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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Income Taxes [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | 9. Income taxes The components of loss before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, are presented below:
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Domestic | $ | (15,768,224) |  | $ | (12,950,725) |  | $ | (9,702,869)
Foreign |  | (631,761) |  |  | (276,917) |  |  | (679,190)
Loss before income taxes | $ | (16,399,985) |  | $ | (13,227,642) |  | $ | (10,382,059)
Income taxes computed using the federal statutory income tax rate differs from the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, primarily due to the following:
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Income tax benefit | $ | (3,443,997) |  | $ | (2,777,805) |  | $ | (2,180,233)
State and provincial income tax, net of federal benefit |  | (732,994) |  |  | 397,081 |  |  | (534,789)
Permanent differences |  | 131,141 |  |  | 219,549 |  |  | 53,795
US-Foreign rate differential |  | (142,663) |  |  | 38,776 |  |  | (13,955)
Other, net |  | (145,973) |  |  | 866,250 |  |  | 1,182,900
| $ | (4,334,486) |  | $ | (1,256,149) |  | $ | (1,492,282)
Change in valuation allowance |  | 4,334,486 |  |  | 1,256,149 |  |  | 1,492,282
Total income tax | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
As of December 31, 2020, the Company has domestic net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $56 million, after consideration of limitations pursuant to section 382, to offset future federal taxable income, which begin to expire in 2031. At December 31, 2020, the Company has domestic net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $27 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely. The future utilization of certain historic net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, however, is subject to annual use limitations based on the change in stock ownership rules of Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383. The Company experienced a change in ownership under these rules during 2012 and revised its calculation of net operating loss carryforwards based on annual limitation rules. The Company also has foreign research loss carryforwards totaling approximately $10.0 million and foreign research and development expense tax credits of approximately $2.7 million at December 31, 2020, which expire at various times commencing in 2021. Since the Company has incurred only losses from inception and there is uncertainty related to the ultimate use of the loss carryforwards and tax credits, a valuation allowance has been recognized to offset the Company’s deferred tax assets, and no benefit for income taxes has been recorded. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 16,964,199 |  | $ | 12,251,892
Foreign research and development tax credit carryforwards |  | 2,679,180 |  |  | 2,564,679
Property and equipment |  | 56,697 |  |  | 429,764
Intangibles |  | 3,122,394 |  |  | 3,241,649
Total deferred tax assets | $ | 22,822,470 |  | $ | 18,487,984
Valuation allowance | $ | (22,822,470) |  | $ | (18,487,984)
Net deferred tax assets | $ | — |  | $ | —

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32857-109319 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=116825942&loc=d3e330215-122817 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32809-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=116825942&loc=d3e330036-122817 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32705-109319 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424409&loc=d3e44925-109338 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424122&loc=d3e41874-109331 + Details
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