0001080657 Presidio Property Trust, Inc. true --12-31 FY 2023 false false false false 0 13,225,000 10.45 10.45 6,400,000 6,400,000 0.01 0.01 1,000,000 1,000,000 898,940 898,940 25.00 25.00 913,987 913,987 0.01 0.01 100,000,000 100,000,000 11,859,726 11,859,726 11,807,893 11,807,893 2 2 10 0 1 5 0 5 4 1 1 1 6 1 0 2 66.67 0 1 5 5 0 2 5 0.10 3 10 1 5 3 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 10,752 On August 5, 2023, the lender increased the interest rate to 6.70%. The loan agreement states that the lender may, upon not less than sixty (60) days prior, give written notice to the Company to increase the interest rate effective on August 5, 2023, and August 5, 2026, to the rate then being quoted by the lender for new three-year commercial mortgage loans of similar size and quality with like terms and security (provided that in no event shall the new rate be less than the initial rate). Includes land, buildings and improvements, cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, current receivables, deferred rent receivables and deferred leasing costs and other related intangible assets, all shown on a net basis. Includes lease intangibles and the land purchase option related to property acquisitions. On December 31, 2022, the lease for our largest tenant, Halliburton, expired. Halliburton was located in our Shea Center II property in Colorado, and made up approximately 536,080 of our annual base rent. Halliburton did not renew the lease and we placed approximately $1.1 million in a reserve account with our lender to cover future mortgage payments, if necessary, none of which as been used as of December 31, 2023. Our management team is working to fill the 45,535 square foot space and has leased approximately 20% of the space to a tenant during 2023 and has reviewed various proposal for the remaining 80%. As of December 31, 2023, none of the third party proposals have fit into our long-term plans. We will continue to work on filling the space during the 2024. Includes Model Homes listed as held for sale as of December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023 we recorded a $0.4 million impairment charge for eight model homes that reflects the estimated sales prices for these specific model homes in 2024 as a result of an abnormally short hold period, less than two years, on model homes purchased in 2022, where the builder changed their product type in these neighborhoods after we had purchased the homes. Genesis Plaza is owned by two tenants-in-common, each of which own 57% and 43%, respectively, and we beneficially own an aggregate of 76.4%, based on our ownership percentages of each tenant-in-common. The loan on Dakota Center matures in July 2024 and Management has reached out to the lender seeking an extension and additional provision to change the terms of the loan and maturity date. We have also inquired with other lenders to refinance the property. If we are unsuccessful in refinancing the property or changing the terms of the original loan, Management would consider selling the property and paying the loan in full or surrendering the property to the current lender. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of Highland Court were used in like-kind exchange transactions pursued under Section 1031 of the Code for the acquisition of our Mandolin property. Mandolin is owned by NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP, through its wholly owned subsidiary NetREIT Highland LLC, and the Company is the sole general partner and owns 61.3% of NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP. As of December 31, 2023, there were 15 model homes included as real estate assets held for sale. Our model homes have stand-alone mortgage notes at interest rates ranging from 2.68% to 7.12% per annum as of December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a $2.0 million impairment charge for One Park Center that reflects management’s revised estimate of the fair market value based on sales comparable of like property in the same geographical area as well as an evaluation of future cash flows or an executed purchase sale agreement. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis using useful lives up to 39 years. Grand Pacific Center, Bismarck, ND, was removed from held for sale after signing a major lease with KLJ Engineering on December 7, 2022 for approximately 33,296 usable square feet, a term of 122 months, and starting annualized rent of $532,736. KLJ Engineering moved into the building during December 2023, with rent commencing on February 28, 2024. On May 5, 2023, the Company, through its subsidiary, refinanced the mortgage loan on our Grand Pacific Center property and entered into a construction loan related to the tenant improvement associated with the KLJ Engineering LLC lease to occupy 33,296 square feet of the building. The refinanced loan is for approximately $3.8 million, a term of 10 years, with an interest rate of 6.35%, for the first 60 months. The interest rate is subject to reset in year five. The construction loan is for approximately $2.7 million, a term of 10 years, and will begin amortizing in year three, with an interest rate of 6.35%, for the first 60 months. The interest rate is subject to reset in year five. As of December 31, 2023, we had drawn down approximately $1.7 million on the construction loan. 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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

___________________________________________________________

FORM 10-K/A

(Amendment No.1)

(Mark One)

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (D) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission file number 000-53673

Presidio Property Trust, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 33-0841255
(State of other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification Number)

4995 Murphy Canyon Road, Suite 300, San Diego, CA 92123

(Address of principal executive offices)

(760) 471-8536

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each Exchange on Which Registered
Series A Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share |  | SQFT |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
9.375% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share |  | SQFTP |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Series A Common Stock Purchase Warrants to Purchase Shares of Common Stock |  | SQFTW |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the last 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒
Emerging Growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 USC. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $10.6 million based upon the closing price reported for such date on the Nasdaq Capital Market. At April 15, 2024, the registrant had issued and outstanding 14,463,802 shares of its Series A Common Stock $0.01 par value per share.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 incorporate by reference certain specific portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for Presidio Property Trust's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 pursuant to Regulation 14A. Only those portions of the proxy statement which are specifically incorporated by reference herein shall constitute a part of this annual report.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

On April 16, 2024, Presidio Property Trust, Inc. (“Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) filed its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (“Original Form 10-K”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). This Amendment is being filed solely to correct two typographical errors in Item 15 of the Original Form 10-K. Specifically, (i) the column heading titled “December 31, 2023” in the consolidated balance sheets on page F-3 of the financial statements is revised to remove the word “(unaudited)” and (ii) the fifth paragraph of the report of the Company's independent registered public accounting firm on page F-2 of the financial statements is revised to add a reference to Note 2 of the financial statements.

As a result of this Amendment, the certifications pursuant to Section 302 and Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed as exhibits to the Original Form 10-K, have been re-executed and re-filed as of the date of this Amendment and are included as Exhibits 31.1, 31.2 and 32.1.

Except as described above, this Amendment does not amend any other information set forth in the Original Form 10-K, and we have not updated disclosures included therein to reflect any subsequent events. This Amendment should be read in conjunction with the Original Form 10-K.

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PRESIDIO PROPERTY TRUST, INC.

FORM 10-K – ANNUAL REPORT

For the year ended December 31, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
Part I |  |
ITEM 1. | BUSINESS | 2
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 10
ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENT | 39
ITEM 1C | CYBERSECURITY | 39
ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES | 40
ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 45
ITEM 4. | MY SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 45
Part II |  |
ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUERS PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 45
ITEM 6. | RESERVED | 48
ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 49
ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 64
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 64
ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 65
ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 65
ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION | 65
ITEM 9C. | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 65
Part III |  |
ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 66
ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 66
ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 66
ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 66
ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES | 66
Part IV |  |
ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 66

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CAUTIONARY LANGUAGE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS, RISK FACTORS AND INDUSTRY DATA

This Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth in this Form 10-K. Important factors that may cause actual results to differ from projections include, but are not limited to:

| • | inherent risks associated with real estate investments and with the real estate industry;

| • | significant competition may decrease or prevent increases in our properties' occupancy and rental rates and may reduce the value of our properties;

| • | a decrease in demand for commercial space and model homes and/or an increase in operating costs;

| • | failure by any major tenant (or a substantial number of tenants) to make rental payments to us because of a deterioration of its financial condition, an early termination of its lease, a non-renewal of its lease, or a renewal of its lease on terms less favorable to us;

| • | challenging economic conditions facing us and our tenants may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations;

| • | our failure to generate sufficient cash to pay dividends and to service or retire our debt obligations in a timely manner;

| • | our inability to borrow or raise sufficient capital to maintain or expand our real estate investment portfolio;

| • | adverse changes in the real estate financing markets, including potential increases in interest rates and/or borrowing costs;

| • | potential losses, including from adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and title claims, may not be covered by insurance;

| • | inability to complete acquisitions or dispositions and, even if these transactions are completed, failure to successfully operate acquired properties or sell properties without incurring significant defeasance costs;

| • | our reliance on third-party property managers to manage a substantial number of our properties and brokers and/or agents to lease our properties;

| • | decrease in supply and/or demand for single family homes, inability to acquire additional model homes, and increased competition to buy such properties;

| • | failure to continue to qualify as a REIT;

| • | adverse results of any legal proceedings;

| • | changes in laws, rules and regulations affecting our business;

| • | the possibility that we may not comply with the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”), which may result in our common stock being delisted, which could affect our common stock’s market price and liquidity and reduce our ability to raise capital;

| • | the possibility that if any of the banking institutions in which we deposit funds ultimately fails, we may lose any amounts of our deposits over federally insured levels which could reduce the amount of cash we have available to distribute or invest and could result in a decline in our value;

| • | the potential adverse effects of a resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic or of new epidemics and ensuing economic turmoil on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance, particularly our ability to collect rent, on the financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance of our tenants, and on the global economy and financial markets, adverse economic conditions in the real estate market and overall financial market fluctuations); and

| • | the other risks and uncertainties discussed in "Risk Factors" and elsewhere herein

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All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Form 10-K regarding our strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenue or losses, projected costs, prospects, current expectations, forecasts, and plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. When used in this Form 10-K, the words “will,” “may,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “should,” “project,” “plan,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Form 10-K. We do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements or other information contained in this Form 10-K, except as required by federal securities laws. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by the forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K are reasonable, we cannot assure you that these plans, intentions or expectations will be achieved. We have disclosed important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our expectations under the “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. These cautionary statements qualify all forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf.

Information regarding market and industry statistics contained in this Form 10-K is included based on information available to us that we believe is accurate. We have not reviewed or included data from all sources, and we cannot assure you of the accuracy or completeness of the data included in this Form 10-K. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and the additional uncertainties accompanying any estimates of future market size, revenue and market acceptance of products and services. We undertake no obligation to update forward-looking information to reflect actual results or changes in assumptions or other factors that could affect those statements. See the “Risk Factors” section of this Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of uncertainties and risks that may impact future results.

ITEM 1.

OVERVIEW AND CORPORATE STRUCTURE

Presidio Property Trust, Inc. (“we”, “our”, “us” or the “Company”) is an internally-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”). We were incorporated in the State of California on September 28, 1999, and in August 2010, we reincorporated as a Maryland corporation. In October 2017, we changed our name from “NetREIT, Inc.” to “Presidio Property Trust, Inc.” We are a publicly traded company on Nasdaq, and registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Through the Company, its subsidiaries and its partnerships, we own 12 commercial properties in fee interest and have partial interests in two commercial properties through our interests in various affiliates in which we serve as general partner, member and/or manager. Each of the limited partnerships is referred to as a “DownREIT.” In each DownREIT, we have the right, through put and call options, to require our co-investors to exchange their interests for shares of our Series A Common Stock, or our common stock, at a stated price after a defined period (generally five years from the date they first invested in the entity’s real property), the occurrence of a specified event or a combination thereof. The Company is a limited partner in five partnerships and sole shareholder in one corporation, which entities purchase and leaseback model homes to and from homebuilders.

MARKET AND BUSINESS STRATEGY

The Company invests in a diverse multi-tenant portfolio of real estate assets. Beginning in 2015, we began to focus our commercial portfolio primarily on office and industrial properties (“Office/Industrial Properties”) and model homes (“Model Home Properties”), and have been managing the portfolio to transition out of retail properties. Our commercial properties are currently located in Colorado, North Dakota, California, Maryland and Texas. Our commercial property tenant base is highly diversified and consists of approximately 155 individual commercial tenants with an average remaining lease term of approximately 3.1 years as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, one commercial tenant represented 6.43% of our annualized based rent, while our ten largest tenants represented approximately 34.48% of our annualized base rent. On December 31, 2022, the lease for our former largest tenant at that time, Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. ("Halliburton"), expired. Halliburton was located in our Shea Center II property in Colorado, and made up approximately 8.57% of our annual base rent as of December 31, 2022. Halliburton did not renew the lease, which expired on December 31, 2022, and we placed approximately $1.1 million in a reserve account with our lender to cover future mortgage payments, if necessary, none of which has been utilized as of December 31, 2023. Our management team is working to fill the 45,535 square foot space as quickly as possible, and has leased approximately 20% of the space to a tenant during 2023 and has reviewed various third party proposals for the remaining 80%. As of December 31, 2023, none of the third party proposals have fit into our long-term plans. We will continue to work on filling the space during 2024. In addition, our commercial property tenant base has limited exposure to any single industry. For more information, see Part II - Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Our main objective is to maximize long-term stockholder value through the management, leasing and selective redevelopment of our existing commercial property portfolio, and selectively acquiring future properties which are anticipated to provide accretive economic returns. We focus on regionally dominant markets across the United States which we believe have attractive growth dynamics driven in part by important economic factors such as strong employment growth; net in-migration of a highly educated workforce; a large student population; the stability provided by major healthcare systems; government or other large institutional employer presence; low rates of unemployment; and lower cost of living versus gateway markets. We seek to maximize returns through investments in markets with limited supply, high barriers to entry, and stable and growing employment drivers. Our model home portfolio supports the objective of maximizing stockholder value by focusing on purchasing new single-family model homes and leasing them back to experienced homebuilders. We operate the model home portfolio in markets where we can diversify by geography, builder size, and model home purchase price.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Significant Transactions in 2023 and 2022

Acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2023:

| • | We acquired 40 Model Home Properties and leased them back to the homebuilders under triple net leases during the year ended December 31, 2023. The purchase price for these properties was $21.9 million. The purchase price consisted of cash payments of $6.6 million and mortgage notes of $15.3 million.

Acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022:

| • | We acquired 31 Model Home Properties and leased them back to the homebuilders under triple net leases during the year ended December 31, 2022. The purchase price for the properties was $15.6 million. The purchase price consisted of cash payments of $4.8 million and mortgage notes of $10.8 million.

We review our portfolio of investment properties for value appreciation potential on an ongoing basis, and dispose of any properties that no longer satisfy our requirements in this regard, taking into account tax and other considerations. The proceeds from any such property sale, after repayment of any associated mortgage or repayment of secured or unsecured indebtedness, are available for investing in properties that we believe will have a greater likelihood of future price appreciation.

Dispositions during the year ended December 31, 2023:

During year ended December 31, 2023, we disposed of the following properties:

| • | 22 model homes for approximately $11.7 million and the Company recognized a gain of approximately $3.2 million.

Dispositions during the year ended December 31, 2022:

During year ended December 31, 2022, we disposed of the following properties:

| • | World Plaza, which was sold on March 11, 2022, for approximately $10.0 million and the Company recognized a loss of approximately $0.3 million.

| • | 31 model homes for approximately $17.5 million and the Company recognized a gain of approximately $5.4 million.

Model Home Properties

Our Model Home properties are located in five states throughout the United St ates. As of December 31, 2023 , we owned 110 model homes with a net book value of approximately $50.8 million .

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Our Model Home business was started in March 2010 through the acquisition of certain assets and rights from Dubose Model Homes USA. Our model home business (“NetREIT Dubose”) is engaged in the business of acquiring model homes from third party homebuilders in sale-leaseback transactions whereby a homebuilder sells the Model Home to NetREIT Dubose and leases back the Model Home under a triple net lease (“NNN”) for use in marketing its residential development.

We currently operate six limited partnerships in connection with NetREIT Dubose: Dubose Model Home Investors #202, LP (“DMHI #202”), Dubose Model Home Investors #203, LP (“DMHI #203”), Dubose Model Home Investors #204, LP (“DMHI #204”), Dubose Model Home Investors #205, LP (“DMHI #205”), Dubose Model Home Investors #206, LP (“DMHI #206”), and Dubose Model Home Investors #207, LP (“DMHI #207”). The limited partnerships typically raise private equity to invest in Model Home Properties and lease them back to the homebuilders. When the model homes' lease ends, these properties are sold to independent third parties as residential homes. As of December 31, 2023, the Company owned:

| • | 10.3% of DMHI #202, which raised $2.9 million, and was formed to raise up to $5.0 million through the sale of partnership units.
| • | 2.3% of DMHI #203, which raised $4.4 million, and was formed to raise up to $5.0 million through the sale of partnership units.
| • | 3.6% of DMHI #204, which raised $2.8 million, and was formed to raise up to $5.0 million through the sale of partnership units.
| • | 4.0% of DMHI #205, which has raised $2.5 million, and was formed in 2019 to raise up to $5.0 million through the sale of partnership units.
| • | 8.5% of DMHI #206, which has raised $1.2 million, and was formed in 2020 to raise up to $5.0 million through the sale of partnership units. This partnership continues to raise capital through the sale of additional limited partnership units.
| • | 3.8% of DMHI #207, which has raised $2.6 million, and was formed in 2023 to raise up to $5.0 million through the sale of partnership units. This partnership continues to raise capital through the sale of additional limited partnership units.
| • | 100% of NetREIT Model Homes, Inc.

We provide management services to our limited partnerships through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, NetREIT Advisors, LLC (“NetREIT Advisors”) and Dubose Advisors LLC (“Dubose Advisors”), which we refer to collectively as the Advisors. For their services, each of the Advisors receives ongoing management fees, acquisition fees and has the right to receive certain other fees when a partnership sells or otherwise disposes of a model home. NetREIT Advisors manages NetREIT Dubose and NetREIT Model Homes, Inc. and Dubose Advisors manages DMHI #202, DMHI #203, DMHI #204, DMHI #205, DMHI #206, and DMHI #207.

Share Repurchase Program

While we will continue to pursue value creating investments, the Board of Directors believes there is significant embedded value in our assets that is yet to be realized by the market. Therefore, returning capital to stockholders through a repurchase program is an attractive use of capital currently. On September 17, 2021, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $10 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock, which expired in September 2022. On September 15, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock, which expired in September 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 196,631 shares of our Series A Common Stock at an average price of approximately $1.59 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, and 6,013 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at an average price of approximately $20.31 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, for a total cost of $313,578 for the Series A Common Stock and $122,141 for the Series D Preferred Stock. In November 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock which shall expire in November 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 23,041 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at an average price of approximately $ 15.97 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, and no shares of our Series A Common Stock, for a total cost of $0.2 million for the Series D Preferred Stock. The repurchased shares will be treated as authorized and unissued in accordance with Maryland law and shown as a reduction of stockholders’ equity at cost.

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At-the-Market Offering

On November 8, 2021, we entered into an At-the-Market Offering Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with The Benchmark Company, LLC (the “Manager”) pursuant to which the Manager will act as the Company’s sales agent with respect to the issuance and sale of up to $4,399,000 of our Series A Common Stock from time to time in an at-the-market public offering. Sales of our common stock, if any, through the Manager, will be by any method that is deemed to be an “at-the-market” equity offering as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including sales made directly on or through Nasdaq or any other existing trading market for the common stock in the U.S. or to or through a market maker. The Manager may also sell the common stock in privately negotiated transactions, subject to our prior approval. The price per share will be at prevailing market prices. The Company will pay the Manager a commission equal to 3.5% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Series A Common Stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, there have been no sales under the Sales Agreement.

Sponsorship of Special Purpose Acquisition Company

The Company served as the sponsor of Murphy Canyon Acquisition Corp., a former special purpose acquisition company ("Murphy Canyon" or the “SPAC”), since the SPAC’s creation in October 2021 until its initial business combination in September 2023. Certain officers and directors of the Company also served as officers and directors of the SPAC during this period. On September 22, 2023, Murphy Canyon completed its business combination with Conduit Pharmaceuticals Limited (“Conduit Pharma”) and changed its name to Conduit Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Conduit”). Immediately prior to the business combination, the Company owned approximately 65% of the SPAC’s outstanding shares of common stock. Upon consummation of the business combination, the SPAC’s shares of Class B common stock were converted into shares of its Class A common stock and the shares of Class A common stock were then reclassified as a single class of Conduit common stock. As a result of the business combination, the Company was issued (i) 3,306,250 shares of Conduit’s common stock due to the conversion of the shares of the SPAC’s Class B common stock into shares of the SPAC’s Class A common stock and then reclassification into shares of Conduit common stock, (ii) 754,000 shares of Conduit common stock, which prior to the business combination were shares of the SPAC’s Class A common stock and (iii) private warrants to purchase 754,000 shares of Conduit common stock, which prior to the business combination were warrants to purchase 754,000 shares of the SPAC’s Class A common stock. Also in the business combination, shareholders and debtholders of Conduit Pharma were issued 65,000,000 shares of Conduit common stock. Immediately following the consummation of the business combination, the Company transferred 45,000 shares of Conduit common stock and warrants to purchase 45,000 shares of Conduit common stock to the SPAC’s independent directors as compensation for their services. As a result, the Company owned approximately 6.5% of Conduit’s common stock immediately following the business combination and currently owns approximately 6.3% of Conduit’s common stock. In connection with the business combination, the Company’s officers and directors who also served as officers and directors of the SPAC resigned from the SPAC, with the exception of the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer who resigned from the Company.

Warrant Dividend

In January 2022, we distributed the Series A Warrants to holders of our Series A Common Stock as of the record date of January 14, 2022. The Series A Warrants and the shares of Series A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Series A Warrants were registered on a registration statement that was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") and was declared effective January 21, 2022. The Series A Warrants commenced trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “SQFTW” on January 24, 2022 and were distributed on that date to persons who held shares of common stock and existing outstanding warrants as of the January 14, 2022 record date, or who acquired shares of Series A Common Stock in the market following the record date, and who continued to hold such shares at the close of trading on January 21, 2022. The Series A Warrants give the holder the right to purchase one share of Series A Common Stock at $7.00 per share, for a period of five years. Should warrantholders not exercise the Series A Warrants during that holding period, the Series A Warrants will automatically convert to 1/10 of a share of Series A Common Stock at expiration, rounded down to the nearest number of whole shares.

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Preferred Stock Series D

On June 15, 2021, we completed an offering of 800,000 shares of our 9.375% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock ("Series D Preferred Stock") for cash consideration of $25.00 per share to a syndicate of underwriters led by The Benchmark Company, LLC, as representative, resulting in approximately $18.1 million in net proceeds, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses. We granted the underwriters a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 120,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock to cover over-allotments, which they exercised on June 17, 2021, resulting in approximately $2.7 million in net proceeds, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses. In total, we issued 920,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock with net proceeds of approximately $20.5 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses.

Holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends at a rate of 9.375% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference (equivalent to $2.34375 per annum per share). Dividends are payable monthly on the 15th day of each month (each, a “dividend payment date”), provided that if any dividend payment date is not a business day, then the dividend that would otherwise have been payable on that dividend payment date may be paid on the next succeeding business day without adjustment in the amount of the dividend. Holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights. However, if the Company does not pay dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock for eighteen or more monthly dividend periods (whether or not consecutive), the holders of the Series D Preferred Stock (voting separately as a class with the holders of all other classes or series of the Company’s preferred stock it may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Series D Preferred Stock in the election referred to below) will be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to serve on the Company’s Board of Directors until the Company pays, or declares and sets apart funds for the payment of, all dividends that it owes on the Series D Preferred Stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock (voting together as a class with all other series of parity preferred stock the Company may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable) is required at any time for the Company to (i) authorize or issue any class or series of its stock ranking senior to the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of assets on liquidation, dissolution or winding up or (ii) to amend any provision of the Company charter so as to materially and adversely affect any rights of the Series D Preferred Stock or to take certain other actions.

In the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of the assets we have legally available for distribution to our stockholders, subject to the preferential rights of the holders of any class or series of stock we may issue ranking senior to the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the date of payment, before any distribution of assets is made to holders of our common stock or any other class or series of our stock we may issue that ranks junior to the Series D Preferred Stock as to liquidation rights. Commencing on or after June 15, 2026, we may redeem, at our option, the Series D Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at a cash redemption price equal to $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including the redemption date. Prior to June 15, 2026, upon a Change of Control (as defined in the Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Series D Preferred Stock), we may redeem, at our option, the Series D Preferred Stock, in whole or part, at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including the redemption date. The Series D Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, will not be subject to any sinking fund or other mandatory redemption, and will not be convertible into or exchangeable for any of our other securities.

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Use of Leverage

We use mortgage loans secured by our individual properties in order to maximize the return for our stockholders. Typically, these loans are for terms ranging from five to ten years. Currently, the majority of our mortgage loans are structured as non-recourse to us with limited exceptions that would cause a recourse event only upon occurrence of certain fraud, misconduct, environmental, or bankruptcy events. Non-recourse financing limits our exposure to the amount of equity invested in each property pledged as collateral thereby protecting the equity in our other assets. We can provide no assurance that the non-recourse financing will be available to us in the future on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all and there may be circumstances where lenders have recourse to our other assets. To a lesser extent, we use recourse financing. At December 31, 2023, $11.2 million of our total debt contained recourse to the Company, of which $5.9 million was related to the model homes properties.

We have used both fixed and variable interest rate debt to finance our properties. Wherever possible, we prefer to obtain fixed rate mortgage financing as it provides better cost predictability. As of December 31, 2023, none of our mortgage loans included variable interest rate provisions. On August 5, 2023, the lender for our West Fargo Industries property increased the interest rate to 6.70%. The loan agreement states that the lender may, upon not less than sixty (60) days prior, give written notice to the Company to increase the interest rates effective on August 5, 2023, and August 5, 2026, to the rate then being quoted by the lender for new three-year commercial mortgage loans of similar size and quality with like terms and security (provided that in no event shall the new rate be less than the initial rate).

In 2024, we have $13.1 million of principal payments on mortgage notes payable related to the model home properties, including $12.5 million payments related to mortgage notes payable that mature in 2024. We plan to refinance a significant portion of the mortgage notes payable or sell the model home properties to repay the mortgage notes payable. We have $10.4 million of principal payments on mortgage notes payable relating to commercial properties in 2024, one of which is maturing in 2024. The loan on Dakota Center matures in July 2024 and management has reached out to the lender seeking an extension and additional provision to change the terms of the loan and maturity date. We have also inquired with other lenders to refinance the property. If we are unsuccessful in refinancing the property or changing the terms of the original loan, management would consider selling the property and paying the loan in full or surrendering the property to the current lender.

Our short-term liquidity needs include satisfying the debt service requirements of our existing mortgages. Overall the commercial properties and Model Homes adequately covered their debt servicing needs during the year ended December 31, 2023, and management expect this to continue during the next twelve months. If our cash flow from operating activities is not sufficient to fund our short-term liquidity needs, we will fund a portion of these needs from additional borrowings of secured or unsecured indebtedness, from real estate sales, from sales of equity or debt securities, or we will reduce the rate of distribution to the stockholders.

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT

The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, NTR Property Management, Inc., is the primary property manager for all of its properties. The Company subcontracts with third party property management companies in California and North Dakota to render on-site management services, and internally manages our properties in Colorado, Maryland, and Texas.

COMPETITION

We compete with a number of other real estate investors, many of whom own similar properties in the same geographical markets. Competitors include other REITs, pension funds, insurance companies, investment funds and companies, partnerships and developers. Many of these competitors have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the creditworthiness of a tenant or the geographic location of its investments. In addition, many of these competitors have capital structures that allow them to make investments at higher prices than what we can prudently offer while still generating a return to their investors that is commensurate with the returns we are seeking to provide our investors. If our competitors offer space at rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates we currently charge our tenants, we may lose potential tenants and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates below those we currently charge or to offer more substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options in order to retain tenants when our leases expire. The concentration of our commercial properties in Colorado and North Dakota makes us susceptible to local market conditions in these areas.

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To be successful, we must be able to continue to respond quickly and effectively to changes in local and regional economic conditions by adjusting rental rates of our properties as appropriate. If we are unable to respond quickly and effectively, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and pay dividends may be adversely affected.

REGULATION

Our management continually reviews our investment activity and monitors the proportion of our portfolio that is placed in various investments in order to prevent us from coming within the application of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). If at any time the character of our investments could cause us to be deemed an investment company for purposes of the Investment Company Act, we would be required to comply with the operating restrictions of the Investment Company Act, which are generally inconsistent with our normal operations. As such, we work to ensure that we are not deemed to be an “investment company.”

Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our properties. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to tenants about the lead-based paint) and waste-management activities. Our failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.

To date, we have not experienced a noticeable effect on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position as a result of a lack of compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations. All of our proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to such acquisition. These inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review in detail their reports prior to our acquisition of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that our environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we may be required to abandon otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials are considered to be prohibitive or we are unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our current properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.

We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our current properties that, individually or in the aggregate, may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us, our financial condition or our results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on us and our financial condition.

MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY

Our Management

We refer to our executive officers and any directors who are affiliated with them as our “Management”. Our Management is currently comprised of:

| • | Jack K. Heilbron, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer and President of the Company, President and Director of NetREIT Dubose, and President of NetREIT Advisors;

| • | Ed Bentzen, Chief Financial Officer of the Company;

| • | Gary M. Katz, Chief Investment Officer of the Company; and

| • | Steve Hightower, President of NetREIT Dubose and member of the Board of Directors.

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Mr. Heilbron has overall responsibility for the day-to-day activities of the Company. Mr. Benten oversees financial matters, including financial reporting, budgeting, forecasting, funding activities, tax and insurance. Mr. Hightower is responsible for managing the day-to-day activities of Dubose Advisors, NetREIT Advisors and the model homes division. Mr. Heilbron and Mr. Katz are responsible for recommending all Company property acquisitions and dispositions.

Our Board of Directors

Our Management is subject to the direction and supervision of our Board of Directors. Among other things, our Board of Directors must approve each real property acquisition our Management proposes. As of December 31, 2023, there were six directors comprising our Board of Directors, four of whom are independent directors (“Independent Directors”). Two of our directors, Mr. Heilbron and Mr. Hightower, are not independent.

OUR REIT STATUS

We elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2000. To continue to be taxed as a REIT, we must satisfy numerous organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders, as defined in the Code and calculated on an annual basis. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to federal income tax on income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any year, our income will be taxed at regular corporate rates, and we may be precluded from qualifying for treatment as a REIT for the four-year period following our failure to qualify. Even though we qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may still be subject to state and local taxes on our income and property and to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed income. For more information, please see Risks Related to our Status as a REIT and Related Federal Income Tax Matters. We qualified as a REIT for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

Due to the nature of our business, our performance depends on identifying, attracting, developing, motivating, and retaining a highly skilled workforce in multiple areas, including property management, asset management and strategy, accounting, business development and management. Our human capital management strategy, which we refer to as our people strategy, is tightly aligned with our business needs. During 2023, our human capital efforts were focused on retaining top talent, and continuing to increase our agility to meet the quickly changing needs of the business. We use a variety of human capital measures in managing our business, including: workforce demographics; diversity metrics with respect to representation, attrition, hiring, promotions and leadership; and talent management metrics including retention rates of top talent and hiring metrics.

OFFICE AND EMPLOYEES

Our office is approximately 9,224 square feet and is located in San Diego, California.

As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of 15 full-time employees.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Access to copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and other filings with the SEC, including amendments to such filings are available at www.sec.gov or on our website at www.presidiopt.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are electronically filed with the SEC. They are also available for printing by any stockholder upon request.

Our office is located at 4995 Murphy Canyon Road, Suite 300, San Diego, CA 92123. Our telephone number is 866-781-7721. Our e-mail address is info@presidiopt.com or you may visit our website at www.presidiopt.com.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Summary of Risk Factors

The following is a summary of the principal risk factors associated with an investment in us. The following should be read in conjunction with the more complete discussion of the risk factors we face, which are set forth more fully below. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the market price of our securities could decline and you may lose some or all of your investment. Some of these risks include:

| • | we face numerous risks associated with the real estate industry that could adversely affect our results of operations through decreased revenues or increased costs;
| • | disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect the value of our real estate investments;
| • | our inability to sell a property at the time and on the terms we desire could limit our ability to realize a gain on our investments and pay distributions to our stockholders;
| • | we may acquire properties in joint ventures, partnerships or through limited liability companies, which could limit our ability to control or liquidate such holdings;
| • | we may acquire properties “as is,” which increases the risk that we will have to remedy defects or costs without recourse to the seller;
| • | our model home business is substantially dependent on the supply and/or demand for single family homes;
| • | a significant percentage of our properties are concentrated in a small number of states, which exposes our business to the effects of certain regional events and occurrences;
| • | we currently are dependent on internal cash from our operations, financing and proceeds from property sales to fund future property acquisitions, meet our operational costs and pay dividends to our stockholders;
| • | we depend on key personnel, and the loss of such persons could impair our ability to achieve our business objectives;
| • | we may change our investment and business policies without stockholder consent, and such changes could increase our exposure to operational risks;

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| • | provisions of Maryland law may limit the ability of a third party to acquire control of us by requiring our Board of Directors or stockholders to approve proposals to acquire our company or effect a change in control;
| • | our management faces certain conflicts of interest with respect to their other positions and/or interests outside of our company, which could hinder our ability to implement our business strategy and to generate returns to our stockholders;
| • | we have significant outstanding indebtedness, which requires that we generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy the payment and other obligations under the terms of our debt and exposes us to the risk of default under the terms of our debt;
| • | failure to qualify as a REIT could adversely affect our operations and our ability to pay distributions;
| • | as a REIT, we may be subject to tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow;
| • | the tax imposed on REITs engaging in “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions that would be treated as sales for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
| • | our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected by a resurgence of the recent COVID-19 pandemic or of new epidemics;
| • | our cash available for distributions may not be sufficient to pay distributions on the common stock at expected levels, and we cannot assure you of our ability to pay distributions in the future. We may use borrowed funds or funds from other sources to pay distributions, which may adversely impact our operations;
| • | a future issuance of stock could dilute the value of our common stock, Series D Preferred Stock or Series A Warrants, ;
| • | the value of our equity investment in Conduit may decline due to factors outside of our control, which would likely have a material adverse effect on our future expansion, revenues, and profits;
| • | the possibility that we may not comply with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements, which may result in our common stock being delisted, which could affect our common stock’s market price and liquidity and reduce our ability to raise capital;
| • | the possibility that if any of the banking institutions in which we deposit funds ultimately fails, we may lose any amounts of our deposits over federally insured levels which could reduce the amount of cash we have available to distribute or invest and could result in a decline in our value;
| • | inflation may materially and adversely affect our income, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, the ability to service our debt obligations, the market price of our securities and our ability to pay dividends and other distributions to our stockholders; and
| • | actions of activist stockholders may cause us to incur substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources, and have an adverse effect on our business.

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Risks Related to our Business, Properties and Operations

We face numerous risks associated with the real estate industry that could adversely affect our results of operations through decreased revenues or increased costs.

As a real estate company, we are subject to various changes in real estate conditions, and any negative trends in such real estate conditions may adversely affect our results of operations through decreased revenues or increased costs. These conditions include:

| • | changes in national, regional and local economic conditions, which may be negatively impacted by concerns about inflation, deflation, government deficits, high unemployment rates, decreased consumer confidence and liquidity concerns, particularly in markets in which we have a high concentration of properties;

| • | fluctuations in interest rates, including potential interest rate increases in 2024, which could adversely affect our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all, and negatively impact the value of properties and the ability of prospective buyers to obtain financing for properties we intend to sell;

| • | the inability of tenants to pay rent;

| • | the existence and quality of the competition, such as the attractiveness of our properties as compared to our competitors’ properties based on considerations such as location, rental rates, amenities and safety record;

| • | competition from other real estate investors with significant capital, including other real estate operating companies, publicly traded REITs and institutional investment funds;

| • | increased operating costs, including increased real property taxes, maintenance, insurance and utilities costs;

| • | weather conditions that may increase or decrease energy costs and other weather-related expenses;

| • | oversupply of commercial space or a reduction in demand for real estate in the markets in which our properties are located;

| • | changes in, or increased costs of compliance with, laws and/or governmental regulations, including those governing usage, zoning, the environment and taxes; and

| • | civil unrest, acts of war, terrorist attacks and natural disasters, including earthquakes, wind and hail damage and floods, which may result in uninsured and underinsured losses.

Moreover, other factors may adversely affect our results of operations, including potential liability under environmental and other laws and other unforeseen events, many of which are discussed elsewhere in the following risk factors. Any or all of these factors could materially adversely affect our results of operations through decreased revenues or increased costs.

Inflation may materially and adversely affect our income, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, the ability to service our debt obligations, the market price of our securities and our ability to pay dividends and other distributions to our stockholders.

Increased inflation could have a pronounced negative impact on our property operating expenses and general and administrative expenses, as these costs could increase at a rate higher than our rents. While our tenants are generally obligated to pay property-level expenses relating to the properties they lease from us (e.g., maintenance, insurance and property taxes), we incur other expenses, such as general and administrative expense, interest expense relating to our debt (some of which bears interest at floating rates) and carrying costs for vacant properties. These expenses would increase in an inflationary environment, and such increases may exceed any increase in revenue we receive under our leases. Inflation could also have an adverse effect on consumer spending which could impact our tenants’ revenues and, in turn, our percentage rents, where applicable, and the willingness and ability of tenants to enter into or renew leases and/or honor their obligations under existing leases. Additionally, increased inflation may have an adverse impact on our tenants if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in their revenue, which may adversely affect the tenants' ability to pay rent owed to us and meet other lease obligations, such as paying property taxes and insurance and maintenance costs.

