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13. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
13. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Pursuant to the Company’s Amended and Restated 2007 Equity Incentive Plan approved in 2011(“Plan”), the aggregate number shares of the Company’s common stock available for grant of stock options and issuance is 868,398 shares. On October 5, 2015, during the annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders, the aggregate number of shares reserved and available for grant and issuance pursuant to the Plan was increased to 2,068,398. As of December 31, 2019, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance under the Plan is 990,198.

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The risk free rate is based on the yield-to-maturity in continuous compounding of the US Government Bonds with the time-to-maturity similar to the expected tenor of the option granted, volatility is based on the annualized historical stock price volatility of the Company, and the expected life is based on the historical option exercise pattern.

On December 3, 2018, the Company granted to 17 members of the management staff options to purchase 99,400 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $3.565 per share and the options vested immediately. The options were valued at $121,000 fair value, with assumed 39.91% volatility, a four-year expiration term with an expected tenor of 1.64 years, a risk free rate of 2.78% and no dividend yield.

On December 3, 2018, the Company granted to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer options to purchase 240,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $3.565 per share and the options vested immediately. The options were valued at $354,700 fair value, with assumed 41.72% volatility, a four-year expiration term with an expected tenor of 2.62 years, a risk free rate of 2.83% and no dividend yield.

On December 3, 2018, the Company granted to four independent directors and a consultant options to purchase 16,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $3.565 per share and the options vested immediately. The options were valued at $20,500 fair value, with assumed 38.87% volatility, a three-year expiration term with expected tenor of 1.97 years, a risk free rate of 2.82% and no dividend yield.

On April 1, 2019, the Company granted to one employee options to purchase 30,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $4.55 per share and the options vested immediately. The options were valued at $45,900 fair value, with assumed 45.26% volatility, a four-year expiration term with an expected tenor of 1.60 years, a risk free rate of 2.37% and no dividend yield.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, total compensation costs for options issued recorded in the consolidated statement of (loss) were $45,900 and $496,200. There were no related tax benefits as a full valuation allowance was recorded in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The following table summarizes all Company stock option transactions between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.

    Number of Option
and Warrants
Outstanding and exercisable		   Weighted- Average Exercise price of Option
and Warrants		   Range of
Exercise Price per Common Share
Balance, January 1, 2019     503,600       $4.85       $3.55 - $24  
Granted and vested     30,000       $4.55       $4.55  
Exercised     (379,400)       $3.65       $3.57 - $4.56  
Expired/cancelled     (19,100)       $11.20       $7.20 - $24.00  
Balance, December 31, 2019     135,100       $7.21       $3.57 - $9.9  

Stock and Warrants Options Exercisable and Outstanding  
                      Weighted Average  
                      Remaining  
      Outstanding at December 31, 2019      

Range of

Exercise Prices

      

Contractual Life

(Years)

  
Exercisable and outstanding     135,100       $3.57 - $9.9       1.55  

All options exercisable and outstanding at December 31, 2019 are fully vested. As of December 31, 2019, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options,

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2019 was $0.The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlining options and the stock price of $2.55 and $3.90 for the Company's common stock on December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $922,429 and $119,059.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, 151,856 shares of common stock were issued upon cashless exercise of 379,400 options.