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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NOTE－3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described in this note and elsewhere in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes.

• Basis of Presentation

These accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“US GAAP”).

• Emerging Growth Company

We are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. For as long as we are an “emerging growth company,” we are not required to: (i) comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies, (ii) provide an auditor’s attestation report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (iii) comply with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer or (iv) comply with any new audit rules adopted by the PCAOB after April 5, 2012, unless the SEC determines otherwise. However, we have elected to “opt out” of the extended transition period discussed in (i) and will therefore comply with new or revised accounting standards on the applicable dates on which the adoption of such standards are required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt out of such extended transition period for compliance with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.

• Use of Estimates and Assumptions

In preparing these consolidated financial statements, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet and revenues and expenses during the years reported. Actual results may differ from these estimates. If actual results significantly differ from the Company’s estimates, the Company’s financial condition and results of operations could be materially impacted. Significant estimates in the period include the allowance for doubtful accounts on accounts, assumptions used in assessing right of use assets, valuation and useful lives of intangible assets, valuation of common stock and stock warrants, stock option valuations, imputed interest on due to related parties, business acquisition allocation of purchase consideration, and deferred tax valuation allowance.

• Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant inter-company balances and transactions within the Company have been eliminated upon consolidation.

• Business Combinations

The Company follows Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”) and ASC Topic 810-10-65, Consolidation. ASC Topic 805 requires most identifiable assets, liabilities, non-controlling interests, and goodwill acquired in a business combination to be recorded at “fair value.” The statement applies to all business combinations, including combinations among mutual entities and combinations by contract alone. Under ASC Topic 805, all business combinations are accounted for by applying the acquisition method. Accounting for goodwill requires significant management estimates and judgment. Management performs periodic reviews of the carrying value of goodwill to determine whether events and circumstances indicate that an impairment in value may have occurred. A variety of factors could cause the carrying value of goodwill to become impaired. A write-down of the carrying value of goodwill could result in a non-cash charge, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

• Noncontrolling interest

The Company accounts for noncontrolling interest in accordance with ASC Topic 810-10-45, which requires the Company to present noncontrolling interests as a separate component of total shareholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets and the consolidated net loss attributable to the its noncontrolling interest be clearly identified and presented on the face of the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

• Segment Reporting

ASC Topic 280, “Segment Reporting” establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organization structure as well as information about geographical areas, business segments and major customers in consolidated financial statements. The Company currently operates in two reportable operating segments: (i) e-commerce and (ii) Merchant POS.

• Cash and Cash Equivalent

Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost and represent cash on hand, demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less as of the purchase date of such investments. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the cash and cash equivalent was amounted to $23,264,777 and $506,666, respectively.

The Company currently has bank deposits with financial institutions in the U.S. which does not exceed FDIC insurance limits. FDIC insurance provides protection for bank deposits up to $250,000, so there were uninsured balance of $13,699,082 and $208,635 in parent entity as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In addition, the Company has uninsured bank deposits with a financial institution outside the U.S. All uninsured bank deposits are held at high quality credit institutions.

• Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest, which are due within contractual payment terms, generally 30 to 90 days from completion of service. Credit is extended based on evaluation of a customer's financial condition, the customer credit-worthiness and their payment history. Accounts receivable outstanding longer than the contractual payment terms are considered past due. Past due balances over 90 days and over a specified amount are reviewed individually for collectability. At the end of fiscal year, the Company specifically evaluates individual customer’s financial condition, credit history, and the current economic conditions to monitor the progress of the collection of accounts receivables. The Company considers the allowance for doubtful accounts for any estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. For the receivables that are past due or not being paid according to payment terms, the appropriate actions are taken to exhaust all means of collection, including seeking legal resolution in a court of law. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to its customers. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the allowance for doubtful accounts amounted to $0 and $0, respectively.

• Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, cost being determined on a first-in-first-out method. Costs include hardware equipment and peripheral costs which are purchased from the Company’s suppliers as merchandized goods. The Company provides inventory allowances based on excess and obsolete inventories determined principally by customer demand. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded an allowance for obsolete inventories of $0 and $0, respectively. The inventories were amounted to $221,068 and $0 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

• Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid expenses represent future expenses paid in advance , until the associated benefits are realized, the future expense remains at current asset within the next twelve months and non-current asset after twelve months.. Since prepaid expenses are categorized as “current and non-current” assets, the benefits associated with the products or services paid for upfront are expected to be used for the next twelve months and thereafter. Once the benefits of the assets are gradually realized, the prepaid expense is reduced as the asset is expensed off on the statement of operations.

• Property, Plant and Equipment

Plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line basis over the following expected useful lives from the date on which they become fully operational and after taking into account their estimated residual values:

Schedule of Expected useful life

Schedule of Expected useful life
		Expected useful lives
Computer equipment		3 years
Office equipment		5 years
Renovation		5 years

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. When assets have been retired or sold, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in the results of operations.

• Impairment of Long-lived Assets

In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 360, “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets”, all long-lived assets such as intangible assets and property, plant and equipment held and used by the Company are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is evaluated by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to its estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amounts of the assets exceed the fair value of the assets. There has been no impairment charge for the years presented.

• Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”). Under ASU 2014-09, the Company applies the following five steps in order to determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as it fulfills its obligations under each of its agreements:

•

identify the contract with a customer;

•

identify the performance obligations in the contract;

•

determine the transaction price;

•

allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract; and

•

recognize revenue as the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company generates its revenues from a diversified a mix of e-commerce activities (B2C) and the services providing to merchants for their business growth (B2B), which are operated under two business segments of e-Commerce (previously mentioned as Consumer Facing Business) and Merchant POS (previously mentioned as Merchant Facing Business).

The Company’s performance obligation includes providing the connectivity among merchants and consumers, generally through an online ordering platform. The platform allows merchants to create account, place menu and track their sale reports on the merchant facing application. The platform also allows the consumers to create account and make orders from merchants on the consumer facing application. The platform allows delivering company to accept online delivery request and ship order from merchant to consumer.

The Company also has online lifestyle platform to enable the consumers to purchase high-end brands of all categories under its own brand name of “Leflair”. Under the deployment of the Company’s smart search engine, consumers search or review their favorite brands among hundreds of choices in Apparel, Bags & Shoes, Accessories, Health & Beauty, Home & Lifestyle, International, Women, Men and Kids & Babies categories. The platform also allows consumers to order from hundreds of vendor choices with personalized promotions based on purchase history and location. The platform has also partnered up with a Vietnam-based delivery company, Tikinow, to offer seamless delivery of product from merchant to consumer’s home or office at the touch of a button. Consumers can place orders for delivery or collect at the Company’s logistics center.

e-Commerce mainly offers lifestyle platform under the brand name of “Leflair”, as follows:-

Customer placed orders on the website / app, sales orders report will be generated in the system. The Company will inform its business partners proceed to packaging to the logistic partner warehouse and therefore, logistic partner delivered to the end customer. The sales is recognized when the delivery is completed by the shipper to the end customer. Sale of products are offered with a limited right of return ranging from 3 to 30 days, from the date of purchase and not subject to no product warranty. The Company is considered as a principal in this e-commerce transaction and reported revenue in gross basis as the Company takes the responsibility for fulfillment, retaining the risk for collection, and establishing the price of the products.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company has generated the revenue of $482,002 and $0 respectively, in the Lifestyle sector.

Merchant POS offers both software and hardware products and services, as follows:-

Software sales consist of:

1)	Subscription fees consist of the fees that the Company charge merchants to get on the Merchant Marketing Program.
2)	The Company provides optional add-on software services which includes Analytics and Chat box capabilities at a fixed fee per month.
3)	The Company collects commissions when they sell third party hardware and equipment (cashier stations, waiter tablets and printers) to merchants.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company has generated $37,481 and $48,287, respectively revenue from this stream.