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Recent inflationary pressures could result in higher interest rates, which would have a negative impact on our business.

Rising inflation and elevated U.S. budget deficits and overall debt levels, including as a result of federal pandemic relief and stimulus legislation and/or economic or market and supply chain conditions, can put upward pressure on interest rates and could be among the factors that could lead to higher interest rates in the future. Higher interest rates could adversely affect our overall business, income, and our ability to pay dividends, including by reducing the fair value of many of our assets and adversely affecting our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all, and negatively impacting the value of properties and the ability of prospective buyers to obtain financing for properties we intend to sell. This may affect our earnings results, reduce our ability to sell our assets, or reduce our liquidity. Furthermore, our business and financial results may be harmed by our inability to accurately anticipate developments associated with changes in, or the outlook for, interest rates.

Conditions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing on reasonable terms and have other adverse effects on our operations.

The financial markets could tighten with respect to secured real estate financing. Lenders with whom we typically deal may increase their credit spreads resulting in an increase in borrowing costs. Higher costs of mortgage financing may result in lower yields from our real estate investments, which may reduce our cash flow available for distribution to our stockholders. Reduced cash flow could also diminish our ability to purchase additional properties and thus decrease our diversification of real estate ownership.

Disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect the value of our real estate investments.

Disruptions in the financial markets could adversely affect the value of our real estate investments. Concerns over economic recession, the recent COVID-19 pandemic, interest rate increases, policy priorities of the U.S. presidential administration, trade wars, labor shortages, or inflation may contribute to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and markets. Additionally, concern over geopolitical issues may also contribute to prolonged market volatility and instability. The economic and geopolitical ramifications of the military conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine, including sanctions, retaliatory sanctions, nationalism, supply chain disruptions and other consequences, could impact commercial real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates, and declining values in our real estate portfolio and in the collateral securing our loan investments. As a result, the value of our property investments could decrease below the amounts paid for such investments, the value of collateral securing our loans could decrease below the outstanding principal amounts of such loans, and revenues from our properties could decrease due to fewer and/or delinquent tenants or lower rental rates. These factors would significantly harm our revenues, results of operations, financial condition, business prospects and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

A decrease in real estate values could negatively affect our ability to refinance our existing mortgage obligations or obtain larger mortgages.

A decrease in real estate values would decrease the principal amount of secured loans we can obtain on a specific property and our ability to refinance our existing mortgage loans or obtain larger mortgage loans. In some circumstances, a decrease in the value of an existing property which secures a mortgage loan may require us to prepay or post additional security for that mortgage loan. This would occur where the lender’s initial appraised value of the property decreases below the value required to maintain a loan-to-value ratio specified in the mortgage loan agreement. Thus, any sustained period of depressed real estate prices would likely adversely affect our ability to finance our real estate investments.

The recent outbreak of COVID-19, and the resulting volatility it created, has disrupted our business and we expect that any resurgence in the COVID-19 pandemic may in the future significantly and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations, and that other potential pandemics or outbreaks could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Further, the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak caused severe disruptions in the U.S. and global economy and financial markets, and could potentially create additional widespread business continuity issues of an unknown magnitude and duration if there is a resurgence of COVID-19.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and in the future may continue to have, repercussions across regional and global economies and financial markets. Many countries, including the United States (including the states and cities that comprise the San Diego, California; Denver and Colorado Springs, Colorado; Fargo and Bismarck, North Dakota; and other metro regions where we own and operate properties) had instituted quarantines, “shelter in place” mandates, and rules and restrictions on travel and the types of businesses that may continue to operate. While these restrictions have been lifted, new variants of the coronavirus and/or the continued spread of the virus could cause government authorities to extend, reinstitute and/or adopt new restrictions. As a result, the possibility remains that the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively impact almost every industry, both inside and outside these metro regions, directly or indirectly and has created business continuity issues. For instance, a number of our commercial tenants temporarily closed their offices or stores and requested temporary rent deferral or rent abatement during the pandemic. In addition, jurisdictions where we own and operate properties had implemented rent freezes, eviction freezes, or other similar restrictions. The full extent of the impacts on our business over the long term are dependent on a number of factors beyond our control.

As a result of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we had been impacted and may in the future be impacted by one or more of the following if there is a resurgence of COVID-19 or development of another pandemic:

| ● | a decrease in real estate rental revenue (our primary source of operating cash flow), as a result of temporary rent deferrals, rent abatement and/or rent reductions, rent freezes or declines impacting new and renewal rental rates on properties, longer lease-up periods for both anticipated and unanticipated vacancies (in part, due to “shelter-in-place” mandates), lower revenue recognized as a result of waiving late fees, as well as our tenants’ ability and willingness to pay rent, and our ability to continue to collect rents, on a timely basis or at all;
| ● | a complete or partial closure of one or more of our properties resulting from government or tenant action (since Q1, 2021, all of our commercial properties were reopened);
| ● | reductions in demand for commercial space and the inability to provide physical tours of our commercial spaces may result in our inability to renew leases, re-lease space as leases expire, or lease vacant space, particularly without concessions, or a decline in rental rates on new leases;
| ● | the inability of one or more major tenants to pay rent, or the bankruptcy or insolvency of one or more major tenants, may be increased due to a downturn in its business or a weakening of its financial condition as a result of shelter-in-place orders, phased re-opening of its business, or other pandemic related causes;
| ● | the inability to decrease certain fixed expenses at our properties despite decreased operations at such properties;
| ● | the inability of our third-party service providers to adequately perform their property management and/or leasing activities at our properties due to decreased on-site staff;
| ● | the effect of existing and future orders by governmental authorities in any of our markets, which might require homebuilders to cease operations for an uncertain or indefinite period of time, which could significantly affect new home orders and deliveries, and negatively impact their home sales revenue and ability to perform on their lease obligations to the Company in such markets;
| ● | difficulty accessing capital on attractive terms, or at all, and a severe disruption and instability in the global financial markets or deterioration in credit and financing conditions, which may affect our access to capital and our commercial tenants’ ability to fund their business operations and meet their obligations to us;
| ● | the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could negatively impact our future compliance with financial covenants of debt agreements;
| ● | a decline in the market value of real estate may result in the carrying value of certain real estate assets exceeding their fair value, which may require us to recognize an impairment to those assets;

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| ● | future delays in the supply of products or services may negatively impact our ability to complete the renovations and lease-up of our buildings on schedule or for their original estimated cost;
| ● | a general decline in business activity and demand for real estate transactions could adversely affect our ability or desire to grow or change the complexion of our portfolio of properties;
| ● | our insurance may not cover loss of revenue or other expenses resulting from the pandemic and related shelter-in-place rules;
| ● | unanticipated costs and operating expenses and decreased anticipated revenue related to compliance with regulations, such as additional expenses related to staff working remotely, requirements to provide employees with additional mandatory paid time off and increased expenses related to sanitation measures performed at each of our properties, as well as additional expenses incurred to protect the welfare of our employees, such as expanded access to health services;

| ● | the potential for one or more members of our senior management team to become sick with COVID-19 and the loss of such services could adversely affect our business;
| ● | the increased vulnerability to cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions while employees are working remotely has the potential to disrupt our operations or cause material harm to our financial condition; and
| ● | complying with REIT requirements during a period of reduced cash flow could cause us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments or borrow funds on unfavorable conditions.

The financial aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic or any other pandemic are difficult to predict and may not directly correlate to the severity of outbreaks at a particular place or time. For example, there has been significant inflation in the price of lumber, largely as a result of supply shortages specific to the lumber industry resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, that has affected construction and renovation costs in our industry. Similarly, despite general economic concerns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been home price inflation in many markets, which may affect our ability to purchase Model Homes at prices we consider to be reasonable.

Our portfolio of marketable securities, including covered call options, is subject to market, interest and credit risk that may reduce its value.

We maintain a portfolio of marketable securities. As of December 31, 2023, we owned common shares of 3 different publicly traded REITs and no written covered call options in any of those same REITs. The fair market value on our publicly traded REIT securities was $45,149, based on the December 31, 2023 closing prices. Changes in the value of our portfolio of marketable securities could adversely affect our earnings. In particular, the value of our investments may decline due to increases in interest rates, downgrades of the securities included in our portfolio, instability in the global financial markets that reduces the liquidity of securities included in our portfolio, declines in the value of collateral underlying the securities included in our portfolio and other factors. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical instability and rising inflation have and may continue to adversely affect the financial markets. Each of these events may cause us to record charges to reduce the carrying value of our investment portfolio or sell investments for less than our acquisition cost. Although we attempt to mitigate these risks through diversification of our investments and continuous monitoring of our portfolio’s overall risk profile, the value of our investments may nevertheless decline.

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We may be adversely affected by unfavorable economic changes in the geographic areas where our properties are located.

Adverse economic conditions in areas where properties securing or otherwise underlying our investments are located (including business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, changing demographics and other factors) and local real estate conditions (such as oversupply or reduced demand) may have an adverse effect on the value of our real estate portfolio. The deterioration of any of these local conditions could hinder our ability to profitably operate a property and adversely affect the price and terms of a sale or other disposition of the property.

Competition for properties may limit the opportunities available to us and increase our acquisition costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects and negatively impact our profitability.

The market for property acquisitions continues to be competitive, which may reduce suitable investment opportunities available to us and increase acquisition purchase prices. Competition for properties offering higher rates of returns may intensify if real estate investments become more attractive relative to other investments. In acquiring real properties, we may experience considerable competition from a field of other investors, including other REITs, private equity investors, institutional investment funds, and real estate investment programs. Many of these competitors are larger than we are and have access to greater financial resources and better access to lower costs of capital. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments. This competition may limit our ability to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities that are consistent with our objectives. Our inability to acquire desirable properties on favorable terms could adversely affect our growth prospects, financial condition, our profitability and our ability to pay dividends.

Our inability to sell a property at the time and on the terms we desire could limit our ability to realize a gain on our investments and pay distributions to our stockholders.

Generally, we seek to sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of our properties when we determine such action to be in our best interests. Many factors beyond our control affect the real estate market and could affect our ability to sell properties for the price, on the terms or within the time frame that we desire. These factors include general economic conditions, the availability of financing, interest rates, supply and demand, and tax considerations. Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we have a limited ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Therefore, our inability to sell properties at the time and on the terms we want could reduce our cash flow, affect our ability to service or reduce our debt obligations, and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Lease default or termination by one of our major tenants could adversely impact our operations and our ability to pay dividends.

The success of our real estate investments depends on the financial stability of our tenants. A default or termination by a significant tenant (or a series of tenants) on its lease payments could cause us to lose the revenue associated with such lease and seek an alternative source of revenue to meet mortgage payments and prevent a foreclosure, if the property is subject to a mortgage. In the event of a significant tenant default or bankruptcy, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment. Additionally, we may be unable to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. These events could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions to our stockholders.

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A property that becomes vacant could be difficult to sell or re-lease and could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

We expect portions of our properties to periodically become vacant by reason of lease expirations, terminations, or tenant defaults. If a tenant vacates a property, we may be unable to re-lease the property without incurring additional expenditures, or at all. If the vacancy continues for a long period of time, if the rental rates upon such re-lease are significantly lower than expected, or if our reserves for these purposes prove inadequate, we will experience a reduction in net income and may be required to reduce or eliminate distributions to our stockholders. In addition, because a property’s market value depends principally upon the value of the leases associated with that property, the resale value of a property with high or prolonged vacancies could suffer, which could further reduce our returns.

We may incur substantial costs in improving our properties.

In order to re-lease or sell a property, substantial renovations or remodeling could be required. For instance, we expect that some of our properties will be designed for use by a particular tenant or business. Upon default or termination of the lease by such a tenant, the property might not be marketable without substantial capital improvements. The cost of construction in connection with any renovations and the time it takes to complete such renovations may be affected by factors beyond our control, including material and labor shortages, general contractor and/or subcontractor defaults and delays, permitting issues, weather conditions, and changes in federal, state and local laws. If we experience cost overruns resulting from delays or other causes in any construction project, we may have to seek additional debt financing. Further, delays in construction will cause a delay in our receipt of revenues from that property and could adversely affect our ability to meet our debt service obligations.

Uninsured and/or underinsured losses may adversely affect returns to our stockholders.

Our policy is to obtain insurance coverage for each of our properties covering loss from liability, fire, and casualty in the amounts and under the terms we deem sufficient to insure our losses. Under tenant leases on our commercial properties, we require our tenants to obtain insurance to cover casualty losses and general liability in amounts and under terms customarily obtained for similar properties in the area. However, in certain areas, insurance to cover some losses, generally losses of a catastrophic nature such as earthquakes, floods, wind, hail, terrorism and wars, is either unavailable or cannot be obtained at a reasonable cost. Consequently, we may not have adequate coverage for such losses. If any of our properties incurs a casualty loss that is not fully insured, we could lose some or all of our investment in the property. In addition, other than any working capital reserve or other reserves we may establish, we likely would have no source of funding to repair or reconstruct any uninsured or underinsured property.

Since we are not required to maintain specific levels of cash reserves, we may have difficulty in the event of increased or unanticipated expenses.

We do not currently have, nor do we anticipate that we will establish in the future, a permanent reserve for maintenance and repairs, lease commissions, or tenant improvements of real estate properties. To the extent that existing expenses increase or unanticipated expenses arise and accumulated reserves are insufficient to meet such expenses, we would be required to obtain additional funds through borrowing or the sale of property. There can be no guarantee that such additional funds will be available on favorable terms, or at all.

We may have to extend credit to buyers of our properties and a default by such buyers could have a material adverse effect on our operations and our ability to pay dividends.

In order to sell a property, we may lend the buyer all or a portion of the purchase price. When we provide financing to a buyer, we bear the risk that the buyer may default or that we may not receive full payment for the property sold. Even in the absence of a buyer default, the distribution of the proceeds of the sale to our stockholders, or the reinvestment of the proceeds in other property, will be delayed until the promissory note or collateral we may accept upon a sale is actually paid, sold, refinanced or otherwise disposed.

We may be adversely affected by trends in office real estate.

In 2023, approximately 54% of our net operating income was from our office properties, and approximately 63% in 2022. Work from home, flexible work schedules, open workplaces, videoconferencing, and teleconferencing are becoming more common, particularly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. These practices may enable businesses to reduce their office space requirements. There is also an increasing trend among some businesses to utilize shared office spaces and co-working spaces. A continuation of the movement towards these practices could, over time, erode the overall demand for office space and, in turn, place downward pressure on occupancy, rental rates and property valuations.

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We may acquire properties in joint ventures, partnerships or through limited liability companies, which could limit our ability to control or liquidate such holdings.

We may hold properties indirectly with others as co-owners (a co-tenancy interest) or indirectly through an intermediary entity such as a joint venture, partnership or limited liability company. Also, we may on occasion purchase an interest in a long-term leasehold estate or we may enter into a sale-leaseback financing transaction (see risk factor titled “In a sale-leaseback transaction, we are at risk that our seller/lessee will default, which could impair our operations and limit our ability to pay dividends.”). Such ownership structures allow us to hold a more valuable property with a smaller investment, but may reduce our ability to control such properties. In addition, if our co-owner in such arrangements experiences financial difficulties or is otherwise unable or unwilling to fulfill its obligations, we may be forced to find a new co-owner on less favorable terms or lose our interest in such property if no co-owner can be found.

As a general partner or member in DownREIT entities, we could be responsible for all liabilities of such entities.

We own three of our properties indirectly through limited liability companies and limited partnerships under a DownREIT structure. In a DownREIT structure, as well as some joint ventures or other investments we may make, we may utilize a limited liability company or a limited partnership as the holder of our real estate investment. We currently own a portion of these interests as a member, general partner and/or limited partner and in the future may acquire all or a greater interest in such entity. As a sole member or general partner, we are or would be potentially liable for all of the liabilities of the entities, even if we do not have rights of management or control over its operations. Therefore, our liability could far exceed the amount or value of investment we initially made, or then had, in such entities.

Our ability to operate a property may be limited by contract, which could prevent us from obtaining the maximum value from such properties.

Some of our properties will likely be contiguous to other parcels of real property, for example, comprising part of the same shopping center development. In some cases, there could exist significant covenants, conditions and restrictions, known as CC&Rs, relating to such property and any improvements or easements related to that property. The CC&Rs would restrict our operation of that property and could adversely affect the value of such property, either of which could adversely affect our operating costs and reduce the amount of funds that we have available to pay dividends.

We may acquire properties “as is,” which increases the risk that we will have to remedy defects or costs without recourse to the seller.

We may acquire real estate properties “as is,” with only limited representations and warranties from the seller regarding matters affecting the condition, use and ownership of the property. If defects in the property or other matters adversely affecting the property are discovered post-closing, we may not be able to pursue a claim for any or all damages against the seller. Therefore, we could lose some or all of our invested capital in the property as well as rental income. Such a situation could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In a sale-leaseback transaction, we are at risk that our seller/lessee will default, which could impair our operations and limit our ability to pay dividends.

In our model homes business, we frequently lease model home properties back to the seller or homebuilder for a certain period of time. Our ability to meet any mortgage payments is subject to the seller/lessee’s ability to pay its rent and other lease obligations, such as triple net expenses, on a timely basis. A default by the seller/lessee or other premature termination of its leaseback agreement with us and our subsequent inability to release the property could cause us to suffer losses and adversely affect our financial condition and ability to pay dividends.

Our model home business is substantially dependent on the supply and/or demand for single family homes.

Any significant decrease in the supply and/or demand for single family homes could have an adverse effect on our business. Reductions in the number of model home properties built by homebuilders due to fewer planned unit developments, rising construction costs or other factors affecting supply could reduce the number of acquisition opportunities available to us. The level of demand for single family homes may be impacted by a variety of factors, including changes in population density, the health of local, regional and national economies, mortgage rates, and the demand and use of model homes in newly developed communities by homebuilders and developers.

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We may be unable to acquire and/or manage additional model homes at competitive prices or at all.

Model homes generally have a short life before becoming residential homes and there are a limited number of model homes at any given time. In addition, as each model home is unique, we need to expend resources to complete our due diligence and underwriting process on many individual model homes, thereby increasing our acquisition costs and possibly reducing the amount that we are able to pay for a particular property. Accordingly, our plan to grow our model home business by acquiring additional model homes to lease back to home builders may not succeed.

There are a limited number of model homes and competition to buy these properties may be significant.

We plan to acquire model homes to lease back to home builders when we identify attractive opportunities and have financing available to complete such acquisitions. We may face competition for acquisition opportunities from other investors. We may be unable to acquire a desired property because of competition from other well capitalized real estate investors, including private investment funds and others. Competition from other real estate investors may also significantly increase the purchase price we must pay to acquire properties.

A significant percentage of our properties are concentrated in a small number of states, which exposes our business to the effects of certain regional events and occurrences.

Our commercial properties are currently located in California, Colorado, Maryland, North Dakota and Texas. Our model home portfolio consists of properties currently located in five states, although a significant concentration of our model homes is located in Texas. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 91% of our model homes were located in Texas. This concentration of properties in a limited number of markets may expose us to risks of adverse economic developments that are greater than if our portfolio were more geographically diverse. These economic developments include regional economic downturns and potentially higher local property, sales and income taxes in the geographic markets in which we are concentrated. In addition, our properties are subject to the effects of adverse acts of nature, such as winter storms, hurricanes, hailstorms, strong winds, earthquakes and tornadoes, which may cause damage, such as flooding, to our properties. Additionally, we cannot assure you that the amount of casualty insurance we maintain would entirely cover damages caused by any such event, or in the case of our model homes portfolio or commercial triple net leases, that the insurance maintained by our tenants would entirely cover damages caused by any such event.

As a result of our geographic concentration of properties, we will face a greater risk of a negative impact on our revenues in the event these areas are more severely impacted by adverse economic and competitive conditions and extreme weather than other areas in the United States.

We may be required under applicable accounting principles and standards to make impairment charges against one or more of our properties.

Under current accounting standards, requirements, and principles, we are required to periodically evaluate our real estate investments for impairment based on a number of indicators. Impairment indicators include real estate markets, leasing rates, occupancy levels, mortgage loan status, and other factors which affect the value of a particular property. For example, a tenant’s default under a lease, the upcoming termination of a long-term lease, the pending maturity of a mortgage loan secured by a property, and the unavailability of replacement financing are all impairment indicators. The presence of any of these indicators may require us to make a material impairment charge against the property so affected. If we determine an impairment has occurred, we are required to make an adjustment to the net carrying value of the property which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition for the period in which the impairment charge is recorded.

Discovery of toxic mold on our properties may adversely affect our results of operation.

Litigation and concern about indoor exposure to certain types of toxic molds have been increasing as the public becomes more aware that exposure to mold can cause a variety of health effects and symptoms, including allergic reactions. Toxic molds can be found almost anywhere; when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth will often occur, particularly if the moisture remains undiscovered or unaddressed. We attempt to acquire properties where there is no toxic mold or where there has not been any proceeding or litigation with respect to the presence of toxic mold. However, we cannot provide assurances that toxic mold will not exist on any of our properties or will not subsequently develop. The presence of toxic mold at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected property. In addition, the presence of toxic mold could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants, and others if property damage or health concerns arise.

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Our long-term growth may depend on obtaining additional equity capital.

Historically, we relied on cash from the sale of our equity securities to fund the implementation of our business plan, including property acquisitions and building our staff and internal management and administrative capabilities. Our continued ability to fund real estate investments, our operations, and payment of dividends to our stockholders will likely be dependent upon our obtaining additional capital through the additional sales of our equity and/or debt securities. Without additional capital, we may not be able to grow our asset base to a size that is sufficient to support our planned growth, current operations, or to pay dividends to our stockholders at rates or at the levels required to maintain our REIT status (see risk factor titled “We may be forced to borrow funds on a short-term basis, to sell assets or to issue securities to meet the REIT minimum distribution or other requirements or for working capital purposes.”). There is no assurance as to when and under what terms we could successfully obtain additional funding through the sale of our equity and/or debt securities. Our access to additional equity or debt capital depends on a number of factors, including general market conditions, the market’s perception of our growth potential, our expected future earnings, and our debt levels. If we are unable to obtain such additional equity capital, it could have an adverse impact on our growth aspects and the market price of our outstanding securities.

We currently are dependent on internal cash from our operations, financing and proceeds from property sales to fund future property acquisitions, meet our operational costs and pay dividends to our stockholders.

To the extent the cash we receive from our real estate investments and re-financing of existing properties is not sufficient to pay our costs of operations, our acquisition of additional properties, or our payment of dividends to our stockholders, we would be required to seek capital through additional measures. We may incur additional debt or issue additional preferred and common stock for various purposes, including, without limitation, to fund future acquisitions and operational needs. Other measures of generating or preserving capital could include decreasing our operational costs through reductions in personnel or facilities, reducing or suspending our acquisition of real estate, and reducing or suspending dividends to our stockholders.

Reducing or suspending our property acquisition program would prevent us from fully implementing our business plan and reaching our investment objectives. Reducing or suspending the payment of dividends to our stockholders would decrease our stockholders’ return on their investment and possibly prevent us from satisfying the minimum distribution or other requirements of the REIT provisions (see risk factor titled “We may be forced to borrow funds on a short-term basis, to sell assets or to issue securities to meet the REIT minimum distribution or other requirements requirement or for working capital purposes.”). Any of these measures would likely have a substantial adverse effect on our financial condition, the value of our common stock, and our ability to raise additional capital.

There can be no assurance that distributions will be paid, maintained or increased over time.

There are many factors that can affect the availability and timing of cash distributions to our stockholders. Distributions are expected to be based upon our funds from operations, or FFO, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity, debt service requirements and capital or other expenditure requirements for our properties, and any distributions will be authorized at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor, and their form, timing and amount, if any, will be affected by many factors, such as our ability to acquire profitable real estate investments and successfully manage our real estate properties and our operating expenses. Other factors may be beyond our control. We can therefore provide no assurance that we will be able to pay or maintain distributions or that distributions will increase over time. For example, our distributions were suspended for the periods from the third quarter of 2017 through the third quarter of 2018 and for the final three quarters of 2019 through the third quarter of 2020. We have made quarterly distribution to our holders of Series A Common Stock since the fourth quarter of 2020 through the fourth quarter of 2023. If we do not have sufficient cash available for distributions, we may need to fund the shortage out of working capital or borrow to provide funds for such distributions, which would reduce the amount of proceeds available for real estate investments and increase our future interest costs. Our inability to pay distributions, or to pay distributions at expected levels, could result in a decrease in the per share trading price of our Series A Common Stock, Series D Preferred Stock or Series A Warrants.

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If we are unable to find suitable investments, we may not be able to achieve our investment objectives or continue to pay distributions.

Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions on a regular basis is dependent upon our acquisition of suitable property investments and obtaining satisfactory financing arrangements. We cannot be sure that our management will be successful in finding suitable properties on financially attractive terms. If our management is unable to find such investments, we will hold the proceeds available for investment in an interest-bearing account or invest the proceeds in short-term, investment-grade investments. Holding such short-term investments will prevent us from making the long-term investments necessary to generate operating income to pay distributions. As a result, we will need to raise additional capital to continue to pay distributions until such time as suitable property investments become available (see risk factor titled “We may be forced to borrow funds on a short-term basis, to sell assets or to issue securities to meet the REIT minimum distribution or other requirements or for working capital purposes.”). In the event that we are unable to do so, our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected.

We depend on key personnel, and the loss of such persons could impair our ability to achieve our business objectives.

Our success substantially depends upon the continued contributions of certain key personnel in evaluating and securing investments, selecting tenants and arranging financing. Our key personnel include Jack K. Heilbron, our Chief Executive Officer and President, Ed Bentzen, our Chief Financial Officer, and Gary Katz, our Chief Investment Officer, each of whom would be difficult to replace. If either of these individuals or any of the other members of our management team were to leave, the implementation of our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered, and our operating results could suffer.

We also believe that our future success depends, in large part, upon our ability to hire and retain skilled and experienced managerial and operational personnel. Competition for skilled and experienced professionals has intensified, and we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel.

We rely on third-party property managers to manage most of our properties and brokers or agents to lease our properties.

We rely on various third-party property managers to manage most of our properties and local brokers or agents to lease vacant space. These third-party property managers have significant decision-making authority with respect to the management of our properties. Although we are significantly engaged with our third-party property managers, our ability to direct and control how our properties are managed on a day-to-day basis may be limited. Major issues encountered by our property managers, broker or leasing agents could adversely impact the operation and profitability of our properties and, consequently, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, cash available for distributions and our ability to service our debt obligations.

We may change our investment and business policies without stockholder consent, and such changes could increase our exposure to operational risks.

Our Board of Directors may change our investment and business policies, including our policies with respect to investments, acquisitions, growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions, at any time without the consent of our stockholders. Although our independent directors review our investment policies at least annually to determine that the policies we are following are in the best interests of our Company, a change in such policies could result in our making investments different from, and possibly riskier than, investments made in the past. A change in our investment policies may, among other things, increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could materially affect our ability to achieve our investment objectives.

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If we are deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, our stockholders’ investment return may be reduced.

We are not registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, based on exceptions we believe are available to us. If at any time the character of our investments could cause us to be deemed an investment company for purposes of the Investment Company Act, we could be required to register under the Investment Company Ac. Compliance with the Investment Company Ac, as a registered investment company, would require us to significantly alter our business and could impair our ability to operate as REIT, with potential adverse impacts on our business, and, thus, our stockholders.

Provisions of Maryland law may limit the ability of a third party to acquire control of us by requiring our Board of Directors or stockholders to approve proposals to acquire our Company or effect a change in control.

Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (“MGCL”) may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change in control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of their shares of common stock, including:

| • | “business combination” provisions that, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding voting stock or an affiliate or associate of ours who, at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of our then outstanding shares of stock) or an affiliate of any interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter imposes two super-majority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations, unless, among other conditions, our common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined in the MGCL, for their shares and the consideration is received in cash or in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares of stock; and

| • | “control share” provisions that provide that, subject to certain exceptions, holders of “control shares” (defined as voting shares that, when aggregated with all other shares controlled by the stockholder, entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of issued and outstanding “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares owned by the acquirer, by our officers or by our employees who are also directors of our Company.

By resolution, our Board of Directors has exempted business combinations between us and any other person, provided that the business combination is first approved by our Board of Directors (including a majority of our directors who are not affiliates or associates of such person). We cannot assure you that our Board of Directors will not amend or repeal this resolution in the future. In addition, pursuant to a provision in our bylaws we have opted out of the control share provisions of the MGCL.

In addition, the “unsolicited takeover” provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL permit our Board of Directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain takeover defenses, including adopting a classified board or increasing the vote required to remove a director. Such takeover defenses may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us under the circumstances that otherwise could provide our common stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price.

Our Board of Directors may approve the issuance of stock, including preferred stock, with terms that may discourage a third party from acquiring us.

Other than as set forth therein, our charter permits our Board of Directors, without any action by our stockholders, to authorize the issuance of stock in one or more classes or series. Our Board of Directors may also classify or reclassify any unissued preferred stock and set or change the preferences, conversion and other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications and terms and conditions of redemption of any such stock, which rights may be superior to those of our common stock. Thus, our Board of Directors could authorize the issuance of shares of a class or series of stock with terms and conditions which could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction in which holders of some or a majority of our outstanding common stock might receive a premium for their shares over the then current market price of our common stock.

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Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited.

Our charter eliminates the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages to the maximum extent permitted under Maryland law. Under current Maryland law and our charter, our directors and officers will not have any liability to us or our stockholders for money damages other than liability resulting from:

| • | actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or

| • | active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was established by a final judgment and is material to the cause of action adjudicated.

Our charter authorizes us and our bylaws obligate us to indemnify each of our directors or officers who is or is threatened to be made a party to, or witness in, a proceeding by reason of his or her service in those or certain other capacities, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, from and against any claim or liability to which such person may become subject or which such person may incur by reason of his or her status as a present or former director or officer of us or serving in such other capacities. In addition, we may be obligated to pay or reimburse the expenses incurred by our present and former directors and officers without requiring a preliminary determination of their ultimate entitlement to indemnification. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights to recover money damages from our directors and officers than might otherwise exist absent these provisions in our charter and bylaws or that might exist with other companies, which could limit your recourse in the event of actions that are not in our or your best interests.

Our management faces certain conflicts of interest with respect to their other positions and/or interests outside of our Company, which could hinder our ability to implement our business strategy and to generate returns to our stockholders.

We rely on our management, including Mr. Heilbron, our Chief Executive Officer and President, for implementation of our investment policies and our day-to-day operations. Although the majority of his business time is spent working for our Company, Mr. Heilbron engages in other investment and business activities in which we have no economic interest. His responsibilities to these other entities could result in action or inaction that is detrimental to our business, which could harm the implementation of our business strategy. He may face conflicts of interest in allocating his time among us and his other business ventures and in meeting his obligations to us and those other entities. His determinations in these situations may be more favorable to other entities than to us.

Possible future transactions with our management or their affiliates could create a conflict of interest, which could result in actions that are not in the long-term best interests of our stockholders.

Under prescribed circumstances, we may enter into transactions with affiliates of our management, including the borrowing and lending of funds, the purchase and sale of properties and joint investments. Currently, our policy is not to enter into any transaction involving sales or purchases of properties or joint investments with management or their affiliates, or to borrow from or lend money to such persons. However, our policies in each of these regards may change in the future.

We face system security risks as we depend on automated processes and the Internet.

We are increasingly dependent on automated information technology processes. While we attempt to mitigate this risk through offsite backup procedures and contracted data centers that include, in some cases, redundant operations, we could be severely impacted by a catastrophic occurrence, such as a natural disaster or a terrorist attack.

In addition, an increasing portion of our business operations are conducted over the Internet, putting us at risk from cybersecurity attacks, including attempts to make unauthorized transfers of funds, gain unauthorized access to our confidential data or information technology systems, viruses, ransomware, and other electronic security breaches. Such cyber-attacks may involve more sophisticated security threats that could impact day-to-day operations. While we employ a number of measures to prevent, detect and mitigate these threats, there is no guarantee such efforts will be successful at preventing a cyber-attack. Cybersecurity incidents could compromise confidential information of our tenants, employees and vendors and cause system failures and disruptions of operations.

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Risks related to cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions and other security breaches.

We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization, and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. In addition, the risk of cyber-attack or cyber intrusion has increased and become more costly to monitor and manage with more of our employees and the employees of our vendors, customers or other business partners working remotely as a result of the ongoing pandemic. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations (including managing our building systems). We make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our IT networks and systems and have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption. However, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could result in unauthorized access to proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information, significantly disrupt our business operations, cause damage to our reputation and subject us to additional unforeseen costs and require significant time and resources to remedy. Any or all of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Current legislative uncertainty and discourse could cause significant economic impact on markets, including the availability and access to capital markets and other funding sources, adverse changes in real estate values and increased interest rates. Such impacts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results from operation and growth prospects.

In 2022 and 2023, the United States Federal Reserve raised interest rates multiple times and may raise interest rates in 2024 as well. An increase in the federal funds effective rate could cause an increase in rates related to lending for commercial real estate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our ability to pay distributions. Further, the outcome of congressional and other elections creates uncertainty with respect to legal, tax and regulatory regimes in which we operate. These changes could result in sweeping reform in many laws and regulations, including without limitation, those relating to taxes and small business aid. In addition, political discourse continues to be abrasive and an inability of the legislative and executive branches to engage in bipartisan politics may lead to instability on legislative, economic and social matters. These factors could have significant economic impacts on the markets, including without limitation, the stability, availability and access to capital markets and other funding sources, reduced real estate values and increases to interest rates. Such impacts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results from operation and growth prospects.

If any of the banking institutions in which we deposit funds ultimately fails, we may lose any amounts of our deposits over federally insured levels which could reduce the amount of cash we have available to distribute or invest and could result in a decline in our value.

Continued uncertainty in the banking industry and additional bank failures could adversely impact our ability to maintain our business or access company funds. The banking industry is currently facing instability. We expect that the banking industry, particularly smaller banks, may continue to face potential failures. We currently hold a majority of our funds at a Western Alliance bank. We may need to coordinate and diversify banking relationships in order to have business continuity. If a bank where we hold funds experiences at bank failure, we may not be able to access funds or may lose funds which would have a negative impact on the financial condition of the business and our ability to conduct business.

We have deployed significant capital to own equity of Conduit, and the value of our equity investment in Conduit may decline due to factors outside of our control, which would likely have a material adverse effect on our future expansion, revenues, and profits.

In connection with our sponsorship of the SPAC, we purchased founder shares in the SPAC for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 in 2021 and in connection with the SPAC’s IPO in 2022, we purchased 754,000 private placement units at a price of $10.00 per unit, for an aggregate purchase price of $7,540,000. Following the SPAC’s business combination with Conduit Pharma, we currently own approximately 6.3% of Conduit’s outstanding shares.

The value of our equity investment in Conduit, as carried on the consolidated balance sheet included in the financial statements accompanying this Form 10-K, is approximately $7.56 million, which we have computed in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), and which constitutes approximately 41% of the carrying value of our total assets as reflected on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. We can provide no assurance that the value of our equity investment in Conduit will not decline significantly based upon a variety of factors wholly outside of our control, including, without limitation, the performance of Conduit’s business, general market and economic conditions and stockholder dilution resulting from any capital raises or other financing transactions undertaken by Conduit.

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Risks Related to our Indebtedness

We have significant outstanding indebtedness, which requires that we generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy the payment and other obligations under the terms of our debt and exposes us to the risk of default under the terms of our debt.

Our total gross indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $108.5 million. We may incur additional debt for various purposes, including, without limitation, to fund future acquisitions and operational needs.

The terms of our outstanding indebtedness provide for significant principal and interest payments. Our ability to meet these and other ongoing payment obligations of our debt depends on our ability to generate significant cash flow in the future. Our ability to generate cash flow, to some extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors, as well as other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that our business will generate cash flow from operations, or that capital will be available to us, in amounts sufficient to enable us to meet our payment obligations under our loan agreements and to fund our other liquidity needs. If we are not able to generate sufficient cash flow to service these obligations, we may need to refinance or restructure our debt, sell unencumbered assets subject to defeasance or yield maintenance costs (which we may be limited in doing in light of the relatively illiquid nature of our properties), reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. If we are unable to implement one or more of these alternatives, we may not be able to meet these payment obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity. Our outstanding indebtedness, and the limitations imposed on us by the agreements that govern our outstanding indebtedness, could have significant adverse consequences, including the following:

| • | make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations;

| • | limit our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate requirements, or to carry out other aspects of our business plan;

| • | limit our ability to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or impose refinancing terms that may be less favorable than the terms of the original indebtedness;

| • | require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on obligations under our outstanding indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of such cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate requirements, or adversely affect our ability to meet REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code;

| • | cause us to violate restrictive covenants in the documents that govern our indebtedness, which would entitle our lenders to charge default rates of interest and/or accelerate our debt obligations;

| • | cause us to default on our obligations, causing lenders or mortgagees to foreclose on properties that secure our loans and receive an assignment of our rents and leases;

| • | force us to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on unfavorable terms or in violation of certain covenants to which we may be subject;

| • | limit our ability to make material acquisitions or take advantage of business opportunities that may arise and limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, thereby limiting our ability to compete effectively or operate successfully; and

| • | cause us to not have sufficient cash flow to pay dividends to our stockholders or place restrictions on the payment of dividends to our stockholders.

