&gt;ten year&lt;/span&gt; period which ended on April 1, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, Dr. David Lovejoy of the University has been granted &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zRRI4OnUevyl" title="Share-based compensation stock options, grants"&gt;138,325&lt;/span&gt;
stock options, of which &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_z3wVHNZ4mjmk" title="Number of stock options vested"&gt;113,325&lt;/span&gt; are fully vested and &lt;span id="xdx_901_ecustom--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsNonvestedOptionsExpirationNumberOfShares_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zicZWGNeV3Me" title="Number of stock options expired"&gt;25,000&lt;/span&gt; have expired. &lt;span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--OptionsExpirationDateDescription_c20220101__20221231__srt--CounterpartyNameAxis__custom--DrDavidLovejoyMember__us-gaap--AwardTypeAxis__us-gaap--EmployeeStockOptionMember_zMmTMnksKFxk" title="Options expiration date, description"&gt;These have an exercise price of $4.00, $5.00 or $7.00 and are
exercisable over a period ranging from 10 to 13 years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
sponsorship research and development expenses pertaining to the Research Agreements were $&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_pp0p0_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--ResearchAgreementsMember_z4GeA89eONn8" title="Research and development expense"&gt;28,645&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--ResearchAgreementsMember_zM8xBWLgw1j1" title="Research and development expense"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; for the years ended December
31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#160;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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    <us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense
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      decimals="0"
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    <us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_ResearchAgreementsMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense>
    <us-gaap:CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock_zGEZdxIvG3xg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE
8 - &lt;span id="xdx_825_z2iiaHZbApVb"&gt;COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Licensing
Agreements&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;On
July 31, 2005, the Company had entered into a Technology License Agreement (&#x201c;License Agreement&#x201d;) with the University pursuant
to which the University agreed to license to the Company patent rights and other intellectual property, among other things (the &#x201c;Technologies&#x201d;).
The Technology License Agreement was amended on February 18, 2015 and currently does not provide for an expiration date.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Pursuant
to the License Agreement and its amendment, the Company obtained an exclusive worldwide license to make, have made, use, sell and import
products based upon the Technologies, or to sublicense the Technologies in accordance with the terms of the License Agreement and amendment.
In consideration, the Company agreed to pay to the University a royalty payment of &lt;span id="xdx_900_ecustom--RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231__us-gaap--FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis__us-gaap--LicensingAgreementsMember_zvydotdyAwRi" title="Royalty payment, percentage"&gt;2.5&lt;/span&gt;% of net sales of any product based on the Technologies.
If the Company elects to sublicense any rights under the License Agreement and amendment, the Company agrees to pay to the University
&lt;span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231__us-gaap--FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis__us-gaap--LicensingAgreementsMember_zjxxyxb3jISl" title="Up-front sub-license fees, percentage"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;% of any up-front sub-license fees for any sub-licenses that occurred on or after September 9, 2006, and, on behalf of the sub-licensee,
&lt;span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage_iI_dp_uPure_c20221231_z260Yln2Ttp9" title="Royalty payment on behalf of sublicensee percentage"&gt;2.5&lt;/span&gt;% of net sales by the sub-licensee of all products based on the Technologies. The Company had &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--Revenues_pp0p0_do_c20220101__20221231_zQa6umeMrJgi" title="Sales revenue"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--Revenues_pp0p0_do_c20210101__20211231_zzzGGRfXsA5g" title="Sales revenue"&gt;no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; sales revenue for the years ended
December 31, 2022 and 2021 and therefore was not subject to paying any royalties.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;In
the event the Company fails to provide the University with semi-annual reports on the progress or fails to continue to make reasonable
commercial efforts towards obtaining regulatory approval for products based on the Technologies, the University may convert our exclusive
license into a non-exclusive arrangement. Interest on any amounts owed under the License Agreement and amendment will be at &lt;span id="xdx_905_ecustom--InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231_zCmHL61Vj8Sc" title="Interest on amounts owed under license agreement, rate"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;% per annum.