Hardware sales — the Company generally is involved with the sale of on-premise appliances and end-point devices. The single performance obligation is to transfer the hardware product (which is to be installed with its licensed software integral to the functionality of the hardware product). The entire transaction price is allocated to the hardware product and is generally recognized as revenue at the time of delivery because the customer obtains control of the product at that point in time. It is concluded that control generally transfers at that point in time because the customer has title to the hardware, physical possession, and a present obligation to pay for the hardware. Payments for hardware contracts are generally due 30 to 90 days after shipment of the hardware product.

The Company records revenues from the sales of third-party products on a “gross” basis pursuant to ASC Topic 606-10 Revenue Recognition – Revenue from Contracts with Customers, when the Company controls the specified good before it is transferred to the end customer and have the risks and rewards as principal in the transaction, such as responsibility for fulfillment, retaining the risk for collection, and establishing the price of the products. If these indicators have not been met, or if indicators of net revenue reporting specified in ASC Topic 606-10 are present in the arrangement, revenue is recognized net of related direct costs.

Software subscription fee — The Company’s performance obligation includes providing connectivity to software, generally through a monthly subscription, where the Company typically satisfies its performance obligations prior to the submission of invoices to the customer for such services. The Company’s software sale arrangements grant customers the right to access and use the software products which are to be installed with the relevant hardware for connectivity at the outset of an arrangement, and to be entitled to both technical support and software upgrades and enhancements during the term of the agreement. The term of the subscription period is generally 12 months, with the automatic renewal of another one year, and the subscription license service is billed monthly, quarterly or annually. Sales are generally recorded in the month the service is provided. For clients who are billed on an annual basis, deferred revenue is recorded and amortized over the life of the contract. Payments are generally due 30 to 90 days after delivery of the software licenses.

The Company records its revenues, net of value added taxes (“VAT”), which is levied at the rate of 10% on the invoiced value of sales.

Contract assets

In accordance with ASC Topic 606-10-45-3, contract asset is when the Company’s right to payment for goods and services already transferred to a customer if that right to payment is conditional on something other than the passage of time. The Company will recognize a contract asset when it has fulfilled a contract obligation but must perform other obligations before being entitled to payment.

There were no contract assets at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Contract liabilities

In accordance with ASC Topic 606-10-45-2, a contract liability is Company’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer when the customer prepays consideration or when the customer’s consideration is due for goods and services that the Company will yet provide whichever happens earlier.

Contract liabilities represent amounts collected from, or invoiced to, customers in excess of revenues recognized, primarily from the billing of annual subscription agreements. The value of contract liabilities will increase or decrease based on the timing of invoices and recognition of revenue. The Company’s contract liability balance was $25,229 and $18,646 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

• Software Development Costs

In accordance with the relevant FASB accounting guidance regarding the development of software to be sold, leased, or marketed, the Company expenses such costs as they are incurred until technological feasibility has been established, at and after which time these costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. Once the technological feasibility is established per ASC Topic 985-20, the Company capitalizes costs associated with the acquisition or development of major software for internal and external use in the balance sheet. Costs incurred to enhance the Company’s software products, after general market release of the services using the products, is expensed in the period they are incurred. The Company only capitalizes subsequent additions, modifications or upgrades to internally developed software to the extent that such changes allow the software to perform a task it previously did not perform. The Company also expenses website costs as incurred.

Research and development expenditures in the development of its own software are charged to operations as incurred. Based on the software development process, technological feasibility is established upon completion of a working model, which also requires certification and extensive testing. Costs incurred by the Company between completion of the working model and the point at which the product is ready for general release are immaterial. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the software development costs were $95,809 and $165,514, respectively.

• Cost of Sales

Cost of sales under online ordering consist of the cost of merchandizes ordered by the consumers and the related shipping and handling costs, which are directly attributable to the sales of online ordering.

Cost of sales under software sales consist of the cost of software and payroll, which are directly attributable to the sales of software.

