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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | NOTE 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Aquamed Technologies, Inc. (“Aquamed”), Oculus Technologies of Mexico S.A. de C.V. (“OTM”), and Sonoma Pharmaceuticals Netherlands, B.V. (“SP Europe”). Aquamed has no current operations. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The functional currency for the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries incorporated outside the United States (“U.S.”) is denominated in local currency. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Basis of presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and are in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The Company’s fiscal year end is March 31. Unless otherwise stated, all years and dates refer to the fiscal year. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased. The Company’s cash equivalents are held in prime money market investments with strong sponsor organizations which are monitored on a continuous basis. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Significant estimates and assumptions include reserves and write-downs related to receivables and inventories, the valuation allowance relating to the Company’s deferred tax assets and the valuation of equity. Periodically, the Company evaluates and adjusts estimates accordingly. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). Revenue is recognized when the Company transfers promised goods or services to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as the Company fulfills its obligations under the agreement, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. The Company derives the majority of its revenue through sales of its products directly to end users and to distributors. The Company also sells products to a customer base, including hospitals, medical centers, doctors, pharmacies, distributors and wholesalers. The Company has also entered into agreements to license its technology and products. The Company considers customer purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master sales agreements, to be the contracts with a customer. For each contract, the Company considers the promise to transfer products, each of which are distinct, to be the identified performance obligations. In determining the transaction price the Company evaluates whether the price is subject to refund or adjustment to determine the net consideration to which it expects to be entitled. For all of the Company’s sales to non-consignment distribution channels, revenue is recognized when control of the product is transferred to the customer (i.e. when its performance obligation is satisfied), which typically occurs when title passes to the customer upon shipment but could occur when the customer receives the product based on the terms of the agreement with the customer. For product sales to its value-added resellers, non-stocking distributors and end-user customers, the Company grants return privileges to its customers, and because the Company has a long history with its customers, the Company is able to estimate the amount of product that will be returned. The Company has entered into consignment arrangements, in which goods are left in the possession of another party to sell. As products are sold from the customer to third parties, the Company recognizes revenue based on a variable percentage of a fixed price. Revenue recognized varies depending on whether a patient is covered by insurance or is not covered by insurance. Sales to stocking distributors are made under terms with fixed pricing and limited rights of return (known as “stock rotation”) of the Company’s products held in their inventory. Revenue from sales to distributors is recognized upon the transfer of control to the distributor. The Company assessed the promised goods and services in the technical support contract with Invekra for a ten-year period as being a distinct service that Invekra can benefit from on its own and as separately identifiable from any other promises within the contract. Given that the distinct service is not substantially the same as other goods and services within the Invekra contract, the Company accounted for the distinct service as a performance obligation. At March 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company had deferred revenue related to Invekra in the amounts of $69,000, $152,000 and $199,000, respectively. Concentration of Credit Risk and Major Customers Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained in financial institutions in the United States, Mexico and the Netherlands. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by these financial institutions for amounts in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits. Cash and cash equivalents held in foreign banks are intentionally kept at minimal levels, and therefore have minimal credit risk associated with them. We currently have $3,004,000 of deposits above federally insured limits. The following table shows major customers revenues as a percentage of revenue:
Schedule of concentration of risk |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Year Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Customer A |  |  | 0*% |  |  |  | 17% |
Customer B |  |  | 21% |  |  |  | 15% |
Customer C |  |  | 18% |  |  |  | 14% |
The following table shows major customers accounts receivable balances as a percentage of net accounts receivables:
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Customer B |  |  | 0*% |  |  |  | 13% |
Customer D |  |  | 24% |  |  |  | 17% |
* | % Represents less than 10%
Accounts Receivable Trade accounts receivable are recorded net of allowances for cash discounts for prompt payment, doubtful accounts, and sales returns. Estimates for cash discounts and sales returns are based on analysis of contractual terms and historical trends. The Company’s policy is to reserve for uncollectible accounts based on its best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in its existing accounts receivable. The Company periodically reviews its accounts receivable to determine whether an allowance for doubtful accounts is necessary based on an analysis of past due accounts and other factors that may indicate that the realization of an account may be in doubt. Other factors that the Company considers include its existing contractual obligations, historical payment patterns of its customers and individual customer circumstances, an analysis of days sales outstanding by customer and geographic region, and a review of the local economic environment and its potential impact on government funding and reimbursement practices. Account balances deemed to be uncollectible are charged to the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company did not deem it necessary to record an allowance for doubtful accounts for probable credit losses at March 31, 2025, March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023. Additionally, at March 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company has allowances of $8,000, $27,000 and $16,000, respectively, related to potential discounts, returns, distributor fees and rebates. The allowances are included in accounts receivable, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, cost being determined on a standard cost basis (which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis), or net realizable value. Due to changing market conditions, estimated future requirements, age of the inventories on hand and production of new products, the Company regularly reviews inventory quantities on hand and records a provision to write down excess and obsolete inventory to its estimated net realizable value. At March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded provisions to reduce the carrying amounts of inventories to their net realizable value in the amounts of $298,000 and $296,000, respectively, which is included in inventories, net on the Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Financial Assets and Liabilities Financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable are carried at cost, which management believes approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair value of capital lease obligations and approximates their carrying amounts as a market rate of interest is attached to their repayment. The Company measures the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The Company uses three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions). Level 3 liabilities are valued using unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the liabilities. For fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the Company’s accounting and finance department, who report to the Chief Financial Officer, determine its valuation policies and procedures. The development and determination of the unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements and fair value calculations are the responsibility of the Company’s accounting and finance department and are approved by the Chief Financial Officer. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no transfers in or out of Level 3 from other levels in the fair value hierarchy. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Depreciation of leasehold improvements is computed using the straight-line method over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the improvement or the remaining term of the lease. Estimated useful asset life by classification is as follows:
Schedule of property and equipment estimated useful life |  |  |
|  | Years |
Office equipment |  | 3 |
Manufacturing, lab and other equipment |  | 5 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 7 |
Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company periodically reviews the carrying values of its long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances would indicate that it is more likely than not that their carrying values may exceed their realizable values, and records impairment charges when considered necessary. Specific potential indicators of impairment include, but are not necessarily limited to:
| · | a significant decrease in the fair value of an asset;
| · | a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used or a significant physical change in an asset;
| · | a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that affects the value of an asset;
| · | an adverse action or assessment by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or another regulator; and
| · | an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected to acquire or construct an asset; and operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses or a projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with an income-producing asset.