All intellectual property rights resulting from the Technologies or improvements thereon will remain the property of the other inventors
and/or Dr. Lovejoy, and/or the University, as the case may be. The Company has agreed to pay all out-of-pocket filing, prosecution and
maintenance expenses in connection with any patents relating to the Technologies. In the case of infringement upon any patents relating
to the Technologies, the Company may elect, at its own expense, to bring a cause of action asserting such infringement. In such a case,
after deducting any legal expenses the Company may incur, any settlement proceeds will be subject to the &lt;span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--RoyaltyPaymentPercentage_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20221231__us-gaap--FiniteLivedIntangibleAssetsByMajorClassAxis__us-gaap--LicensingAgreementsMember_zE4ZfLA1K98h" title="Royalty payment, percentage"&gt;2.5&lt;/span&gt;% royalty payment owed to
the University under the License Agreement and amendment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
patent applications were made in the name of Dr. Lovejoy and other inventors, but the Company&#x2019;s exclusive, worldwide rights to
such patent applications are included in the License Agreement and its amendment with the University. The Company maintains exclusive
licensing agreements and it currently controls the five intellectual patent properties.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Legal
Proceedings&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;From
time to time we may be named in claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Currently, no legal proceedings, government actions,
administrative actions, investigations or claims are pending against us or involve us that, in the opinion of our management, could reasonably
be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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      unitRef="Pure">0.10</PTIX:UpFrontSubLicenseFeesPercentage>
    <PTIX:RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Pure">0.025</PTIX:RoyaltyPaymentOnBehalfOfSublicenseePercentage>
    <us-gaap:Revenues
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      unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:Revenues>
    <us-gaap:Revenues
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      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:Revenues>
    <PTIX:InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Pure">0.03</PTIX:InterestOnAmountsOwedUnderLicenseAgreementRate>
    <PTIX:RoyaltyPaymentPercentage
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      decimals="INF"
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9 &#x2013; &lt;span id="xdx_82E_zWRKvVtMAgzg"&gt;RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company is provided free office space consisting of a conference room by the Company Executive Chairman, Dr. Armen. The Company does
not pay any rent for the use of this space. This space is used for quarterly board meetings and our annual shareholder meeting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company engaged Agenus Inc., a related party, to perform research and development services. Agenus
Inc. is a related party due to the Company&#x2019;s Director and Chairman of the Board being the CEO and Chairman of the Board for Agenus
Inc. The Company accrued $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--AgenusIncMember_zbAzQZkOqfI" title="Accrued expense related to services"&gt;300,000&lt;/span&gt; in expenses related to these services during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company accrued $&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--AgenusIncMember_zOckX6IfOA47" title="Accrued expense related to services"&gt;105,928&lt;/span&gt; in expenses related to these services during
the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the balance on these accrued expenses is $&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--AgenusIncMember_zcsUMVaPiCo4" title="Related party balance"&gt;105,928&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company engaged CTC North, GmbH (&#x201c;CTC&#x201d;) to perform research and development services.