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If any one of these events was to occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.

Mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings increase our operational risks.

Loans obtained to fund property acquisitions will generally be secured by mortgages on our properties. The more we borrow, the higher our fixed debt payment obligations will be and the greater the risk that we will not be able to timely meet these payment obligations. At December 31, 2023, excluding our model home properties, we had a total of approximately $73.7 million of secured financing on our properties. If we are unable to make our debt payments as required, due to a decrease in rental or other revenues or an increase in our other costs, a lender could charge us a default rate of interest and/or foreclose on the property or properties securing its debt. This could cause an adverse effect on our results of operations and/or cause us to lose part or all of our investment, adversely affecting our financial condition by lowering the value of our real estate portfolio.

Lenders often require restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which adversely affects our flexibility and may affect our ability to achieve our investment objectives.

Some of our mortgage loans impose restrictions that affect our distribution and operating policies, our ability to incur additional debt and our ability to resell interests in properties. A number of loan documents contain covenants requiring us to maintain cash reserves or letters of credit under certain circumstances and limiting our ability to further mortgage the property, discontinue certain insurance coverage, replace the property manager, or terminate certain operating or lease agreements related to the property. Such restrictions may limit our ability to achieve our investment objectives.

Financing arrangements involving balloon payment obligations may adversely affect our ability to pay distributions.

Some of our mortgage loans require us to make a lump-sum or “balloon” payment at maturity. We may finance more properties that we acquire in this manner. Our ability to make a balloon payment at maturity could be uncertain and may depend upon our ability to obtain additional financing, to refinance the debt or to sell the property. When the balloon payment is due, we may not be able to refinance debt on favorable terms or sell the property at a price that would cover the balloon payment. The effect of a refinancing or sale could affect the rate of return to stockholders and the value of our common stock.

In addition, making a balloon payment may leave us with insufficient cash to pay the distributions that are required to maintain our qualification as a REIT. At December 31, 2023, excluding our model homes business, we have no mortgage that requires a balloon payment in 2023. The model homes division pays off the balance of its mortgages using proceeds from the sale of the underlying homes. Any deficiency in the sale proceeds would have to be paid from existing cash, reducing the amount available for distributions and operations.

Risks Related to our Status as a REIT and Related Federal Income Tax Matters

Failure to qualify as a REIT could adversely affect our operations and our ability to pay distributions.

We elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2001. We believe that we have been organized and have operated in a manner that has allowed us to qualify for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with such taxable year, and we expect to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. However, the federal income tax laws governing REITs are extremely complex, and interpretations of the federal income tax laws governing qualification as a REIT are limited. Qualifying as a REIT requires us to meet various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding stock, and the amount of our distributions on an ongoing basis. While we intend to continue to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, including the tax treatment of certain investments and dispositions, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will qualify for any particular year. If we lose our REIT qualification, we would be subject to federal corporate income taxation on our taxable income, and we could also be subject to increased state and local taxes. Additionally, we would not be allowed a deduction for distributions paid to stockholders. Moreover, unless we are entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, we could not elect to be taxed as a REIT for four taxable years following the year during which we were disqualified. The income tax consequences could be substantial and would reduce our cash available for distribution to stockholders and investments in additional real estate. We could also be required to borrow funds or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax. If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we would not be required to make distributions to our stockholders.

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As a REIT, we may be subject to tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.

Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to federal, state and local taxes on our income or property, including the following:

| • | To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gains) to our stockholders. If we satisfy the distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and including net capital gains), we will be subject to corporate income tax on the undistributed income.

| • | We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which the distributions that we pay in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income, and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years.

| • | If we have net income from the sale of foreclosure property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property, we must pay a tax on that income at the highest corporate income tax rate.

| • | If we sell a property, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, our gain will be subject to the 100% “prohibited transaction” tax.

| • | We may be subject to state and local taxes on our income or property, either directly or indirectly because of the taxation of entities through which we indirectly own our assets.

| • | Our subsidiaries that are “taxable REIT subsidiaries” will generally be required to pay federal corporate income tax on their earnings.

Our ownership of taxable REIT subsidiaries is subject to certain restrictions, and we will be required to pay a 100% penalty tax on certain income or deductions if our transactions with our taxable REIT subsidiaries are not conducted on arm’s length terms.

We own and may acquire direct or indirect interests in one or more entities that have elected or will elect, together with us, to be treated as our taxable REIT subsidiaries. A taxable REIT subsidiary is a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) other than a REIT in which a REIT directly or indirectly holds stock, and that has made a joint election with such REIT to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. If a taxable REIT subsidiary owns more than 35% of the total voting power or value of the outstanding securities of another corporation, such other corporation will also be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. Other than some activities relating to lodging and health care facilities, a taxable REIT subsidiary may generally engage in any business, including the provision of customary or non-customary services to tenants of its parent REIT. A taxable REIT subsidiary is subject to U.S. federal income tax as a regular C corporation. In addition, a 100% excise tax will be imposed on certain transactions between a taxable REIT subsidiary and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s length basis.

A REIT’s ownership of securities of a taxable REIT subsidiary is not subject to the 5% or 10% asset tests applicable to REITs. Not more than 25% of the value of our total assets could be represented by securities, including securities of taxable REIT subsidiaries, other than those securities includable in the 75% asset test. Further, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, not more than 20% of the value of our total assets may be represented by securities of taxable REIT subsidiaries. We anticipate that the aggregate value of the stock and other securities of any taxable REIT subsidiaries that we own will be less than 20% of the value of our total assets, and we will monitor the value of these investments to ensure compliance with applicable asset test limitations. In addition, we intend to structure our transactions with any taxable REIT subsidiaries that we own to ensure that they are entered into on arm’s length terms to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to comply with these limitations or avoid application of the 100% excise tax discussed above.

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We may be forced to borrow funds on a short-term basis, to sell assets or to issue securities to meet the REIT minimum distribution or other requirements or for working capital purposes.

To qualify as a REIT, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the nature and diversification of our assets, the sources of our income and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. In order to maintain our REIT status or avoid the payment of income and excise taxes, we may need to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the REIT distribution requirements, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. To qualify as a REIT, in general, we must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gains) each year. We have and intend to continue to make distributions to our stockholders. However, our ability to make distributions may be adversely affected by the risk factors described elsewhere herein. In the event of a decline in our operating results and financial performance or in the value of our asset portfolio, we may not have cash sufficient for distribution. Therefore, to preserve our REIT status or avoid taxation, we may need to borrow funds, sell assets or issue additional securities, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable. Moreover, we may be required to liquidate or forgo otherwise attractive investments in order to satisfy the REIT asset and income tests or to qualify under certain statutory relief provisions. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to meet any of these asset, income or distribution tests, or to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with one or more of the requirements applicable to REITs or may be subject to a 100% tax on any resulting gain if such sales constitute prohibited transactions.

In addition, we require a minimum amount of cash to fund our daily operations. Due to the REIT distribution requirements, we may be forced to make distributions when we otherwise would use the cash to fund our working capital needs. Therefore, we may be forced to borrow funds, to sell assets or to issue additional securities at certain times for our working capital needs.

The tax imposed on REITs engaging in “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions that would be treated as sales for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business unless a sale or disposition qualifies under certain statutory safe harbors, such characterization is a factual determination and no guarantee can be given that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) would agree with our characterization of our properties or that we will always be able to make use of the available safe harbors.

Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on our investors or us.

The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Changes to the tax laws, with or without retroactive application, could adversely affect our investors or us. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect our investors or us. New legislation, Treasury Regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, or the federal income tax consequences of an investment in us. Also, the law relating to the tax treatment of other entities, or an investment in other entities, could change, making an investment in such other entities more attractive relative to an investment in a REIT.

The stock ownership limit imposed by the Code for REITs and our charter may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price for our stockholders.

In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, no more than 50% in value of our outstanding stock may be beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (including certain types of entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year. To ensure that we do not fail to qualify as a REIT under this test, our charter restricts ownership by one person or entity to no more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 9.8% in value of the aggregate outstanding shares of all classes and series of our capital stock. This restriction may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price for holders of our common stock.

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Dividends payable by REITs generally are taxed at the higher ordinary income rate, which could reduce the net cash received by stockholders and may be detrimental to our ability to raise additional funds through any future sale of our common stock.

Income from “qualified dividends” payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is generally subject to tax at reduced rates. However, dividends payable by REITs to its stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates for qualified dividends and are taxed at ordinary income rates (but U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates generally may deduct 20% of ordinary dividends from a REIT for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026). Although these rules do not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, to the extent that the reduced rates continue to apply to regular corporate qualified dividends, investors that are individuals, trusts and estates may perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could materially and adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including the per share trading price of our common stock, and could be detrimental to our ability to raise additional funds through the future sale of our common stock.

Tax-exempt stockholders will be taxed on our distributions to the extent such distributions are unrelated business taxable income.

Generally, neither ordinary nor capital gain distributions should constitute unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) to tax-exempt entities, such as employee pension benefit trusts and individual retirement accounts. Our payment of distributions to a tax-exempt stockholder will constitute UBTI, however, if the tax-exempt stockholder has incurred debt to acquire its shares. Therefore, tax-exempt stockholders are not assured all dividends received will be tax-free.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of this material weakness is not effective, or if we experience additional material weakness in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock, and our financial performance may be adversely impacted.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, requires that we maintain internal control over financial reporting that meets applicable standards. We may err in the design or operation of our controls, and all internal control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, there can be no assurance that all control issues have been or will be detected.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. In connection with the preparation and audit of the financial statements as of and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, a certain material weakness was identified in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. This material weakness is primarily related to a non-recuring significant transaction for income tax provision and comprises the following:

| ● | We lack a formal review and approval process in connection with the annual income tax provision, specifically related to REIT and non-REIT subsidiaries and the ownership of Conduit shares received by the Company in the de-SPAC transaction on September 22, 2023.

| ● | We did not design adequate internal controls under an appropriate financial reporting framework, including monitoring controls and certain entity level controls with regards to the income tax provision.

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If this material weakness is not remediated, it could potentially result in a misstatement of account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

The above material weakness will not be considered remediated until our remediation plan has been fully implemented. We cannot predict the success of such efforts to remediate the material weakness. Our efforts may not remediate this material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or additional material weaknesses may be identified in the future. A failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of our financial statements and could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, any of which could diminish investor confidence in us and cause a decline in the price of our common stock. As a result of this failure, we could also become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, and become subject to litigation from investors and stockholders, which could harm our reputation, financial condition or divert financial and management resources from our core business, and would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to our Common Stock, Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants

If we are unable to comply with the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, our common stock could be delisted, which could affect our common stock's market price and liquidity and reduce our ability to raise capital.

We are required to meet certain qualitative and financial tests to maintain the listing of our securities on Nasdaq. As of the date of this report, we are in compliance with all of Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements. As previously disclosed, the Company received a written notice from Nasdaq on June 6, 2023 notifying the Company that it had failed to meet the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued inclusion on Nasdaq. On December 21, 2023, the Company announced that it received formal notice from the Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC stating that the Company had regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2).

There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement or will otherwise be in compliance with other Nasdaq listing criteria. If we are unable to maintain compliance with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, our common stock could be delisted, making it more difficult to buy or sell our securities and to obtain accurate quotations, and the price of our securities could suffer a material decline. Delisting could also impair our ability to raise capital.

Our Series D Preferred Stock is subordinate to our existing and future debt, and your interests could be diluted by the issuance of additional preferred stock and by other transactions.

The Series D Preferred Stock ranks junior to all of our existing and future debt and to other non-equity claims on us and our assets available to satisfy claims against us, including claims in bankruptcy, liquidation or similar proceedings. Our future debt may include restrictions on our ability to pay distributions to preferred stockholders. Our charter currently authorizes the issuance of up to 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more classes or series. Subject to limitations prescribed by Maryland law and our charter, our Board of Directors is authorized to issue, from our authorized but unissued shares of stock, preferred stock in such classes or series as our Board of Directors may determine and to establish from time to time the number of shares of preferred stock to be included in any such class or series. The issuance of additional shares of Series D Preferred Stock or another series of preferred stock designated as ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock would dilute the interests of the holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock, and the issuance of shares of any class or series of our stock expressly designated as ranking senior to the Series D Preferred Stock or the incurrence of additional indebtedness could affect our ability to pay distributions on, redeem or pay the liquidation preference on the Series D Preferred Stock. The Series D Preferred Stock does not contain any terms relating to or limiting our indebtedness or affording the holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock protection in the event of a highly leveraged or other transaction, including a merger or the sale, lease or conveyance of all or substantially all our assets, that might adversely affect the holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock, so long as the rights, preferences, privileges or voting power of the Series D Preferred Stock or the holders thereof are not materially and adversely affected.

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As a holder of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock, you have extremely limited voting rights.

Your voting rights as a holder of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock will be limited. Our shares of common stock are the only class of our securities carrying full voting rights. Voting rights for holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock exist primarily with respect to adverse changes in the terms of the Series D Preferred Stock and the creation of additional classes or series of preferred shares that are senior to the Series D Preferred Stock. Other than these limited voting rights described herein, holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock will not have any voting rights.

Our cash available for distributions may not be sufficient to pay distributions on the Series D Preferred Stock at expected levels, and we cannot assure you of our ability to pay distributions in the future. We may use borrowed funds or funds from other sources to pay distributions, which may adversely impact our operations.

We have paid and intend to pay regular monthly distributions to holders of our Series D Preferred Stock. Distributions declared by us are and will be authorized by our Board of Directors in its sole discretion out of assets legally available for distribution and will depend upon a number of factors, including our earnings, our financial condition, restrictions under applicable law, our need to comply with the terms of our existing financing arrangements, the capital requirements of our Company and other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time. We may be required to fund distributions from working capital, proceeds of our equity offerings or a sale of assets to the extent distributions exceed earnings or cash flows from operations. Funding distributions from working capital would restrict our operations. If we are required to sell assets to fund distributions, such asset sales may occur at a time or in a manner that is not consistent with our disposition strategy. If we borrow to fund distributions, our leverage ratios and future interest costs would increase, thereby reducing our earnings and cash available for distribution from what they otherwise would have been. We may not be able to pay distributions in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may be considered a return of capital for income tax purposes. If we decide to make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for federal income tax purposes to the extent of the holder’s adjusted tax basis in its shares. A return of capital is not taxable, but it has the effect of reducing the holder’s adjusted tax basis in its investment. If distributions exceed the adjusted tax basis of a holder’s shares, they will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of such stock.

We could be prevented from paying cash dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock due to prescribed legal requirements.

Holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock do not receive dividends on such shares unless authorized by our Board of Directors and declared by us. Under Maryland law, cash dividends on stock may only be paid if, after giving effect to the dividends, our total assets exceed our total liabilities and we are able to pay our indebtedness as it becomes due in the ordinary course of business. Unless we operate profitably, our ability to pay cash dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock may be negatively impacted. Our business may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to enable us to pay dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock when payable. Further, even if we meet the applicable solvency tests under Maryland law to pay cash dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock described above, we may not have sufficient cash to pay dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock.

Furthermore, no dividends on Series D Preferred Stock shall be authorized by our Board of Directors or paid, declared or set aside for payment by us at any time when the authorization, payment, declaration or setting aside for payment would be unlawful under Maryland law or any other applicable law.

We may redeem the Series D Preferred Stock and you may not receive dividends that you anticipate if we redeem the Series D Preferred Stock.

On or after June 15, 2026, we may, at our option, redeem the Series D Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time. Also, upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, we may, at our option, redeem the Series D Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, within 120 days after the first date on which such Change of Control occurred. We may have an incentive to redeem the Series D Preferred Stock voluntarily if market conditions allow us to issue other preferred stock or debt securities at a rate that is lower than the dividend rate on the Series D Preferred Stock. If we redeem the Series D Preferred Stock, from and after the redemption date, dividends will cease to accrue on shares of Series D Preferred Stock, the shares of Series D Preferred Stock shall no longer be deemed outstanding and all rights as a holder of those shares will terminate, except the right to receive the redemption price plus accumulated and unpaid dividends, if any, payable upon redemption.

Holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock should not expect us to redeem the Series D Preferred Stock on or after the date they become redeemable at our option.

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The Series D Preferred Stock is a perpetual equity security. This means that it has no maturity or mandatory redemption date and is not redeemable at the option of the holders. The Series D Preferred Stock may be redeemed only by us at our option either in whole or in part, from time to time, at any time on or after June 15, 2026, or within 120 days following the occurrence of a Change of Control. Any decision we may make at any time to propose a redemption of the Series D Preferred Stock will depend upon, among other things, our evaluation of our capital position, the composition of our stockholders’ equity and general market conditions at that time.

The Series D Preferred Stock is not convertible into shares of our common stock, and investors will not realize a corresponding upside if the price of the common stock increases.

The Series D Preferred Stock is not convertible into shares of our common stock and earns dividends at a fixed rate. Accordingly, an increase in market price of our common stock will not necessarily result in an increase in the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock. The market value of the Series D Preferred Stock may depend more on dividend and interest rates for other preferred stock, commercial paper and other investment alternatives and our actual and perceived ability to pay dividends on, and in the event of dissolution satisfy the liquidation preference with respect to, the Series D Preferred Stock.

The Change of Control right may make it more difficult for a party to acquire us or discourage a party from acquiring us.

The Change of Control right allowing us to redeem the Series D Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, any time from time to time, for cash at a redemption price equal to $25.00 per share , plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon to, but not including, the date of fixed redemption, may have the effect of discouraging a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring or preventing certain of our change of control transactions under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our Series D Preferred Stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price of such equity securities or that stockholders may otherwise believe is in their best interests.

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, or, if that court does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Baltimore Division, will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain actions, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with the Company.

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, or, if that court does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Baltimore Division, will be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of any duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or to our stockholders, (c) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees arising pursuant to any provision of the MGCL or our charter or bylaws or (d) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This forum selection provision in our bylaws may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or any our directors, officers or other employees.

Listing on Nasdaq does not guarantee an active market for the Series D Preferred Stock and the market price and trading volume of the Series D Preferred Stock may fluctuate significantly.

The Series D Preferred Stock is trading on Nasdaq but there is no guarantee that an active and liquid trading market to sell the Series D Preferred Stock will be sustained. Because the Series D Preferred Stock has no stated maturity date, investors seeking liquidity may be limited to selling their shares in the secondary market. If an active trading market is not sustained, the market price and liquidity of the Series D Preferred Stock may be adversely affected. Even if an active public market continues to exist, we cannot guarantee you that the market price for the Series D Preferred Stock will equal or exceed the price you pay for your Series D Preferred Stock.

The market determines the trading price for the Series D Preferred Stock and may be influenced by many factors, including our history of paying distributions on the Series D Preferred Stock, variations in our financial results, the market for similar securities, investors’ perception of us, our issuance of additional preferred equity or indebtedness and general economic, industry, interest rate and market conditions. Because the Series D Preferred Stock carries a fixed distribution rate, its value in the secondary market will be influenced by changes in interest rates and will tend to move inversely to such changes. In particular, an increase in market interest rates may result in higher yields on other financial instruments and may lead purchasers of Series D Preferred Stock to demand a higher yield on the price paid for the Series D Preferred Stock, which could adversely affect the market price of the Series D Preferred Stock.

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If the Series D Preferred Stock is delisted, the ability to transfer or sell shares of the Series D Preferred Stock may be limited and the market value of the Series D Preferred Stock will likely be materially adversely affected.

The Series D Preferred Stock does not contain provisions that are intended to protect investors if the Series D Preferred Stock is delisted from Nasdaq. If the Series D Preferred Stock is delisted from Nasdaq, investors’ ability to transfer or sell shares of the Series D Preferred Stock will be limited and the market value of the Series D Preferred Stock will likely be materially adversely affected. Moreover, since the Series D Preferred Stock has no stated maturity date, investors may be forced to hold shares of the Series D Preferred Stock indefinitely while receiving stated dividends thereon when, as and if authorized by our Board of Directors and paid by us with no assurance as to ever receiving the liquidation value thereof.

Market interest rates may have an effect on the value of the Series D Preferred Stock.

One of the factors that will influence the price of the Series D Preferred Stock will be the distribution yield on the Series D Preferred Stock (as a percentage of the market price of the Series D Preferred Stock) relative to market interest rates. An increase in market interest rates may lead prospective purchasers of the Series D Preferred Stock to expect a higher distribution yield (and higher interest rates would likely increase our borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available for distribution payments). Thus, higher market interest rates could cause the market price of the Series D Preferred Stock to decrease and reduce the amount of funds that are available and may be used to make distribution payments.

In the event of a liquidation, you may not receive the full amount of your liquidation preference.

In the event of our liquidation, the proceeds will be used first to repay indebtedness and then to pay holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock and any other class or series of our stock ranking senior to or on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock as to liquidation the amount of each holder’s liquidation preference and accrued and unpaid distributions through the date of payment. In the event we have insufficient funds to make payments in full to holders of the shares of the Series D Preferred Stock and any other class or series of our stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock as to liquidation, such funds will be distributed ratably among such holders and such holders may not realize the full amount of their liquidation preference.

We are generally restricted from issuing shares of other series of preferred stock that rank senior the Series D Preferred Stock as to dividend rights or rights to the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, but may do so with the requisite consent of the holders of the Series D Preferred Stock; and, further, no such consent is required for an increase in the number of shares of Series D Preferred Stock or the issuance of additional shares of Series D Preferred Stock or series of preferred stock ranking pari passu with the Series D Preferred Stock.

We are allowed to issue shares of other series of preferred stock that rank senior to the Series D Preferred Stock as to dividend payments and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, only with the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding Series D Preferred Stock. However, we are allowed to increase the number of shares of Series D Preferred Stock or additional series of preferred stock that would rank equally to the Series D Preferred Stock as to dividend payments and rights upon our liquidation or winding up of our affairs without first obtaining the approval of the holders of our Series D Preferred Stock. The issuance of additional shares of Series D Preferred Stock or additional series of preferred stock could have the effect of reducing the amounts available to the Series D Preferred Stock upon our liquidation or dissolution or the winding up of our affairs. It also may reduce dividend payments on the Series D Preferred Stock if we do not have sufficient funds to pay dividends on all outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock and other classes or series of stock with equal or senior priority with respect to dividends. Future issuances and sales of senior or pari passu preferred stock, or the perception that such issuances and sales could occur, may cause prevailing market prices for the Series D Preferred Stock and our common stock to decline and may adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital in the financial markets at times and prices favorable to us.

The market price of the Series D Preferred Stock could be substantially affected by various factors.

The market price of the Series D Preferred Stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors. The price of the Series D Preferred Stock in the market may be higher or lower than the price holders of the Series D Preferred stock paid for it depending on many factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be directly related to our operating performance.

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These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

| • | prevailing interest rates, increases in which may have an adverse effect on the market price of the Series D Preferred Stock;

| • | trading prices of similar securities;

| • | our history of timely dividend payments;

| • | the annual yield from dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock as compared to yields on other financial instruments;

| • | general economic and financial market conditions;

| • | government action or regulation;

| • | the financial condition, performance and prospects of us and our competitors;

| • | changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts with respect to us or our competitors in our industry;

| • | our issuance of additional preferred equity or debt securities; and

| • | actual or anticipated variations in quarterly operating results of us and our competitors.

As a result of these and other factors, investors who purchase our Series D Preferred Stock may experience a decrease, which could be substantial and rapid, in the market price of the Series D Preferred Stock, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects.

The market price and trading volume of our Series D Preferred Stock may be volatile, and you could experience a loss if you sell your shares.

The market price of our Series D Preferred Stock may be volatile. In addition, the trading volume in our Series D Preferred Stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock declines significantly, you may be unable to sell your shares at or above the public offering price. We cannot assure you that the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future.

Some of the factors that could negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our Series D Preferred Stock include:

| • | actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly results of operations or distributions, including as a result of the recent COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows;

| • | changes in our FFO, earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

| • | publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry generally;

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| • | the extent of investor interest;

| • | publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry;

| • | increases in market interest rates that lead purchasers of our shares to demand a higher yield;

| • | changes in market valuations of similar companies;

| • | strategic decisions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestments, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments or changes in business strategy;

| • | the reputation of REITs generally and the reputation of REITs with portfolios similar to ours;

| • | the attractiveness of the securities of REITs in comparison to securities issued by other entities (including securities issued by other real estate companies);

| • | adverse market reaction to any additional debt that we incur or acquisitions that we make in the future;

| • | additions or departures of key management personnel;

| • | future issuances by us of our common stock or other equity securities;

| • | actions by institutional or activist stockholders;

| • | speculation in the press or investment community;

| • | the realization of any of the other risk factors presented in this annual report; and

| • | general market and economic conditions.

If a substantial number of shares become available for sale and are sold in a short period of time, the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock could decline.

A large volume of sales of shares of our Series D Preferred Stock could further decrease the prevailing market price of such shares and could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities in the future. Even if sales of a substantial number of shares of our Series D Preferred Stock are not effectuated, the perception of the possibility of these sales could depress the market price for such shares and have a negative effect on our ability to raise capital in the future.

If our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our Series D Preferred Stock in the public market, the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock could decrease significantly. The perception in the public market that our stockholders might sell shares of Series D Preferred Stock could also depress our market price. A decline in the price of shares of our Series D Preferred Stock might impede our ability to raise capital through the issuance of additional shares of our Series D Preferred Stock or other equity securities and could result in a decline in the value of the shares of our Series D Preferred Stock.

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Broad market fluctuations could negatively impact the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock.

Stock market price and volume fluctuations could affect the market price of many companies in industries similar or related to ours and that have been unrelated to these companies’ operating performance. These fluctuations could reduce the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock. Furthermore, our results of operations and prospects may be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors or may be lower than those of companies with comparable market capitalizations. Either of these factors could lead to a material decline in the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock.

The market price of our Series D Preferred Stock could be adversely affected by our level of cash distributions.

The market’s perception of our growth potential and our current and potential future cash distributions, whether from operations, sales or refinancing, as well as the real estate market value of the underlying assets, may cause our Series D Preferred Stock to trade at prices that differ from our net asset value per share. If we retain operating cash flow for investment purposes, working capital reserves or other purposes, these retained funds, while increasing the value of our underlying assets, may not correspondingly increase the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock. Our failure to meet the market’s expectations with regard to future earnings and cash distributions likely would adversely affect the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock.

Future offerings of debt, which would be senior to our Series D Preferred Stock upon liquidation, and any preferred equity securities that may be issued and be senior to our Series D Preferred Stock for purposes of dividend distributions or upon liquidation, may adversely affect the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock.

In the future, we may seek additional capital and commence offerings of debt or preferred equity securities, including medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes and preferred stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Future shares of preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating distributions or dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay a dividend or make another distribution to the holders of our Series D Preferred. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, and consequently, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their stock holdings in us.

A future issuance of stock could dilute the value of our Series D Preferred Stock.

We may sell additional shares of Series D Preferred Stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for such shares, in subsequent public or private offerings. Future issuance of any new shares could cause further dilution in the value of our outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our Series D Preferred Stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for such shares, or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of our Series A Common Stock or Series D Preferred Stock will have on the market price of our Series D Preferred Stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our Series D Preferred Stock, or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Series D Preferred Stock.

The Series A Warrants may not have any value.

The Series A Warrants are immediately exercisable and may be exercised in accordance with their terms until their expiration at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on the expiration date.

The Series A Warrants have an exercise price of $7.00 per share. This exercise price does not necessarily bear any relationship to established criteria for valuation of our Series A Common Stock, such as book value per share, cash flows, or earnings, and you should not consider this exercise price as an indication of the current or future market price of our Series A Common Stock. There can be no assurance that the market price of our Series A Common Stock will exceed $7.00 per share at any time on the expiration date of the Series A Warrants, January 24, 2027, or at any other time the Series A Warrants may be exercised. If the market price of our Series A Common Stock on such date does not exceed $7.00 per share prior to the expiration of the Series A Warrants, your warrants will be of no value except to the extent that there is a value in their automatic conversion at expiration of 0.1 shares of Series A Common Stock rounded down to the nearest whole share.

An active trading market for our warrants may not continue to exist or remain active.

Although our Series A Warrants were listed on Nasdaq on or around January 24, 2022 under the symbol SQFTW, an active trading market for our warrants may not be sustained. If an active market for our warrants does not continue, it may be difficult for you to sell the Series A Warrants without depressing the market price for such securities.

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Holders of our warrants will have no rights as a common stockholder until such holders exercise their warrants and acquire shares of our Series A Common Stock.

Until warrant holders acquire shares of our Series A Common Stock upon exercise of the Series A Warrants, warrant holders will have no rights with respect to the shares of our Series A Common Stock underlying such warrants. Upon the acquisition of shares of our Series A Common Stock upon exercise of the Series A Warrants, the holders thereof will be entitled to exercise the rights of a holder of Series A Common Stock only as to matters for which the record date for the matter occurs after the exercise date of the Series A Warrants.

We could be prevented from paying cash dividends on the Series A Common Stock due to prescribed legal requirements.

Holders of shares of Series A Common Stock will not receive dividends on such shares unless authorized by our Board of Directors and declared by us. Furthermore, no dividends on Series A Common Stock shall be authorized by our Board of Directors or paid, declared or set aside for payment by us at any time when the authorization, payment, declaration or setting aside for payment would be unlawful under Maryland law or any other applicable law. Under Maryland law, cash dividends on stock may only be paid if, after giving effect to the dividends, our total assets exceed our total liabilities and we are able to pay our indebtedness as it becomes due in the ordinary course of business. Unless we operate profitably, our ability to pay cash dividends on the Series A Common Stock may be negatively impacted. Our business may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to enable us to pay dividends on the Series A Common Stock when payable. Further, even if we meet the applicable solvency tests under Maryland law to pay cash dividends on the Series A Common Stock described above, we may not have sufficient cash to pay dividends on the Series A Common Stock. Additionally, provisions of the Series D Preferred Stock provide that, subject to certain exceptions, including dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock having been paid or set aside, we are restricted from paying dividends on our Series A Common Stock.

Actions of activist stockholders may cause us to incur substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources, and have an adverse effect on our business.

Our stockholders may from time to time engage in proxy solicitations, advance shareholder proposals or otherwise attempt to affect changes or acquire control over the Company. For example, on March 13, 2024, a stockholder announced that it intends to file a preliminary proxy statement and accompanying WHITE universal proxy card with the Securities and Exchange Commission to be used to solicit votes for the election of director nominees at our next annual meeting of stockholders. Activist stockholder activities could adversely affect our business because responding to proxy contests and reacting to other actions by activist stockholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of management and our employees. For example, we have or in the future may retain the services of various professionals to advise us on activist stockholder matters, including legal, financial, strategic and communication advisors, the costs of which may negatively impact our future financial results. In addition, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy or leadership created as a consequence of activist stockholders’ initiatives may result in the loss of potential business opportunities, harm our ability to attract new investors, business partners, and employees, and cause our stock price to experience periods of volatility or stagnation.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Requirements

Costs of complying with governmental laws and regulations may reduce our net income and the cash available for distributions to our stockholders.

Our properties are subject to various local, state and federal regulatory requirements, including those addressing zoning, environmental and land use, access for disabled persons, and air and water quality. These laws and regulations may impose restrictions on the manner in which our properties may be used or business may be operated, and compliance with these standards may require us to make unexpected expenditures, some of which could be substantial. Additionally, we could be subject to liability in the form of fines, penalties or damages for noncompliance, and any enforcement actions could reduce the value of a property. Any material expenditures, penalties, or decrease in property value would adversely affect our operating income and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.

The presence of contamination, or our failure to properly remediate contamination of our properties, may adversely affect the ability of our tenants to operate the contaminated property, may subject us to liability to third parties, and may inhibit our ability to sell or rent such property or borrow money using such property as collateral. Any of these occurrences would adversely affect our operating income.

Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act may require us to make unintended expenditures that could adversely impact our results of operations.

Our properties are generally required to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or the ADA. The ADA has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities,” but generally requires that buildings be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with ADA requirements could require removal of access barriers and non-compliance could result in imposition of fines by the U.S. government or an award of damages to private litigants. The parties to whom we lease properties are obligated by law to comply with the ADA provisions, and we believe that these parties may be obligated to cover costs associated with compliance. If required changes to our properties involve greater expenditures than anticipated, or if the changes must be made on a more accelerated basis than anticipated, our tenants may to be able to cover the costs and we could be required to expend our own funds to comply with the provisions of the ADA. Any funds used for ADA compliance will reduce our net income and the amount of cash available for distributions to our stockholders.

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Our property taxes could increase due to property tax rate changes, reassessments or changes in property tax laws, which would adversely impact our cash flows.

We are required to pay property taxes for our properties, which could increase as property tax rates increase or as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. In California, under current law, reassessment occurs primarily as a result of a “change in ownership”. A potential reassessment may take a considerable amount of time, during which the property taxing authorities make a determination of the occurrence of a “change of ownership”, as well as the actual reassessed value. In addition, from time to time, there have been proposals to base property taxes on commercial properties on their current market value, without any limit based on purchase price. If any similar proposal were adopted, the property taxes we pay could increase substantially. In California, pursuant to an existing state law commonly referred to as Proposition 13, properties are reassessed to market value only at the time of change in ownership or completion of construction, and thereafter, annual property reassessments are limited to 2% of previously assessed values. As a result, Proposition 13 generally results in significant below-market assessed values over time. From time to time, including recently, lawmakers and political coalitions have initiated efforts to repeal or amend Proposition 13 to eliminate its application to commercial and industrial properties. If successful, a repeal of Proposition 13 could substantially increase the assessed values and property taxes for our properties in California.

We are subject to recently enacted state laws in California that require gender and diversity quotas for boards of directors of public companies headquartered in California.

In September 2018, California enacted Senator Bill 826 (“SB 826”), which generally requires public companies with principal executive offices in California to have at least two female directors on its board of directors if the company has at least five directors, and at least three female directors on its board of directors if the company has at least six directors. SB 826 has been challenged in legal proceedings and on May 13, 2022, the Superior Court of California for the County of Los Angeles entered an order striking down SB 826, holding that the statute violates the Equal Protection Clause of the California Constitution. The California Secretary of State has appealed the order and such appeal is currently pending. On September 16, 2022, the appellate court ruled to temporarily stay enforcement of the trial court’s order, which prevented the California Secretary of State from collecting diversity data on corporate disclosure forms pursuant to SB 826, pending a further order of the appellate court. On December 1, 2022, the appellate court vacated the temporary stay order and on February 3, 2023, a record on appeal was filed and such appeal is currently pending. To the extent that this ruling of the appellate court permits the Secretary of State of California to collect and report diversity data, we may be required to comply with additional disclosure requirements. However, ultimate enforceability of SB 826 remains uncertain.

Additionally, on September 30, 2020, California enacted Assembly Bill 979 (“AB 979”), which generally requires public companies with principal executive offices in California to include specified numbers of directors from “underrepresented communities”. A director from an “underrepresented community” means a director who self-identifies as Black, African American, Hispanic, Latino, Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, Native Hawaiian, Alaska Native, gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. By December 31, 2021, each public company with principal executive offices in California was required to have at least one director from an underrepresented community. By December 31, 2022, a public company with more than four but fewer than nine directors will be required to have a minimum of two directors from underrepresented communities, and a public company with nine or more directors will need to have a minimum of three directors from underrepresented communities. On April 1, 2022, the Superior Court of California for the County of Los Angeles entered an order striking down AB 979, holding that the statute violates the Equal Protection Clause of the California Constitution. On June 6, 2022, a notice of appeal was filed. On September 16, 2022, the appellate court ruled to temporarily stay enforcement of the trial court’s order, which prevented the California Secretary of State from collecting diversity data on corporate disclosure forms pursuant to AB 979, pending a further order of the appellate court. On December 1, 2022, the appellate court vacated the temporary stay order and on February 3, 2023, a record on appeal was filed and such appeal is currently pending. To the extent that this ruling of the appellate court permits the Secretary of State of California to collect and report diversity data, we may be required to comply with additional disclosure requirements. In June 2023, the federal district court for the Eastern District of California granted the plaintiffs a summary judgment and determined that AB 979 was unconstitutional on its face. The Eastern District of California’s decision is currently on appeal. Litigation regarding AB 979 will continue.

We cannot assure that we can recruit, attract and/or retain qualified members of our Board and meet gender and diversity quotas under Nasdaq Listing Rules or any California law that may become applicable to the Company, which may expose us to financial penalties and adversely affect our reputation.

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The costs of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of defending against claims of environmental liability could adversely affect our operating results.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, an owner or operator of real property is responsible for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on its property. Environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated.

