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5. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
5. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property, plant and equipment, net consist of the following:

 

    March 31,
2018
  December 31,
2017
At cost:                
Mineral rights   $ 4,896,244     $ 4,711,822  
Buildings     70,400,195       67,748,512  
Plant and machinery     208,538,996       200,742,652  
Motor vehicles     9,136       8,792  
Furniture, fixtures and office equipment     4,313,043       4,150,588  
Construction in process     190,200       183,036  
Total     288,347,814       277,545,402  
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization     (174,767,162 )     (163,597,407 )
     Impairment     (19,528,775 )     (18,833,491 )
Net book value   $ 94,051,877     $ 95,114,504  

 

The Company has certain buildings and salt pans erected on parcels of land located in Shouguang, PRC, and such parcels of land are collectively owned by local townships or the government authority. The Company has not been able to obtain property ownership certificates over these buildings and salt pans. The aggregate carrying values of these properties situated on parcels of the land are $28,025,014 and $27,432,351 as at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

 

During the three-month period ended March 31, 2018, depreciation and amortization expense totaled $4,688,248, of which $4,504,249 and $183,999 were recorded in direct labor and factory overheads incurred during plant shutdown and administrative expenses, respectively.

 

During the three-month period ended March 31, 2017, depreciation and amortization expense totaled $5,360,103, of which $5,068,503 and $291,600 were recorded as cost of net revenue and administrative expenses, respectively.