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Stockholders' equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Equity [Abstract]

Restricted stock activity

The Company’s restricted stock activity under the 2006 Plan and the 2016 Plan is summarized as follows:

		Shares			Weighted average grant date fair value
Unvested at December 31, 2017		2,697			$	11.37
Granted		11,151			2.50
Vested		(4,981	)		5.50
Unvested at December 31, 2018		8,867			$	3.51

Stock option activity

The Company’s option activity under the 2006 Plan and the 2016 Plan is summarized as follows:

		Number of options			Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding at December 31, 2017		227,203			$	9.39
Issued		113,561			2.50
Expired		(800	)		9.90
Outstanding at December 31, 2018		339,964			$	7.09
Exercisable at December 31, 2018		303,986			$	6.94

Options outstanding and exercisable

The following table summarizes information about options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2018:

Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options		Number of options outstanding			Weighted average remaining estimated life (in years)		Number of options exercisable			Weighted average price of outstanding and exercisable options
$2.50 - $5.70		204,034			5.6		185,985
$6.90 - $9.60		53,175			3.7		53,175
$10.50 - $10.80		4,000			5.1		4,000
$14.20 - $23.40		78,755			7.2		60,826
		339,964					303,986			$6.94

Fair value of stock option grants to employees and board of directors

The fair values of stock option grants to employees and members of the Board of Directors during 2018, 2017, and 2016 were measured on the date of grant using Black-Scholes, with the following weighted average assumptions:

		2018		2017		2016
Expected volatility		81%		78%		53%
Risk free interest rate		2.60%		1.80%		1.31%
Expected dividend yield		0.0%		0.0%		0.0%
Expected life (in years)		5		5		5

Share-based compensation related costs

The following table summarizes share-based compensation costs recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

		2018				2017				2016
Research and development		$	3,238			$	3,168			$	2,115
Sales and marketing		—				9,315				65,517
General and administrative		260,158				109,651				150,662
Total share-based compensation		$	263,396			$	122,134			$	218,294

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