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4. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
4. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property, plant and equipment, net consist of the following:

    December 31,
2019
  December 31,
2018
At cost:                
Mineral rights   $ 2,764,462     $ 2,809,977  
Buildings     59,880,567       60,866,462  
Plant and machinery     234,669,007       161,178,816  
Motor vehicles     6,129       6,230  
Furniture, fixtures and office equipment     3,235,736       3,289,010  
Construction in process     1,204,742       6,535,808  
Total     301,760,643       234,686,303  
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization     (146,330,705)       (134,681,628 )
Impairment     (17,434,989)       (17,722,045 )
Net book value   $ 137,994,949     $ 82,282,630  

The Company has certain buildings and salt pans erected on parcels of land located in Shouguang, PRC, and such parcels of land are collectively owned by local townships or the government authority. The Company has not been able to obtain property ownership certificates over these buildings and salt pans. The aggregate carrying values of these properties situated on parcels of the land are $ 19,894,947 and $20,409,998 as at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, depreciation and amortization expense totaled $13,991,583 of which $ 10,796,085, $848,345 and $2,347,153 were recorded in direct labor and factory overheads incurred during plant shutdown, administrative expenses and cost of net revenue.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, depreciation and amortization expense totaled $17,176,306, of which $16,209,588 and $966,718 were recorded in direct labor and factory overheads incurred during plant shutdown and administrative expenses, respectively in the consolidated statement of income (loss).