Cost of sales under hardware sales consist of the cost of hardware and payroll, which are directly attributable to the sales of hardware.

• Shipping and Handling Costs

No shipping and handling costs are associated with the distribution of the products to the customers which are borne by the Company’s suppliers or distributors for merchant POS business.

Except for e-Commerce business, the shipping and handling costs billed to customers are recorded in sales. Shipping costs incurred by the Company are recorded in cost of sales.

• Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses include payroll, employee benefits and other headcount-related expenses associated with sales and marketing personnel, and the costs of advertising, promotions, seminars, and other programs. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $327,195 and $3,125 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

• Product Warranties

The Company’s provision for estimated future warranty costs is based upon historical relationship of warranty claims to sales. Based upon historical sales trends and warranties provided by the Company’s suppliers, the Company has concluded that no warranty liability is required as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. To date, product allowance and returns have been minimal and, based on its experience, the Company believes that returns of its products will continue to be minimal.

• Income Tax

The Company adopted the ASC Topic 740 Income Tax provisions of paragraph 740-10-25-13, which addresses the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Under paragraph 740-10-25-13, the Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent (50%) likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Paragraph 740-10-25-13 also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties on income taxes, accounting in interim periods and requires increased disclosures. The Company had no material adjustments to its liabilities for unrecognized income tax benefits according to the provisions of paragraph 740-10-25-13.

The estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities are reported in the accompanying balance sheets, as well as tax credit carry-backs and carry-forwards. The Company periodically reviews the recoverability of deferred tax assets recorded on its balance sheets and provides valuation allowances as management deems necessary.

The Company and its wholly-owned foreign subsidiary, are subject to income taxes in the jurisdictions in which it operates individually. Significant judgment is required in determining the provision for income tax. There are many transactions and calculations undertaken during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The company recognizes liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on the Company’s current understanding of the tax law. Where the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the carrying amounts, such differences will impact the current and deferred tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

• Uncertain Tax Positions

The Company did not take any uncertain tax positions and had no adjustments to its income tax liabilities or benefits pursuant to the ASC Topic 740 provisions of Section 740-10-25 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

• Foreign Currencies Translation and Transactions

The reporting currency of the Company is United States Dollar ("US$") and the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been expressed in US$. In addition, the Company’s subsidiary is operating in the Republic of Vietnam, Singapore and India and maintains its books and record in its local currency, Vietnam Dong (“VND”), Singapore Dollar (“SGD”) and Indian Rupee (“INR”), respectively, which are the functional currency as being the primary currency of the economic environment in which their operations are conducted. In general, for consolidation purposes, assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries whose functional currency is not US$ are translated into US$, in accordance with ASC Topic 830-30, “Translation of Financial Statement”, using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Shareholders’ equity is translated using the historical rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing during the year. The gains and losses resulting from translation of financial statements of foreign subsidiary are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income within the statements of changes in shareholder’s equity.

Translation of amounts from SGD into US$ has been made at the following exchange rates for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

Schedule of Foreign currencies translation and transactions


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Period-end SGD:US$ exchange rate	$	0.7409	$	0.7564
Period average SGD:US$ exchange rate	$	0.7404	$	0.7251

Translation of amounts from VND into US$ has been made at the following exchange rates for the years December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Period-end VND:US$ exchange rate	$	0.000044	$	0.000043
Period average VND:US$ exchange rate	$	0.000043	$	0.000043

Translation of amounts from INR into US$ has been made at the following exchange rates for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Period-end INR:US$ exchange rate	$	0.01343	$	0.01371
Period average INR:US$ exchange rate	$	0.01352	$	0.01353

Translation gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations from transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are translated, as the case may be, at the rate on the date of the transaction and included in the results of operations as incurred.