When circumstances indicate that an impairment may have occurred, the Company tests such assets for recoverability by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of such assets and their eventual disposition to their carrying amounts. In estimating these future cash flows, assets and liabilities are grouped at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows generated by other such groups. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss, measured as the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its estimated fair value, will be recognized. The cash flow estimates used in such calculations are based on estimates and assumptions, using all available information that management believes is reasonable. The Company did not record impairment losses for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Research and Development Research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred and consists primarily of personnel expenses, clinical and regulatory services and supplies. For the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, research and development expense amounted to $1,814,000 and $1,871,000, respectively. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are charged to operations as incurred. Advertising costs amounted to $190,000 and $156,000 for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Advertising costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Shipping and Handling Costs The Company classifies amounts billed to customers related to shipping and handling in sale transactions as product revenues. The corresponding shipping and handling costs incurred are recorded in cost of product revenues. For the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded revenue related to shipping and handling costs of $18,000 and $28,000, respectively. These amounts are included in revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Foreign Currency Reporting The Company’s subsidiary, OTM, uses the local currency (Mexican Pesos) as its functional currency and its subsidiary, SP Europe, uses the local currency (Euro) as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, and revenue and expense accounts are translated at average exchange rates during the period. Resulting translation adjustments amounted to losses of $1,653,000 and gains of $695,000 for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These amounts were recorded in other comprehensive loss in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Foreign currency transaction losses relate primarily to trade payables and receivables and intercompany transactions between subsidiaries OTM and SP Europe. These transactions are expected to be settled in the foreseeable future. The Company recorded foreign currency transaction gains of $243,000 and losses of $825,000 for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The related amounts were recorded in other income (expense) in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for share-based awards exchanged for employee services at the estimated grant date fair value of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of employee stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company amortizes the fair value of employee stock options on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. Compensation expense includes the impact of forfeitures for all stock options as incurred. The Company accounts for equity instruments issued to non-employees at their fair value on the measurement date. The measurement of stock-based compensation is subject to periodic adjustment as the underlying equity instrument vests or becomes non-forfeitable. Non-employee stock-based compensation charges are amortized over the vesting period or as earned. Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and credit carryforwards using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to impact taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. Tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return are recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. A tax benefit from an uncertain tax position is only recognized if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. Uncertain tax positions have had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of comprehensive loss or cash flows. Comprehensive Loss Other comprehensive loss includes all changes in stockholders’ equity during a period from non-owner sources and is reported in the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity. To date, other comprehensive loss consists of changes in accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments. Accumulated other comprehensive losses at March 31, 2025 and 2024 were $4,376,000 and $2,723,000, respectively. Net Loss per Share The Company computes basic net loss per share by dividing net loss per share available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period and excludes the effects of any potentially dilutive securities. Diluted earnings per share, if presented, would include the dilution that would occur upon the exercise or conversion of all potentially dilutive securities into common stock using the “treasury stock” and/or “if converted” methods as applicable.
Schedule of computation of earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Year Ended March 31, |
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net loss |  | $ | (3,457 | ) |  | $ | (4,835 | )
Weighted-average shares outstanding: basic and diluted |  |  | 1,241 |  |  |  | 455 |
Net loss per share: basic and diluted |  | $ | (2.79 | ) |  | $ | (10.63 | )
The computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 excludes the potentially dilutive securities summarized in the table below because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
Schedule of antidilutive shares |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Common stock to be issued upon exercise of options |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 52 |
Common stock to be issued upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | – |
|  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 52 |
Convertible Preferred Stock The Company applies the accounting standards for distinguishing liabilities from equity when determining the classification and measurement of its preferred stock. Shares that are subject to mandatory redemption (if any) are classified as liability instruments and are measured at fair value. The Company classifies conditionally redeemable preferred shares, which includes preferred shares that feature redemption rights that are either within the control of the holder or subject to redemption upon the occurrence of uncertain events not solely within the Company’s control, as temporary equity. At all other times, preferred shares are classified as stockholders' equity. There are no shares issued as of March 31, 2025. Segment Reporting The Company has one primary business activity and operate in one reportable segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) who evaluates performance and makes operating decisions about allocating resources based on financial data presented on a consolidated basis. The measures of profitability and the significant segment expenses reviewed by the CODM are consistent with these financial statements and footnotes. Subsequent Events Management has evaluated subsequent events or transactions occurring through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued. All events requiring disclosure have been incorporated into the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Recent Accounting Standards The Company has evaluated all the recent accounting standards and determined that none are material to it.

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