For instance, federal regulations require us to identify and warn, via signs and labels, of potential hazards posed by workplace exposure to installed asbestos-containing materials (“ACMs”), and potential ACMs on our properties. Federal, state, and local laws and regulations also govern the removal, encapsulation, disturbance, handling and disposal of ACMs and potential ACMs, when such materials are in poor condition or in the event of construction, remodeling, renovation or demolition of a property. There are or may be ACMs at certain of our properties. As a result, we may face liability for a release of ACMs and may be subject to personal injury lawsuits by workers and others exposed to ACMs at our properties. Additionally, the value of any of our properties containing ACMs and potential ACMs may be decreased.

Although we have not been notified by any governmental authority and are not otherwise aware of any material noncompliance, liability or claim relating to hazardous substances in connection with our properties, we may be found noncompliant in the future. Environmental laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release of any hazardous substances. Therefore, we may be liable for the costs of removing or remediating contamination of which we had no knowledge. Additionally, future laws or regulations could impose an unanticipated material environmental liability on any of the properties that we purchase.

The presence of contamination, or our failure to properly remediate contamination of our properties, may adversely affect the ability of our tenants to operate the contaminated property, may subject us to liability to third parties, and may inhibit our ability to sell or rent such property or borrow money using such property as collateral. Any of these occurrences would adversely affect our operating income.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

We have no unresolved staff comments regarding our periodic or current reports.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Presidio Property Trust has a cross-departmental approach to addressing cybersecurity risk, including input from senior management, employees, external consultants, and our Board of Directors (the "Board"). Senior management devote significant resources to cybersecurity and risk management processes to adapt to the changing cybersecurity landscape and respond to emerging threats in a timely and effective manner, including providing periodic training to staff and periodic review of the Company’s current posture to protect against threats. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors oversees the steps taken by Presidio Property Trust’s management to monitor and mitigate cybersecurity risks. Senior management briefs the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors on cybersecurity matters as necessary.

The Company operates almost exclusively in a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) IT environment. In addition to assessing our own cybersecurity preparedness, we also consider and evaluate cybersecurity risks associated with the use of third-party service providers. The internal business owners of the hosted applications are required to document quarterly user access reviews and obtain a System and Organization Controls (SOC) 1 or SOC 2 report from our SaaS vendors. With assistance from an external consultant, management conducts an annual review of third-party SOC reports with a specific focus on their data protection procedures. If a third-party vendor is not able to provide a SOC 1 report, management takes additional steps to assess their cybersecurity preparedness and assess our relationship with them on that basis. Our assessment of risks associated with the use of third-party providers is a significant part of the Company’s overall cybersecurity risk management framework.

The Company has also engaged a third-party managed service provider to manage server, network, and email security, including continuous monitoring and industry-leading antivirus software. Presidio Property Trust has robust business continuity and disaster recovery procedures in place, and an insurance policy that provides for network security liability, event response and recovery, direct business interruption, contingent business interruption, cyber extortion, social engineering, and computer fraud should an incident occur.

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In addition, we have Company-wide policies and procedures concerning cybersecurity matters, including access security, system change management, development lifecycle, incident management and business continuity/disaster recovery policies. These policies go through an annual internal review process and are approved by appropriate members of management. Presidio Property Trust uses a third-party consultant to assess the Company’s compliance with Sarbanes Oxley.

Presidio Property Trust faces risks from cybersecurity threats that could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or reputation. The Company has not, to date, experienced cyber incidents in the normal course of its business, nor have prior cybersecurity incidents had a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. For more information about the cybersecurity risks we face, see the risk factor entitled “Risks related to cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions and other security breaches” in Item 1A- Risk Factors.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

General Information

We invest in a diverse multi-tenant portfolio of real estate assets primarily consisting of office/industrial, retail, and model home properties located primarily in the western United States. As of December 31, 2023, we owned or had an equity interest in nine office/industrial buildings totaling approximately 758,175 rentable square feet and three retail centers totaling approximately 65,242 rentable square feet. In addition, through our Model Home subsidiary and our investments in six limited partnerships and one corporation, we own a total of 110 Model Home properties located in five states. We directly manage the operations and leasing of our properties. Substantially all of our revenues consist of base rents received under leases that generally have terms that range from one to five years. The majority of our existing leases as of December 31, 2023 contain contractual rent increases that provide for increases in the base rental payments. Our tenants consist of local, regional and national businesses. Our properties generally attract a mix of diversified tenants creating lower risk in periods of economic fluctuations. Our largest tenant represented approximately 6.43% of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Geographic Diversification Table

The following table shows a list of properties we owned as of December 31, 2023, grouped by the state where each of our investments is located.

Office/Industrial and Retail Properties:

State |  | No. of Properties |  |  | Aggregate Square Feet |  |  | Approximate % of Square Feet |  |  | Current Base Annual Rent |  |  | Approximate % of Aggregate Annual Rent |
California |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 57,807 |  |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | $ | 1,425,269 |  |  |  | 12.9 | %
Colorado |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 324,245 |  |  |  | 39.4 | % |  |  | 4,883,335 |  |  |  | 44.2 | %
Maryland |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 31,752 |  |  |  | 3.9 | % |  |  | 710,248 |  |  |  | 6.4 | %
North Dakota (1) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 399,113 |  |  |  | 48.4 | % |  |  | 3,687,043 |  |  |  | 33.5 | %
Texas |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 10,500 |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | 335,973 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Total |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 823,417 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 11,041,868 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | In December 2023, JLK Engineering moved into a North Dakota property under a 10-year lease, with rent commencing on February 28, 2024.

Model Home Properties:

Geographic Region |  | No. of Properties |  |  | Aggregate Square Feet |  |  | Approximate % of Square Feet |  |  | Current Base Annual Rent |  |  | Approximate % of Aggregate Annual Rent |
Midwest |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 12,307 |  |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | $ | 182,748 |  |  |  | 4.3 | %
Southeast |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 9,875 |  |  |  | 2.9 | % |  |  | 172,428 |  |  |  | 4.0 | %
Southwest |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 312,174 |  |  |  | 93.4 | % |  |  | 3,926,124 |  |  |  | 91.7 | %
Total |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 334,356 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,281,300 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

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The following table summarizes information relating to our properties (excluding model homes) at December 31, 2023:

Property Summary

($ in000's) Property Location |  | Sq., Ft. |  | Date Acquired |  | Year Property Constructed |  |  | Purchase Price (1) |  |  | Occupancy |  |  | Percent Ownership |  |  | Mortgage On property |
Office/Industrial Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Genesis Plaza, San Diego, CA (2) |  |  | 57,807 |  | 08/10 |  |  | 1989 |  |  | $ | 10,000 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 76.4 | % |  | $ | 5,937 |
Dakota Center, Fargo, ND |  |  | 119,554 |  | 05/11 |  |  | 1982 |  |  |  | 9,575 |  |  |  | 58.1 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 9,197 |
Grand Pacific Center, Bismarck, ND (3) |  |  | 94,943 |  | 03/14 |  |  | 1976 |  |  |  | 5,350 |  |  |  | 89.7 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 5,471 |
Arapahoe Center, Colorado Springs, CO |  |  | 79,023 |  | 12/14 |  |  | 2000 |  |  |  | 11,850 |  |  |  | 88.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 7,426 |
West Fargo Industrial, West Fargo, ND |  |  | 150,099 |  | 08/15 |  | 1998/2005 |  |  |  | 7,900 |  |  |  | 96.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 3,923 |
300 N.P., West Fargo, ND |  |  | 34,517 |  | 08/15 |  |  | 1922 |  |  |  | 3,850 |  |  |  | 66.4 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | - |
One Park Centre, Westminster CO |  |  | 69,174 |  | 08/15 |  |  | 1983 |  |  |  | 9,150 |  |  |  | 75.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 6,044 |
Shea Center II, Highlands Ranch, CO |  |  | 121,306 |  | 12/15 |  |  | 2000 |  |  |  | 25,325 |  |  |  | 67.1 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 16,951 |
Baltimore, Baltimore, MD |  |  | 31,752 |  | 12/21 |  |  | 2006 |  |  |  | 8,892 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 5,670 |
Total Office/Industrial Properties |  |  | 758,175 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 91,892 |  |  |  | 81.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 60,619 |
Retail Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Union Town Center, Colorado Springs, CO |  |  | 44,042 |  | 12/14 |  |  | 2003 |  |  |  | 11,212 |  |  |  | 79.5 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 7,870 |
Research Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO |  |  | 10,700 |  | 08/15 |  |  | 2003 |  |  |  | 2,850 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 1,589 |
Mandolin, Houston, TX (4) |  |  | 10,500 |  | 08/21 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 4,892 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 61.3 | % |  |  | 3,573 |
Total Retail Properties |  |  | 65,242 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,954 |  |  |  | 86.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 13,032 |

(1) | Prior to January 1, 2009, “Purchase Price” includes our acquisition related costs and expenses for the purchase of the property. After January 1, 2009, acquisition related costs and expenses were expensed when incurred.
(2) | Genesis Plaza is owned by two tenants-in-common, each of which own 57% and 43%, respectively, and we beneficially own an aggregate of 76.4%, based on our ownership percentages of each tenant-in-common.
(3) | Grand Pacific Center, Bismarck, ND, was removed from held for sale after signing a major lease with KLJ Engineering on December 7, 2022 for approximately 33,296 usable square feet, a term of 122 months, and starting annualized rent of $532,736. KLJ Engineering moved into the building during December 2023, with rent commencing on February 28, 2024.
(4) | Mandolin is owned by NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP, through its wholly owned subsidiary NetREIT Highland LLC, and the Company is the sole general partner and owns 61.3% of NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP.

Top Ten Tenants Physical Occupancy Table

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to our top 10 tenants at our Office/Industrial and Retail Properties.

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As of March, 2023 Tenant |  |  |  | Number of Leases |  |  | Annualized Base Rent |  |  | % of Total Annualized Base Rent |
John Hopkins University |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 710,248 |  |  |  | 6.43 | %
KLJ Engineering LLC |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 536,080 |  |  |  | 4.85 | %
Finastra USA Corporation |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 525,480 |  |  |  | 4.76 | %
MasTec North America, Inc. |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 362,182 |  |  |  | 3.28 | %
L&T Care LLC |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 335,973 |  |  |  | 3.04 | %
Wells Fargo Bank, NA |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 293,742 |  |  |  | 2.66 | %
Republic Indemnity of America |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 270,710 |  |  |  | 2.45 | %
Nova Financial & Investment Corporation |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 269,155 |  |  |  | 2.44 | %
Meissner Jacquet Real Estate Management Group, Inc. |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 255,177 |  |  |  | 2.31 | %
Fredrikson & Byron P.A. |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 249,270 |  |  |  | 2.26 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,808,017 |  |  |  | 34.48 | %

(1) | Grand Pacific Center, Bismarck, ND, signed a major lease with KLJ Engineering on December 7, 2022 for approximately 33,296 usable square feet, a term of 122 months, and starting annualized rent of $532,736. KLJ Engineering moved into the building during December 2023, with rent commencing on February 28, 2024.

Lease Expirations Tables

The following table sets forth lease expirations for our properties as of December 31, 2023, assuming that none of the tenants exercise their renewal options.

Office/Industrial and Retail Properties:

Expiration Year |  |  |  | Number of Leases Expiring |  |  | Square Footage |  |  | Annual Rental From Lease |  |  | Percent of Total |
2023 |  | (1) |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 23,297 |  |  | $ | 254,966 |  |  |  | 2.3 | %
2024 |  |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 61,354 |  |  |  | 1,021,491 |  |  |  | 9.3 | %
2025 |  |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 141,493 |  |  |  | 2,384,600 |  |  |  | 21.6 | %
2026 |  |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 207,887 |  |  |  | 3,179,628 |  |  |  | 28.8 | %
2027 |  |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 48,840 |  |  |  | 924,512 |  |  |  | 8.4 | %
2028 |  |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 73,658 |  |  |  | 1,481,512 |  |  |  | 13.4 | %
Thereafter |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 101,459 |  |  |  | 1,795,159 |  |  |  | 16.2 | %
Totals |  |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 657,988 |  |  | $ | 11,041,868 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | One lease at our Dakota Center property in Fargo, ND expired on December 31, 2023 and was not renewed. This tenant made up less than 2% of our total portfolio rent, but accounted for approximately 20% of our Dakota Center rent. Management is looking into various options to replace the loss of this tenant.

Model Home Properties:

Expiration Year (1) |  | Number of Leases Expiring |  |  | Square Footage |  |  | Annual Rental From Lease |  |  | Percent of Total |
2024 |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 214,566 |  |  |  | 2,396,376 |  |  |  | 56.0 | %
2025 |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 119,790 |  |  |  | 1,884,924 |  |  |  | 44.0 | %
|  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 334,356 |  |  | $ | 4,281,300 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | These leases are subject to extensions by the home builder depending on sales of the total development. All model homes are sold at the end of the lease period.

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Physical Occupancy Table for Last 5 Years

The following table presents the percentage occupancy for each of our properties, excluding our Model Home Properties, as of December 31st for each of the last five years.

| Date |  | Percentage Occupancy as of the Year Ended December 31, |
| Acquired |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Office/ Industrial Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Garden Gateway Plaza (1) | 03/07 |  |  | 76.4 | % |  |  | 76.4 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Executive Office Park (1) | 07/08 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 97.7 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Genesis Plaza | 08/10 |  |  | 78.5 | % |  |  | 74.7 | % |  |  | 85.6 | % |  |  | 96.2 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Dakota Center | 05/11 |  |  | 86.0 | % |  |  | 86.0 | % |  |  | 73.5 | % |  |  | 71.8 | % |  |  | 58.1 | %
Grand Pacific Center | 03/14 |  |  | 71.8 | % |  |  | 74.2 | % |  |  | 56.6 | % |  |  | 56.4 | % |  |  | 89.7 | %
Arapahoe Center | 12/14 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 88.0 | %
West Fargo Industrial | 08/15 |  |  | 77.1 | % |  |  | 82.0 | % |  |  | 90.8 | % |  |  | 94.3 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
300 N.P. | 08/15 |  |  | 73.0 | % |  |  | 72.8 | % |  |  | 64.8 | % |  |  | 75.5 | % |  |  | 66.4 | %
Highland Court (1)(2) | 08/15 |  |  | 70.1 | % |  |  | 64.5 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
One Park Centre | 08/15 |  |  | 79.1 | % |  |  | 84.8 | % |  |  | 80.5 | % |  |  | 84.9 | % |  |  | 75.0 | %
Shea Center II | 12/15 |  |  | 90.9 | % |  |  | 91.2 | % |  |  | 91.6 | % |  |  | 95.4 | % |  |  | 67.1 | %
Baltimore | 12/21 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Retail Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
World Plaza (1) | 09/07 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Waterman Plaza (1) | 08/08 |  |  | 90.7 | % |  |  | 85.9 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Union Town Center | 12/14 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 87.4 | % |  |  | 72.9 | % |  |  | 79.5 | %
Research Parkway | 08/15 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 88.8 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Mandolin (2) | 08/21 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | Property was sold prior in previous periods.
(2) | A portion of the proceeds from the sale of Highland Court were used in like-kind exchange transactions pursued under Section 1031 of the Code for the acquisition of our Mandolin property. Mandolin is owned by NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP, through its wholly owned subsidiary NetREIT Highland LLC, and the Company is the sole general partner and owns 61.3% of NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP.

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Annualized Base Rent Per Square Foot for Last 5 Years

The following table presents the average effective annual rent per square foot for each of our properties, excluding our Model Home Properties, as of December 31, 2023.

|  | Annualized Base Rent per Square Foot (1) For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Annualized Base Rent (2) |  |  | Net Rentable Square Feet |
Office/ Industrial Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Garden Gateway Plaza (3) |  | $ | 12.62 |  |  | $ | 13.45 |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 115,052 |
Executive Office Park (3) |  | $ | 13.29 |  |  | $ | 13.65 |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 49,864 |
Genesis Plaza (4) |  | $ | 28.15 |  |  | $ | 22.97 |  |  | $ | 25.71 |  |  | $ | 26.26 |  |  | $ | 29.34 |  |  | $ | 1,425,269 |  |  |  | 57,807 |
Dakota Center |  | $ | 12.87 |  |  | $ | 13.24 |  |  | $ | 13.22 |  |  | $ | 14.09 |  |  | $ | 15.45 |  |  | $ | 1,073,530 |  |  |  | 119,554 |
Grand Pacific Center (5) |  | $ | 13.97 |  |  | $ | 13.71 |  |  | $ | 13.79 |  |  | $ | 13.90 |  |  | $ | 14.57 |  |  | $ | 1,240,771 |  |  |  | 94,943 |
Arapahoe Center |  | $ | 14.69 |  |  | $ | 15.18 |  |  | $ | 11.87 |  |  | $ | 13.75 |  |  | $ | 14.43 |  |  | $ | 1,003,734 |  |  |  | 79,023 |
West Fargo Industrial |  | $ | 6.65 |  |  | $ | 6.77 |  |  | $ | 6.81 |  |  | $ | 6.80 |  |  | $ | 7.09 |  |  | $ | 1,021,825 |  |  |  | 150,099 |
300 N.P. |  | $ | 13.67 |  |  | $ | 14.86 |  |  | $ | 14.89 |  |  | $ | 16.72 |  |  | $ | 15.32 |  |  | $ | 350,917 |  |  |  | 34,517 |
Highland Court (3)(6) |  | $ | 19.33 |  |  | $ | 22.33 |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 93,536 |
One Park Centre |  | $ | 19.51 |  |  | $ | 21.85 |  |  | $ | 23.42 |  |  | $ | 20.35 |  |  | $ | 23.81 |  |  | $ | 1,234,697 |  |  |  | 69,174 |
Shea Center II (4) |  | $ | 18.47 |  |  | $ | 19.24 |  |  | $ | 20.37 |  |  | $ | 19.40 |  |  | $ | 19.17 |  |  | $ | 1,502,576 |  |  |  | 121,306 |
Baltimore |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 21.50 |  |  | $ | 21.93 |  |  | $ | 22.37 |  |  | $ | 710,248 |  |  |  | 31,752 |
Retail Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
World Plaza (3) |  | $ | 13.63 |  |  | $ | 9.93 |  |  | $ | 14.28 |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 55,810 |
Waterman Plaza (3) |  | $ | 16.30 |  |  | $ | 12.42 |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 21,170 |
Union Town Center |  | $ | 25.63 |  |  | $ | 23.73 |  |  | $ | 23.86 |  |  | $ | 25.22 |  |  | $ | 24.65 |  |  | $ | 888,278 |  |  |  | 44,042 |
Research Parkway |  | $ | 22.58 |  |  | $ | 29.09 |  |  | $ | 22.69 |  |  | $ | 23.53 |  |  | $ | 23.74 |  |  | $ | 254,050 |  |  |  | 10,700 |
Mandolin (6) |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 30.75 |  |  | $ | 31.37 |  |  | $ | 32.00 |  |  | $ | 335,973 |  |  |  | 10,500 |

(1) | Annualized Base Rent (defined as cash rent including abatements) divided by the percentage occupied divided by rentable square feet.
(2) | Annualized Base Rent is based upon actual rents due as of December 31, 2023.
(3) | Property was sold during prior periods.
(4) | Annualized base rent at Genesis Plaza and Shea Center II does not include space rent by the Company, which totals 9,224 square feet at Genesis Plaza and 2,972 square feet at Shea Center II.
(5) | Grand Pacific Center, Bismarck, ND, signed a major lease with KLJ Engineering on December 7, 2022 for approximately 33,296 usable square feet, a term of 122 months, and starting annualized rent of $532,736. KLJ Engineering moved into the building during December 2023, with rent commencing on February 28, 2024.
(6) | A portion of the proceeds from the sale of Highland Court were used in like-kind exchange transactions pursued under Section 1031 of the Code for the acquisition of our Mandolin property. Mandolin is owned by NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP, through its wholly owned subsidiary NetREIT Highland LLC, and the Company is the sole general partner and owns 61.3% of NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits or legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. Neither the Company nor any of the Company’s properties are presently subject to any material litigation nor, to the Company’s knowledge, is there any material threatened litigation.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUERS PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our Series A Common Stock has been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "SQFT" since October 7, 2020. Our Series D Preferred Stock has been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SQFTP” since June 11, 2021. On January 24, 2022, our Series A Warrants began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "SQFTW".

Performance Graph

Not required.

Number of Common Stockholders

As of March 27, 2024, there were approximately 6,000 holders of our Series A Common Stock.

Dividend Payments

The following is a summary of distributions declared per share of our Series A Common Stock and for our Series D Preferred Stock for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company intends to continue to pay dividends to our common stockholders on a quarterly basis, and on a monthly basis for holders of Series D Preferred Stock going forward, but there can be no guarantee the Board of Directors will approve any future cash dividends.

Series A Common Stock

Quarter Ended |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Distributions Declared |  |  | Distributions Declared |
March 31 |  | $ | 0.022 |  |  | $ | 0.105 |
June 30 |  |  | 0.023 |  |  |  | 0.106 |
September 30 |  |  | 0.023 |  |  |  | 0.020 |
December 31 |  |  | 0.023 |  |  |  | 0.021 |
Total |  | $ | 0.091 |  |  | $ | 0.252 |

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Series D Preferred Stock

Month |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Distributions Declared |  |  | Distributions Declared |
January |  | $ | 0.19531 |  |  | $ | 0.19531 |
February |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
March |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
April |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
May |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
June |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
July |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
August |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
September |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
October |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
November |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
December 31 |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
Total |  | $ | 2.34372 |  |  | $ | 2.34372 |

Warrant Dividend

We set a record date of January 14, 2022 with respect to the distribution of the Series A Warrants. The Series A Warrants and the shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Series A Warrants were registered on a registration statement that was filed with the SEC and was declared effective January 21, 2022. The Series A Warrants commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SQFTW” on January 24, 2022 and were distributed on that date to persons who held shares of common stock and existing outstanding warrants as of the January 14, 2022 record date, or who acquired shares of common stock in the market following the record date, and who continued to hold such shares at the close of trading on January 21, 2022. The Series A Warrants give the holder the right to purchase one share of common stock at $7.00 per share, for a period of five years. Should warrantholders not exercise the Series A Warrants during that holding period, the Series A Warrants will automatically convert to 1/10 of a common share at expiration, rounded down to the nearest number of whole shares.

Dividend Policy

We plan to pay at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to our stockholders in order to maintain our status as a REIT. We intend to continue to declare dividends, however, we cannot provide any assurance as to the amount or timing of future dividends. Our goal is to make cash dividend distributions out of our operating cash flow and proceeds from the sale of properties. During 2023, we paid dividends to holders of our Series A Common Stock of approximately $1.2 million. During 2022, we paid dividends to our holders of Series A Common Stock of approximately $3.1 million.

To the extent that we pay dividends in excess of our earnings and profits, as computed for federal income tax purposes, these dividends will represent a return of capital, rather than a dividend, for federal income tax purposes. Dividends that are treated as a return of capital for federal income tax purposes generally will not be taxable as a dividend to a U.S. stockholder, but will reduce the stockholder’s basis in its shares (but not below zero) and therefore can result in the stockholder having a higher gain upon a subsequent sale of such shares. Return of capital dividends in excess of a stockholder’s basis generally will be treated as gain from the sale of such shares for federal income tax purposes.

We provide each of our stockholders a statement detailing dividends paid during the preceding year and their characterization as ordinary income, capital gain or return of capital annually. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, all dividends to holders of our Series A Common Stock were non-taxable as they were considered return of capital to the stockholders.

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Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans

Information regarding securities authorized for issuance under the Company’s equity compensation plans is contained in Part III, Item 11 of this Annual Report.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

While we will continue to pursue value creating investments, the Board of Directors believes there is significant embedded value in our assets that is yet to be realized by the market. Therefore, returning capital to stockholders through a repurchase program is an attractive use of capital currently. On September 17, 2021, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $10 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock, which expired in September 2022. On September 15, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock, which expired in September 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 196,631 shares of our Series A Common Stock at an average price of approximately $1.59 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, and 6,013 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at an average price of approximately $20.31 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, for a total cost of $313,578 for the Series A Common Stock and $122,141 for the Series D Preferred Stock. In November 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock which shall expire in November 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 23,041 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at an average price of approximately $ 15.97 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, and no shares of our Series A Common Stock, for a total cost of $0.2 million for the Series D Preferred Stock. The repurchased shares will be treated as authorized and unissued in accordance with Maryland law and shown as a reduction of stockholders’ equity at cost.

The following tables contain information for shares of Series A Common Stock and Series D Preferred Stock repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Series A Common Stock:

Month |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
January 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 5,717,340 |
February 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,717,340 |
March 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,717,340 |
April 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,717,340 |
May 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,717,340 |
June 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,717,340 |
July 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,717,340 |
August 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,717,340 |
September 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,717,340 |
October 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,717,340 |
November 2023 (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,000,000 |
December 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,000,000 |
Total |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 6,000,000 |

(1) On November 17, 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock which shall expire in November 2024.

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Series D Preferred Stock:

Month |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
January 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 3,877,859 |
February 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,877,859 |
March 2023 |  |  | 386 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 386 |  |  |  | 3,870,912 |
April 2023 |  |  | 1,711 |  |  | $ | 17.88 |  |  |  | 1,711 |  |  |  | 3,840,326 |
May 2023 |  |  | 5,439 |  |  | $ | 16.96 |  |  |  | 5,439 |  |  |  | 3,748,066 |
June 2023 |  |  | 5,076 |  |  | $ | 16.17 |  |  |  | 5,076 |  |  |  | 3,665,987 |
July 2023 |  |  | 565 |  |  | $ | 16.28 |  |  |  | 565 |  |  |  | 3,656,786 |
August 2023 |  |  | 919 |  |  | $ | 16.14 |  |  |  | 919 |  |  |  | 3,641,955 |
September 2023 |  |  | 951 |  |  | $ | 15.63 |  |  |  | 951 |  |  |  | 3,627,090 |
October 2023 |  |  | 5,283 |  |  | $ | 15.35 |  |  |  | 5,283 |  |  |  | 3,545,970 |
November 2023 (1) |  |  | 2,711 |  |  | $ | 14.05 |  |  |  | 2,711 |  |  |  | 4,000,000 |
December 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,000,000 |
Total |  |  | 23,041 |  |  | $ | 15.97 |  |  |  | 23,041 |  |  | $ | 4,000,000 |

(1) On November 17, 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock which shall expire in November 2024.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

Not required.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion relates to our financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report. Statements contained in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” that are not historical facts may be forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to materially differ from those projected. Some of the information presented is forward-looking in nature, including information concerning projected future occupancy rates, rental rate increases, project development timing and investment amounts. Although the information is based on our current expectations, actual results could vary from expectations stated in this report. Numerous factors will affect our actual results, some of which are beyond our control. These include the timing and strength of national and regional economic growth, the strength of commercial and residential markets, competitive market conditions, and fluctuations in availability and cost of construction materials and labor resulting from the effects of worldwide demand, future interest rate levels and capital market conditions. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on this information, which speaks only as of the date of this report. We assume no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except to the extent we are required to do so in connection with our ongoing requirements under federal securities laws to disclose material information. For a discussion of important risks related to our business, and an investment in our securities, including risks that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from results and events referred to in the forward-looking information. See Item 1A for a discussion of material risks.

OVERVIEW

The Company operates as an internally managed diversified real estate investment trust, or REIT. The Company invests in a multi-tenant portfolio of commercial real estate assets comprised of office, industrial, and retail properties and model homes leased back to the homebuilder located primarily in the western United States. As of December 31, 2023, including properties held for sale, the Company owned or had an equity interest in:

| • | Eight office buildings and one industrial building (“Office/Industrial Properties”) which total approximately 758,175 rentable square feet,

| • | Three retail shopping centers (“Retail Properties”) which total approximately 65,242 rentable square feet, and

| • | 110 model homes owned by six affiliated limited partnerships and one corporation (“Model Home Properties”).

Presidio Property Trust’s office, industrial and retail properties are located California, Colorado, Maryland, North Dakota and Texas. Our Model Home Properties are located in five states, primarily in Texas. We acquire properties that are stabilized or that we anticipate will be stabilized within two or three years of acquisition. We consider a property to be stabilized once it has achieved an 80% occupancy rate for a full calendar year, or has been operating for three years. Our geographical clustering of assets enables us to reduce our operating costs through economies of scale by servicing a number of properties with less staff, but it also makes us more susceptible to changing market conditions in these discrete geographic areas.

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Most of our office and retail properties are leased to a variety of tenants ranging from small businesses to large public companies, many of which are not investment grade. We have in the past entered into, and intend in the future to enter into, purchase agreements for real estate having net leases that require the tenant to pay all of the operating expense (NNN Leases) or pay increases in operating expenses over specific base years. Most of our office leases are for terms of 3 to 5 years with annual rental increases. Our model homes are typically leased for 2 to 3 years to the homebuilder on a triple net lease. Under a triple net lease, the tenant is required to pay all operating, maintenance and insurance costs and real estate taxes with respect to the leased property.

We seek to diversify our portfolio by commercial real estate segments to reduce the adverse effect of a single under-performing segment, geographic market and/or tenant. We further supplement this at the tenant level through our credit review process, which varies by tenant class. For example, our commercial and industrial tenants tend to be corporations or individually owned businesses. In these cases, we typically obtain financial records, including financial statements and tax returns (depending on the circumstance), and run credit reports for any prospective tenant to support our decision to enter into a rental arrangement. We also typically obtain security deposits from these commercial tenants. Our Model Home business partners are substantial homebuilders with established credit histories. These tenants are subjected to financial review and analysis prior to us entering into a sale-leaseback transaction. Our ownership of the underlying property provides a further means to avoiding significant credit losses.

Significant Transactions in 2023 and 2022

Acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2023:

| • | We acquired 40 Model Home Properties and leased them back to the homebuilders under triple net leases during the year ended December 31, 2023. The purchase price for these properties was $21.9 million. The purchase price consisted of cash payments of $6.6 million and mortgage notes of $15.3 million.

Acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022:

| • | We acquired 31 Model Home Properties and leased them back to the homebuilders under triple net leases during the year ended December 31, 2022. The purchase price for the properties was $15.6 million. The purchase price consisted of cash payments of $4.8 million and mortgage notes of $10.8 million.

We review our portfolio of investment properties for value appreciation potential on an ongoing basis, and dispose of any properties that no longer satisfy our requirements in this regard, taking into account tax and other considerations. The proceeds from any such property sale, after repayment of any associated mortgage or repayment of secured or unsecured indebtedness, are available for investing in properties that we believe will have a greater likelihood of future price appreciation.

Dispositions during the year ended December 31, 2023:

During year ended December 31, 2023, we disposed of the following properties:

| • | 22 model homes for approximately $11.7 million and the Company recognized a gain of approximately $3.2 million.

Dispositions during the year ended December 31, 2022:

During year ended December 31, 2022, we disposed of the following properties:

| • | World Plaza, which was sold on March 11, 2022, for approximately $10.0 million and the Company recognized a loss of approximately $0.3 million.

| • | 31 model homes for approximately $17.5 million and the Company recognized a gain of approximately $5.4 million.

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Sponsorship of Special Purpose Acquisition Company

On January 7, 2022, we announced our sponsorship, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Murphy Canyon Acquisition Sponsor, LLC (the “Sponsor”), of a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”) initial public offering. Murphy Canyon Acquisition Corp. (“Murphy Canyon” or the “SPAC”) raised $132,250,000 in capital investment to acquire an operating business. We, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, owned approximately 23.49% of the issued and outstanding stock in the entity upon the initial public offering being declared effective and consummated (excluding the private placement units described below), and following the completion of its initial business combination, the SPAC operates as a separately managed, publicly traded entity. The SPAC offered $132,250,000 units, with each unit consisting of one share of common stock and three-quarters of one redeemable warrant.

The Sponsor purchased an aggregate of 828,750 units (the “placement units”) of the SPAC at a price of $10.00 per unit, for an aggregate purchase price of $8,287,500. The placement units were sold in a private placement that closed simultaneously with the closing of the SPAC initial public offering. The Sponsor has agreed to transfer an aggregate of 45,000 placement units (15,000 each) to each of Murphy Canyon’s independent directors.

On November 8, 2022, the SPAC entered into an agreement and plan of merger with Conduit Pharmaceuticals Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Conduit Pharma”), and Conduit Merger Sub, Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company and the SPAC’s wholly owned subsidiary. The merger agreement provided that the SPAC’s Cayman Island subsidiary will merge with and into Conduit Pharma, with Conduit Pharma surviving the merger as the SPAC’s wholly owned subsidiary and the public company renamed “Conduit Pharmaceuticals Inc.” (“Conduit”).

Initially, the SPAC was required to complete its initial business combination transaction by 12 months from the consummation of its initial public offering or up to 18 months if it extended the period of time to consummate a business combination in accordance with its certificate of incorporation. On January 26, 2023, at a special meeting of the stockholders, the stockholders approved a proposal to amend the SPAC’s certificate of incorporation to extend the date by which it has to consummate a business combination up to 12 times, each such extension for an additional one-month period, from February 7, 2023, to February 7, 2024. The stockholders also approved a related proposal to amend the trust agreement allowing the SPAC to deposit into the trust account, for each one-month extension, one-third of 1% of the funds remaining in the trust account following the redemptions made in connection with the approval of the extension proposal at the special meeting. Following redemptions made in connection with the special meeting, we owned approximately 65% of the issued and outstanding equity of the SPAC.

Throughout 2023, we loaned Murphy Canyon $1.0 million to fund its trust account and for operating expenses. The loan was non-interest bearing, unsecured and was repaid in full on the date of Murphy Canyon’s business combination with Conduit Pharma.

On September 22, 2023, Murphy Canyon completed its business combination with Conduit Pharma and changed its name to “Conduit Pharmaceuticals Inc.” Immediately prior to the business combination the Company owned approximately 65% of the SPAC’s outstanding common stock. Upon consummation of the business combination, the SPAC’s shares of Class B common stock were converted into shares of its Class A common stock and the shares of Class A common stock were then reclassified as a single class of Conduit common stock. As a result of the business combination, the Company was issued (i) 3,306,250 shares of Conduit’s common stock due to the conversion of the shares of the SPAC’s Class B common stock into shares of the SPAC’s Class A common stock and then reclassification into shares of Conduit common stock, (ii) 754,000 shares of Conduit common stock, which prior to the business combination were shares of the SPAC’s Class A common stock and (iii) private warrants to purchase 754,000 shares of Conduit common stock, which prior to the business combination were warrants to purchase 754,000 shares of the SPAC’s Class A common stock. Also in the business combination, shareholders and debtholders of Conduit Pharma were issued 65,000,000 shares of Conduit common stock. Immediately following the consummation of the business combination, the Company transferred 45,000 shares of Conduit common stock and warrants to purchase 45,000 shares of Conduit common stock to the SPAC’s independent directors as compensation for their services. As a result, the Company owned approximately 6.5% of Conduit’s common stock immediately following the business combination and currently owns approximately 6.3% of Conduit’s common stock. In connection with the business combination, the Company’s officers and directors who also served as officers and directors of the SPAC resigned from the SPAC, with the exception of the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer who resigned from the Company.

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ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

According to Nareit's, the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, 2024 REIT Market Outlook, published on its website in December 2023, economic uncertainty, which began in 2022 and created a difficult environment for REIT share prices, will likely be an ongoing theme in 2024. For example, as the 10-year Treasury yield increased nearly 3% and REIT implied cap rates rose from 4.5% to nearly 6.5%, REIT share prices fell by 21.4% from the beginning of 2022 through December 1, 2023. As of the third quarter of 2023, the REIT implied and appraisal cap rate spread has remained wide as property appraisals have been slow to adjust to current market conditions. For example:

| ● | The REIT implied and private transaction-based cap rate spread was 170 bps.

| ● | The REIT implied and private appraisal-based cap rate spread was 216 bps.

According to Nareit, these great divides indicate serious disparities between today’s public and private real estate valuations. The potential valuation impacts associated with transaction and appraisal cap rates moving to the REIT implied cap rate are significant. All else equal, closing the REIT implied–transaction gap would require private value write-downs of more than 25%; the declines would need to exceed 30% to eliminate the REIT-implied appraisal spread. Though these valuation adjustments represent extreme scenarios, significant rises in transaction and appraisal cap rates are warranted and further material write-downs are likely on the horizon for the private real estate market. Nareit noted three hopeful signs for a meaningful REIT recovery in 2024 and beyond:

| ● | REITs have typically enjoyed strong absolute and relative total return performances after monetary policy tightening cycles end.

| ● | The valuation divergence between REITs and private real estate will likely converge in 2024, making REITs an attractive option for investors.

| ● | Solid balance sheets will enable REITs to navigate ongoing economic uncertainty while providing an advantage in terms of acquisitions and growth.