Foreign Exchange Loss (Gain). We recorded a foreign exchange gain of $19,241 for the year ended December, 2021 as compared to a gain of $1,480 for the year ended December 31, 2020. Foreign exchange gains and losses are primarily unrealized (non-cash) in nature and results from the re-measuring of specific transactions and monetary accounts in a currency other than the functional currency. For example, a U.S. Dollar transaction which occurs in Singapore is re-measured at the period-end to Singapore Dollar amount if it has not been settled previously. The foreign exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 was due to a decrease in the value of the Singapore Dollar compared to the U.S. Dollar. From year 2020 to year 2021, the Singapore Dollar to the U.S. Dollar decreased 1.86%. At December 31, 2021, the exchange rate was 0.7409 as compared to 0.7564 at December 31, 2020. In addition, a U.S. Dollar transaction which occurs in India is re-measured at the period-end to Indian Rupee amount if it has not been settled previously. The foreign exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 was due to a decrease in the value of the Indian Rupee compared to the U.S. Dollar. From year 2020 year 2021, the Indian Rupee to the U.S. Dollar decreased 1.61%. At December 31, 2021, the exchange rate was 0.01343 as compared to 0.01371 at December 31, 2020. A U.S. Dollar transaction which occurs in Vietnam is re-measured at the period-end to Vietnamese Dong amount if it has not been settled previously. The foreign exchange gain for the year ended December 31, 2021 was due to an increase in the value of the Vietnamese Dong compared to the U.S. Dollar. From year 2020 to year 2021, the Vietnamese Dong to the U.S. Dollar increased 2.32%. At December 31, 2021, the exchange rate was 0.000044 as compared to 0.000043 at December 31, 2020.

• Comprehensive Income

ASC Topic 220, “Comprehensive Income”, establishes standards for reporting and display of comprehensive income, its components and accumulated balances. Comprehensive income as defined includes all changes in equity during a period from non-owner sources. Accumulated other comprehensive income, as presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity, consists of changes in unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency translation. This comprehensive income is not included in the computation of income tax expense or benefit.

• Earnings Per Share

Basic per share amounts are calculated using the weighted average shares outstanding during the year, excluding unvested restricted stock units. The Company uses the treasury stock method to determine the dilutive effect of stock options and other dilutive instruments. Under the treasury stock method, only “in the money” dilutive instruments impact the diluted calculations in computing diluted earnings per share. Diluted calculations reflect the weighted average incremental common shares that would be issued upon exercise of dilutive options assuming the proceeds would be used to repurchase shares at average market prices for the years.

For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding is equal to basic weighted-average common shares, due to the Company’s net loss position. Hence, no common stock equivalents were included in the computation of diluted net loss per share since such inclusion would have been antidilutive.

Schedule of computation of diluted net loss per share


	Years ended December 31,
	2021			2020
Net loss attributable to Society Pass Incorporated	$	(34,765,145	)	$	(3,827,988	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Basic and diluted		9,443,741			6,990,131
Net loss per share – Basic and diluted	$	(3.68	)	$	(0.56	)

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding, because such securities had an antidilutive impact:

Schedule of Common stock issued

Schedule of Common stock issued
	Years ended December 31,
	2021		2020
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (a)		—		8,000
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock		—		764,400
Series B-1 Convertible Preferred Stock		—		48,000
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock		—		108,600
Series C-1 Convertible Preferred Stock		—		865,500
Options to purchase common stock (b)		1,945,270		—
Warrants granted to underwriter		144,445		—
Warrants granted with Series C-1 Convertible Preferred Stock (c)		1,158,000		614,100
Total of common stock equivalents		3,247,715		2,408,600

(a)

The Series A the conversion formula is aggregate Stated Value divided by IPO price (State Value for each Series A preferred shares is $1,000). These are 8,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding (10,000 shares are designated Series A). The conversion formula would be $8 million (the aggregate stated value) divided by IPO price.

(b)	The Board of Directors have approved a 10-years option at an exercise price of $6.49 per share that will be exercisable at any time.

(c)	The expiry date of warrants granted with Series C-1 was extended to June 30, 2022.