CTC is a related party due to the Company&#x2019;s Director and Chairman of the Board being the CEO and Chairman of the Board for Agenus
Inc, CTC&#x2019;s parent company. The total commitment for this agreement is $&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--OtherCommitment_iI_pn5n6_c20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CTCNorthGmbHMember_z1iI4qR1QLqi" title="Commitment for agreement"&gt;1.3&lt;/span&gt; million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company
has incurred a total of $&lt;span id="xdx_904_ecustom--AgreementExpenses_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CTCNorthGmbHMember_zKii4rrBZ0Qb" title="Agreement expenses"&gt;105,801&lt;/span&gt; in expenses related to this agreement. As of December 31, 2022, there is $&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--CTCNorthGmbHMember_zlp59sMvG0zg" title="Related party payments"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; owed to CTC in connection
with this agreement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"/&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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    <us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_AgenusIncMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">300000</us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty>
    <us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_AgenusIncMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">105928</us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionExpensesFromTransactionsWithRelatedParty>
    <us-gaap:DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_AgenusIncMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">105928</us-gaap:DueToRelatedPartiesCurrentAndNoncurrent>
    <us-gaap:OtherCommitment
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_CTCNorthGmbHMember"
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      unitRef="USD">1300000</us-gaap:OtherCommitment>
    <PTIX:AgreementExpenses
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_CTCNorthGmbHMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">105801</PTIX:AgreementExpenses>
    <us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_CTCNorthGmbHMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionPurchasesFromRelatedParty>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_znpkbtg7OMne" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE
10 &#x2013; &lt;span id="xdx_826_zYKwN5Xm4gD8"&gt;INCOME TAXES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_89E_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfIncomeBeforeIncomeTaxDomesticAndForeignTableTextBlock_zwN1cJDWrnre" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
components of loss before income taxes are as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B4_zvphDSGtspni" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20220101__20221231_zBpZrStl4pF1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20210101__20211231_zYzPXXbslf6c" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic_maILFCOz0xd_zcyZjrDwH8vf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; width: 63%"&gt;Domestic&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;(3,522,834&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;(4,522,862&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign_maILFCOz0xd_zkGZHCv0oVJ6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Foreign&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(32,671&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(72&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_iT_mtILFCOz0xd_z2xeuKx5uAdj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Loss before income taxes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(3,555,505&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(4,522,934&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AA_zO9O1m9ZeEtd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company had no income tax expense due to operating losses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_zWZ7LiwECMBh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;For
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, a reconciliation of the Company&#x2019;s effective tax rate to the statutory U.S. Federal
rate is as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B5_z6GkNCXQGvh1" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49C_20220101__20221231_zANNHMgvOpc8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20210101__20211231_zq3fShMHZDzc" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_iN_dpi_uPure_zjWxdJED4x26" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 63%; text-align: left"&gt;Income taxes at Federal statutory rate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;(21.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;(21.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes_dp_uPure_zzIVaBbfmP2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;State income taxes, net of Federal income tax effect&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(8.8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(8.9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_ecustom--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent_dp_uPure_zBvRe7JrRMF6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Perm difference&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential_dp_uPure_zVmbKA7l7lWl" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Foreign tax rate differential&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(0.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_dp_uPure_zvultBNze44k" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Change in valuation allowance&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;30.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;29.9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments_dp_uPure_z5w9b5GL676j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Other&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations_dp_uPure_z05Ufkq9vR2g" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Income tax provision&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A1_zbvLTiUaosWj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_89D_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_z4ydpWKU9xT9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Company&#x2019;s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B5_zrFqOVPcoK7a" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20221231_zdXvDVrFGk52" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20211231_zSDToikDUys3" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic_iI_maDTAGz9hr_zve3Riil2Ubf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 63%; text-align: left"&gt;U.S. net operating loss carryforwards&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;3,620,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;3,779,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet_iI_maDTAGz9hr_zzBqiCSpueF8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Stock compensation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,931,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,672,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss_iI_maDTAGz9hr_zMtONU1rYRk4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Canadian Provincial income tax losses&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;7,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iNI_di_maDTAGz9hr_zd5kiskCf1la" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Canadian Provincial scientific investment tax credits&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1030"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(27,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iTI_mtDTAGz9hr_maDTANzgvI_zxDmaldhOV25" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Deferred tax assets, gross&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;5,558,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;5,421,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_di_msDTANzgvI_zp95eODtvrfe" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Valuation allowance&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(5,558,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(5,421,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iI_mtDTANzgvI_zys7dVTYgbva" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Net deferred tax assets&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1039"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1040"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A4_zDJLUs2SX1Oj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"/&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of December 31, 2022 the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards (&#x201c;NOL&#x201d;) of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pn5n6_c20221231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__custom--FederalMember_zzL7IARCaZEk"&gt;10.8&lt;/span&gt;