CREDIT MARKET ENVIRONMENT

Current market rates in February 2024 on fixed rate mortgages on homes range from 6.15% - 7.29%, depending on the term(1). Current market rates for 5–10 year fixed rate loans for commercial properties range from 6.71% - 6.84%, depending on the type of building (retail/industrial/office)(2). Interest rates increased in 2023 compared to 2022 due to the Federal Reserve raising interest rates 100 basis points, or 1%, in hopes of slowing down inflation going from 4.5% in December 2022 to 5.5% in July 2023. The Federal Reserve chose not to raise rates in September 2023, November 2023, December 2023, and January 2024, most recently noting “Recent indicators suggest that economic activity has been expanding at a solid pace. Job gains have moderated since early last year but remain strong, and the unemployment rate has remained low. Inflation has eased over the past year but remains elevated”(3). Although rates increased in 2023, it does not necessarily indicate that we would be unable to refinance or obtain mortgages on new homes or commercial properties at the same rate we have historically when they come due, as rates vary by property and are dependent upon factors including property cash flows, occupancy rates and lender credit.

(1) Source: https://www.bankrate.com/finance/mortgages/current-interest-rates.aspx

(2) Source: https://selectcommercial.com/commercial-mortgage-rates.php

(3) Source: https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20240131a.htm

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As noted by Colliers Securities in its February 2024 Industry Notes: Going forward the Federal Reserve has put the REITs in a favorable position with rate cuts anticipated in the latter half of 2024. With the tightening cycle in effect for most of 2023, we anticipate the transaction market should return as interest rates stabilize or move lower. This should allow many REITs to re-accelerate their growth rates as acquisitions were few for many of the REITs in 2023. The other component for a healthy transaction market is sellers' need to adjust their price expectations. Borrowing at rates of approximately 3% are no longer realistic in the near future. With interest rates off their highs and REIT stock prices off their lows, opportunities for acquisitions may make sense for many REITs' cost of capital. The Collier Securities report further noted the following:

Industrial - The industrial sector, marked by its resilience, witnessed a steady increase in cap rates from March to September, reaching a peak at 6.39%. Subsequently, there was a gradual decline, and in January the trend reversed, and industrial cap rates surpassed those of other sectors, now being the sector with the highest cap rates at 6.24%, We view this more of the mix of assets transacting rather than a trend that investors are not attracted to the sector. In January, the industrial real estate sector exhibited a range of noteworthy changes in cap rates across cities. San Antonio emerged as the city with the highest cap rate at 8.72%, while Atlanta recorded the lowest rate at 4.57%. Notable increases were observed in Houston, with a significant rise from 7.08% in December to 7.50% in January. Similarly, San Antonio experienced a substantial surge from 6.19% to 8.72%, reflecting more a mix in assets. Conversely, Tampa saw a decrease from 5.42% to 3.95%, and Salt Lake City exhibited resilience with a drop from 6.40% to 6.10%. The diverse spread in cap rates highlights varied risk and return profiles across cities, emphasizing the need for investors to carefully assess local market dynamics. While the industrial sector, overall, demonstrates a broad upward trend in cap rates, with an average increase of 0.23% compared to December, we would not over read into this increase.

Retail - The retail sector underwent a series of fluctuations, showcasing the most significant variance among the sectors. Initially positioned with mid-range cap rates, retail surpassed office in December, reaching the highest cap rate at 6.48%. However in January, the retail sector experienced a decline in cap rates, which shows just how much these cap rates can move month-to-month given the low transaction volume. The highest cap rate is observed in Phoenix at 8.01% while Nashville experiences the lowest at 4.30%. Noteworthy changes from December to January include Houston's cap rate increasing from 5.54% to 5.93%. Los Angeles and Las Vegas both record a slight decrease from 5.20% in December to 4.76% in January and from 6.13% to 5.20%, respectively, reflecting nuanced adjustments in their respective markets. Phoenix maintains its position with notable cap rate expansions from 7.00% to 8.01%.

Office - In January, office cap rates decreased to an average of 6.03% from 6.27% in December. Notably, the office sector no longer holds the highest cap rates, with some cities exhibiting slight shifts in market dynamics. The office real estate market demonstrates city-specific dynamics, with wide-ranging cap rates. Columbus records the lowest cap rate of 4.65%, down from 6.00% in December, followed by San Jose at 4.80%. Indianapolis stands out with the highest cap rate at 9.62%, followed by Los Angeles with a cap rate of 7.74%, a significant increase from 5.00% in December. On the other hand, New York's cap rate increases from 6.00% to 6.83%. Cap rates can have a wider range as there is a large bifurcation between A & B assets.

MANAGEMENT EVALUATION OF RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management’s evaluation of operating results includes an assessment of our ability to generate cash flow necessary to pay operating expenses, general and administrative expenses, debt service and to fund distributions to our stockholders. As a result, management’s assessment of operating results gives less emphasis to the effects of unrealized gains and losses and other non-cash charges, such as depreciation and amortization and impairment charges, which may cause fluctuations in net income for comparable periods but have no impact on cash flows. Management’s evaluation of our potential for generating cash flow includes assessments of our recently acquired properties, our non-stabilized properties, long-term sustainability of our real estate portfolio, our future operating cash flow from anticipated acquisitions, and the proceeds from the sales of our real estate assets or other assets.

In addition, management evaluates the results of the operations of our portfolio and individual properties with a primary focus on increasing and enhancing the value, quality and quantity of properties in our real estate holdings. Management focuses its efforts on improving underperforming assets through re-leasing efforts, including negotiation of lease renewals and rental rates. Properties are regularly evaluated for potential added value appreciation and cash flow and, if lacking such potential, are sold with the equity reinvested in new acquisitions or otherwise allocated in a manner we believe is accretive to our stockholders. Our ability to increase assets under management is affected by our ability to raise borrowings and/or capital, coupled with our ability to identify appropriate investments.

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Our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 may not be indicative of those expected in future periods. Management does not expect the level of expenses and interest income, resulting from our investment in and consolidation of Murphy Canyon Acquisition Corp, to continue in the near future, since the de-SPAC and deconsolidation of that entity in September 2023. The de-SPAC resulted in the Company having an investment in Conduit Pharmaceuticals which totaled approximately $18.3 million as of December 31, 2023, with a cost basis of approximately $7.5 million. The Company entered into a lock-up agreement with Conduit regarding the common stock held by the Company, for 180 days from the closing of the business combination which ended March 20, 2024. Management is still considering the best course of action to monetize our investment. During 2023, elevated real estate prices in commercial real estate, increasing interest rates on lending, and compressing capitalization rates have made it challenging to acquire properties that fit our portfolio needs. As a result, we did not find any suitable commercial properties to acquire during 2023, but we were able to acquire 40 model home properties. Management will continue to evaluate potential acquisitions in an effort to increase our portfolio of commercial real estate and model homes.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

As a company primarily involved in owning income generating real estate assets, management considers the following accounting policies critical as they reflect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements and because they are important for understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. These judgments affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. With different estimates or assumptions, materially different amounts could be reported in our financial statements. Additionally, other companies may utilize different estimates that may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses.

Real Estate Assets and Lease Intangibles. Land, buildings and improvements are recorded at cost, including tenant improvements and lease acquisition costs (including leasing commissions, space planning fees, and legal fees). We capitalize any expenditure that replaces, improves, or otherwise extends the economic life of an asset, while ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. We allocate the purchase price of acquired properties between the acquired tangible assets and liabilities (consisting of land, building, tenant improvements, land purchase options, and long-term debt) and identified intangible assets and liabilities (including the value of above-market and below-market leases, the value of in-place leases, unamortized lease origination costs and tenant relationships), based in each case on their respective fair values.

We allocate the purchase price to tangible assets of an acquired property based on the estimated fair values of those tangible assets assuming the building was vacant. Estimates of fair value for land, building and building improvements are based on many factors, including, but not limited to, comparisons to other properties sold in the same geographic area and independent third-party valuations. We also consider information obtained about each property as a result of its pre-acquisition due diligence, marketing and leasing activities in estimating the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired.

The value allocated to acquired lease intangibles is based on management’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease. Characteristics considered by management in allocating these values include the nature and extent of the existing business relationships with the tenant, growth prospects for developing new business with the tenant, the remaining term of the lease and the tenant’s credit quality, among other factors.

The value allocable to the above-market or below-market market component of an acquired in-place lease is determined based upon the present value (using a market discount rate) of the difference between (i) the contractual rents to be paid pursuant to the lease over its remaining term, and (ii) management’s estimate of rents that would be paid using fair market rates over the remaining term of the lease.

The value of in-place leases and unamortized lease origination costs are amortized to expense over the remaining term of the respective leases, which range from less than a year to ten years. The amount allocated to acquire in-place leases is determined based on management’s assessment of lost revenue and costs incurred for the period required to lease the “assumed vacant” property to the occupancy level when purchased. The amount allocated to unamortized lease origination costs is determined by what we would have paid to a third party to secure a new tenant reduced by the expired term of the respective lease.

Real Estate Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. Real estate sold or to be sold during the current period is classified as “real estate held for sale” for all prior periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Mortgage notes payable related to the real estate sold during the current period is classified as “notes payable related to real estate held for sale” for all prior periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Additionally, we record the operating results related to real estate that has been disposed of as discontinued operations for all periods presented if the operations have been eliminated and represent a strategic shift and we will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the property following the sale.

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Impairment of Real Estate Assets. We review the carrying value of each property to determine if circumstances that indicate impairment in the carrying value of the investment exist or that depreciation periods should be modified. If circumstances support the possibility of impairment, we prepare a projection of the undiscounted future cash flows, without interest charges, of the specific property and determine if the investment in such property is recoverable. If impairment is indicated, the carrying value of the property is written down to its estimated fair value based on our best estimate of the property’s discounted future cash flows.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Intangible assets, including goodwill and lease intangibles, are comprised of finite-lived and indefinite-lived assets. Lease intangibles represents the allocation of a portion of the purchase price of a property acquisition representing the estimated value of in-place leases, unamortized lease origination costs, tenant relationships and land purchase options. Intangible assets that are not deemed to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Indefinite-lived assets are not amortized.

We test for impairment of goodwill and other definite and indefinite lived assets at least annually, and more frequently as circumstances warrant. Impairment is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible asset is considered to be unrecoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated fair value of the asset.

Sales of Real Estate Assets. Generally, our sales of real estate would be considered a sale of a nonfinancial asset as defined by ASC 610-20. If we determine we do not have a controlling financial interest in the entity that holds the asset and the arrangement meets the criteria to be accounted for as a contract, we would derecognize the asset and recognize a gain or loss on the sale of the real estate when control of the underlying asset transfers to the buyer.

Revenue Recognition. We recognize minimum rent, including rental abatements, lease incentives and contractual fixed increases attributable to operating leases, on a straight-line basis over the term of the related leases when collectability is reasonably assured and record amounts expected to be received in later years as deferred rent receivable. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, we determine whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or by us. When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, rental revenue begins when the tenant takes possession or has control of the physical use of the leased space and any tenant improvement allowance, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance (including amounts that the tenant can take in the form of cash or a credit against its rent) that is funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. Tenant improvement ownership is determined based on various factors, including, but not limited to:

| • | whether the lease stipulates how a tenant improvement allowance may be spent;

| • | whether the amount of a tenant improvement allowance is in excess of market rates;

| • | whether the tenant or landlord retains legal title to the improvements at the end of the lease term;

| • | whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or general-purpose in nature; and
| • | whether the tenant improvements are expected to have any residual value at the end of the lease.

We record property operating expense reimbursements due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs in the period the related expenses are incurred.

We make estimates of the collectability of our tenant receivables related to base rents, including deferred rent receivable, expense reimbursements and other revenue or income. We specifically analyze accounts receivable, deferred rent receivable, historical bad debts, customer creditworthiness, current economic trends and changes in customer payment terms when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. In addition, with respect to tenants in bankruptcy, management makes estimates of the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims in assessing the estimated collectability of the related receivable. In some cases, the ultimate resolution of these claims can exceed one year. When a tenant is in bankruptcy, we will record a bad debt reserve for the tenant’s receivable balance and generally will not recognize subsequent rental revenue until cash is received or until the tenant is no longer in bankruptcy and has the ability to make rental payments.

Sales of real estate are recognized generally upon the transfer of control, which usually occurs when the real estate is legally sold. The application of these criteria can be complex and required us to make assumptions. We believe the relevant criteria were met for all real estate sold during the periods presented.

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Income Taxes. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, for federal income tax purposes. To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders and meet the various other requirements imposed by the Code relating to such matters as operating results, asset holdings, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership. Provided we maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, we are generally not subject to corporate level income tax on the earnings distributed currently to our stockholders that we derive from our REIT qualifying activities. If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT in any taxable year, and are unable to avail ourselves of certain savings provisions set forth in the Code, all of our taxable income would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, including any applicable alternative minimum tax. We are subject to certain state and local income taxes.

We, together with one of our entities, have elected to treat such subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (a “TRS”) for federal income tax purposes. Certain activities that we undertake must be conducted by a TRS, such as non-customary services for our tenants, and holding assets that we cannot hold directly. A TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes.

Fair Value Measurements. Certain assets and liabilities are required to be carried at fair value, or if long-lived assets are deemed to be impaired, to be adjusted to reflect this condition. The guidance requires disclosure of fair values calculated under each level of inputs within the following hierarchy:

| • | Level 1: unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities;

| • | Level 2: quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

| • | Level 3: prices or valuation techniques where little or no market data is available that requires inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

When available, we utilize quoted market prices from independent third-party sources to determine fair value and classify such items in Level 1 or Level 2. In instances where the market for a financial instrument is not active, regardless of the availability of a nonbinding quoted market price, observable inputs might not be relevant and could require us to make a significant adjustment to derive a fair value measurement. Additionally, in an inactive market, a market price quoted from an independent third-party may rely more on models with inputs based on information available only to that independent third-party. When we determine the market for a financial instrument owned by us to be illiquid or when market transactions for similar instruments do not appear orderly, we use several valuation sources (including internal valuations, discounted cash flow analysis and quoted market prices) and establish a fair value by assigning weights to the various valuation sources.

As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our marketable securities (excluding our investments in Conduit's common stock and common stock warrants), held at a third party broker, presented on the balance sheet were measured at fair value using Level 1 market prices and totaled approximately $45,149 and $0.8 million, respectively, with a cost basis of approximately $40,315 and $0.9 million, respectively. Additionally, the funds held in the Trust Account for the SPAC Class A common stockholders included a money market portfolio that was comprised of U.S. Treasury securities, considered cash equivalent, which were measured at fair value using Level 1 and totaled approximately $0 million and $136.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Our investments in Conduit's common stock and common stock warrants presented on the consolidated balance sheets were measured at fair value using Level 1 market prices, which are currently held at Conduit's transfer agent, taking into account the adoption of ASU 2022-03 Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, and totaled approximately $18.3 million as of December 31, 2023, with a cost basis of approximately $7.5 million. The Company entered into a lock-up agreement with Conduit regarding the common stock held by the Company, for 180 days from the closing of the business combination which ended March 20, 2024. There were no financial liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The following table presents as of December 31, 2023 the Company’s assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis (in thousands):

|  | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill for Dubose Model Homes |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,123,000 |  |  | $ | 1,123,000 |
Goodwill for NTR Property Management |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 451,000 |  |  |  | 451,000 |
Total Assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,574,000 |  |  | $ | 1,574,000 |

The following table presents as of December 31, 2022 the Company’s assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis (in thousands):

|  | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill for Dubose Model Homes |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,123,000 |  |  | $ | 1,123,000 |
Goodwill for NTR Property Management |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,300,000 |  |  |  | 1,300,000 |
Total Assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,423,000 |  |  | $ | 2,423,000 |

Additionally, when determining the fair value of a liability in circumstances in which a quoted price in an active market for an identical liability is not available, we measure fair value using (i) a valuation technique that uses the quoted price of the identical liability when traded as an asset or quoted prices for similar liabilities when traded as assets or (ii) another valuation technique that is consistent with the principles of fair value measurement, such as the income approach or the market approach. Changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies can have a material effect on these estimated fair values. In this regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

Depreciation and Amortization. The Company records depreciation and amortization expense using the straight-line method over the useful lives of the respective assets. The cost of buildings are depreciated over estimated useful lives of 39 years, the costs of improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated life of the asset or term of the tenant lease (which range from 1 to 10 years), the costs associated with acquired tenant intangibles over the remaining lease term and the cost of furniture, fixtures and equipment are depreciated over 4 to 5 years.

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Earnings per share (“EPS”). The EPS on common stock has been computed pursuant to the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. The guidance requires the classification of the Company’s unvested restricted stock, which contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends, as participating securities requiring the two-class method of computing net income per share of common stock. In accordance with the two-class method, earnings per share have been computed by dividing the net income less net income attributable to unvested restricted shares by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding less unvested restricted shares. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average shares of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding in accordance with the treasury stock method.

Dilutive common stock equivalents include the dilutive effect of in-the-money stock equivalents, which are calculated based on the average share price for each period using the treasury stock method, excluding any common stock equivalents if their effect would be anti-dilutive. In periods in which a net loss has been incurred, all potentially dilutive common stock shares are considered anti-dilutive and thus are excluded from the calculation. Securities that are excluded from the calculation of weighted average dilutive common stock, because their inclusion would have been antidilutive, are:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Common Stock Warrants |  |  | 2,000,000 |  |  |  | 2,000,000 |
Placement Agent Warrants |  |  | 80,000 |  |  |  | 80,000 |
Series A Warrants |  |  | 14,450,069 |  |  |  | 14,450,069 |
Unvested Common Stock Grants |  |  | 760,995 |  |  |  | 349,042 |
Total potentially dilutive shares |  |  | 17,291,064 |  |  |  | 16,879,111 |

RESULTS FROM OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2023 AND 2022

Our results from operations for 2023 and 2022 are not indicative of those expected in future periods as we expect that rental income, interest expense, rental operating expense, general and administrative expenses, and depreciation and amortization will significantly change in future periods as a result of the assets sold over the last two years.

Revenues. Total revenue was approximately $17.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $17.8 million for the same period in 2022, a decrease of approximately $0.2 million or 1%. The decrease in rental income reported in 2023 compared to 2022 is directly related to the non-renewal of our largest tenant, in 2022, Halliburton, located in Shea Center II at December 31, 2022. This was offset by the increase in model home income, as our model home portfolio grew from 92 at December 31, 2022 to 110 at December 31, 2023.

Rental Operating Costs. Rental operating costs were approximately $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to approximately $5.8 million for the same period in 2022, an increase of approximately $121,522 or 2%. Rental operating costs as a percentage of total revenue was 33.8% and 32.9% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, as office property expenses continue to increase, specifically insurance costs. As of December 31, 2023 our model home assets made up 35% of our total real estate assets, which is up from 28% as of December 31, 2022, and our gross revenue from model home assets represented approximately 23% of our total revenue. This percentage is expected to increase in 2024 as the percentage of our model home real estate assets has increased. There were no acquisitions or sales of retail, office or industrial properties during the year ended December 31, 2023, resulting in an expected decreases in the percent of gross revenues from those assets during 2024. Management does expect to see activity in sales in our commercial real estate assets in the near future. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the material impact to office property expense was an impairment as noted below.

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|  | % of Gross Revenue for the year ended |
Segment |  | 12/31/2023 |  |  | 12/31/2022 |
Office/Industrial |  |  | 65.9 | % |  |  | 71.2 | %
Model Home |  |  | 23.4 | % |  |  | 16.3 | %
Retail |  |  | 10.7 | % |  |  | 12.5 | %

|  | % of Total Real Estate Assets as of |
Segment |  | 12/31/2023 |  |  | 12/31/2022 |
Office/Industrial |  |  | 53.5 | % |  |  | 60.3 | %
Model Home |  |  | 35.2 | % |  |  | 26.9 | %
Retail |  |  | 11.3 | % |  |  | 12.8 | %

General and Administrative. General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses were approximately $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $6.2 million for the same period in 2022, representing an increase of approximately $0.6 million or 10%. As a percentage of total revenue, our general and administrative costs was approximately 38.5% and 34.7% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The G&A expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 was affected by a reduction in payroll costs totaling approximately $878,000, which included employee retention credits ("ERC") and decreased stock compensation, offset by the increase in D&O insurance for the SPAC totaling approximately $465,000 and higher accounting and consulting fees of approximately $412,000. There were no ERC payments to offset payroll costs in 2023 leading to higher overall payroll costs. Consolidated G&A expenses related to SPAC totaled approximately $1.0 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses were approximately $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $5.5 million for the same period in 2022.

Asset Impairments. We review the carrying value of goodwill and each of our real estate properties annually to determine if circumstances indicate an impairment in the carrying value of these investments exists. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge of approximately $3.2 million on goodwill and our real estate assets. Of the $3.2 million impairment for the year, approximately $2.0 million was related to our One Park Center property, approximately $0.4 million was related to eight model homes, and approximately $0.8 million was related to goodwill impairment. This impairment charge for One Park Center reflects management’s revised estimate of the fair market value based on sales comparable of like property in the same geographical area as well as an evaluation of future cash flows or an executed purchase sale agreement. The impairment charge for the eight model homes reflects the estimated sales prices for these specific model homes in 2024 as a result of an abnormally short hold period, less than two years, on model homes purchased in 2022, where the builder changed their product type in these neighborhoods after we had purchased the homes. We do not believe these losses are indicative of our overall model home portfolio. As noted above in the Overview section, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 22 model homes for approximately $11.7 million and the Company recognized a gain of approximately $3.2 million. We expect to record a net gain on model home sales in the first quarter of 2024 as well. The impairment to goodwill was related to NTR Property Management and the fair market value adjustment based on future expected cash flows. The Company did not recognize a non-cash goodwill or real estate impairment during the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Interest Expense-mortgage notes. Interest expense, including amortization of deferred finance charges was approximately $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to approximately $4.7 million for the same period in 2022, an increase of approximately $0.3 million, or 6%. The increase in mortgage interest expense relates to the increase mortgage debt on our commercial properties and model homes. During the year ended 2023 our total mortgage debt increased from $97.8 million at December 31, 2022 to $108.5 million at December 31, 2023 in connection with the acquisition of new model homes and our weighted average interest rate increased from 4.57% to 5.18% over the same time period.

Gain on Sale of Real Estate Assets. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the change in gain on sale relates to the mix and type of properties sold. See Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Significant Transactions in 2023 and 2022 above for further detail.

Income Tax Expense / Credit. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an expense of approximately ($0.3)million related to estimated refunds from federal and state taxes for capital gains from the sale of model homes held by the taxable REIT subsidiary compared to a recorded an income tax credit of approximately $1.2 million, for the year ended December 31, 2022. The reduction in taxes can be attributed to a lower gain on sale of model homes in 2023 as compared to 2022 as well as the deconsolidation of the SPAC, and the SPAC's income tax expense, in September 2023. Consolidated income tax expenses related to the SPAC totaled approximately $0.4 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Income allocated to non-controlling interests. Income allocated to non-controlling interests for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled approximately $3.0 million, and $3.6 million, and was directly impacted by the sale of 13 and 19 model homes during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, held by our Model Home Partnerships.

Gain on deconsolidation of SPAC and remeasurement. Following the completion of the Murphy Canyon IPO in February 2022, we determined that Murphy Canyon is a Variable Interest Entity ("VIE") in which we had a variable interest because Murphy Canyon did not have enough equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. Since the business combinations with Conduit on September 22, 2023, we have determined that Conduit’s (formally Murphy Canyon) public stockholders have substantive rights and we no longer have control of Conduit’s activity. Since we are no longer the controlling party, or have a majority of the issued and outstating common stock, the Company deconsolidated Conduit from our consolidated financial statements. In connection with the deconsolidation we recorded a gain of approximately $40.3 million. Of the total gain recognized on deconsolidation, approximately $34.1 million relates to the remeasurement of our retained investment in Murphy Canyon via the Sponsor shares which converted into shares of Conduit's common stock on September 22, 2023, and approximately $6.2 million relates to the deconsolidation of Murphy Canyon's assets and liabilities as of September 22, 2023.

Since deconsolidating Conduit, on September 22, 2023, our investments in Conduit's common stock and common stock warrants presented on the consolidated balance sheets were measured at fair value using Level 1 market prices, taking into account the adoption of ASU 2022-03 Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, and totaled approximately $18.3 million as of December 31, 2023, with a cost basis of approximately $7.5 million. The Company entered into a lock-up agreement with Conduit regarding the common stock held by the Company, for 180 days from the closing of the business combination which ended on March 20, 2024.

Geographic Diversification Tables

The following table shows a list of commercial properties owned by the Company grouped by state and geographic region as of December 31, 2023:

State |  | No. of Properties |  |  | Aggregate Square Feet |  |  | Approximate % of Square Feet |  |  | Current Base Annual Rent |  |  | Approximate % of Aggregate Annual Rent |
California |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 57,807 |  |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | $ | 1,425,269 |  |  |  | 12.9 | %
Colorado |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 324,245 |  |  |  | 39.4 | % |  |  | 4,883,335 |  |  |  | 44.2 | %
Maryland |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 31,752 |  |  |  | 3.9 | % |  |  | 710,248 |  |  |  | 6.4 | %
North Dakota (1) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 399,113 |  |  |  | 48.4 | % |  |  | 3,687,043 |  |  |  | 33.5 | %
Texas |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 10,500 |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | 335,973 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Total |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 823,417 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 11,041,868 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

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The following table shows a list of our Model Home properties by geographic region as of December 31, 2023:

Geographic Region |  | No. of Properties |  |  | Aggregate Square Feet |  |  | Approximate % of Square Feet |  |  | Current Base Annual Rent |  |  | Approximate % of Aggregate Annual Rent |
Midwest |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 12,307 |  |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | $ | 182,748 |  |  |  | 4.3 | %
Southeast |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 9,875 |  |  |  | 2.9 | % |  |  | 172,428 |  |  |  | 4.0 | %
Southwest |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 312,174 |  |  |  | 93.4 | % |  |  | 3,926,124 |  |  |  | 91.7 | %
Total |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 334,356 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,281,300 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Overview

Our anticipated future sources of liquidity may include existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations, refinancing of existing mortgages, future real estate sales, new borrowings from our model home lines of credit, the sale of our investment in Conduit Pharma, and the sale of our equity or issuance of debt securities or bonds. Our cash and restricted cash at December 31, 2023 was approximately $6.5 million. Our future capital needs include paying down existing borrowings, maintaining our existing properties, funding tenant improvements, paying lease commissions (to the extent they are not covered by lender-held reserve deposits), and the payment of dividends to our stockholders. We also are actively seeking model home investments that are likely to produce income and achieve long-term gains in order to pay dividends to our stockholders. To ensure that we can effectively execute these objectives, we routinely review our liquidity requirements and continually evaluate all potential sources of liquidity.

Our short-term liquidity needs include paying our current operating costs, satisfying the debt service requirements of our existing mortgages, completing tenant improvements, paying leasing commissions, and funding dividends to stockholders. Future principal payments due on our mortgage notes payables during 2024, total approximately $23.5 million, of which $13.1 million is related to model home properties. During the next 12 months our four commercial property loans, Dakota Center, Research Parkway, Arapahoe Service Center and Union Town Center, have mortgage loans with maturity dates, totaling approximately $26.1 million. Management has begun discussions with various lenders to either restructure, extend or refinance these loans. Additionally, management may consider selling these properties if we are unsuccessful in extending the maturity dates or are unable to raise additional funds to pay these non-recourse loans in full. Only the loan on Research Parkway, for $1.6 million has recourse to the Company. Management expects certain model homes will be sold, and that the underlying mortgage notes will be paid off with sales proceeds, while other mortgage notes will be refinanced as the Company has done in the past. Additional principal payments will be made with cash flows from ongoing operations. On December 31, 2022, the lease for our largest tenant at that time, Halliburton, expired. Halliburton was located in our Shea Center II property in Colorado and did not renew the lease. We placed approximately $1.1 million in a reserve account with our lender to cover future mortgage payments, if necessary, in connection with Halliburton's vacant space, none of which has been used as of December 31, 2023. This reserve amount is included in "Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash" on the balance sheet. Our management team is working to fill the 45,535 square foot space and has leased approximately 20% of the space to a tenant during 2023 and has reviewed various third party proposals for the remaining 80%. As of December 31, 2023, none of the third party proposals have fit into our long-term plans. We will continue to work on filling the space during 2024.

While we will continue to pursue value creating investments, the Board of Directors believes there is significant embedded value in our assets that is yet to be realized by the market. Therefore, returning capital to stockholders through a repurchase program is an attractive use of capital currently. On September 17, 2021, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $10 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock, which expired in September 2022. On September 15, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock, which expired in September 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 196,631 shares of our Series A Common Stock at an average price of approximately $1.59 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, and 6,013 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at an average price of approximately $20.31 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, for a total cost of $313,578 for the Series A Common Stock and $122,141 for the Series D Preferred Stock. In November 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock which shall expire in November 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 23,041 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at an average price of approximately $ 15.97 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, and no shares of our Series A Common Stock, for a total cost of $0.2 million for the Series D Preferred Stock. The repurchased shares will be treated as authorized and unissued in accordance with Maryland law and shown as a reduction of stockholders’ equity at cost.

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There can be no assurance that the Company will refinance loans, take out additional financing or capital will be available to the Company on acceptable terms, if at all. If events or circumstances occur such that the Company does not obtain additional funding, it will most likely be required to reduce its plans, reduce certain discretionary spending or even sell properties, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to achieve its intended business objectives. We believe that cash on hand, cash flow from our existing portfolio, distributions from joint ventures in Model Home Partnerships and property sales during 2024 will be sufficient to fund our operating costs, planned capital expenditures and required dividends for at least the next twelve months. If our cash flow from operating activities is not sufficient to fund our short-term liquidity needs, we plan to fund a portion of these needs from additional borrowings of secured or unsecured indebtedness, from real estate sales, issuance of debt instruments, additional investors, or we may reduce or suspend the rate of dividends to our stockholders.

Our long-term liquidity needs include proceeds necessary to grow and maintain our portfolio of investments. We believe that the potential financing capital available to us in the future is sufficient to fund our long-term liquidity needs. We are continually reviewing our existing portfolio to determine which properties have met our short- and long-term goals and reinvesting the proceeds in properties with better potential to increase performance. We expect to obtain additional cash in connection with refinancing of maturing mortgages and assumption of existing debt collateralized by some or all of our real property in the future to meet our long-term liquidity needs. If we are unable to arrange a line of credit, borrow on properties, privately place securities or sell securities to the public we may not be able to acquire additional properties to meet our long-term objectives.

The following is a summary of distributions declared per share of our Series A Common Stock and for our Series D Preferred Stock for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company intends to continue to pay dividends to our common stockholders on a quarterly basis, and on a monthly basis for the Series D Preferred stockholders going forward, but there can be no guarantee the Board of Directors will approve any future dividends.

Quarter Ended |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Distributions Declared |  |  | Distributions Declared |
March 31 |  | $ | 0.022 |  |  | $ | 0.105 |
June 30 |  |  | 0.023 |  |  |  | 0.106 |
September 30 |  |  | 0.023 |  |  |  | 0.020 |
December 31 |  |  | 0.023 |  |  |  | 0.021 |
Total |  | $ | 0.091 |  |  | $ | 0.252 |

Month |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Distributions Declared |  |  | Distributions Declared |
January |  | $ | 0.19531 |  |  | $ | 0.19531 |
February |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
March |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
April |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
May |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
June |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
July |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
August |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
September |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
October |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
November |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
December 31 |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
Total |  | $ | 2.34372 |  |  | $ | 2.34372 |

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Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had approximately $6.5 million and $16.5 million in cash equivalents, respectively, including $3.7 million and $4.4 million of restricted cash, respectively. Our cash equivalents and restricted cash consist of invested cash, cash in our operating accounts and cash held in bank accounts at third-party institutions. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not experience any loss or lack of access to our cash or cash equivalents. Approximately $1.2 million of our cash and restricted cash balance is intended for capital expenditures on existing properties (including deposits held in reserve accounts by our lenders) over the next 12 months. We intend to use the remainder of our existing cash and cash equivalents for asset/property acquisitions, reduction of principal debt, general corporate purposes, common stock repurchases (if market conditions are met),or dividends to our stockholders.

Secured Debt

As of December 31, 2023, all our commercial properties, except 300 NP which has no debt, had fixed-rate mortgage notes payable in the aggregate principal amount of $73.7 million, collateralized by a total of 11 commercial properties with loan terms at issuance ranging from 7 to 10 years. The weighted-average interest rate on these mortgage notes payable as of December 31, 2023 was approximately 4.87%, and our debt to estimated market value for our commercial properties was approximately 60.6%. During the next 12 months four of our commercial property loans, totaling approximately $26.1 million, will mature, with an estimated combined loan to value of approximately 59% as of December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had fixed-rate mortgage notes payable related to model homes in the aggregate principal amount of $34.8 million, excluding loans eliminated through consolidation, collateralized by a total of 108 Model Homes. These loans generally have a term at issuance of three to five years. As of December 31, 2023, the average loan balance per home outstanding and the weighted-average interest rate on these mortgage loans are approximately $322,368 and 5.81%, respectively. Our debt to estimated market value on all our model home properties is approximately 66.6%, excluding any loans eliminated through consolidation. We have been able to refinance maturing mortgages to extend maturity dates and we have not experienced any notable difficulties financing our acquisitions. The Company anticipates that any new mortgages used to acquire commercial properties or model homes in the near future will be at rates higher than our currently weighted average interest rate. As of December 31, 2023, we had issued two promissory notes to our majority owned subsidiaries, Dubose Model Home Investors 202 LP and Dubose Model Home Investors 204 LP, for the refinancing of two model home properties in Texas and Wisconsin, for approximately $0.5 million with interest rates ranging from 3.0% to 5.55% per annum and maturity dates between August 2024 and November 2025. These notes payable and notes receivable, including interest expense and interest income related to these promissory notes, are eliminated through consolidation on our financial statements.

Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

Operating Activities: Net cash provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 increased by $0.6 million to approximately $1.5 million from $0.9 million. The change in net cash provided in operating activities is mainly due to changes in net income, including operating activities of the SPAC, which fluctuates based on timing of receipt and payment, as well as an increase in non-cash addbacks such as straight-line rent. Consolidated operating expenses related to the SPAC totaled approximately $1.45 million and $1.50 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There will be no operating expense related to the SPAC in future periods, since the deconsolidation in September 2023.

Investing Activities: Net cash from investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $120.3 million compared to cash used in investing activities of approximately $126.4 million during the same period in 2022. The change from each period was primarily related to the gross cash distributed from the Trust Account for Murphy Canyon totaling approximately $137 million. Additionally, proceeds from sale of real estate, net, were down approximately $15 million in 2023, as compared to 2022, and proceeds used for real estate acquisition and building improvements were up approximately $10.5 million.

We currently project that we could spend up to $1.2 million (some of which is held in deposits reserve accounts by our lenders) on capital improvements, tenant improvements and leasing costs for properties within our portfolio during the rest of the year. Capital expenditures may fluctuate in any given period subject to the nature, extent, and timing of improvements required to the properties. We may spend more on capital expenditures in the future due to rising construction costs. Tenant improvements and leasing costs may also fluctuate in any given year depending upon factors such as the property, the term of the lease, the type of lease, the involvement of external leasing agents and overall market conditions.

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Financing Activities: Net cash used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $131.8 million compared to $127.3 million provided by financing activities for the same period in 2022 and was primarily due to the following activities for the year ended December 31, 2023:

| • | Payments on redemptions of approximately $137.2 million for Murphy Canyon common stock during the year ended December 31, 2023.
| • | The payment of Series A Common Stock and Series D Preferred Stock dividends totaling approximately $1.2 million and $2.1 million, respectively during the year ended December 31, 2023.
| • | Net repayment of mortgage notes payable and notes payable totaling approximately $10.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.
| • | Distributions to noncontrolling interest of approximately $1.7 million.
| • | The repurchase of Series D Preferred Stock totaling approximately $0.4 million.

These decreases to cash used in financing activities were offset by proceeds from mortgage notes payable, net of issuance costs of approximately $20.8 million.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

On July 12, 2021, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with a single U.S. institutional investor for the purchase and sale of 1,000,000 shares of its Series A Common Stock, Common Stock Warrants to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of Series A Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of Series A Common Stock. Each share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Stock Warrants were sold together at a combined offering price of $5.00, and each share of Common Stock and accompanying Pre-Funded Warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $4.99. The Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised in full during August 2021 at a nominal exercise price of $0.01 per share. The Common Stock Warrants have an exercise price of $5.50 per share, were exercisable upon issuance and will expire five years from the date of issuance.

In connection with this additional offering, we agreed to issue the Placement Agent Warrants to purchase up to 80,000 shares of Series A Common Stock, representing 4.0% of the Series A Common Stock and shares of Series A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants. The Placement Agent Warrants were issued in August 2021, post exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants with an exercise price of $6.25 and will expire five years from the date of issuance.

Common Stock Warrants: If all the potential Common Stock Warrants outstanding at December 31, 2023, were exercised at the price of $5.00 per share, gross proceeds to us would be approximately $10 million and we would as a result issue an additional 2,000,000 shares of common stock.