• Leases

The Company adopted Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) to determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment, other current liabilities, and other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company generally use the incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at commencement date. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

In accordance with the guidance in ASC Topic 842, components of a lease should be split into three categories: lease components (e.g. land, building, etc.), non-lease components (e.g. common area maintenance, consumables, etc.), and non-components (e.g. property taxes, insurance, etc.). Subsequently, the fixed and in-substance fixed contract consideration (including any related to non-components) must be allocated based on the respective relative fair values to the lease components and non-lease components. Early adoption, including adoption in an interim period, is permitted. A termination of a lease before the expiration of the lease term shall be accounted for by the lessee by removing the right-of-use asset and lease liability, with profit or loss recognized for the difference.

When a lease is terminated before the expiration of the lease term, irrespective of whether the lease is classified as a finance lease or an operating lease, the lessee would derecognize the ROU asset and corresponding lease liability. Any difference would be recognized as a gain or loss related to the termination of the lease. Similarly, if a lessee is required to make any payments or receives any consideration when terminating the lease, it would include such amounts in the determination of the gain or loss upon termination.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded the right of use asset of $627,968 and $79,109 respectively.

• Retirement Plan Costs

Contributions to retirement plans (which are defined contribution plans) are charged to general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operation as the related employee service is provided.

• Share-based Compensation

Pursuant to ASU 2018-07, the Company follows ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards (employee or non-employee), are measured at grant-date fair value of the equity instruments that an entity is obligated to issue. Restricted stock units are valued using the market price of the Company’s common shares on the date of grant. The Company uses a Black-Scholes option model to estimate the fair value of employee stock options at the date of grant. As of December 31, 2021, those shares issued and stock options granted for service compensations were immediately vested, and therefore these amounts are thus recognized as expense with an offset to preferred or December 31, 2021 and 2020, the stock-based compensations are recorded in the General and administrative expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Loss.”

• Common Stock Awards

The Company grants common stock awards to employees and non-employees in exchange for services provided. The Company measures the fair value of these awards using the fair value of the services provided or the fair value of the awards granted, whichever is more reliably measurable. The fair value measurement date of these awards is generally the date the performance of services is complete. The fair value of the awards is recognized on a straight-line basis as services are rendered. The share-based payments related to common stock awards for the settlement of services provided is recorded in the general and administrative expenses and charged to the same account as if such settlements had been made in cash. The fair value of the Common Stock Awards to the Company’s director was estimated using a Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model.

• Warrants

In connection with certain financing, consulting and collaboration arrangements, the Company has issued warrants to purchase shares of its Preferred stock and common stock. The outstanding warrants are standalone instruments that are not puttable or mandatorily redeemable by the holder and are classified as equity awards. The Company measures the fair value of the awards using a Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model as of the measurement date. The Company uses a Black-Scholes option model to estimate the fair value of compensation warrants. Warrants issued in conjunction with the issuance of common stock are initially recorded at fair value as a reduction in additional paid-in capital of the common stock issued. All other warrants are recorded at fair value as expense over the requisite service period, or at the date of issuance, if there is not a service period.

• Related Parties

The Company follows the ASC Topic 850-10, Related Party for the identification of related parties and disclosure of related party transactions.

Pursuant to section 850-10-20 the related parties include a) affiliates of the Company; b) entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, absent the election of the fair value option under the Fair Value Option Subsection of section 825–10–15, to be accounted for by the equity method by the investing entity; c) trusts for the benefit of employees, such as pension and Income-sharing trusts that are managed by or under the trusteeship of management; d) principal owners of the Company; e) management of the Company; f) other parties with which the Company may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests; and g) other parties that can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the transacting parties or that have an ownership interest in one of the transacting parties and can significantly influence the other to an extent that one or more of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests.

