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4. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
4. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property, plant and equipment, net consist of the following:

 

    September 30,
2020		   December 31,
2019
At cost:                
Mineral rights   $ 2,831,963     $ 2,764,462  
Buildings     61,342,699       59,880,567  
Plant and machinery     240,399,030       234,669,007  
Motor vehicles     6,278       6,129  
Furniture, fixtures and office equipment     3,314,744       3,235,736  
Construction in process     8,748,307       1,204,742  
Total     316,643,021       301,760,643  
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization     (162,126,742 )     (146,330,705 )
     Impairment     (17,860,707 )     (17,434,989 )
Net book value   $ 136,655,572     $ 137,994,949  

 

The Company has certain buildings and salt pans erected on parcels of land located in Shouguang, PRC, and such parcels of land are collectively owned by local townships or the government authority. The Company has not been able to obtain property ownership certificates over these buildings and salt pans. The aggregate carrying values of these properties situated on parcels of the land are $19,056,942 and $19,894,947as at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

 

During the three-month period ended September 30, 2020, depreciation and amortization expense totaled $4,347,139 of which $1,025,344, $203,149 and $3,118,646 were recorded in direct labor and factory overheads incurred during plant shutdown, administrative expenses and cost of net revenue. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020,depreciation and amortization expense totaled $11,903,728 of which $4,771,228, $602,968 and $6,529,532 were recorded in direct labor and factory overheads incurred during plant shutdown, administrative expenses and cost of net revenue.

 

During the three-month period ended September 30, 2019, depreciation and amortization expense totaled $3,632,805 of which $2,449,352, $201,182 and $982,271 were recorded in direct labor and factory overheads incurred during plant shutdown, administrative expenses and cost of net revenue. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019,depreciation and amortization expense totaled $10,530,985 of which $7,535,376, $648,456 and $2,347,153 were recorded in direct labor and factory overheads incurred during plant shutdown, administrative expenses and cost of net revenue.