Placement Agent Warrants: If all the potential Placement Agent Warrants outstanding at December 31, 2023, were exercised at the price of $6.25 per share, gross proceeds to us would be approximately $0.5 million and we would as a result issue an additional 80,000 shares of common stock.

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January 14, 2022 was the record date with respect to the distribution of five-year listed warrants (the “Series A Warrants”). The Series A Warrants and the shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Series A Warrants were registered on a registration statement that was filed with the SEC and was declared effective January 21, 2022. The Series A Warrants commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SQFTW” on January 24, 2022 and were distributed on that date to persons who held shares of common stock and existing outstanding warrants as of the January 14, 2022 record date, or who acquired shares of common stock in the market following the record date, and who continued to hold such shares at the close of trading on January 21, 2022. The Series A Warrants give the holder the right to purchase one share of common stock at $7.00 per share, for a period of five years. Should warrantholders not exercise the Series A Warrants during that holding period, the Series A Warrants will automatically convert to 1/10 of a common share at expiration, rounded down to the nearest number of whole shares.

Series A Warrants: If all the potential Series A Warrants outstanding at December 31, 2023, were exercised at the price of $7.00 per share, gross proceeds to us would be approximately $101.2 million and we would as a result issue an additional 14,450,069 shares of common stock.

Inflation

Leases generally provide for limited increases in rent as a result of fixed increases, increases in the consumer price index (typically subject to ceilings), or increases in the clients’ sales volumes. We expect that inflation will cause these lease provisions to result in rent increases over time. During times when inflation is greater than increases in rent, as provided for in the leases, rent increases may not keep up with the rate of inflation.

However, our use of net lease agreements tends to reduce our exposure to rising property expenses due to inflation because the client is responsible for property expenses. Inflation and increased costs may have an adverse impact on our clients if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in revenue.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide disclosure pursuant to this item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The financial statements required by this item are filed with this report as described under Item 15.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based closely on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rule 13a-14(c). In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, Management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and Management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. In connection with the preparation and audit of the financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, a material weakness was identified in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. This material weakness primarily relates to a non-recuring significant transaction for income tax provision under ASC 740, Income Taxes, and comprises the following:

| ● | We lack a formal review and approval process in connection with the annual income tax provision, specifically related to REIT and non-REIT subsidiaries and the ownership of Conduit shares received by the Company in the de-SPAC transaction on September 22, 2023.

| ● | We did not design adequate internal controls under an appropriate financial reporting framework, including monitoring controls and certain entity level controls with regards to the income tax provision.

If this material weakness is not remediated, it could result in a misstatement of account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. We are implementing measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate this material weakness, although they have not been fully remediated as of the date of this filing.

The material weakness will not be considered remediated until our remediation plan has been fully implemented, the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time, and we have concluded, through testing, that the newly implemented and enhanced controls are operating effectively. We commenced the remediation plan and will be documenting and implementing such plan, followed with testing such controls over time. We cannot predict the success of such efforts or the outcome of its assessment of the remediation efforts. Our efforts may not remediate this material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or additional material weaknesses may be identified in the future. A failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of our financial statements and could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, any of which could diminish investor confidence in us and cause a decline in the price of our common stock.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We are adding controls around the calculation and preparation of income tax provisions and expenses, we are engaging with third party experts, and will continually identify and monitor the taxable status of each subsidiary for annual reporting. There were no additional changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Furthermore, we do not believe that these controls have been impacted by COVID-19 related circumstances, including remote work arrangements with our employees.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our Management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework, our Management concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective as of December 31, 2023.

This annual report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding our internal control over financial reporting as such report is not required for the Company.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

None.

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Part III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this item is set forth under the captions “Board of Directors” and “Executive Officers of the Company” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this item is set forth under the caption “Executive Compensation” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this item will be set forth under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item is set forth under the caption “Related Party Transactions” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this item is set forth under the caption “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees and Services” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 pursuant to Regulation 14A, and is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(1) Financial Statements - the following documents are filed as part of this report:

| • | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
| • | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
| • | Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
| • | Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
| • | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
| • | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(2) Financial Statement Schedules - the following documents are filed as part of this report:

| • | Schedule III - Real Estate Assets and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization as of December 31, 2023

All other financial statement schedules have been omitted for the reason that the required information is presented in the financial statements or notes thereto, the amounts involved are not significant or the schedules are not applicable.

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(3) Exhibits - an index to the Exhibits as filed as part of this Form 10-K is set forth below.

Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Articles of Merger filed with the Maryland State Department of Assessments and Taxation and the California Secretary of State on August 4, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.03 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2010).
3.2 |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Articles of Incorporation, dated as of July 30, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.01 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2010).
3.3 |  | Articles Supplementary filed on August 4, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2014).
3.4 |  | Articles of Amendment of Presidio Property Trust, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 19, 2017).
3.5 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating the Series C Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 31, 2020).
3.6 |  | Articles of Amendment effecting the reverse stock split (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 31, 2020).
3.7 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating 805,000 shares of the Series D Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 8-A12B filed on June 9, 2021).
3.8 |  | Articles Supplementary classifying and designating an additional 115,000 shares of the Series D Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 15, 2021).
3.9 |  | Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Presidio Property Trust, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 19, 2017).
3.10 |  | Articles Supplementary relating to election to be subject to Section 3-803 of the Maryland General Corporation Law (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 22, 2024).
4.1 |  | Form of Series A Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10-12B filed on May 6, 2008).
4.2 |  | Description of Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2022).
4.3 |  | Form of Common Stock Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2021).
4.4 |  | Form of Placement Agent Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2021).
4.5 |  | Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 filed on November 9, 2021).
4.6 |  | Form of Warrant Agent Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 filed on November 9, 2021).
10.1 |  | Dividend Reinvestment Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10-12B filed on May 6, 2008).
10.2 |  | Purchase and Sale Agreement and Joint Escrow Instructions among NetREIT Highland, LLC, NetREIT Joshua, LLC, NetREIT Casa Grande, LP, NetREIT Sunrise, LLC, NetREIT, Inc. and Sparky’s Storage 18 (CA) LP, dated as of February 6, 2015; as amended by the First Amendment dated February 25, 2015, and the Second Amendment dated April 2, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 15, 2015).
10.3+ |  | Amended and Restated Presidio Property Trust, Inc. 2017 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit B of the Company’s Proxy Statement filed on April 17, 2023).
10.4+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under 2017 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A filed on January 17, 2018).
10.5 |  | Form of Placement Agency Agreement, dated as of July 12, 2021, by and between the Company and the Placement Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2021).
10.6 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 12, 2021, by and between the Company and the Purchaser (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2021).
10.7 |  | At-The-Market Offering Agreement dated November 8, 2021, by and between Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and The Benchmark Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 9, 2021).
10.8 |  | Ninth Amendment to Loan Agreement signed August 19, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 25, 2021).
10.9 |  | Loan Agreement dated February 26, 2016, together with Second Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as of June 29, 2016, Third Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as of April 11, 2017, Joinder and Fourth Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as of February 20, 2018, Fifth Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as of April 11, 2018, Joinder and Sixth Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as of April 11, 2019, Joinder and Seventh Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as May 22, 2020 and Eighth Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as of June 26, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 25, 2021).
10.10 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into between the Company and each of its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 filed on September 18, 2017).
10.11 |  | Tenth Amendment to Loan Agreement signed October 12, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 14, 2022).
10.12 |  | Tenth Amendment to Guaranty Agreement signed October 12, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 14, 2022).
10.13+ |  | Employment agreement with Jack Heilbron (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 5, 2024)
10.14+ |  | Employment agreement with Ed Bentzen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 9, 2024)
10.15+ |  | Employment agreement with Gary Katz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 9, 2024)
10.16+ |  | Employment agreement with Steven Hightower (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 9, 2024)
14 |  | Code of Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2021).
21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on April 16, 2024)
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 23.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on April 16, 2024)
31.1 |  | Certificate of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
31.2 |  | Certification of the Company’s Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
97.1 |  | Clawback Policy of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on April 16, 2024)
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document (the Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

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101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

____________________________________________________

∗ | Filed herewith

+ | Denotes a compensatory plan or arrangement

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Jack K. Heilbron |  | Director, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer |  | April 16, 2024
Jack K. Heilbron |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ Ed Bentzen |  | Chief Financial Officer |  | April 16, 2024
Ed Bentzen |  |  |  |
/s/ Steven Hightower |  | Director |  | April 16, 2024
Steven Hightower |  |  |  |
/s/ Jennifer A. Barnes |  | Director |  | April 16, 2024
Jennifer A. Barnes |  |  |  |
/s/ David T. Bruen |  | Director |  | April 16, 2024
David T. Bruen |  |  |  |
/s/ James R. Durfey |  | Director |  | April 16, 2024
James R. Durfey |  |  |  |
/s/ Tracie Hager |  | Director |  | April 16, 2024
Tracie Hager |  |  |  |

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB ID 23) | F-1
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: |
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Equity | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-7
Schedule III - Real Estate Assets and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization | F-32

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the shareholders and the board of directors of Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows, for the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements and schedule in Item 15 (2), Schedule III – Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

F-1

Table of Contents

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Real Estate Asset Impairment Assessment

Critical Audit Matter Description

At December 31, 2023, the Company’s net investment in real estate assets was approximately $144 million. As more fully described in notes 2 and 4, the Company periodically evaluates its long-lived assets, including its investment in real estate, for impairment. The judgments and assumptions regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on factors such as operational performance, market conditions, legal and environmental concerns, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the related asset. If the expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the long-lived asset, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying amount.

Auditing the Company's process to evaluate indicators of impairment was complex due to a high degree of subjectivity in the identification of events or changes in circumstances that may indicate impairment was present. Changes in these judgments could have a material impact on the Company’s analysis.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

| ● | Evaluated the judgements used by management to identify whether indicators of impairment were present and tested the significant assumptions and completeness and accuracy of market and operating data used by the Company in its analysis.
| ● | We compared the significant assumptions used by management to current market data and performed sensitivity analysis of certain significant assumptions, such as capitalization rates and future cash flows.
| ● | We also held discussions with management and read minutes of meetings of the Board of Directors and related committees to understand whether there were any changes in management’s operating and development plans that would result in the disposal of a property significantly before the end of its useful life.

/s/ Baker Tilly US, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.

Irvine, California

April 15, 2024

F-2

Table of Contents

Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate assets and lease intangibles: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 21,660,644 |  |  | $ | 19,189,386 |
Buildings and improvements |  |  | 133,829,416 |  |  |  | 125,979,374 |
Tenant improvements |  |  | 17,820,948 |  |  |  | 13,861,839 |
Lease intangibles |  |  | 4,110,139 |  |  |  | 4,110,139 |
Real estate assets and lease intangibles held for investment, cost |  |  | 177,421,147 |  |  |  | 163,140,738 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (38,725,356 | ) |  |  | (34,644,511 | )
Real estate assets and lease intangibles held for investment, net |  |  | 138,695,791 |  |  |  | 128,496,227 |
Real estate assets held for sale, net |  |  | 5,459,993 |  |  |  | 2,016,003 |
Real estate assets, net |  |  | 144,155,784 |  |  |  | 130,512,230 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 6,510,428 |  |  |  | 16,516,725 |
Deferred leasing costs, net |  |  | 1,657,055 |  |  |  | 1,516,835 |
Goodwill |  |  | 1,574,000 |  |  |  | 2,423,000 |
Investment in Conduit Pharmaceuticals marketable securities (see Notes 2 & 9) |  |  | 18,318,521 |  |  |  | — |
Deferred tax asset |  |  | 346,762 |  |  |  | — |
Other assets, net (see Note 6) |  |  | 3,400,088 |  |  |  | 3,511,681 |
Total other assets |  |  | 31,806,854 |  |  |  | 23,968,241 |
Investments held in Trust (see Notes 2 & 9) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 136,871,183 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  | $ | 175,962,638 |  |  | $ | 291,351,654 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net |  | $ | 103,685,444 |  |  | $ | 95,899,176 |
Mortgage notes payable related to properties held for sale, net |  |  | 4,027,829 |  |  |  | 999,523 |
Mortgage notes payable, total net |  |  | 107,713,273 |  |  |  | 96,898,699 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 4,792,034 |  |  |  | 4,028,564 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities of SPAC (see Notes 2 & 9) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,046,725 |
Accrued real estate taxes |  |  | 1,953,087 |  |  |  | 1,879,875 |
Dividends payable |  |  | 174,011 |  |  |  | 178,511 |
Lease liability, net |  |  | 16,086 |  |  |  | 46,833 |
Below-market leases, net |  |  | 13,266 |  |  |  | 18,240 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 114,661,757 |  |  |  | 108,097,447 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 2 & 9): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SPAC Class A common stock subject to possible redemption; none as of December 31, 2023 and 13,225,000 shares as of December 31, 2022 (at $10.45 per share), net of issuance cost of approximately $6,400,000 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 130,411,135 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series D Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share; 1,000,000 shares authorized; 898,940 shares issued and outstanding (liquidation preference $25.00 per share) as of December 31, 2023 and 913,987 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 8,909 |  |  |  | 9,140 |
Series A Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share, shares authorized: 100,000,000; 11,859,726 shares and 11,807,893 shares were issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively |  |  | 122,651 |  |  |  | 118,079 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 182,310,219 |  |  |  | 182,044,157 |
Dividends and accumulated losses |  |  | (131,508,785 | ) |  |  | (138,341,750 | )
Total stockholders' equity before noncontrolling interest |  |  | 50,932,994 |  |  |  | 43,829,626 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | 10,367,887 |  |  |  | 9,013,446 |
Total equity |  |  | 61,300,881 |  |  |  | 52,843,072 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  | $ | 175,962,638 |  |  | $ | 291,351,654 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-3

Table of Contents

Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income |  | $ | 16,743,231 |  |  | $ | 17,203,310 |
Fees and other income |  |  | 892,383 |  |  |  | 560,971 |
Total revenue |  |  | 17,635,614 |  |  |  | 17,764,281 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental operating costs |  |  | 5,962,918 |  |  |  | 5,841,396 |
General and administrative |  |  | 6,790,432 |  |  |  | 6,163,816 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 5,425,739 |  |  |  | 5,465,015 |
Impairment of goodwill and real estate assets |  |  | 3,247,097 |  |  |  | — |
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 21,426,186 |  |  |  | 17,470,227 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense - mortgage notes |  |  | (5,004,889 | ) |  |  | (4,712,487 | )
Gain on sale of marketable securities, net (excluding Conduit marketable securities) |  |  | 1,414,420 |  |  |  | 2,018,847 |
Interest and other income, net |  |  | 20,878 |  |  |  | 21,075 |
Gain on sales of real estate, net |  |  | 3,240,200 |  |  |  | 5,079,912 |
Loss on Conduit marketable securities (see footnote 9) |  |  | (23,359,774 | ) |  |  | — |
Gain on deconsolidation of SPAC (see footnote 9) |  |  | 40,321,483 |  |  |  | — |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | 335,780 |  |  |  | (1,215,873 | )
Total other income, net |  |  | 16,968,098 |  |  |  | 1,191,474 |
Net income |  |  | 13,177,526 |  |  |  | 1,485,528 |
Less: Income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (3,031,080 | ) |  |  | (3,612,647 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to Presidio Property Trust, Inc. stockholders |  | $ | 10,146,446 |  |  | $ | (2,127,119 | )
Less: Preferred Stock Series D dividends |  |  | (2,118,846 | ) |  |  | (2,152,740 | )
Less: Series A Warrant dividend |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,456,512 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to Presidio Property Trust, Inc. common stockholders |  | $ | 8,027,600 |  |  | $ | (6,736,371 | )
Net income (loss) per share attributable to Presidio Property Trust, Inc. common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic & Diluted |  | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | (0.57 | )
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic & dilutive |  |  | 11,847,814 |  |  |  | 11,753,041 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-4

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Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Equity

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  | Dividends and |  |  | Total |  |  | Non- |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock Series D |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Stockholders’ |  |  | controlling |  |  | Total |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Losses |  |  | Equity |  |  | Interests |  |  | Equity |
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  |  | 920,000 |  |  | $ | 9,200 |  |  |  | 11,599,720 |  |  | $ | 115,997 |  |  | $ | 186,492,012 |  |  | $ | (130,947,434 | ) |  | $ | 55,669,775 |  |  | $ | 9,812,845 |  |  | $ | 65,482,620 |
Net (loss) income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,127,119 | ) |  |  | (2,127,119 | ) |  |  | 3,612,647 |  |  |  | 1,485,528 |
Vesting of restricted stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 404,804 |  |  |  | 4,048 |  |  |  | 1,884,945 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,888,993 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,888,993 |
Dividends paid to Series A Common Stockholders |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,114,456 | ) |  |  | (3,114,456 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,114,456 | )
Dividends to Series D Preferred Stockholders |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,152,741 | ) |  |  | (2,152,741 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,152,741 | )
Remeasurement of SPAC common stock subject to possible redemption upon IPO, Public Warrants and Private Placement Units, net of offering costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,023,113 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,023,113 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,023,113 | )
Remeasurement of SPAC shares to redemption value |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,876,183 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,876,183 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,876,183 | )
Distributions in excess of contributions received |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,412,046 | ) |  |  | (4,412,046 | )
Repurchase of Series A Common Stock, at cost |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (196,631 | ) |  |  | (1,966 | ) |  |  | (311,423 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (313,389 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (313,389 | )
Repurchase of Series D Preferred Stock, at cost |  |  | (6,013 | ) |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (122,081 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (122,141 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (122,141 | )
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  |  | 913,987 |  |  | $ | 9,140 |  |  |  | 11,807,893 |  |  | $ | 118,079 |  |  | $ | 182,044,157 |  |  | $ | (138,341,750 | ) |  | $ | 43,829,626 |  |  | $ | 9,013,446 |  |  | $ | 52,843,072 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,146,446 |  |  |  | 10,146,446 |  |  |  | 3,031,080 |  |  |  | 13,177,526 |
Vesting of restricted stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 457,168 |  |  |  | 4,572 |  |  |  | 1,041,811 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,046,383 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,046,383 |
Dividends paid to Series A common stockholders |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,194,635 | ) |  |  | (1,194,635 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,194,635 | )
Dividends to Series D preferred stockholders |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,118,846 | ) |  |  | (2,118,846 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,118,846 | )
Distributions in excess of contributions received |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,676,639 | ) |  |  | (1,676,639 | )
Remeasurement of SPAC shares to redemption value |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (405,994 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (405,994 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (405,994 | )
Repurchase of Series D preferred stock, at cost |  |  | (23,041 | ) |  |  | (231 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (369,755 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (369,986 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (369,986 | )
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  |  | 890,946 |  |  | $ | 8,909 |  |  |  | 12,265,061 |  |  | $ | 122,651 |  |  | $ | 182,310,219 |  |  | $ | (131,508,785 | ) |  | $ | 50,932,994 |  |  | $ | 10,367,887 |  |  | $ | 61,300,881 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 13,177,526 |  |  | $ | 1,485,528 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 5,425,739 |  |  |  | 5,465,015 |
Stock compensation |  |  | 989,515 |  |  |  | 1,204,106 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | 28,880 |  |  |  | 73,055 |
Gain on sale of real estate assets, net |  |  | (3,240,200 | ) |  |  | (5,079,912 | )
Gain on deconsolidation of SPAC investment |  |  | (40,321,483 | ) |  |  | — |
Net change in Conduit fair value marketable securities |  |  | 23,359,774 |  |  |  | — |
Net change in fair value marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  | (42,664 | )
Net change in fair value SPAC Trust Account |  |  | (1,414,420 | ) |  |  | (1,976,183 | )
Impairment of goodwill and real estate assets |  |  | 3,247,097 |  |  |  | — |
Amortization of financing costs |  |  | 345,880 |  |  |  | 240,090 |
Amortization of below-market leases |  |  | (4,974 | ) |  |  | (54,890 | )
Straight-line rent adjustment |  |  | (332,055 | ) |  |  | (252,759 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  | (211,023 | ) |  |  | 1,050,221 |
Deferred tax asset |  |  | (346,762 | ) |  |  | — |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 60,556 |  |  |  | (1,539,727 | )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities for the SPAC |  |  | 652,577 |  |  |  | 417,975 |
Accrued real estate taxes |  |  | 73,212 |  |  |  | (61,038 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 1,489,839 |  |  |  | 928,817 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate acquisitions |  |  | (21,909,963 | ) |  |  | (15,673,575 | )
Additions to buildings and tenant improvements |  |  | (6,663,116 | ) |  |  | (2,107,505 | )
Investment in marketable securities |  |  | (2,161,724 | ) |  |  | (1,762,095 | )
Proceeds from sale of marketable securities |  |  | 2,974,910 |  |  |  | 2,363,063 |
Investment of SPAC IPO proceeds into Trust Account |  |  | (624,998 | ) |  |  | (134,895,000 | )
Withdrawals from Trust Account for SPAC taxes |  |  | 832,480 |  |  |  | — |
Withdrawals from Trust Account for Redemption of SPAC Shares |  |  | 137,157,011 |  |  |  | — |
Deletions / (additions) to deferred leasing costs |  |  | 7,744 |  |  |  | (70,889 | )
Proceeds from sales of real estate, net |  |  | 10,698,386 |  |  |  | 25,768,334 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 120,310,730 |  |  |  | (126,377,667 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from mortgage notes payable, net of issuance costs |  |  | 20,804,277 |  |  |  | 20,288,093 |
Repayment of mortgage notes payable |  |  | (10,089,026 | ) |  |  | (11,958,568 | )
Payment of deferred offering costs |  |  | (5,000 | ) |  |  | (3,201,266 | )
Distributions to noncontrolling interests, net |  |  | (1,676,639 | ) |  |  | (4,412,046 | )
Proceeds from initial public offering of SPAC |  |  | — |  |  |  | 134,024,416 |
SPAC offering non-controlling interest adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,774,416 | )
Redemption of SPAC shares |  |  | (137,157,011 | ) |  |  | — |
Repurchase of Series A Common Stock, at cost |  |  | — |  |  |  | (313,389 | )
Repurchase of Series D Preferred Stock, at cost |  |  | (369,986 | ) |  |  | (122,141 | )
Dividends paid to Series D Preferred Stockholders |  |  | (2,118,846 | ) |  |  | (2,152,741 | )
Dividends paid to Series A Common Stockholders |  |  | (1,194,635 | ) |  |  | (3,114,456 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  |  | (131,806,866 | ) |  |  | 127,263,486 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (10,006,297 | ) |  |  | 1,814,636 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period |  |  | 16,516,725 |  |  |  | 14,702,089 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period |  | $ | 6,510,428 |  |  | $ | 16,516,725 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid-mortgage notes payable |  | $ | 4,962,458 |  |  | $ | 4,110,288 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 533,340 |  |  | $ | 517,902 |
Non-cash financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Potentially convertible common stock for SPAC |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 134,895,000 |
Dividends payable - Preferred Stock Series D |  | $ | 174,011 |  |  | $ | 178,511 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Organization. Presidio Property Trust, Inc. (“we”, “our”, “us” or the “Company”) is an internally-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”), with holdings in office, industrial, retail and model home properties. We were incorporated in the State of California on September 28, 1999, and in August 2010, we reincorporated as a Maryland corporation. In October 2017, we changed our name from “NetREIT, Inc.” to “Presidio Property Trust, Inc.” Through Presidio Property Trust, Inc., its subsidiaries, and its partnerships, we own 12 commercial properties in fee interest, two of which we own as a partial interest in various affiliates, in which we serve as general partner, member and/or manager, and a special purpose acquisition company (until deconsolidation in September 2023) as noted below.

The Company or one of its affiliates operates the following partnerships during the periods covered by these consolidated financial statements:

| • | The Company is the sole general partner and limited partner in two limited partnerships (NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP and NetREIT Casa Grande LP), both of which, at December 31, 2023, had ownership interests in an entity that owns income producing real estate. The Company refers to these entities collectively as the "NetREIT Partnerships".

| • | The Company is the general and limited partner in six limited partnerships that purchase model homes and lease them back to homebuilders (Dubose Model Home Investors #202, LP, Dubose Model Home Investors #203, LP, Dubose Model Home Investors #204, LP, Dubose Model Home Investors #205, LP, Dubose Model Home Investors #206, LP, and Dubose Model Home Investors #207, LP). The Company refers to these entities collectively as the “Model Home Partnerships”.

The Company has determined that the limited partnerships in which it owns less than 100% should be included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as the Company directs their activities and has control of such limited partnerships.

Unit-based information used herein (such as references to square footage or property occupancy rates) is unaudited.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), for federal income tax purposes. To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders and meet the various other requirements imposed by the Code relating to such matters as operating results, asset holdings, distribution levels, and diversity of stock ownership. Provided we maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, we are generally not subject to corporate-level income tax on the earnings distributed currently to our stockholders that we derive from our REIT qualifying activities. If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT in any taxable year and are unable to avail ourselves of certain savings provisions set forth in the Code, all our taxable income would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, including any applicable alternative minimum tax. We are subject to certain state and local income taxes.

We, together with one of our entities, have elected to treat certain subsidiaries as a taxable REIT subsidiary (a “TRS”) for federal income tax purposes. Certain activities that we undertake must be conducted by a TRS, such as non-customary services for our tenants, and holding assets that we cannot hold directly. A TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes. The Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its financial statements. Neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have been assessed any significant interest or penalties for tax positions by any tax jurisdictions.

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Liquidity. The Company's anticipated future sources of liquidity may include existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations, refinancing of existing mortgages, future real estate sales, new borrowings, and the sale of equity or debt securities. Future capital needs include paying down existing borrowings, maintaining our existing properties, funding tenant improvements, paying lease commissions (to the extent they are not covered by lender-held reserve deposits), and the payment of dividends to our stockholders. The Company is also seeking investments that are likely to produce income and achieve long-term gains in order to pay dividends to our stockholders. To ensure that we can effectively execute these objectives, we routinely review our liquidity requirements and continually evaluate all potential sources of liquidity. If necessary, the Company may seek other short-term liquidity alternatives, such as bridge loans, refinancing an unencumbered property or a bank line of credit depending on the credit environment.

Short-term liquidity needs include paying our current operating costs, satisfying the debt service requirements of existing mortgages, completing tenant improvements, paying leasing commissions, and funding dividends to stockholders. Future principal payments due on mortgage notes payables, during the year ended December 31, 2024, total approximately $23.5 million, of which $13.1 million is related to model home properties. Management expects certain model home properties can be sold, and that the underlying mortgage notes will be paid off with sales proceeds while other mortgage notes can be refinanced, as the Company has historically been able to do in the past. Additional principal payments will be made with cash flows from ongoing operations.

As the Company continues its operations, it may re-finance, seek additional financing or restructure. However, there can be no assurance that any such re-financing or additional financing will be available to the Company on acceptable terms, if at all. If events or circumstances occur such that the Company does not obtain additional funding, it will most likely be required to reduce its plans and/or certain discretionary spending, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to achieve its intended business objectives. Management believes that the combination of working capital on hand and the ability to refinance commercial and model home mortgages will fund operations through at least the next twelve months from the date of the issuance of these audited financial statements.

Segments. The Company acquires and operates income producing properties in three business segments including Office/Industrial Properties, Model Home Properties and Retail Properties. See Note 14. “Segments”.

Customer Concentration. Concentration of credit risk with respect to tenant receivables is limited due to the large number of tenants comprising the Company’s rental revenue. We had one tenant account for 6.43% of total rental income for the year ended December 31, 2023 and one tenant accounted for 8.57% of total rental income for the year ended December 31, 2022. On December 31, 2022, the lease for our largest tenant at that time, Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. ("Halliburton"), expired. Halliburton was located in our Shea Center II property in Colorado and did not renew the lease. We placed approximately $1.1 million in a reserve account with our lender to cover future mortgage payments, if necessary, in connection with Halliburton's vacant space, none of which has been used as of December 31, 2023. This reserve amount is included in "Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash" on the balance sheet. Our management team is working to fill the 45,535 square foot space and has leased approximately 20% of the space to a tenant during 2023 and has reviewed various proposals for the remaining 80%. As of December 31, 2023, none of the third party proposals have fit into our long-term plans. We will continue to work on filling the space during 2024.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) as contained within the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”).

Principles of Consolidation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and its subsidiaries, NetREIT Advisors, LLC and Dubose Advisors LLC (collectively, the “Advisors”), and NetREIT Dubose Model Home REIT, Inc. The consolidated financial statements also include the results of the NetREIT Partnerships and the Model Home Partnerships. As used herein, references to the “Company” include references to Presidio Property Trust, Inc., its subsidiaries, and the partnerships. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The consolidated financial statements also include the accounts of (a) Murphy Canyon up until September 22, 2023, when they completed their business combination. Murphy Canyon was a SPAC for which we served as the financial sponsor (as described herein), and which was deemed to be controlled by us as a result of our 65% equity ownership stake, the overlap of three of our executive officers as executive officers of Murphy Canyon, and significant influence that we could exercise over the funding and acquisition of new operations for an initial business combination ("IBC") (see Note 2, Variable Interest Entity). All intercompany balances, prior to deconsolidation and loss of control on September 22, 2023, have been eliminated in consolidation.

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The Company classifies the noncontrolling interests in the NetREIT Partnerships as part of consolidated net (loss) income in 2023 and 2022 and has included the accumulated amount of noncontrolling interests as part of equity since inception in February 2010. If a change in ownership of a consolidated subsidiary results in loss of control and deconsolidation, any retained ownership interest will be remeasured, with the gain or loss reported in the consolidated statements of operations. Management has evaluated the noncontrolling interests and determined that they do not contain any redemption features.

Use of Estimates. The financial statements were prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include the allocation of purchase price paid for property acquisitions between land, building and intangible assets acquired including their useful lives; valuation of long-lived assets, and the allowance for doubtful accounts, which is based on an evaluation of the tenants’ ability to pay. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Real Estate Assets and Lease Intangibles. Land, buildings and improvements are recorded at cost, including tenant improvements and lease acquisition costs (including leasing commissions, space planning fees, and legal fees). The Company capitalizes any expenditure that replaces, improves, or otherwise extends the economic life of an asset, while ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. The Company allocates the purchase price of acquired properties between the acquired tangible assets and liabilities (consisting of land, buildings, tenant improvements, and long-term debt) and identified intangible assets and liabilities (including the value of above-market and below-market leases, the value of in-place leases, unamortized lease origination costs and tenant relationships), in each case based on their respective fair values.

The Company allocates the purchase price to tangible assets of an acquired property based on the estimated fair values of those tangible assets, assuming the property was vacant. Estimates of fair value for land, building and building improvements are based on many factors, including, but not limited to, comparisons to other properties sold in the same geographic area and independent third-party valuations. In estimating the fair values of the tangible assets, intangible assets, and liabilities acquired, the Company also considers information obtained about each property as a result of its pre‑acquisition due diligence, marketing and leasing activities.

The value allocated to acquired lease intangibles is based on management’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease. Characteristics considered by management in allocating these values include, but are not limited, to the nature and extent of the existing business relationships with the tenant, growth prospects for developing new business with the tenant, the remaining term of the lease, the tenant’s credit quality, and other factors.

The value attributable to the above-market or below-market component of an acquired in-place lease is determined based upon the present value (using a market discount rate) of the difference between (i) the contractual rents to be paid pursuant to the lease over its remaining term, and (ii) management’s estimate of rents that would be paid using fair market rates over the remaining term of the lease. The amounts allocated to above or below-market leases are amortized on a straight-line basis as an increase or reduction of rental income over the remaining non-cancelable term of the respective leases. Amortization of above and below-market rents resulted in a net increase in rental income of approximately $5,000 and $55,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The value of in-place leases and unamortized lease origination costs are amortized to expenses over the remaining term of the respective leases, which range from less than a year to ten years. The amount allocated to acquired in-place leases is determined based on management’s assessment of lost revenue and costs incurred for the period required to lease the “assumed vacant” property to the occupancy level when purchased. The amount allocated to unamortized lease origination costs is determined by what the Company would have paid to a third-party to secure a new tenant reduced by the expired term of the respective lease. The amount allocated to tenant relationships is the benefit resulting from the likelihood of a tenant renewing its lease. Amortization expense related to these assets was approximately $18,000 and $0.2 million for years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Real Estate Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. We generally reclassify assets to "held for sale" when the disposition has been approved, it is available for immediate sale in its present condition, we are actively seeking a buyer, and the disposition is considered probable within one year. Additionally, real estate sold during the current period is classified as “real estate held for sale” for all prior periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Mortgage notes payable related to the real estate sold during the current period are classified as “notes payable related to real estate held for sale” for all prior periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Additionally, we record the operating results related to real estate that has been disposed of as discontinued operations for all periods presented if the operations have been eliminated and represent a strategic shift and we will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the property following the sale. As of December 31, 2023, no commercial property met the criteria to be classified as "held for sale" and 15 model homes were classified as held for sale.

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Impairments of Real Estate Assets. We regularly review for impairment on a property-by-property basis. Impairment is recognized on a property held for use when the expected undiscounted cash flows for a property are less than the carrying amount at which time the property is written-down to fair value. The calculation of both discounted and undiscounted cash flows requires management to make estimates of future cash flows including but not limited to revenues, operating expenses, required maintenance and development expenditures, market conditions, demand for space by tenants and rental rates over long periods. Since our properties typically have a long life, the assumptions used to estimate the future recoverability of carrying value requires significant management judgment. Actual results could be significantly different from the estimates. These estimates have a direct impact on net income because recording an impairment charge results in a negative adjustment to net income. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. Properties held for sale are recorded at the lower of the carrying amount or the expected sales price less costs to sell. Although our strategy is to hold our properties over the long-term, if our strategy changes or market conditions otherwise dictate an earlier sale date, an impairment loss may be recognized to reduce the property to fair value and such loss could be material.

We review the carrying value of each of our real estate properties annually to determine if circumstances indicate an impairment in the carrying value of these investments exists. During the year ended December 31, 2023 , we recognized a non-cash impairment charge of approximately $2.0 million on One Park Center and approximately $0.4 million was related to eight model homes. The impairment charges for One Park Center reflects management’s revised estimate of the fair market value based on sales comparable of like property in the same geographical area as well as an evaluation of future cash flows or an executed purchase sale agreement. The impairment charge for the eight model homes reflects the estimated sales prices for these specific model homes in 2024 as a result of an abnormally short hold period, less than two years, on model homes purchased in 2022, where the builder changed their product type in these neighborhoods after we had purchased the homes. We do not believe these losses are indicative of our overall model home portfolio. As noted above in the Overview section, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 22 model homes for approximately $11.7 million and the Company recognized a gain of approximately $3.2 million. We expect to record a net gain on model home sales in the first quarter of 2024 as well. The Company did not recognize a non-cash impairment during the year ended December 31, 2022 to our real estate assets.

Intangible Assets. Intangible assets, including goodwill and lease intangibles, are comprised of finite-lived and indefinite-lived assets. Lease intangibles represents the allocation of a portion of the purchase price of a property acquisition representing the estimated value of in-place leases, unamortized lease origination costs, tenant relationships and land purchase options. Intangible assets that are not deemed to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Indefinite-lived assets are not amortized. Amortization expense of intangible assets that are not deemed to have an indefinite useful life was approximately $10,000 and $0.1 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and is included in depreciation and amortization in the accompanying consolidated statements of operation.

The Company is required to perform a test for impairment of goodwill and other definite and indefinite lived assets at least annually, and more frequently as circumstances warrant. Impairment is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible asset is considered to be unrecoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated fair value of the asset.

As of December 31, 2023, prior to any adjustment, the carrying value of the goodwill for NTR Property Management was $1.3 million. As par to the annual testing for goodwill impairment the fair value of NTR Property Management using the Capitalized Cash Flow method and Merger and Acquisition method show an indication of impairment to the goodwill. Management expects to hold this business for the foreseeable future; however, in 2023 we experienced increasing payroll costs, and increasing operating expenses along with increased interest rates. The current market outlook for the Office sector of commercial real estate has been depressed. All of these factors have led to lower than historical expected future cash flows, resulting in the impairment indication and concluded an enterprise value of NTR Property Management at $451,000. With an assumed fair market value of $451,000 for NTR Property Management, in accordance with ASC 350 and ASC 820, we have recorded an impairment to goodwill for approximately $0.8 millionas of December 31, 2023. No other impairment was deemed to exist to goodwill at December 31, 2023 and 2022. See Fair Value Measurements below for additional information.