million. The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (&#x201c;TCJA&#x201d;) will generally allow losses incurred after 2017 to be carried over indefinitely,
but will generally limit the net operating loss deduction to the lesser of the net operating loss carryover or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_902_ecustom--PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome_iI_dp_uPure_c20221231__srt--StatementScenarioAxis__custom--LossesIncurredAfter2017Member_zCcCC4iBW7Xg" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;%
of a corporation&#x2019;s taxable income (subject to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended). Also, there will be
no carryback for losses incurred after 2017. Losses incurred prior to 2018 will generally be deductible to the extent of the lesser of
a corporation&#x2019;s net operating loss carryover or &lt;span id="xdx_904_ecustom--PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome_iI_dp_uPure_c20221231__srt--StatementScenarioAxis__custom--LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member_zAizv4VsqjBl"&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;%
of a corporation&#x2019;s taxable income and be available for twenty years from the period the loss was generated. &lt;span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_c20220101__20221231_zkgIXK08r3P6"&gt;The
federal net operating losses generated prior to 2018 of $0.1 million will expire at various dates through 2037.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had state and local net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__custom--StateAndLocalMember_zTEkhLWvcx95"&gt;9,568,415
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;and $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__custom--StateAndLocalMember_zR0b2OC91WF"&gt;6,921,574&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;,
respectively, to reduce future state tax liabilities also through 2035.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had Canadian NOL of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__country--CA_zVn4rHQSFDR9" title="Net operating loss carryforwards"&gt;1,413,000&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--IncomeTaxAuthorityAxis__country--CA_zqYAaVp5mjpa" title="Net operating loss carryforwards"&gt;1,446,000&lt;/span&gt;, respectively. The Canadian losses
expire in stages beginning in 2026. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company also has unclaimed Canadian federal scientific research
and development investment tax credits, which are available to reduce future federal taxes payable of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch_c20220101__20221231_zjGMFSzISR0h" title="Research and development investment tax credits"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch_c20210101__20211231_zNoXnJuDXVSk" title="Research and development investment tax credits"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
a result of losses and uncertainty of future profit, the net deferred tax asset has been fully reserved. The net change in the valuation
allowance during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was an increase of $&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_c20220101__20221231_zTcoq2AEs0dk" title="No change in valuation allowance"&gt;137,000&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_c20210101__20211231_zCPQvevYjY43" title="No change in valuation allowance"&gt;1,300,000&lt;/span&gt;, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Foreign
earnings are assumed to be permanently reinvested. U.S. Federal income taxes have not been provided on undistributed earnings of our
foreign subsidiary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company
has not identified any uncertain tax positions requiring a reserve as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company is required to file U.S. federal and state income tax returns. These returns are subject to audit by tax authorities beginning
with the year ended December 31, 2017.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfIncomeBeforeIncomeTaxDomesticAndForeignTableTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_89E_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfIncomeBeforeIncomeTaxDomesticAndForeignTableTextBlock_zwN1cJDWrnre" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
components of loss before income taxes are as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B4_zvphDSGtspni" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20220101__20221231_zBpZrStl4pF1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20210101__20211231_zYzPXXbslf6c" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic_maILFCOz0xd_zcyZjrDwH8vf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; width: 63%"&gt;Domestic&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;(3,522,834&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;(4,522,862&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign_maILFCOz0xd_zkGZHCv0oVJ6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Foreign&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(32,671&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(72&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest_iT_mtILFCOz0xd_z2xeuKx5uAdj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Loss before income taxes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(3,555,505&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(4,522,934&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfIncomeBeforeIncomeTaxDomesticAndForeignTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-3522834</us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic>
    <us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-4522862</us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesDomestic>
    <us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-32671</us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign>
    <us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-72</us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesForeign>
    <us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-3555505</us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest>
    <us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-4522934</us-gaap:IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesExtraordinaryItemsNoncontrollingInterest>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_zWZ7LiwECMBh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;For
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, a reconciliation of the Company&#x2019;s effective tax rate to the statutory U.S. Federal
