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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) | 6 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2023
BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
Interim Financial Statements | Interim Financial Statements The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2023, and for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2023, and 2022 are unaudited. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and are presented in accordance with the requirements of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2023. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 and footnotes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on December 14, 2022, as amended. To facilitate comparison of information across periods, certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year’s presentation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2022 contained herein has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2022 but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, APDN (B.V.I.) Inc., Applied DNA Sciences Europe Limited, Applied DNA Sciences India Private Limited, and ADCL and its majority-owned subsidiary, LineaRx, Inc. (“LRx”). Significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Liquidity | Liquidity The Company has recurring net losses, which have resulted in an accumulated deficit of $295,755,117 as of March 31, 2023. The Company incurred a net loss of $3,293,070 and generated negative operating cash flow of $2,168,718 for the six-month period ended March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $12,287,228 and working capital of $11,724,175. The Company’s current capital resources include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and inventories. Historically, the Company has financed its operations principally from the sale of equity and equity-linked securities. Through March 31, 2023, the Company has dedicated most of its financial resources to commercialization of its MDx Testing Services, specifically its COVID-19 Testing Services, as well as to research and development efforts,primarily in the Therapeutic DNA Production segment, including the development and validation of its own technologies as well as, advancing its intellectual property, and general and administrative activities. The Company estimates that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to fund operations for the next twelve months from the date of filing of this quarterly report. Historically, a majority of the Company’s revenue attributable to its MDx Testing Services has been derived from its safeCircle COVID-19 testing solutions. On April 11, 2023, the U.S. National Emergency in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was terminated. While the Company continues to support several safeCircle customers, it is currently observing a market decrease in demand for COVID-19 testing, which the Company believes will result in significantly lower revenues from its safeCircle COVID-19 testing solutions in subsequent quarters. Also, on May 1, 2023, the Company received notice from the City University of New York (“CUNY”), its largest safeCircle COVID-19 testing solution customer, that CUNY is terminating their COVID-19 testing contract with ADCL no later than June 30, 2023, subject to a wind-down plan to be negotiated by the parties These factors could also have a negative impact on the Company’s future liquidity. The Company may require additional funds to complete the continued development of its products, services, product manufacturing, and to fund expected additional losses from operations until revenues are sufficient to cover its operating expenses. If revenues are not sufficient to cover the Company’s operating expenses, and if the Company is not successful in obtaining the necessary additional financing, the Company will most likely be forced to reduce operations.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and disclosures. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The most significant estimates include revenue recognition, recoverability of long-lived assets, including the values assigned to property and equipment, fair value calculations for warrants, contingencies, and management’s anticipated liquidity. Management reviews its estimates on a regular basis and the effects of any material revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are deemed necessary. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition The Company follows Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codifications (“ASC”), Revenue Recognition (“ASC 606” or “Topic 606”). The Company measures revenue at the amounts that reflect the consideration to which it is expected to be entitled in exchange for transferring control of goods and services to customers. The Company recognizes revenue either at the point in time or over the period of time that performance obligations to customers are satisfied. The Company’s contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations (e.g. taggants, maintenance, authentication services, research and development services, etc.). For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenues to each performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling price. Due to the short-term nature of the Company’s contracts with customers, it has elected to apply the practical expedients under Topic 606 to: (1) expense as incurred, incremental costs of obtaining a contract and (2) not adjust the consideration for the effects of a significant financing component for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less. ​ NOTE B — BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES, continued Revenue Recognition, continued Product Revenues The Company’s PCR-produced linear DNA product revenues are accounted for/recognized in accordance with contracts with customers. The Company recognizes revenue upon satisfying its promises to transfer goods or services to customers under the terms of its contracts. These performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time the Company transfers control of the goods to the customer, which in nearly all cases is when title to and risk of loss of the goods transfer to the customer. The timing of transfer of title and risk of loss is dictated by customary or explicitly stated contract terms. The Company invoices customers upon shipment, and its collection terms range, on average, from 30 to 60 days. Authentication Services The Company recognizes revenue for authentication services upon satisfying its promises to provide services to customers under the terms of its contracts. These performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time the Company services are complete, which in nearly all cases is when the authentication report is released to the customer. Clinical Laboratory Testing Services The Company records revenue for its clinical laboratory testing service contracts, which includes its COVID-19 Testing Services, upon satisfying its promise to provide services to customers under the terms of its contracts. These performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time that Company services are complete, which in nearly all cases is when the testing results are released to the customer. For those customers with a fixed monthly fee, the revenue is recognized over-time as the services are provided. Research and Development Services The Company records revenue for its research and development contracts using the over-time revenue recognition model. Revenue is primarily measured using the cost-to-cost method, which the Company believes best depicts the transfer of control to the customer. Under the cost-to-cost method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of actual costs incurred to the total estimated costs expected upon satisfying the identified performance obligation. Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. For contracts where the total costs cannot be estimated, revenues are recognized for the actual costs incurred during a period until the remaining costs to complete a contract can be estimated. The Company has elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less. ​ NOTE B — BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES, continued Revenue Recognition, continued Disaggregation of Revenue The following table presents revenues disaggregated by our business operations and timing of revenue recognition: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Month Period Ended:
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | March 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Research and development services (over-time) | ​ | $ | 87,907 | ​ | $ | 219,898
Clinical laboratory testing services (point-in-time) | ​ | ​ | 3,003,022 | ​ | ​ | 4,331,867
Clinical laboratory testing services (over-time) | ​ | ​ | 938,080 | ​ | ​ | 1,158,375
Product and authentication services (point-in-time): | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Supply chain | ​ |  | 27,636 | ​ |  | 115,463
Large Scale DNA Production | ​ | ​ | 253,626 | ​ | ​ | —
Asset marking | ​ |  | 97,343 | ​ |  | 141,657
MDx test kits and supplies | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 180,023
Total | ​ | $ | 4,407,614 | ​ | $ | 6,147,283
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Six Month Period Ended:
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | March 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Research and development services (over-time) | ​ | $ | 213,964 | ​ | $ | 325,591
Clinical laboratory testing services (point-in-time) | ​ | ​ | 6,077,436 | ​ | ​ | 6,205,589
Clinical laboratory testing services (over-time) | ​ | ​ | 2,377,961 | ​ | ​ | 2,484,775
Product and authentication services (point-in-time): | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Supply chain | ​ |  | 439,973 | ​ |  | 527,295
Large Scale DNA Production | ​ |  | 381,131 | ​ |  | —
Asset marking | ​ | ​ | 179,901 | ​ | ​ | 246,895
MDx test kits and supplies | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 522,844
Total | ​ | $ | 9,670,366 | ​ | $ | 10,312,989
​ ​ NOTE B — BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES, continued Revenue Recognition, continued Contract balances As of March 31, 2023, the Company has entered into contracts with customers for which revenue has not yet been recognized. Consideration received from a customer prior to revenue recognition is recorded to a contract liability and is recognized as revenue when the Company satisfies the related performance obligations under the terms of the contract. The Company’s contract liabilities, which are reported as deferred revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, consist almost entirely of research and development contracts where consideration has been received and the development services have not yet been fully performed. The opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract balances are as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | October 1, | ​ | March 31, | ​ | $
​ |  | Balance sheet classification |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | change
Contract liabilities |  | Deferred revenue | ​ | $ | 563,557 | ​ | $ | 283,298 | ​ | $ | 280,259
​ For the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized $2,082 and $343,367 of revenue that was included in Contract liabilities as of October 1, 2022, respectively. ​
Inventories | Inventories Inventories, which consist primarily of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined by using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.
Net Income (Loss) Per Share | Net Income (Loss) Per Share The Company presents income (loss) per share utilizing a dual presentation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share. Basic income (loss) per share includes no dilution and has been calculated based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive common stock equivalents consist of shares issuable upon the exercise of the Company’s stock options and warrants. For the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, common stock equivalent shares are excluded from the computation of the diluted loss per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive. Securities that could potentially dilute basic net income per share in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share because to do so would have been anti-dilutive for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Warrants | ​ | 7,295,588 | ​ | 2,239,963
Restricted Stock Units | ​ | 282,640 | ​ | —
Stock options | ​ | 2,206,336 | ​ | 1,067,614
Total | ​ | 9,784,564 | ​ | 3,307,577
​
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to amounts shown in the statement of cash flows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | September 30,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 12,287,228 | ​ | $ | 15,215,285
Restricted cash | ​ |  | 750,000 | ​ |  | —
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | $ | 13,037,228 | ​ | $ | 15,215,285
​ The Company’s restricted cash consists of cash that the Company is contractually obligated to maintain in accordance with the terms of its February 2023 standby letter of credit agreement related to its new operating lease. See Note F for further details.