Depreciation and Amortization. The Company records depreciation and amortization expense using the straight-line method over the useful lives of the respective assets. The costs of buildings are depreciated over estimated useful lives of 39 years, the costs of improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated life of the asset or term of the tenant lease (which range from 1 to 10 years), the costs associated with acquired tenant intangibles over the remaining lease term and the cost of furniture, fixtures and equipment are depreciated over 4 to 5 years. Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $5.4 million and $5.5 million, respectively, and is included in depreciation and amortization in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had approximately $6.5 million and $16.5 million in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, respectively. The Company considers all short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to cash and have an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Items classified as cash equivalents include money market funds. Cash balances in individual banks may exceed the federally insured limit of $250,000 by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the "FDIC"). No losses have been experienced related to such accounts. At December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $0.7 million in deposits in financial institutions that exceeded the federally insurable limits. Restricted cash consists of funds held in escrow for Company lenders for properties held as collateral by the lenders. The funds in escrow are for payment of property taxes, insurance, leasing costs, mortgage payment reserves, and capital expenditures. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has approximately $3.7 million of restricted cash. At December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $8.8 million in deposits in financial institutions that exceeded the federally insurable limits. Restricted cash consists of funds held in escrow for Company lenders for properties held as collateral by the lenders. The funds in escrow are for payment of property taxes, insurance, leasing costs and capital expenditures. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has approximately $4.4 million of restricted cash.

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Accounts Receivables. The Company periodically evaluates the collectability of amounts due from tenants and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of tenants to make required payments under lease agreements. In addition, the Company maintains an allowance for deferred rent receivable that arises from straight lining of rents. The Company exercises judgment in establishing these allowances and considers payment history and current credit status of its tenants in developing these estimates. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance of allowance for possible uncollectable tenant receivables included in other assets, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets was approximately $92,000 and $138,000, respectively.

Deferred Leasing Costs. Costs incurred in connection with successful property leases are capitalized as deferred leasing costs and amortized to leasing commission expense on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases which generally range from one to five years. Deferred leasing costs consist of third-party leasing commissions. Management re-evaluates the remaining useful lives of leasing costs as the creditworthiness of the tenants and economic and market conditions change. If management determines the estimated remaining life of the respective lease has changed, the amortization period is adjusted. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had net deferred leasing costs of approximately $1.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively. Total amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Deferred Financing Costs. Costs incurred, including legal fees, origination fees, and administrative fees, in connection with debt financing are capitalized as deferred financing costs, are amortized using the straight line method, which approximates the effective interest method, over the contractual term of the respective loans and recorded as an offset to the carrying value of the debt. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, unamortized deferred financing costs related to mortgage notes payable were approximately $0.8 million and $0.9 million. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, total amortization expense related to the mortgage notes payable deferred financing costs was approximately $0.3 million and $0.2 million , respectively. Amortization of deferred financing costs are included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Deferred Offering Costs. Deferred offering costs represent legal, accounting and other direct costs related to our offerings and as of December 31, 2023 we have incurred approximately $5,000. These costs are related to an amendment to a registration statement for the sale of our common stock that has not been finalized. As of December 31, 2022, there were no deferred offering costs.

Income Taxes. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, for federal income tax purposes.To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders and meet the various other requirements imposed by the Code relating to such matters as operating results, asset holdings, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership. Provided we maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, we are generally not subject to corporate level income tax on the earnings distributed currently to our stockholders that we derive from our REIT qualifying activities. If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT in any taxable year, and are unable to avail ourselves of certain savings provisions set forth in the Code, all of our taxable income would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, including any applicable alternative minimum tax. We are subject to certain state and local income taxes. As of December 31, 2023, we have estimated approximately $18.0 million of Federal net operating loss (NOLs) carryforwards to offset potential future federal tax obligations. We may not generate sufficient taxable income in future periods to be able to realize fully the tax benefits of our NOL carry-forwards.

We, together with one of our entities, have elected to treat certain subsidiaries as a taxable REIT subsidiary (a “TRS”) for federal income tax purposes. Certain activities that we undertake must be conducted by a TRS, such as non-customary services for our tenants, and holding assets that we cannot hold directly. A TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes. The Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its financial statements. Neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have been assessed any significant interest or penalties for tax positions by any tax jurisdictions.

Fair Value Measurements. Certain assets and liabilities are required to be carried at fair value, or if long-lived assets are deemed to be impaired, to be adjusted to reflect this condition. The guidance requires disclosure of fair values calculated under each level of inputs within the following hierarchy:

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| • | Level 1: unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities;

| • | Level 2: quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

| • | Level 3: prices or valuation techniques where little or no market data is available that requires inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

When available, we utilize quoted market prices from independent third-party sources to determine fair value and classify such items in Level 1 or Level 2. In instances where the market for a financial instrument is not active, regardless of the availability of a nonbinding quoted market price, observable inputs might not be relevant and could require us to make a significant adjustment to derive a fair value measurement. Additionally, in an inactive market, a market price quoted from an independent third-party may rely more on models with inputs based on information available only to that independent third-party. When we determine the market for a financial instrument owned by us to be illiquid or when market transactions for similar instruments do not appear orderly, we use several valuation sources (including internal valuations, discounted cash flow analysis and quoted market prices) and establish a fair value by assigning weights to the various valuation sources.

As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our marketable securities (excluding our investments in Conduit's common stock and common stock warrants), held at a third party broker, presented on the balance sheet were measured at fair value using Level 1 market prices and totaled approximately $45,149 and $0.8 million, respectively, with a cost basis of approximately $40,315 and $0.9 million, respectively. Additionally, the funds held in the Trust Account for the SPAC Class A common stockholders included a money market portfolio that was comprised of U.S. Treasury securities, considered cash equivalent, which were measured at fair value using Level 1 and totaled approximately $0 million and $136.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Our investments in Conduit's common stock and common stock warrants presented on the consolidated balance sheets were measured at fair value using Level 1 market prices, which are currently held at Conduit's transfer agent, taking into account the adoption of ASU 2022-03 Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, and totaled approximately $18.3 million as of December 31, 2023, with a cost basis of approximately $7.5 million. The Company entered into a lock-up agreement with Conduit regarding the common stock held by the Company, for 180 days from the closing of the business combination which ended March 20, 2024. There were no financial liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The following table presents as of December 31, 2023 the Company’s assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis (in thousands):

|  | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill for Dubose Model Homes |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,123,000 |  |  | $ | 1,123,000 |
Goodwill for NTR Property Management |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 451,000 |  |  |  | 451,000 |
Total Assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,574,000 |  |  | $ | 1,574,000 |

The following table presents as of December 31, 2022 the Company’s assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis (in thousands):

|  | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill for Dubose Model Homes |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,123,000 |  |  | $ | 1,123,000 |
Goodwill for NTR Property Management |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,300,000 |  |  |  | 1,300,000 |
Total Assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,423,000 |  |  | $ | 2,423,000 |

Earnings per share (“EPS”). The EPS on common stock has been computed pursuant to the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. The guidance requires the classification of the Company’s unvested restricted stock, which contains rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends, as participating securities requiring the two-class method of computing net income per share of common stock. In accordance with the two-class method, earnings per share have been computed by dividing the net income less net income attributable to unvested restricted shares by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding less unvested restricted shares. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average shares of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding in accordance with the treasury stock method.

Dilutive common stock equivalents include the dilutive effect of in-the-money stock equivalents, which are calculated based on the average share price for each period using the treasury stock method, excluding any common stock equivalents if their effect would be anti-dilutive. In periods in which a net loss has been incurred, all potentially dilutive common stock shares are considered anti-dilutive and thus are excluded from the calculation. Securities that are excluded from the calculation of weighted average dilutive common stock, because their inclusion would have been antidilutive, are:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Common Stock Warrants |  |  | 2,000,000 |  |  |  | 2,000,000 |
Placement Agent Warrants |  |  | 80,000 |  |  |  | 80,000 |
Series A Warrants |  |  | 14,450,069 |  |  |  | 14,450,069 |
Unvested Common Stock Grants |  |  | 760,995 |  |  |  | 349,042 |
Total potentially dilutive shares |  |  | 17,291,064 |  |  |  | 16,879,111 |

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Income (Loss) per Common Share. Basic income (loss) per common share (Basic EPS) is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders (Numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (Denominator) during the period. Diluted loss per common share (Diluted EPS) is similar to the computation of Basic EPS except that the Denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the dilutive potential common shares had been issued. In addition, in computing the dilutive effect of convertible securities, the Numerator is adjusted to add back the after-tax amount of interest recognized in the period associated with any convertible debt. The computation of Diluted EPS does not assume exercise or conversion of securities that would have an anti-dilutive effect on net earnings per share. For the year ended December 31, 2023 the basic and diluted net earnings per share was $0.68, since all potentially dilutive securities were determined to be anti-dilutive, and for the year ended December 31, 2022 the basic and diluted net loss per share are equivalent at $0.57 per share because the Company had incurred a net loss attributable to common stockholders causing any potentially dilutive securities to be anti-dilutive.

Sales of Real Estate Assets. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the guidance of ASC 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (“ASC 610-20”), which applies to sales or transfers to noncustomers of nonfinancial assets or in substance nonfinancial assets that do not meet the definition of a business. Generally, our sales of real estate would be considered a sale of a nonfinancial asset as defined by ASC 610-20.

ASC 610-20 refers to the revenue recognition principles under ASU No. 2014-9. Under ASC 610-20, if we determine we do not have a controlling financial interest in the entity that holds the asset and the arrangement meets the criteria to be accounted for as a contract, we would derecognize the asset and recognize a gain or loss on the sale of the real estate when control of the underlying asset transfers to the buyer.

Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivables. We recognize minimum rent, including rental abatements, lease incentives and contractual fixed increases attributable to operating leases, on a straight-line basis over the term of the related leases when collectability is reasonably assured and record amounts expected to be received in later years as deferred rent receivable. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, we determine whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or by us. When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, rental revenue begins when the tenant takes possession or has control of the physical use of the leased space and any tenant improvement allowance, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance (including amounts that the tenant can take in the form of cash or a credit against its rent) that is funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. Tenant improvement ownership is determined based on various factors, including, but not limited to:

| • | whether the lease stipulates how a tenant improvement allowance may be spent;

| • | whether the amount of a tenant improvement allowance is in excess of market rates;

| • | whether the tenant or landlord retains legal title to the improvements at the end of the lease term;

| • | whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or general-purpose in nature; and

| • | whether the tenant improvements are expected to have any residual value at the end of the lease.

We record property operating expense reimbursements due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs in the period the related expenses are incurred.

We make estimates of the collectability of our tenant receivables related to base rents, including deferred rent receivable, expense reimbursements and other revenue or income. We specifically analyze accounts receivable, deferred rent receivable, historical bad debts, customer creditworthiness, current economic trends and changes in customer payment terms when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. In addition, with respect to tenants in bankruptcy, management makes estimates of the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims in assessing the estimated collectability of the related receivable. In some cases, the ultimate resolution of these claims can exceed one year. When a tenant is in bankruptcy, we will record a bad debt reserve for the tenant’s receivable balance and generally will not recognize subsequent rental revenue until cash is received or until the tenant is no longer in bankruptcy and has the ability to make rental payments.

Variable Interest Entity. We determine whether an entity is a Variable Interest Entity ("VIE") and, if so, whether it should be consolidated by utilizing judgments and estimates that are inherently subjective. Our determination of whether an entity in which we hold a direct or indirect variable interest is a VIE is based on several factors, including whether we participated in the design of the entity and the entity’s total equity investment at risk upon inception is sufficient to finance the entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support. We make judgments regarding the sufficiency of the equity at risk based first on a qualitative analysis, and then a quantitative analysis, if necessary.

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We analyze any investments in VIEs to determine if we are the primary beneficiary. In evaluating whether we are the primary beneficiary, we evaluate our direct and indirect economic interests in the entity. A reporting entity is determined to be the primary beneficiary if it holds a controlling financial interest in the VIE. Determining which reporting entity, if any, has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is primarily a qualitative approach focused on identifying which reporting entity has both: (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact such entity’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from such entity that could potentially be significant to such entity. Performance of that analysis requires the exercise of judgment.

We consider a variety of factors in identifying the entity that holds the power to direct matters that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, including, but not limited to, the ability to direct operating decisions and activities. In addition, we consider the rights of other investors to participate in those decisions. We determine whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE at the time we become involved with a variable interest entity and reconsider that conclusion continually. We consolidate any VIE of which we are the primary beneficiary.

The Company was involved in the formation of an entity considered to be a VIE, prior to September 22, 2023, when Murphy Canyon completed its business combination. The Company evaluated the consolidation of this entity as required pursuant to ASC Topic 810 relating to the consolidation of such VIE. The Company’s determination of whether it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE is based in part on an assessment of whether or not the Company and its related parties have the power to direct activities of the VIE and are exposed to the majority of the risks and rewards of the entity.

Following the completion of the Murphy Canyon IPO in January 2022, we determined that Murphy Canyon was a VIE in which we had a variable interest because we participated in its formation and design, manage the significant activities, and Murphy Canyon did not have enough equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. We have also determined that Murphy Canyon's public stockholders did not have substantive rights, and their equity interest constituted temporary equity, outside of permanent equity, in accordance with ASC 480-10-S99-3A. As such, we have concluded that, prior to the Business Combination, we were the primary beneficiary of Murphy Canyon as a VIE, as we had the right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses of the entity, as well as the power to direct a majority of the activities that significantly impacted Murphy Canyon's economic performance. Since we were the primary beneficiary, Murphy Canyon was consolidated into our consolidated financial statements. See Note 9 Commitments and Contingencies for additional details regarding Murphy Canyon.

Shares Subject to Possible Redemption. Given that the Public Shares were issued with other freestanding instruments (i.e., public warrants which were classified as permanent equity as described below), the proceeds and initial carrying value of Class A common stock classified as temporary equity was allocated in accordance with ASC 470-20. The Murphy Canyon Class A common stock is subject to ASC 480-10-S99. In addition, because it was probable that the equity instrument will become redeemable, we had the option to either (i) accrete changes in the redemption value over the period from the date of issuance (or from the date that it became probable that the instrument will become redeemable, if later) to the earliest redemption date of the instrument or (ii) recognize changes in the redemption value immediately as they occurred and adjust the carrying amount of the instrument to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. We elected to recognize the accretion resulting from changes in redemption value immediately during the three months ended March 31, 2022, and every quarter since then, until September 22, 2023 as noted above. See Note 9 Commitments and Contingencies for additional details regarding Murphy Canyon.

Excise Tax. In accordance with the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, the Company accrues the expected excise tax obligation at the end of each reporting period as a cost of redeeming any shares as of that date. In connection with the vote to approve the Charter Amendment Proposal for the SPAC, holders of 11,037,272 shares of SPAC Class A Common Stock properly exercised their right to redeem their shares of Class A Common Stock for the aggregate redemption amount of $114,068,280. As such the SPAC had recorded a 1% excise tax liability in the amount of $1,140,683 during January 2023. The liability did not impact the statements of operations or statement cash flows and is an offset against additional paid in capital, to the extent available, and accumulated deficit. On September 22, 2023, Murphy Canyon completed its business combination with Conduit Pharma and shareholders and debtholders of Conduit Pharma were issued 65,000,000 shares of Conduit common stock. The excise tax liability recorded in connection with the January 2023 redemptions was reversed in full by the issuance of Conduit shares on September 22, 2023.

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Warrant Instruments SPAC. Murphy Canyon accounted for warrants in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 480 and FASB ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”. Under ASC 815-40 and ASC 840 warrants that meet the criteria for equity treatment are recorded in stockholder’s equity. The warrants are subject to re-evaluation of the proper classification and accounting treatment at each reporting period. If the warrants no longer meet the criteria for equity treatment, they will be recorded as a liability and remeasured each period with changes recorded in the statements of operations. The warrants meet the criteria for classification as equity because they were not exercisable until after the SPAC business combination, which occurred on September 22, 2023, at which point the common shares are no longer redeemable and because they are indexed to Murphy Canyon's common stock and meet the other criteria for equity classification. See Note 9 Commitments and Contingencies for additional details regarding Murphy Canyon / Conduit.

Subsequent Events. We evaluate subsequent events up until the date the consolidated financial statements are issued.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements. In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022- 03, Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, to ( 1) clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, ( 2) to amend a related illustrative example, and ( 3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. The update clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. It also requires the following disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions:

| 1. | The fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions reflected in the balance sheet,

| 2. | The nature and remaining duration of the restriction(s), and

| 3. | The circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restriction(s).

For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company has adopted this guidance during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and will apply it to fair value measurements as of September 30, 2023.

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In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, Income Taxes, to enhance income tax disclosures, provide more information about tax risks and opportunities present in worldwide operations, and to disaggregate existing income tax disclosures. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis, with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. We have not yet adopted ASU 2023-09 and are currently evaluating the impact on our financial statement disclosures.

In November 2023, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting, establishing improvements to reportable segments disclosures to enhance segment reporting under Topic 280. This ASU aims to change how public entities identify and aggregate operating segments and apply quantitative thresholds to determine their reportable segments. This ASU also requires public entities that operate as a single reportable segment to provide all segment disclosures in Topic 280, not just entity level disclosures. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and the amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements. We have not yet adopted ASU 2023-07 and are currently evaluating the impact on our financial statement disclosures.

3. RECENT REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS

Significant Transactions in 2023 and 2022

Acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2023:

| • | We acquired 40 Model Home Properties and leased them back to the homebuilders under triple net leases during the year ended December 31, 2023. The purchase price for these properties was $21.9 million. The purchase price consisted of cash payments of $6.6 million and mortgage notes of $15.3 million.

Acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022:

| • | We acquired 31 Model Home Properties and leased them back to the homebuilders under triple net leases during the year ended December 31, 2022. The purchase price for the properties was $15.6 million. The purchase price consisted of cash payments of $4.8 million and mortgage notes of $10.8 million.

We review our portfolio of investment properties for value appreciation potential on an ongoing basis, and dispose of any properties that no longer satisfy our requirements in this regard, taking into account tax and other considerations. The proceeds from any such property sale, after repayment of any associated mortgage or repayment of secured or unsecured indebtedness, are available for investing in properties that we believe will have a greater likelihood of future price appreciation.

Dispositions during the year ended December 31, 2023:

During year ended December 31, 2023, we disposed of the following properties:

| • | 22 model homes for approximately $11.7 million and the Company recognized a gain of approximately $3.2 million.

Dispositions during the year ended December 31, 2022:

During year ended December 31, 2022, we disposed of the following properties:

| • | World Plaza, which was sold on March 11, 2022, for approximately $10.0 million and the Company recognized a loss of approximately $0.3 million.

| • | 31 model homes for approximately $17.5 million and the Company recognized a gain of approximately $5.4 million.

4. REAL ESTATE ASSETS

The Company owns a diverse portfolio of real estate assets. The primary types of properties the Company invests in are office, industrial, retail, and triple-net leased model home properties. We have five commercial properties located in Colorado, four in North Dakota, one in Southern California, one in Texas and one in Maryland. Our model home properties are located in three states. As of December 31, 2023, the Company owned or had an equity interest in:

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| • | Eight office buildings and one industrial building (“Office/Industrial Properties”) which total approximately rentable 758,175 square feet;

| • | Three retail shopping centers (“Retail Properties”) which total approximately 65,242 rentable square feet;

| • | 110 model homes owned by our affiliated limited partnerships and one corporation (“Model Homes” or “Model Home Properties”) leased back on a triple-net basis to homebuilders that are owned by six affiliated limited partnerships and one wholly-owned corporation.

A summary of the properties owned by the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

|  | Date |  |  |  | Real estate assets, net |
Property Name |  | Acquired |  | Location |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Genesis Plaza (1) |  | August 2010 |  | San Diego, CA |  | $ | 7,542,725 |  |  | $ | 7,995,980 |
Dakota Center |  | May 2011 |  | Fargo, ND |  |  | 9,201,883 |  |  |  | 8,569,537 |
Grand Pacific Center (2) |  | March 2014 |  | Bismarck, ND |  |  | 8,274,454 |  |  |  | 5,228,006 |
Arapahoe Center |  | December 2014 |  | Centennial, CO |  |  | 9,341,991 |  |  |  | 8,664,604 |
Union Town Center |  | December 2014 |  | Colorado Springs, CO |  |  | 8,918,742 |  |  |  | 9,039,039 |
West Fargo Industrial |  | August 2015 |  | Fargo, ND |  |  | 6,819,765 |  |  |  | 6,893,292 |
300 N.P. |  | August 2015 |  | Fargo, ND |  |  | 2,774,176 |  |  |  | 2,899,694 |
Research Parkway |  | August 2015 |  | Colorado Springs, CO |  |  | 2,266,173 |  |  |  | 2,319,588 |
One Park Center (3) |  | August 2015 |  | Westminster, CO |  |  | 5,700,000 |  |  |  | 7,991,809 |
Shea Center II (4) |  | December 2015 |  | Highlands Ranch, CO |  |  | 19,367,289 |  |  |  | 19,501,998 |
Mandolin (5) |  | August 2021 |  | Houston, TX |  |  | 4,692,274 |  |  |  | 4,783,985 |
Baltimore |  | December 2021 |  | Baltimore, MD |  |  | 8,466,165 |  |  |  | 8,690,874 |
Presidio Property Trust, Inc. properties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 93,365,637 |  |  |  | 92,578,406 |
Model Home properties (6) |  | 2017 - 2023 |  | AZ, FL, IL, TX, WI |  |  | 50,790,147 |  |  |  | 37,933,824 |
Total real estate assets and lease intangibles, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 144,155,784 |  |  | $ | 130,512,230 |

(1) | Genesis Plaza is owned by two tenants-in-common, each of which own 57% and 43%, respectively, and we beneficially own an aggregate of 76.4%, based on our ownership percentages of each tenant-in-common.
(2) | Grand Pacific Center, Bismarck, ND, was removed from held for sale after signing a major lease with KLJ Engineering on December 7, 2022 for approximately 33,296 usable square feet, a term of 122 months, and starting annualized rent of $532,736. KLJ Engineering moved into the building during December 2023, with rent commencing on February 28, 2024.
(3) | During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a $2.0 million impairment charge for One Park Center that reflects management’s revised estimate of the fair market value based on sales comparable of like property in the same geographical area as well as an evaluation of future cash flows or an executed purchase sale agreement.
(4) | On December 31, 2022, the lease for our largest tenant, Halliburton, expired. Halliburton was located in our Shea Center II property in Colorado, and made up approximately 536,080 of our annual base rent. Halliburton did not renew the lease and we placed approximately $1.1 million in a reserve account with our lender to cover future mortgage payments, if necessary, none of which has been used as of December 31, 2023. Our management team is working to fill the 45,535 square foot space and has leased approximately 20% of the space to a tenant during 2023 and has reviewed various proposals for the remaining 80%. As of December 31, 2023, none of the third party proposals have fit into our long-term plans. We will continue to work on filling the space during 2024.
(5) | A portion of the proceeds from the sale of Highland Court were used in like-kind exchange transactions pursued under Section 1031 of the Code for the acquisition of our Mandolin property. Mandolin is owned by NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP, through its wholly owned subsidiary NetREIT Highland LLC, and the Company is the sole general partner and owns 61.3% of NetREIT Palm Self-Storage LP.
(6) | Includes Model Homes listed as held for sale as of December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023 we recorded a $0.4 million impairment charge for eight model homes that reflects the estimated sales prices for these specific model homes in 2024 as a result of an abnormally short hold period, less than two years, on model homes purchased in 2022, where the builder changed their product type in these neighborhoods after we had purchased the homes.

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5. LEASE INTANGIBLES

The following table summarizes the net value of other intangible assets acquired and the accumulated amortization for each class of intangible asset:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Lease Intangibles |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Lease Intangibles, net |  |  | Lease Intangibles |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Lease Intangibles, net |
In-place leases |  | $ | 2,515,264 |  |  | $ | (2,495,016 | ) |  | $ | 20,248 |  |  | $ | 2,515,264 |  |  | $ | (2,485,234 | ) |  | $ | 30,030 |
Leasing costs |  |  | 1,261,390 |  |  |  | (1,244,335 | ) |  |  | 17,055 |  |  |  | 1,261,390 |  |  |  | (1,236,591 | ) |  |  | 24,799 |
Above-market leases |  |  | 333,485 |  |  |  | (333,485 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 333,485 |  |  |  | (333,485 | ) |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 4,110,139 |  |  | $ | (4,072,836 | ) |  | $ | 37,303 |  |  | $ | 4,110,139 |  |  | $ | (4,055,310 | ) |  | $ | 54,829 |

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no gross lease intangible assets and accumulated amortization related to the lease intangible assets included in real estate assets held for sale.

The net value of acquired intangible liabilities was approximately $13,266 and $18,240 relating to below-market leases at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Future aggregate approximate amortization expense for the Company's lease intangible assets is as follows:

2024 |  |  | 17,526 |
2025 |  |  | 15,670 |
2026 |  |  | 4,107 |
Total |  | $ | 37,303 |

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6. OTHER ASSETS

Other assets consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Deferred rent receivable |  | $ | 1,973,887 |  |  | $ | 1,641,831 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 694,869 |  |  |  | 67,780 |
Prepaid expenses, deposits and other |  |  | 349,160 |  |  |  | 619,621 |
Notes receivable |  |  | 316,374 |  |  |  | 316,374 |
Investment in marketable securities (not including Conduit) |  |  | 45,149 |  |  |  | 797,749 |
Right-of-use assets, net |  |  | 15,649 |  |  |  | 45,843 |
Deferred offering costs |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | — |
Other intangibles, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,483 |
Total other assets |  | $ | 3,400,088 |  |  | $ | 3,511,681 |

Periodically, the Company may sell an option in the marketable securities it holds to unrelated third parties for the right to purchase certain securities held within its investment portfolios (“covered call options”). These option transactions are designed primarily to increase the total return associated with holding the related securities as earning assets by using fee income generated from these options. These transactions are not designated as hedging relationships pursuant to accounting guidance ASC 815 and, accordingly, changes in fair values of these contracts, are reported in other income (expense). There are several risks associated with transactions in options on securities. For example, there are significant differences between the securities and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. A transaction in options or securities may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected events. When we write a covered call option, we forgo, during the option’s life, the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the security covering the call option above the sum of the premium and the strike price of the call, but retain the risk of loss should the price of the underlying security decline. The writer of an option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligation before the sold option expires, and once an option writer has received an exercise notice, it must deliver the underlying security in exchange for the strike price.

As of December 31, 2023, we owned common shares of 3 different publicly traded REITs and no written covered call options in any of those same REITs. The fair market value on our publicly traded REIT securities was $45,149, based on the December 31, 2023 closing prices. As of December 31, 2022, we owned common shares and options of 18 different publicly traded REITs and an immaterial amount of covered call options in three of those same REITs. The gross fair market value on our publicly traded REIT securities was $798,206, with covered call options totaling $457. As of December 31, 2022, the net fair value of our publicly traded REIT securities was $797,749 based on the December 31, 2022 closing prices.

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7. MORTGAGE NOTES PAYABLE

Mortgage notes payable consist of the following:

|  | Principal as of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | Loan |  |  | Interest |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage note property |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Type |  |  | Rate (1) |  |  | Maturity |
Dakota Center (2) |  |  | 9,197,346 |  |  |  | 9,442,976 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 4.74 | % |  | 7/6/2024 |
Research Parkway |  |  | 1,588,742 |  |  |  | 1,648,237 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 3.94 | % |  | 1/5/2025 |
Arapahoe Service Center |  |  | 7,426,088 |  |  |  | 7,602,273 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 4.34 | % |  | 1/5/2025 |
Union Town Center |  |  | 7,870,468 |  |  |  | 8,025,300 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 4.28 | % |  | 1/5/2025 |
One Park Centre |  |  | 6,043,882 |  |  |  | 6,163,177 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 4.77 | % |  | 9/5/2025 |
Genesis Plaza |  |  | 5,937,251 |  |  |  | 6,055,682 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 4.71 | % |  | 9/6/2025 |
Shea Center II |  |  | 16,951,095 |  |  |  | 17,229,573 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 4.92 | % |  | 1/5/2026 |
West Fargo Industrial (3) |  |  | 3,922,829 |  |  |  | 4,030,297 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 6.70 | % |  | 8/5/2029 |
Grand Pacific Center (4) |  |  | 5,470,305 |  |  |  | 3,496,330 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 6.35 | % |  | 5/5/2033 |
Baltimore |  |  | 5,670,000 |  |  |  | 5,670,000 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 4.67 | % |  | 4/6/2032 |
Mandolin |  |  | 3,573,201 |  |  |  | 3,635,362 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 4.35 | % |  |  | 4/20/2029 |
Subtotal, Presidio Property Trust, Inc. Properties |  | $ | 73,651,207 |  |  | $ | 72,999,207 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Model Home mortgage notes (5) |  |  | 34,815,699 |  |  |  | 24,752,448 |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 - 2028 |
Mortgage Notes Payable |  | $ | 108,466,906 |  |  | $ | 97,751,655 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized loan costs |  |  | (753,633 | ) |  |  | (852,956 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage Notes Payable, net |  | $ | 107,713,273 |  |  | $ | 96,898,699 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Interest rates as of December 31, 2023.
(2) | The loan on Dakota Center matures in July 2024 and Management has reached out to the lender seeking an extension and additional provision to change the terms of the loan and maturity date. We have also inquired with other lenders to refinance the property. If we are unsuccessful in refinancing the property or changing the terms of the original loan, Management would consider selling the property and paying the loan in full or surrendering the property to the current lender.
(3) | On August 5, 2023, the lender increased the interest rate to 6.70%. The loan agreement states that the lender may, upon not less than sixty (60) days prior, give written notice to the Company to increase the interest rate effective on August 5, 2023, and August 5, 2026, to the rate then being quoted by the lender for new three-year commercial mortgage loans of similar size and quality with like terms and security (provided that in no event shall the new rate be less than the initial rate).
(4) | On May 5, 2023, the Company, through its subsidiary, refinanced the mortgage loan on our Grand Pacific Center property and entered into a construction loan related to the tenant improvement associated with the KLJ Engineering LLC lease to occupy 33,296 square feet of the building. The refinanced loan is for approximately $3.8 million, a term of 10 years, with an interest rate of 6.35%, for the first 60 months. The interest rate is subject to reset in year five. The construction loan is for approximately $2.7 million, a term of 10 years, and will begin amortizing in year three, with an interest rate of 6.35%, for the first 60 months. The interest rate is subject to reset in year five. As of December 31, 2023, we had drawn down approximately $1.7 million on the construction loan.
(5) | As of December 31, 2023, there were 15 model homes included as real estate assets held for sale. Our model homes have stand-alone mortgage notes at interest rates ranging from 2.68% to 7.12% per annum as of December 31, 2023.
(6) | These mortgage loans mature within the next twelve months and management is reviewing various options for the loan maturity, including but not limited to refinancing, restructuring and or selling these properties. As we get closer to the loan maturity date the Company will finalize our plans.

The loan agreement between NetREIT Model, Homes, Inc. (“NRMH”) and their Lender has a covenant for a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio, (“FCCR”) as defined for NRMH as of any date (a) the sum of (i) EBITDA for the period ended as of such date minus (ii) Distributions for the period ended as of such date divided by (b) the sum of (ii) Principal Payments Paid for the period ended as of such date plus (iii) Interest Expense for period ended as of such date. The FCCR is to be no less than 1.10 to 1.00, tested at the end of each fiscal quarter. As of December 31, 2023, NRMH was in compliance with this covenant. The Company and stand along subsidiaries have other various quarterly and annual reporting requirements to the individual property lenders and is in compliance with all material conditions and covenants on those mortgage notes payable as of December 31, 2023.

Scheduled principal payments of mortgage notes payable were as follows as of December 31, 2023:

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|  | Presidio Property |  |  | Model |  |  |  |  |
|  | Trust, Inc. |  |  | Homes |  |  | Total Principal |
Years ending December 31: |  | Notes Payable |  |  | Notes Payable |  |  | Payments |
2024 |  | $ | 10,403,266 |  |  | $ | 13,088,440 |  |  | $ | 23,491,706 |
2025 |  |  | 28,772,504 |  |  |  | 10,404,945 |  |  |  | 39,177,449 |
2026 |  |  | 16,648,942 |  |  |  | 300,081 |  |  |  | 16,949,023 |
2027 |  |  | 294,780 |  |  |  | 300,081 |  |  |  | 594,861 |
2028 |  |  | 310,560 |  |  |  | 8,330,316 |  |  |  | 8,640,876 |
Thereafter |  |  | 17,221,155 |  |  |  | 2,391,836 |  |  |  | 19,612,991 |
Total |  | $ | 73,651,207 |  |  | $ | 34,815,699 |  |  | $ | 108,466,906 |

8. NOTES PAYABLE

On April 22, 2020, the Company received an Economic Injury Disaster Loan of $10,000 from the Small Business Administration ("SBA") to provide economic relief during the COVID-19 pandemic. This loan advance is not required to be repaid, has no stipulations on use, and has been recorded as fees and other income in the consolidated statements of operations during fiscal 2020. On August 17, 2020, we received an additional Economic Injury Disaster Loan ("EIDL") of $150,000, for which principal and interest payments are deferred for twelve months from the date of issuance, and interest accrues at 3.75% per year. The loan matures on August 17, 2050. We have used the funds for general corporate purposes to alleviate economic injury caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which economic injury included abating or deferring rent to certain tenants (primarily retail tenants).

As of December 31, 2023, we had issued two promissory notes to our majority owned subsidiaries, Dubose Model Home Investors 202 LP and Dubose Model Home Investors 204 LP, for the refinancing of two model home properties in Texas and Wisconsin, for approximately $0.5 million with interest rates ranging from 3.0% to 5.55% per annum and maturity dates between August 2024 and November 2025. These notes payable and notes receivable, including interest expense and interest income related to these promissory notes, are eliminated through consolidation on our financial statements.

On August 17, 2021, we issued a promissory note to our majority owned subsidiary, NetREIT Highland, for the acquisition of the Mandolin property in Houston, Texas, for $1.56 million with an interest rate of 4.0% per annum and a maturity date of August 17, 2022. This note payable and note receivable, including interest expense and interest income related to this promissory note, were eliminated through consolidation on our financial statements. During April 2022, this loan was refinanced with a loan from a third-party bank totaling $3.7 million, with the proceeds being used to pay back our $1.56 million promissory note.

On December 20, 2021, we issued a promissory note to our majority owned subsidiary, PPT Baltimore, for the acquisition of the Baltimore property in Baltimore, Maryland, for $5.65 million with an interest rate of 4.5% per annum and a maturity date of December 20, 2022. This note payable and note receivable, including interest expense and interest income related to this promissory note, were eliminated through consolidation on our financial statements. During March 2022, this loan was refinanced with a loan from a third-party lender totaling $5.67 million, with the proceeds being used to pay back our $5.65 million promissory note.

9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company is obligated under certain tenant leases to fund tenant improvements and the expansion of the underlying leased properties. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $1.2 million is estimated for such capital expenditures on existing properties, net of any construction financing, during the rest of 2024.

On March 13, 2024, a stockholder announced that it intends to file a preliminary proxy statement and accompanying WHITE universal proxy card with the Securities and Exchange Commission to be used to solicit votes for the election of director nominees at our next annual meeting of stockholders. Activist stockholder activities could adversely affect our business because responding to proxy contests and reacting to other actions by activist stockholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of management and our employees. We have or in the future may retain the services of various professionals to advise us on activist stockholder matters, including legal, financial, strategic and communication advisors, the costs of which may negatively impact our future financial results. In addition, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy or leadership created as a consequence of activist stockholders’ initiatives may result in the loss of potential business opportunities, harm our ability to attract new investors, business partners, and employees, and cause our stock price to experience periods of volatility or stagnation. We have evaluated this contingency and have determined a material loss is not probable or estimable at this time. The Company and the Board of Directors will review all legal means necessary to defend the company from actions by activist stockholders.

Litigation. From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits or legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. Neither the Company nor any of the Company’s properties are presently subject to any material litigation nor, to the Company’s knowledge, is there any material threatened litigation.

Environmental Matters. The Company monitors its properties for the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. While there can be no assurance that a material environmental liability does not exist, the Company is not currently aware of any environmental liability with respect to the properties that would have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Further, the Company is not aware of any environmental liability or any unasserted claim or assessment with respect to an environmental liability that the Company believes would require additional disclosure or recording of a loss contingency.

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Financial Markets. The Company monitors concerns over economic recession, the COVID-19 pandemic, interest rate increases, policy priorities of the U.S. presidential administration, trade wars, labor shortages, and inflation, any of which may contribute to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and markets. Additionally, the economic and geopolitical ramifications of the military conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine, including sanctions, retaliatory sanctions, nationalism, supply chain disruptions and other consequences, could impact commercial real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates, and declining values in our real estate portfolio and in the collateral securing our loan investments. We have not currently experienced a direct material impact to our Company or operations; however, we will continue to monitor the financial markets for events that could impact our commercial real estate properties.

Sponsorship of Special Purpose Acquisition Company. On January 7, 2022, we announced our sponsorship, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Murphy Canyon Acquisition Sponsor, LLC (the “Sponsor”), of a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”) initial public offering. The SPAC raised $132,250,000 in capital investment to acquire one or more businesses. We, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, owned approximately 23.5% of the issued and outstanding stock in the entity upon the initial public offering being declared effective and consummated (excluding the private placement units described below). The SPAC offered 132,250,000 units, with each unit consisting of one share of common stock and three-quarters of one redeemable warrant. The warrants were evaluated using the guidance in ASC 480 "Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity" and we concluded that the warrants are indexed to Murphy Canyon's common stock and meet the criteria to be classified in stockholders' equity.