rate is as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B5_z6GkNCXQGvh1" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49C_20220101__20221231_zANNHMgvOpc8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20210101__20211231_zq3fShMHZDzc" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_iN_dpi_uPure_zjWxdJED4x26" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 63%; text-align: left"&gt;Income taxes at Federal statutory rate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;(21.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;(21.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes_dp_uPure_zzIVaBbfmP2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;State income taxes, net of Federal income tax effect&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(8.8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(8.9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_ecustom--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent_dp_uPure_zBvRe7JrRMF6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Perm difference&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential_dp_uPure_zVmbKA7l7lWl" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Foreign tax rate differential&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(0.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_dp_uPure_zvultBNze44k" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Change in valuation allowance&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;30.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;29.9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments_dp_uPure_z5w9b5GL676j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Other&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations_dp_uPure_z05Ufkq9vR2g" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Income tax provision&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.210</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.210</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">-0.088</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">-0.089</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationStateAndLocalIncomeTaxes>
    <PTIX:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.000</PTIX:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent>
    <PTIX:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.000</PTIX:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationPermanentDifferencePercent>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">-0.002</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.000</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationForeignIncomeTaxRateDifferential>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.300</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.299</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.000</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.000</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationOtherAdjustments>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.000</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.000</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateContinuingOperations>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_89D_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_z4ydpWKU9xT9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Company&#x2019;s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B5_zrFqOVPcoK7a" style="display: none"&gt;SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20221231_zdXvDVrFGk52" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20211231_zSDToikDUys3" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic_iI_maDTAGz9hr_zve3Riil2Ubf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 63%; text-align: left"&gt;U.S. net operating loss carryforwards&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;3,620,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;3,779,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet_iI_maDTAGz9hr_zzBqiCSpueF8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Stock compensation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,931,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,672,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss_iI_maDTAGz9hr_zMtONU1rYRk4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Canadian Provincial income tax losses&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;7,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iNI_di_maDTAGz9hr_zd5kiskCf1la" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Canadian Provincial scientific investment tax credits&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1030"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(27,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iTI_mtDTAGz9hr_maDTANzgvI_zxDmaldhOV25" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Deferred tax assets, gross&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;5,558,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;5,421,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_di_msDTANzgvI_zp95eODtvrfe" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Valuation allowance&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(5,558,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(5,421,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iI_mtDTANzgvI_zys7dVTYgbva" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Net deferred tax assets&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1039"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl1040"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3620000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3779000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsDomestic>
    <PTIX:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1931000</PTIX:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet>
    <PTIX:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1672000</PTIX:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsSharebasedCompensationCostNet>
    <PTIX:DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">7000</PTIX:DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss>
    <PTIX:DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">-3000</PTIX:DeferredTaxAssetsIncomeTaxLoss>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">27000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">5558000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">5421000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">5558000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">5421000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_FederalMember"
      decimals="-5"
      unitRef="USD">10800000</us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards>
    <PTIX:PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_LossesIncurredAfter2017Member"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.80</PTIX:PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome>
    <PTIX:PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_LossesIncurredPriorTo2018Member"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">1</PTIX:PercentageOfCorporationsTaxableIncome>
    <PTIX:OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31">The
federal net operating losses generated prior to 2018 of $0.1 million will expire at various dates through 2037.</PTIX:OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_StateAndLocalMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">9568415</us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_StateAndLocalMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">6921574</us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_country_CA"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">1413000</us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_country_CA"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">1446000</us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch
      contextRef="From2022-01-01to2022-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationTaxCreditsResearch
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