The consolidated financial statements shall include disclosures of material related party transactions, other than compensation arrangements, expense allowances, and other similar items in the ordinary course of business. However, disclosure of transactions that are eliminated in the preparation of consolidated or combined financial statements is not required in those statements. The disclosures shall include: a) the nature of the relationship(s) involved; b) a description of the transactions, including transactions to which no amounts or nominal amounts were ascribed, for each of the periods for which income statements are presented, and such other information deemed necessary to an understanding of the effects of the transactions on the financial statements; c) the dollar amounts of transactions for each of the periods for which income statements are presented and the effects of any change in the method of establishing the terms from that used in the preceding period; and d) amount due from or to related parties as of the date of each balance sheet presented and, if not otherwise apparent, the terms and manner of settlement.

• Commitments and Contingencies

The Company follows the ASC Topic 450-20, Commitments to report accounting for contingencies. Certain conditions may exist as of the date the financial statements are issued, which may result in a loss to the Company but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company assesses such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or un-asserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or un-asserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.

If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, then the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, and an estimate of the range of possible losses, if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the guarantees would be disclosed. Management does not believe, based upon information available at this time that these matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, there is no assurance that such matters will not materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, and results of operations or cash flows.

• Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company follows ASC Topic 825-10-50-10 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification for disclosures about fair value of its financial instruments and has adopted paragraph 820-10-35-37 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“Paragraph 820-10-35-37”) to measure the fair value of its financial instruments. Paragraph 820-10-35-37 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures, paragraph 820-10-35-37 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification establishes a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three (3) broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The three (3) levels of fair value hierarchy defined by paragraph 820-10-35-37 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification are described below:

Level 1		Quoted market prices available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date.

Level 2		Pricing inputs other than quoted prices in active markets included in Level 1, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date.

Level 3		Pricing inputs that are generally observable inputs and not corroborated by market data.

Financial assets are considered Level 3 when their fair values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques and at least one significant model assumption or input is unobservable.

The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. If the inputs used to measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, deposits, prepayments and other receivables, contract liabilities, accrued liabilities and other payables, amounts due to related parties, approximate their fair values because of the short maturity of these instruments.

• Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

Accounting Standards Adopted

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes: Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The new guidance also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. The standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of the standard requires certain changes to be made prospectively, with some changes to be made retrospectively. The Company has evaluated and the adoption of this standard does not have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Accounting Standards Issued, Not Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). This ASU requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets. ASU 2016-13 also requires new disclosures for financial assets measured at amortized cost, loans and available-for-sale debt securities. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2023. Entities will apply the standard's provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential effect of this standard on its financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this guidance may have on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-03, “Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments”: The amendments in this update are to clarify, correct errors in, or make minor improvements to a variety of ASC topics. The changes in ASU 2020-03 are not expected to have a significant effect on current accounting practices. The ASU improves various financial instrument topics in the Codification to increase stakeholder awareness of the amendments and to expedite the improvement process by making the Codification easier to understand and easier to apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. The ASU is effective for smaller reporting companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 with early application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this guidance may have on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06 Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) related to the measurement and disclosure requirements for convertible instruments and contracts in an entity's own equity. The pronouncement simplifies and adds disclosure requirements for the accounting and measurement of convertible instruments and the settlement assessment for contracts in an entity's own equity. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021 and early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). ASU 2021-04 clarifies and reduces diversity in an issuer’s accounting for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options (for example, warrants) that remain equity classified after modification or exchange. The ASU provides guidance to clarify whether an issuer should account for a modification or an exchange of a freestanding equity-classified written call option that remains equity classified after modification or exchange as (1) an adjustment to equity and, if so, the related earnings per share effects, if any, or (2) an expense and, if so, the manner and pattern of recognition. ASU 2021-04 is effective for annual beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In October 2021, the FASB issued guidance which requires companies to apply Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers acquired in a business combination. Public entities must adopt the new guidance for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact and timing of adoption of this guidance

No other new accounting pronouncements were issued or became effective in the period that had, or are expected to have, a material impact on our consolidated Financial Statements.