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Income taxes - Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]      
Income tax benefit $ (2,180,233) $ (3,147,940) $ (2,880,025)
State and provincial income tax, net of federal benefit (534,789) (678,438) (604,354)
Permanent differences 53,795 (2,923) 234,247
US-Foreign rate differential (13,955) 371,551 359,729
Other, net 1,182,900 (98,947) 73,220
Effect of tax reform 0 3,687,844 0
Income tax expense, before valuation allowance (1,492,282) 131,147 (2,817,183)
Change in valuation allowance 1,492,282 (131,147) 2,817,183
Total income tax $ 0 $ 0 $ 0