The Murphy Canyon IPO of 13,225,000 units of common stock and warrants, closed on February 7, 2022, raising gross proceeds for Murphy Canyon of $132,250,000, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their over-allotment option. In connection with the IPO, we purchased, through the Sponsor, 754,000 placement units (the “placement units”) at a price of $10.00 per unit, for an aggregate purchase price of $7,540,000. These proceeds were deposited in a trust account established for the benefit of the Murphy Canyon public shareholders and are included in Investments held in Trust. In connection with the initial public offering, Murphy Canyon incurred $7,738,161 in issuance costs, including $2,645,000 of underwriting discounts and commission, $4,628,750 of deferred underwriting fees and $464,411 of other offering costs. These costs were allocated to temporary and permanent equity and offset against the proceeds.

On November 8, 2022, the SPAC entered into an agreement and plan of merger with Conduit Pharmaceuticals Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Conduit Pharma”), and Conduit Merger Sub, Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company and the SPAC’s wholly owned subsidiary. The merger agreement provided that the SPAC’s Cayman Island subsidiary will merge with and into Conduit Pharma, with Conduit Pharma surviving the merger as the SPAC’s wholly owned subsidiary and the public company renamed “Conduit Pharmaceuticals Inc.” (“Conduit”).

Initially, the SPAC was required to complete its initial business combination transaction by 12 months from the consummation of its initial public offering or up to 18 months if it extended the period of time to consummate a business combination in accordance with its Certificate of Incorporation. On January 26, 2023, at a special meeting of the stockholders, the stockholders approved a proposal to amend the SPAC’s certificate of incorporation to extend the date by which it has to consummate a business combination up to 12 times, each such extension for an additional one-month period, from February 7, 2023, to February 7, 2024. The stockholders also approved a related proposal to amend the trust agreement allowing the SPAC to deposit into the trust account, for each one-month extension, one-third of 1% of the funds remaining in the trust account following the redemptions made in connection with the approval of the extension proposal at the special meeting. The Company has committed to providing additional funds if needed to make such a deposit for the extension. In connection with the stockholders’ vote at the special meeting, 11,037,272 shares of common stock were tendered for redemption, which were redeemed in February 2023. Approximately $114.1 million in cash was removed from the Trust Account to pay such stockholders and, accordingly, after giving effect to such redemptions, income tax withdraws of $200,050 and adding $155,403 in extension payments, the balance in the Trust Account was approximately $23.3 million. After the redemptions, there were 2,187,728 shares of SPAC Class A common stock subject to possible redemption.

On January 27, 2023, the merger agreement was amended to provide for only one class of authorized common stock of the SPAC following the business combination, instead of both authorized Class A common stock and Class B common stock as set forth in the original merger agreement. On May 11, 2023 the merger agreement was further amended to provide for (i) removal of the provision that indicates that no tax opinion would be delivered in connection with the closing, (ii) a closing obligation that that the SPAC either (a) be exempt from the provisions of Rule 419 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended other than through its net tangible assets or (b) have at least $5,000,001 of net tangible assets either immediately prior to or upon consummation of the merger, and (iii) extension of the outside date for the closing of the merger from May 31, 2023, to February 7, 2024.

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The investments held in Trust for the SPAC Class A common stockholders generated approximately $1.2 million of income during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and was included in interest and other income (expense), net on our consolidated statement of operations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the trust investment generated approximately $0.8 million of income. Although the Trust held approximately $135.1 million as of September 30, 2022, income generated from the interest on the funds was much less for the first nine months of that year, with an annual expected yield of 0.97%. Also, the deposits were first added to the Trust in February 2022, so the account was not earning interest for all the nine months ended September 30, 2022. As of September 22, 2023, the Trust account balance had been deconsolidated along with the other Conduit assets and liabilities.

As of immediately prior to the consummation of the SPAC's business combination, which occurred on September 22, 2023, the Company, through its subsidiary, had loaned the SPAC $1.0 million to fund its trust account and for operating expenses. The loan was non-interest bearing, unsecured and was repaid in full upon the SPAC's business combination on September 22, 2023. This notes payable and notes receivable related to the SPAC were eliminated through consolidation on our financial statements.

On September 22, 2023, the SPAC completed its business combination with Conduit Pharma and changed its name to Conduit Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Conduit”). Immediately prior to the business combination the Company owned approximately 65% of the SPAC’s outstanding common stock. Upon consummation of the business combination, the SPAC’s shares of Class B common stock were converted into shares of its Class A common stock and the shares of Class A common stock were then reclassified as a single class of Conduit common stock. As a result of the business combination, the Company was issued (i) 3,306,250 shares of Conduit’s common stock due to the conversion of the shares of the SPAC’s Class B common stock into shares of the SPAC’s Class A common stock and then reclassification into shares of Conduit common stock, (ii) 754,000 shares of Conduit common stock, which prior to the business combination were shares of the SPAC’s Class A common stock and (iii) private warrants to purchase 754,000 shares of Conduit common stock, which prior to the business combination were warrants to purchase 754,000 shares of the SPAC’s Class A common stock. Also in the business combination, shareholders and debtholders of Conduit Pharma were issued 65,000,000 shares of Conduit common stock. Immediately following the consummation of the business combination, the Company transferred 45,000 shares of Conduit common stock and warrants to purchase 45,000 shares of Conduit common stock to the SPAC’s independent directors as compensation for their services. As a result, the Company owned approximately 6.5% of Conduit’s common stock immediately following the business combination and currently owns approximately 6.3% of Conduit’s common stock. In connection with the business combination, the Company’s officers and directors who also served as officers and directors of the SPAC resigned from the SPAC, with the exception of the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer who resigned from the Company.

Following the completion of the Murphy Canyon IPO in February 2022, we determined that Murphy Canyon is a Variable Interest Entity ("VIE") in which we had a variable interest because Murphy Canyon did not have enough equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. Since the business combinations with Conduit on September 22, 2023, we have determined that Conduit’s (formally Murphy Canyon) public stockholders have substantive rights and we no longer have control of Conduit’s activity. Since we are no longer the controlling party, or have a majority of the issued and outstating common stock, the Company deconsolidated Conduit from our consolidated financial statements. In connection with the deconsolidation we recorded a gain of approximately $40.3 million. Of the total gain recognized on deconsolidation, approximately $34.1 million relates to the remeasurement of our retained investment in Murphy Canyon via the Sponsor shares which converted into shares of Conduit's common stock on September 22, 2023, and approximately $6.2 million relates to the deconsolidation of Murphy Canyon's assets and liabilities as of September 22, 2023.

Since deconsolidating Conduit, on September 22, 2023, our investments in Conduit's common stock and common stock warrants presented on the consolidated balance sheets were measured at fair value using Level 1 market prices, taking into account the adoption of ASU 2022-03 Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, and totaled approximately $18.3 million as of December 31, 2023, with a cost basis of approximately $7.5 million. The Company entered into a lock-up agreement with Conduit regarding the common stock held by the Company, for 180 days from the closing of the business combination which ended on March 20, 2024.

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10. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Preferred Stock. The Company is authorized to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”). The Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The Board of Directors is authorized to fix the number of shares of any series of the Preferred Stock, to determine the designation of any such series, and to set the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for each series of Preferred Stock.

On June 15, 2021, the Company completed its secondary offering of 800,000 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock for cash consideration of $25.00 per share to a syndicate of underwriters led by Benchmark, as representative, resulting in approximately $18.1 million in net proceeds, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses paid by the Company. The Company granted the underwriters a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 120,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock to cover over-allotments, which they exercised on June 17, 2021, resulting in approximately $2.7 million in net proceeds, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses paid by the Company. In total, the Company issued 920,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock with net proceeds of approximately $20.5 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses paid by the Company and deferred offering costs. The Series D Preferred Stock is listed for trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol SQFTP. The Company has used these proceeds for general corporate and working capital purposes, including acquiring additional properties. Below are some of the key terms of the Series D Preferred Stock:

Dividends:

Holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends at a rate of 9.375% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference (equivalent to $2.34375 per annum per share). Dividends will be payable monthly on the 15th day of each month (each, a “Dividend Payment Date”), provided that if any Dividend Payment Date is not a business day, then the dividend that would otherwise have been payable on that Dividend Payment Date may be paid on the next succeeding business day without adjustment in the amount of the dividend.

Voting Rights:

Holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights. However, if the Company does not pay dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock for eighteen or more monthly dividend periods (whether or not consecutive), the holders of the Series D Preferred Stock (voting separately as a class with the holders of all other classes or series of the Company’s preferred stock it may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Series D Preferred Stock in the election referred to below) will be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to serve on the Company’s Board of Directors until the Company pays, or declares and sets apart funds for the payment of, all dividends that it owes on the Series D Preferred Stock, subject to certain limitations.

In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock (voting together as a class with all other series of parity preferred stock the Company may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable) is required at any time for the Company to (i) authorize or issue any class or series of its stock ranking senior to the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of assets on liquidation, dissolution or winding up or (ii) to amend any provision of the Company charter so as to materially and adversely affect any rights of the Series D Preferred Stock or to take certain other actions.

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Liquidation Preference:

In the event of the Company’s voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of the assets the Company has legally available for distribution to its stockholders, subject to the preferential rights of the holders of any class or series of its stock the Company may issue ranking senior to the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the date of payment, before any distribution of assets is made to holders of the Company’s common stock or any other class or series of the Company’s stock it may issue that ranks junior to the Series D Preferred Stock as to liquidation rights.

In the event that, upon any such voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the Company’s available assets are insufficient to pay the amount of the liquidating distributions on all outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock and the corresponding amounts payable on all shares of other classes or series of the Company’s stock that it issues ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock in the distribution of assets, then the holders of the Series D Preferred Stock and all other such classes or series of stock shall share ratably in any such distribution of assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which they would otherwise be respectively entitled.

Redemption:

Commencing on or after June 15, 2026, the Company may redeem, at its option, the Series D Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at a cash redemption price equal to $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including the redemption date. Prior to June 15, 2026, upon a Change of Control (as defined in the Articles Supplementary), the Company may redeem, at its option, the Series D Preferred Stock, in whole or part, at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including the redemption date. The Series D Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, will not be subject to any sinking fund or other mandatory redemption, and will not be convertible into or exchangeable for any of our other securities.

In accordance with the terms of the Series D Preferred Stock, the Series D monthly dividend has been approved by the Board of Directors through March 2024 in the amount of $0.19531 per share payable on the 15th of every month to stockholders of record of Series D Preferred Stock as of the last day of the prior month. Total dividends paid to Series D Preferred stockholders during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $2.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

Common Stock. The Company is authorized to issue up to 100,000,000 shares of Series A Common Stock, 1,000 shares of Series B Common Stock, and 9,000,000 shares of Series C Common Stock (collectively, the "Common Stock") each with $0.01 par value per share. Each class of Common Stock has identical rights, preferences, terms, and conditions except that the holders of Series B Common Stock are not entitled to receive any portion of Company assets in the event of the Company's liquidation. No shares of Series B or Series C Common Stock have been issued. Each share of Common Stock entitles the holder to one vote. Shares of our Common Stock are not subject to redemption and do not have any preference, conversion, exchange, or preemptive rights. The Company’s charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of the Common Stock that prevents one person from owning more than 9.8% of the outstanding shares of common stock.

On July 12, 2021, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with a single U.S. institutional investor for the purchase and sale of 1,000,000 shares of its Series A Common Stock, Common Stock Warrants to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of Series A Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of Series A Common Stock. Each share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Stock Warrants were sold together at a combined offering price of $5.00, and each share of Common Stock and accompanying Pre-Funded Warrants were sold together at a combined offering price of $4.99. The Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised in full during August 2021 at a nominal exercise price of $0.01 per share. The Common Stock Warrants have an exercise price of $5.50 per share, were exercisable upon issuance and will expire five years from the date of issuance. In connection with this additional offering, we agreed to issue the Placement Agent Warrants to purchase up to 80,000 shares of Series A Common Stock, representing 4.0% of the Series A Common Stock and shares of Series A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrant. The Placement Agent Warrants were issued in August 2021, post exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants with an exercise price of $6.25 and will expire five years from the date of issuance.

The Company evaluated the accounting guidance in ASC 480 and ASC 815 regarding the classification of the Pre-Funded Warrant, Common Stock Warrants, and Placement Agent Warrants as equity or a liability and ultimately determined that it should be classified as permanent equity. As of December 31, 2023, none of the Common Stock Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants have been exercised.

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Stock Repurchase Program. While we will continue to pursue value creating investments, the Board of Directors believes there is significant embedded value in our assets that is yet to be realized by the market. Therefore, returning capital to stockholders through a repurchase program is an attractive use of capital currently. On September 17, 2021, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $10 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock, which expired in September 2022. On September 15, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock, which expired in September 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 196,631 shares of our Series A Common Stock at an average price of approximately $1.59 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, and 6,013 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at an average price of approximately $20.31 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, for a total cost of $313,578 for the Series A Common Stock and $122,141 for the Series D Preferred Stock. In November 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $6.0 million of outstanding shares of our Series A Common Stock and up to $4.0 million of our Series D Preferred Stock which shall expire in November 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 23,041 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock at an average price of approximately $ 15.97 per share, including a commission of $0.035 per share, and no shares of our Series A Common Stock, for a total cost of $0.2 million for the Series D Preferred Stock. The repurchased shares will be treated as authorized and unissued in accordance with Maryland law and shown as a reduction of stockholders’ equity at cost.

Cash Dividends. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the Company declared and paid Series A Common Stock cash dividends of approximately $1.2 million and $3.1 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the Company declared and paid Series D Preferred Stock cash dividends of approximately $2.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively. The following is a summary of distributions declared per share of our Series A Common Stock and for our Series D Preferred Stock for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company intends to continue to pay dividends to our common stockholders on a quarterly basis, and on a monthly basis to holders of our Series D Preferred Stock going forward, but there can be no guarantee the Board of Directors will approve any future dividends. The following is a summary of distributions declared per share of our Series A Common Stock and for our Series D Preferred Stock for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Series A Common Stock

Quarter Ended |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Distributions Declared |  |  | Distributions Declared |
March 31 |  | $ | 0.022 |  |  | $ | 0.105 |
June 30 |  |  | 0.023 |  |  |  | 0.106 |
September 30 |  |  | 0.023 |  |  |  | 0.020 |
December 31 |  |  | 0.023 |  |  |  | 0.021 |
Total |  | $ | 0.091 |  |  | $ | 0.252 |

Series D Preferred Stock

Month |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Distributions Declared |  |  | Distributions Declared |
January |  | $ | 0.19531 |  |  | $ | 0.19531 |
February |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
March |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
April |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
May |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
June |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
July |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
August |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
September |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
October |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
November |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
December 31 |  |  | 0.19531 |  |  |  | 0.19531 |
Total |  | $ | 2.34372 |  |  | $ | 2.34372 |

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Partnership Interests. Through the Company, its subsidiaries, and its partnerships, we own 12 commercial properties in fee interest, two of which we own partial interests in through our holdings in various affiliates in which we serve as general partner, member and/or manager. Each of the limited partnerships is referred to as a “DownREIT.” In each DownREIT, we have the right, through put and call options, to require our co-investors to exchange their interests for shares of our Common Stock at a stated price after a defined period (generally five years from the date they first invested in the entity’s real property), the occurrence of a specified event or a combination thereof. The Company is a limited partner in five partnerships and sole stockholder in one corporation, which entities purchase and leaseback model homes from homebuilders.

Warrant Dividend. In January 2022, we distributed the Series A Warrants to holders of our Series A Common Stock. The Series A Warrants and the shares of Series A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Series A Warrants were registered on a registration statement that was filed with the SEC and was declared effective January 21, 2022. The Series A Warrants commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SQFTW” on January 24, 2022 and were distributed on that date to persons who held shares of common stock and existing outstanding warrants as of the January 14, 2022 record date, or who acquired shares of Series A Common Stock in the market following the record date, and who continued to hold such shares at the close of trading on January 21, 2022. The Series A Warrants give the holder the right to purchase one share of Series A Common Stock at $7.00 per share, for a period of five years. Should warrant holders not exercise the Series A Warrants during that holding period, the Series A Warrants will automatically convert to 1/10 of a share of Series A Common Stock at expiration, rounded down to the nearest number of whole shares. On the first day of trading SFQTW closed at $0.17 per warrant with 14,450,069 warrants in the public market.

Dividend Reinvestment Plan. The Company adopted a distribution reinvestment plan (the “DRIP”) that allowed stockholders to have dividends and other distributions otherwise distributable to them invested in additional shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The Company registered 3,000,000 shares of Common Stock pursuant to the DRIP. The purchase price per share used in the past was 95% of the price the Company sold its shares, or $19.00 per share. No sales commission or dealer manager fees were paid on shares sold through the DRIP. The Company may amend, suspend or terminate the DRIP at any time. Any such amendment, suspension or termination is effective upon a designated dividend record date and notice of such amendment, suspension or termination is sent to all participants at least thirty (30) days prior to such record date. The DRIP became effective on January 23, 2012, was suspended on December 7, 2018 and adopted on October 6, 2020 in connection with our IPO, and updated to reflect a change in transfer agent and registrar. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $17.4 million or approximately 917,074 shares of Common Stock have been issued under the DRIP. There have been no shares issued under the DRIP since it was suspended in 2018.

11. SHARE-BASED INCENTIVE PLAN

The Company maintains a restricted stock incentive plan for the purpose of attracting and retaining officers, employees, and non-employee board members. Share awards generally vest in equal annual installments over a three to ten year period from date of issuance. Non-vested shares have voting rights and are eligible for any dividends paid to common shares. The Company recognized compensation cost for these fixed awards over the service vesting period, which represents the requisite service period, using the straight-line method. Prior to our IPO, the value of non-vested shares was calculated based on the offering price of the shares in the most recent private placement offering of $20.00, adjusted for stock dividends since granted and assumed selling costs, which management believed approximated fair market value as of the date of grant. Upon our IPO, the value of non-vested shares granted is generally calculated based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of the grant. During our Annual Stockholders meeting, held on May 26, 2022, the Company's 2017 Incentive Award Plan was amended to increase the available shares for issuance from 1.1 million to 2.5 million and at our Annual Stockholders meeting, held on June 1, 2023, the Company's 2017 Incentive Award Plan was amended to increase the available shares for issuance from 2.5 million to 3.5 million add an evergreen provision to, on April 1st and October 1st of each year, automatically increase the maximum number of shares of common stock available under the plan to 15% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock, if on such date 3,500,000 (as adjusted for any reverse splits) is less than 15% of the Company’s then-outstanding shares of common stock.

A summary of the activity for the Company’s restricted stock was as follows:

Outstanding shares: |  | Common Shares |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 349,042 |
Granted |  |  | 1,006,430 |
Forfeited |  |  | (137,309 | )
Vested |  |  | (457,168 | )
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 760,995 |

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The non-vested restricted shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023 will vest over the next one to five years.

Share-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $1.0 million and $1.2 million , respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 , future unrecognized stock compensation related to unvested shares totaled approximately $1.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

12. SEGMENTS

The Company’s reportable segments consist of three types of real estate properties for which the Company’s decision-makers internally evaluate operating performance and financial results: Office/Industrial Properties, Model Home Properties and Retail Properties. The Company also has certain corporate-level activities including accounting, finance, legal administration, and management information systems which are not considered separate operating segments. There is no material inter-segment activity.

The Company evaluates the performance of its segments based upon net operating income (“NOI”), which is a non-GAAP supplemental financial measure. The Company defines NOI for its segments as operating revenues (rental income, tenant reimbursements and other operating income) less property and related expenses (property operating expenses, real estate taxes, insurance, asset management fees, impairments and provision for bad debt) excluding interest expense. NOI excludes certain items that are not considered to be controllable in connection with the management of an asset such as non-property income and expenses, depreciation and amortization, real estate acquisition fees and expenses and corporate general and administrative expenses. The Company uses NOI to evaluate the operating performance of the Company’s real estate investments and to make decisions about resource allocations.

The following tables compare the Company’s segment activity to its results of operations and financial position as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Office/Industrial Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental, fees and other income |  | $ | 11,648,034 |  |  | $ | 12,702,986 |
Property and related expenses |  |  | (7,264,029 | ) |  |  | (5,148,110 | )
Net operating income, as defined |  |  | 4,384,005 |  |  |  | 7,554,876 |
Model Home Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental, fees and other income |  |  | 4,132,130 |  |  |  | 2,909,871 |
Property and related expenses |  |  | (588,477 | ) |  |  | (102,660 | )
Net operating income, as defined |  |  | 3,543,653 |  |  |  | 2,807,211 |
Retail Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental, fees and other income |  |  | 1,884,330 |  |  |  | 2,224,479 |
Property and related expenses |  |  | (537,389 | ) |  |  | (663,681 | )
Net operating income, as defined |  |  | 1,346,941 |  |  |  | 1,560,798 |
Reconciliation to net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net operating income, as defined, for reportable segments |  |  | 9,274,599 |  |  |  | 11,922,885 |
Goodwill impairment |  |  | (849,000 | ) |  |  | — |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | (6,790,432 | ) |  |  | (6,163,816 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (5,425,739 | ) |  |  | (5,465,015 | )
Interest expense |  |  | (5,004,889 | ) |  |  | (4,712,487 | )
Gain on marketable securities |  |  | 1,414,420 |  |  |  | 2,018,847 |
Loss on Conduit marketable securities |  |  | (23,359,774 | ) |  |  | — |
Gain on deconsolidation of SPAC |  |  | 40,321,483 |  |  |  | — |
Other income, net |  |  | 20,878 |  |  |  | 21,075 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 335,780 |  |  |  | (1,215,873 | )
Gain on sale of real estate |  |  | 3,240,200 |  |  |  | 5,079,912 |
Net income |  | $ | 13,177,526 |  |  | $ | 1,485,528 |

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|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
Assets by Reportable Segment: |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Office/Industrial Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land, buildings and improvements, net (1) |  | $ | 77,472,724 |  |  | $ | 76,400,983 |
Total assets (2) |  | $ | 78,140,372 |  |  | $ | 79,057,998 |
Model Home Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land, buildings and improvements, net (1) |  | $ | 50,790,147 |  |  | $ | 37,933,824 |
Total assets (2) |  | $ | 51,456,292 |  |  | $ | 35,274,545 |
Retail Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land, buildings and improvements, net (1) |  | $ | 15,877,190 |  |  | $ | 16,142,613 |
Total assets (2) |  | $ | 16,539,399 |  |  | $ | 16,810,627 |
Reconciliation to Total Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets for reportable segments |  | $ | 146,136,063 |  |  | $ | 131,143,170 |
Other unallocated assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 277,143 |  |  |  | 8,570,121 |
Other assets, net |  |  | 29,549,432 |  |  |  | 151,638,363 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 175,962,638 |  |  | $ | 291,351,654 |

(1) | Includes lease intangibles and the land purchase option related to property acquisitions.

(2) | Includes land, buildings and improvements, cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, current receivables, deferred rent receivables and deferred leasing costs and other related intangible assets, all shown on a net basis.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
Capital Expenditures by Reportable Segment |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Office/Industrial Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures and tenant improvements, office |  | $ | 6,512,594 |  |  | $ | 1,994,371 |
Model Home Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of operating properties, model home |  |  | 21,909,963 |  |  |  | 15,673,575 |
Retail Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures and tenant improvements, retail |  |  | 150,522 |  |  |  | 113,134 |
Totals: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of operating properties, net |  |  | 21,909,963 |  |  |  | 15,673,575 |
Capital expenditures and tenant improvements |  |  | 6,663,116 |  |  |  | 2,107,505 |
Total real estate investments |  | $ | 28,573,079 |  |  | $ | 17,781,080 |

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13. INCOME TAX PROVISION

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method under which it recognizes deferred income taxes, net of valuation allowances, if any, for the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and its tax bases and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The Company may, from time to time, be assessed interest or penalties by tax jurisdictions, although any such assessments historically have been minimal and immaterial to its financial results. In the event the Company has such an assessment from a taxing authority, it is its accounting policy to recognize any interest and penalties as a component of income tax. We, together with one of our entities, have elected to treat certain subsidiaries as a taxable REIT subsidiary (a “TRS”) for federal income tax purposes. Certain activities that we undertake must be conducted by a TRS, such as non-customary services for our tenants, and holding assets that we cannot hold directly. A TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes. The Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its financial statements. Neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have been assessed any significant interest or penalties for tax positions by any tax jurisdictions.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Current income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 100,036 |  |  | $ | 20,265 |
State |  |  | (89,054 | ) |  |  | 1,195,608 |
Total current income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 10,982 |  |  |  | 1,215,873 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | (289,480 | ) |  |  | 211,627 |
State |  |  | (57,282 | ) |  |  | - |
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (346,762 | ) |  |  | 211,627 |
Change in Valuation Allowance |  |  | - |  |  |  | (211,627 | )
Total income tax (benefit) expense |  | $ | (335,780 | ) |  | $ | 1,215,873 |

Income tax provision differed from the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% to income (loss) before taxes, as follows:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Taxes at federal statutory rate |  | $ | 2,696,767 |  |  | $ | 567,294 |
State Taxes |  |  | 21,821 |  |  |  | 1,195,608 |
REIT entities not subject to tax |  |  | 1,445,837 |  |  |  | - |
Pass through entities not subject to tax |  |  | (2,135,580 | ) |  |  |  |
Deconsolidation adjustment |  |  | (1,303,720 | ) |  |  | - |
Non-controlling interest |  |  | (636,527 | ) |  |  | (758,656 | )
True Up Adjustment |  |  | (424,378 | ) |  |  | - |
Change In Valuation Allowance |  |  | - |  |  |  | 211,627 |
Total income tax (benefit) expense |  | $ | (335,780 | ) |  | $ | 1,215,873 |

The tax effects of temporary differences which give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets are as follows as of December 31:

|  | For The Years Ended |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Deferred Tax Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred Revenue |  | $ | 42,792 |  |  |  | - |
State Taxes |  |  | 781 |  |  |  | - |
Fixed Asset |  |  | 278,646 |  |  |  | - |
Start up costs |  |  | 24,543 |  |  |  | 211,627 |
Total deferred tax asset |  |  | 346,762 |  |  |  | 211,627 |
Deferred Tax Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basis difference in investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 346,762 |  |  |  | 211,627 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | - |  |  |  | (211,627 | )
Net deferred tax assets (liability) |  | $ | 346,762 |  |  | $ | - |

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In 2022, the Company recognized a valuation allowance of $211,627 against the deferred tax assets generated by the Murphy Canyon Acquisition Company. As of September 23, 2023, the Company deconsolidated with Murphy Canyon Acquisition Company, and no longer have a valuation allowance recorded to the company's deferred tax asset. Management assessed the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective positive evidence evaluated was the history of cumulative income for Model Homes Inc. incurred over the three-year period ended December 31, 2023. Such objective evidence provides support for no valuation allowance to be recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, and local or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2019.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which improves income tax disclosures through enhanced disaggregation within the rate reconciliation table and disaggregation of income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis, however, retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on our disclosures.

14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company leased a portion of its corporate headquarters to a company that is owned 100% by the CEO, which is Puppy Toes, Inc. Note that Centurion Counsel is another entity that pays rent to the Company and it is consolidated into Puppy Toes, Inc. This is a continuation of the same related party transaction from 2020, which began in 2019 when we moved our corporate headquarters to Genesis Plaza. Puppy Toes, Inc has leased space from the Company since November 2008. Rent billed to these entities from the Company totaled $10,752, in both years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and is included in the rent paid by Presidio Property Trust to Genesis Plaza.

Additionally, we received full payroll reimbursement for employee services relate to Centurion Counsel and Puppy Toes, Inc. during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022., which totaled approximately $154,895 and $143,984, respectively. These reimbursements were at cost and were not marked up or discounted. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had a reimbursement receivable balance of approximately $52,879 and $12,967, which were paid in full during January 2024 and January 2023, respectively.

15. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Company evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date through the date the financial statements were issued. Based upon this review, except as disclosed below, the Company did not identify any subsequent events that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the financial statements other than disclosed below.
On December 31, 2023, our investments in Conduit's common stock ("CDT") and common stock warrants ("CDTTW") presented on the consolidated balance sheets were measured at fair value using Level 1 market prices, which closed at $4.55 per share and $0.069 per warrant. As of April 12, 2024, CDT and CDTTW closed at $3.18 per share and $0.08 per warrant, respectively.

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Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization – as of December 31, 2023

All amounts are in thousands |  |  |  |  |  | Initial Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Cost |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property Name/ Location |  | Encumbrances |  |  | Land Cost |  |  | Building & Improvements |  |  | Acquisition Price |  |  | Capitalized Improvements |  |  | Land Cost |  |  | Building & Improvements |  |  | Total Cost |  |  | Accumulated Depreciation & Amortization |  |  | Reserve for Impairment |  |  | NBV Real Estate |  |  | Date Acquired |  |  | Year Built/ Renovated |
Genesis Plaza, San Diego, CA |  | $ | 5,937 |  |  | $ | 1,400 |  |  | $ | 8,600 |  |  | $ | 10,000 |  |  | $ | 3,169 |  |  | $ | 1,400 |  |  | $ | 11,769 |  |  | $ | 13,169 |  |  | $ | 5,626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,543 |  |  | 08/10 |  |  |  | 1989 |
Dakota Center, Fargo, ND |  |  | 9,197 |  |  |  | 832 |  |  |  | 8,743 |  |  |  | 9,575 |  |  |  | 4,228 |  |  |  | 832 |  |  |  | 12,971 |  |  |  | 13,803 |  |  |  | 4,601 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,202 |  |  | 05/11 |  |  |  | 1982 |
Grand Pacific Center, Bismarck, ND |  |  | 5,470 |  |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | 4,926 |  |  |  | 5,339 |  |  |  | 5,206 |  |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | 10,407 |  |  |  | 10,820 |  |  |  | 2,546 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,274 |  |  | 03/14 |  |  |  | 1976 |
Arapahoe Center, Centennial, CO |  |  | 7,426 |  |  |  | 1,420 |  |  |  | 10,430 |  |  |  | 11,850 |  |  |  | 1,601 |  |  |  | 1,420 |  |  |  | 12,031 |  |  |  | 13,451 |  |  |  | 4,109 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,342 |  |  | 12/14 |  |  |  | 2000 |
West Fargo Industrial, Fargo, ND |  |  | 3,923 |  |  |  | 1,693 |  |  |  | 6,207 |  |  |  | 7,900 |  |  |  | 657 |  |  |  | 1,693 |  |  |  | 6,864 |  |  |  | 8,557 |  |  |  | 1,737 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,820 |  |  | 08/15 |  |  | 1998/2005 |
300 N.P., Fargo, ND |  |  | — |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 3,715 |  |  |  | 3,850 |  |  |  | 371 |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 4,086 |  |  |  | 4,221 |  |  |  | 1,139 |  |  |  | 308.0 |  |  |  | 2,774 |  |  | 08/15 |  |  |  | 1922/2004 |
One Park Centre, Westminster, CO |  |  | 6,044 |  |  |  | 1,206 |  |  |  | 7,944 |  |  |  | 9,150 |  |  |  | 2,070 |  |  |  | 1,206 |  |  |  | 10,014 |  |  |  | 11,220 |  |  |  | 3,553 |  |  |  | 1,966.1 |  |  |  | 5,700 |  |  | 08/15 |  |  |  | 1983 |
Shea Center II, Highlands Ranch, CO |  |  | 16,951 |  |  |  | 2,214 |  |  |  | 23,747 |  |  |  | 25,961 |  |  |  | 3,451 |  |  |  | 2,214 |  |  |  | 27,198 |  |  |  | 29,412 |  |  |  | 10,044 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19,368 |  |  | 12/15 |  |  |  | 2000 |
McElderry, Baltimore, MD |  |  | 5,670 |  |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | 8,677 |  |  |  | 8,892 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | 8,705 |  |  |  | 8,920 |  |  |  | 454 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,466 |  |  | 12/20 |  |  |  | 2006 |
Total Office/ Industrial properties |  |  | 60,619 |  |  |  | 9,528 |  |  |  | 82,989 |  |  |  | 92,517 |  |  |  | 20,781 |  |  |  | 9,528 |  |  |  | 104,045 |  |  |  | 113,573 |  |  |  | 33,810 |  |  |  | 2,274.1 |  |  |  | 77,489 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Union Town Center, Colorado Springs, CO |  |  | 7,870 |  |  |  | 1,750 |  |  |  | 9,462 |  |  |  | 11,212 |  |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | 1,750 |  |  |  | 9,779 |  |  |  | 11,529 |  |  |  | 2,610 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,919 |  |  | 12/14 |  |  |  | 2003 |
Research Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO |  |  | 1,589 |  |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | 2,442 |  |  |  | 2,850 |  |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | 2,405 |  |  |  | 2,813 |  |  |  | 547 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,266 |  |  | 08/16 |  |  |  | 2003 |
Mandolin, Houston, TX |  |  | 3,573 |  |  |  | 1,330 |  |  |  | 3,562 |  |  |  | 4,892 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 1,330 |  |  |  | 3,577 |  |  |  | 4,907 |  |  |  | 214 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,693 |  |  | 08/21 |  |  |  | 2021 |
Total Retail properties |  |  | 13,032 |  |  |  | 3,488 |  |  |  | 15,466 |  |  |  | 18,954 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 3,488 |  |  |  | 15,761 |  |  |  | 19,249 |  |  |  | 3,371 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,878 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Model Homes-DMH LP #202 |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 483 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 483 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 419 |  |  |  | 2017-2018 |  |  |  | 2017 |
Model Homes-DMH LP #203 |  |  | 643 |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 858 |  |  |  | 1,060 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 858 |  |  |  | 1,060 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 964 |  |  |  | 2017-2019 |  |  |  | 2019 |
Model Homes-DMH LP #204 |  |  | 940 |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | 1,564 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | 1,564 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,427 |  |  |  | 2018-2020 |  |  |  | 2018-2020 |
Model Homes-DMH LP #205 |  |  | 2,762 |  |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 3,732 |  |  |  | 4,523 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 3,732 |  |  |  | 4,523 |  |  |  | 380 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,142 |  |  |  | 2019-2020 |  |  |  | 2019-2020 |
Model Homes-DMH LP #206 |  |  | 1,416 |  |  |  | 289 |  |  |  | 2,002 |  |  |  | 2,292 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 289 |  |  |  | 2,002 |  |  |  | 2,292 |  |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,133 |  |  |  | 2020-2021 |  |  |  | 2020-2021 |
Model Homes-DMH LP #207 |  |  | 5,065 |  |  |  | 1,323 |  |  |  | 5,938 |  |  |  | 7,262 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,323 |  |  |  | 5,938 |  |  |  | 7,262 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,244 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2023 |
Model Homes-NMH Inc. |  |  | 24,270 |  |  |  | 5,679 |  |  |  | 30,262 |  |  |  | 35,941 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,679 |  |  |  | 30,262 |  |  |  | 35,941 |  |  |  | 1,050 |  |  |  | 432.0 |  |  |  | 34,460 |  |  |  | 2018-2022 |  |  |  | 2018 - 2023 |
Total Model Home properties |  |  | 35,363 |  |  |  | 8,646 |  |  |  | 44,478 |  |  |  | 53,124 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,646 |  |  |  | 44,478 |  |  |  | 53,124 |  |  |  | 1,902 |  |  |  | 432.0 |  |  |  | 50,789 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CONSOLIDATED TOTALS: |  | $ | 109,014 |  |  | $ | 21,662 |  |  | $ | 142,933 |  |  | $ | 164,595 |  |  | $ | 21,076 |  |  | $ | 21,662 |  |  | $ | 164,284 |  |  | $ | 185,946 |  |  | $ | 39,083 |  |  | $ | 2,706 |  |  | $ | 144,156 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis using useful lives up to 39 years.

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Table of Contents

Presidio Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization (continued) – as of December 31, 2023

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning of the year |  | $ | 165,316,008 |  |  | $ | 171,013,693 |
Acquisitions |  |  | 21,909,963 |  |  |  | 15,673,575 |
Improvements |  |  | 6,663,116 |  |  |  | 2,107,503 |
Impairments |  |  | (2,398,097.0 | ) |  |  | — |
Dispositions of real estate |  |  | (8,252,089 | ) |  |  | (23,478,763 | )
Balance at the end of the year |  | $ | 183,238,901 |  |  | $ | 165,316,008 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at the beginning of the year |  | $ | (34,803,778 | ) |  | $ | (32,948,757 | )
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | (4,925,463 | ) |  |  | (5,015,491 | )
Dispositions of real estate |  |  | 646,124 |  |  |  | 3,160,470 |
Balance at the end of the year |  | $ | (39,083,117 | ) |  | $ | (34,803,778 | )
Real estate assets, net |  | $ | 144,155,784 |  |  | $ | 130,512,230 |

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