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Stockholders' equity (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Equity [Abstract] |
Restricted stock activity | The Company’s restricted stock activity under the 2006 Plan and the 2016 Plan is summarized as follows:
|  | Shares |  | Weighted average grant date fair value
Unvested at December 31, 2017 |  | 2,697 |  |  | $ | 11.37 |
Granted |  | 11,151 |  |  | 2.50 |
Vested |  | (4,981 | ) |  | 5.50 |
Unvested at December 31, 2018 |  | 8,867 |  |  | $ | 3.51 |
Stock option activity | The Company’s option activity under the 2006 Plan and the 2016 Plan is summarized as follows:
|  | Number of options |  | Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  | 227,203 |  |  | $ | 9.39 |
Issued |  | 113,561 |  |  | 2.50 |
Expired |  | (800 | ) |  | 9.90 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  | 339,964 |  |  | $ | 7.09 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2018 |  | 303,986 |  |  | $ | 6.94 |
Options outstanding and exercisable | The following table summarizes information about options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2018:
Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options |  | Number of options outstanding |  | Weighted average remaining estimated life (in years) |  | Number of options exercisable |  | Weighted average price of outstanding and exercisable options
$2.50 - $5.70 |  | 204,034 |  |  | 5.6 |  | 185,985 |  |  |
$6.90 - $9.60 |  | 53,175 |  |  | 3.7 |  | 53,175 |  |  |
$10.50 - $10.80 |  | 4,000 |  |  | 5.1 |  | 4,000 |  |  |
$14.20 - $23.40 |  | 78,755 |  |  | 7.2 |  | 60,826 |  |  |
|  | 339,964 |  |  |  |  | 303,986 |  |  | $6.94
Fair value of stock option grants to employees and board of directors | The fair values of stock option grants to employees and members of the Board of Directors during 2018, 2017, and 2016 were measured on the date of grant using Black-Scholes, with the following weighted average assumptions:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Expected volatility |  | 81% |  | 78% |  | 53%
Risk free interest rate |  | 2.60% |  | 1.80% |  | 1.31%
Expected dividend yield |  | 0.0% |  | 0.0% |  | 0.0%
Expected life (in years) |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 5
Share-based compensation related costs | The following table summarizes share-based compensation costs recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Research and development |  | $ | 3,238 |  |  | $ | 3,168 |  |  | $ | 2,115 |
Sales and marketing |  | — |  |  | 9,315 |  |  | 65,517 |
General and administrative |  | 260,158 |  |  | 109,651 |  |  | 150,662 |
Total share-based compensation |  | $ | 263,396 |  |  | $ | 122,134 |  |  | $ | 218,294 |

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