Concentrations | Concentrations Financial instruments and related items, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with high credit quality institutions. At times, such investments may be in excess of the FDIC insurance limit. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $11.6 million in excess of the FDIC insurance limit. The Company’s revenues earned from sale of products and services for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2023 included an aggregate of 85% and 84%, respectively from two customers within the MDx Testing Services segment. Two customers from within the MDx Testing Services segment accounted for 53% and 14%, respectively of the Company’s revenues earned from sale of products and services for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022. One customer from within the MDx Testing Services segment accounted for 51% of the Company's revenues earned from sales of products and services for the six-month period ended March 31, 2022. Two customers accounted for 86% of the Company’s accounts receivable at March 31, 2023 and two customers accounted for 89% of the Company’s accounts receivable at September 30, 2022.
Segment Reporting | Segment Reporting The Company has three reportable segments. (1) Therapeutic DNA Production Services (2) MDx Testing Services, and (3) DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services. Resources are allocated by our CEO, COO, CFO and CLO whom, collectively the Company has determined to be our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM). The following is a brief description of our reportable segments. Therapeutic DNA Production Services — Segment operations consist of the manufacture of DNA for use in nucleic acid-based therapeutics. MDx Testing Services— Segment operations consist of performing and developing clinical molecular diagnostic and genetic tests and clinical laboratory testing services. Under the Company’s MDx testing services, ADCL provides COVID-19 testing for large populations marketed under its safeCircleTM trademark, as well as its pharmacogenetic testing services that are currently undergoing late-stage development. It also includes the sales of the Company’s MDx test kits and related supplies. DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services — Segment operations consist of the manufacture and detection of DNA for industrial supply chain security services. The Company evaluates the performance of its segments and allocates resources to them based on revenues and operating income (losses). Operating income (loss) includes intersegment revenues, as well as a charge allocating all corporate headquarters costs. Since each vertical has shared employee resources, payroll and certain other general expense such as rent, and utilities were allocated based on an estimate by management of the percentage of employee time spent in each vertical. Segment assets are not reported to, or used by, the CODM to allocate resources to, or assess performance of, the segments and therefore, total segment assets have not been disclosed.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments The valuation techniques utilized are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect internal market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy: Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related asset or liabilities. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of assets or liabilities. The Company utilizes observable market inputs (quoted market prices) when measuring fair value whenever possible. For fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the Company’s accounting and finance department, which reports to the Chief Financial Officer, determine its valuation policies and procedures. The development and determination of the unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements and fair value calculations are the responsibility of the Company’s accounting and finance department and are approved by the Chief Financial Officer. As of March 31, 2023, there were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 and 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Recent Accounting Standards | Recent Accounting Standards In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU-2016-13”), which changes the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments and certain other instruments, including trade receivables and contract assets. The new standard replaces the current incurred loss model for measurement of credit losses on financial assets with a forward-looking expected loss model based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, “Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging— Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40).” The objective of this update is to simplify the accounting for convertible preferred stock by removing the existing guidance in ASC 470-20, “Debt: Debt with Conversion and Other Options,” that requires entities to account for beneficial conversion features and cash conversion features in equity, separately from the host convertible debt or preferred stock. The guidance in ASC 470-20 applies to convertible instruments for which the embedded conversion features are not required to be bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for as derivatives. In addition, the amendments revise the scope exception from derivative accounting in ASC 815-40 for freestanding financial instruments and embedded features that are both indexed to the issuer’s own stock and classified in stockholders’ equity, by removing certain criteria required for equity classification. These amendments are expected to result in more freestanding financial instruments qualifying for equity classification (and, therefore, not accounted for as derivatives), as well as fewer embedded features requiring separate accounting from the host contract. This amendment also further revises the guidance in ASU 260, “Earnings per Share,” to require entities to calculate diluted earnings per share (EPS) for convertible instruments by using the if-converted method. In addition, entities must presume share settlement for purposes of calculating diluted EPS when an instrument may be settled in cash or shares. The amendments in ASU 2020-06 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2020-06 to have a significant impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

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