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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Interim Financial Statements

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2025, and for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2025, and 2024 are unaudited. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and are presented in accordance with the requirements of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2025. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on December 17, 2024. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024 contained herein has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2024 but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, APDN (B.V.I.) Inc., Applied DNA Sciences India Private Limited (which currently has no operations), Applied DNA Clinical Labs, LLC (“ADCL”), Spindle Biotech, Inc., Applied DNA Sciences Europe Limited (which currently has no operations) and its majority-owned subsidiary, LineaRx, Inc. (“LRx”). Significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Going Concern and Management's Plan

Going Concern and Management’s Plan

The Company has recurring net losses. The Company incurred a net loss of $6,004,833 and generated negative operating cash flow of $6,511,109 for the six-month period ended March 31, 2025. At March 31, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $6,823,260. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date of issuance of these financial statements. The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company’s ability to further implement its business plan, raise capital, and generate revenues. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

The Company’s current capital resources include cash and cash equivalents. Historically, the Company has financed its operations principally from the sale of equity and equity-linked securities.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and disclosures. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The most significant estimates include revenue recognition, recoverability of long-lived assets, including the values assigned to intangible assets, fair value calculations for warrants, contingencies, and management’s anticipated liquidity. Management reviews its estimates on a regular basis and the effects of any material revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are deemed necessary. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codifications (“ASC”), Revenue Recognition (“ASC 606” or “Topic 606”).

The Company measures revenue at the amounts that reflect the consideration to which it is expected to be entitled in exchange for transferring control of goods and services to customers. The Company recognizes revenue either at the point in time or over the period of time that performance obligations to customers are satisfied. The Company’s contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations (e.g. taggants, maintenance, authentication services, research and development services, etc.). For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenues to each performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling price.

Due to the short-term nature of the Company’s contracts with customers, it has elected to apply the practical expedients under Topic 606 to: (1) expense as incurred, incremental costs of obtaining a contract and (2) not adjust the consideration for the effects of a significant financing component for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.

Product Revenues

The Company’s PCR-produced linear DNA product revenues are accounted for/recognized in accordance with contracts with customers. The Company recognizes revenue upon satisfying its promises to transfer goods or services to customers under the terms of its contracts. These performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time the Company transfers control of the goods to the customer, which in nearly all cases is when title to and risk of loss of the goods transfer to the customer. The timing of transfer of title and risk of loss is dictated by customary or explicitly stated contract terms. The Company invoices customers upon shipment, and its collection terms range, on average, from 30 to 60 days.

Authentication Services

The Company recognizes revenue for authentication services upon satisfying its promises to provide services to customers under the terms of its contracts. These performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time the Company services are complete, which in nearly all cases is when the authentication report is released to the customer.

Clinical Laboratory Testing Services

The Company records revenue for its clinical laboratory testing service contracts, which includes its COVID-19 testing services and pharmacogenomic testing services, upon satisfying its promise to provide services to customers under the terms of its contracts. These performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time that Company services are complete, which is when the testing results are released to the customer. For those customers with a fixed monthly fee, the revenue is recognized over-time as the services are provided.

Research and Development Services

The Company records revenue for its research and development contracts using the over-time revenue recognition model. Revenue is primarily measured using the cost-to-cost method, which the Company believes best depicts the transfer of control to the customer. Under the cost-to-cost method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of actual costs incurred to the total estimated costs expected upon satisfying the identified performance obligation.

Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. For contracts where the total costs cannot be estimated, revenues are recognized for the actual costs incurred during a period until the remaining costs to complete a contract can be estimated. The Company has elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents revenues disaggregated by our business operations and timing of revenue recognition:

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Month Period Ended:
​	​	March 31,		​	March 31,
​		2025			2024
Research and development services (over-time)	​	$	133,547	​	$	65,200
Clinical laboratory testing services (point-in-time)	​	​	—	​	​	6,440
Clinical laboratory testing services (over-time)	​	​	220,552	​	​	324,580
Product and authentication services (point-in-time):	​		​	​		​
Supply chain	​		290,229	​		275,259
Large Scale DNA Production	​	​	333,662	​	​	258,152
Asset Marking	​		5,384	​		—
Total	​	$	983,374	​	$	929,631

​

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Six Month Period Ended:
​	​	March 31,		​	March 31,
​		2025			2024
Research and development services (over-time)	​	$	280,989	​	$	142,735
Clinical laboratory testing services (point-in-time)	​	​	1,746	​	​	18,560
Clinical laboratory testing services (over-time)	​	​	545,132	​	​	649,160
Product and authentication services (point-in-time):	​	​	​	​	​	​
Supply chain	​		1,013,078	​		742,746
Large Scale DNA Production	​		333,662	​		258,152
Asset marking	​	​	5,384	​	​	9,442
Total	​	$	2,179,991	​	$	1,820,795

​

Contract balances

As of March 31, 2025, the Company has entered into contracts with customers for which revenue has not yet been recognized. Consideration received from a customer prior to revenue recognition is recorded to a contract liability and is recognized as revenue when the Company satisfies the related performance obligations under the terms of the contract. The Company’s contract liabilities, which are reported as deferred revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, consist almost entirely of research and development contracts where consideration has been received and the development services have not yet been fully performed.

The opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract balances are as follows:

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	October 1,		​	March 31,		​	$
​		Balance sheet classification		2024			2025			change
Contract liabilities		Deferred revenue	​	$	252,785	​	$	206,285	​	$	46,500

​

For the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized $9,600 and $21,885, respectively, of revenue that was included in contract liabilities as of October 1, 2024.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

For the purpose of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less from when purchased are considered to be cash equivalents. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to amounts shown in the statement of cash flows.

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		March 31,			September 30,
​	​	2025		​	2024
Cash and cash equivalents	​	$	6,823,260	​	$	6,431,095
Restricted cash	​		750,000	​		750,000
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	​	$	7,573,260	​	$	7,181,095

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories, which consist primarily of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined by using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

Net Loss Per Share

Net Loss Per Share

The Company presents loss per share utilizing a dual presentation of basic and diluted loss per share. Basic loss per share includes no dilution and has been calculated based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive common stock equivalents consist of shares issuable upon the exercise of the Company’s stock options, restricted stock units and warrants.

Securities that could potentially dilute basic net loss per share in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would have been anti-dilutive for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

​

​	​	​	​	​
​		2025		2024
Warrants	​	12,780,471	​	16,501
Stock options	​	2,124	​	2,187
Total	​	12,782,595	​	18,688

​

Concentrations

Concentrations

Financial instruments and related items, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with high credit quality institutions. At times, such investments may be in excess of the FDIC insurance limit. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $6.7 million in excess of the FDIC insurance limit.

The Company’s revenues earned from sale of products and services for the three-month period ended March 31, 2025 included an aggregate of 34% and 15% from two customers within the Therapeutic DNA Production Services and the MDx Testing Services segments, respectively. The Company’s revenue earned from the sale of products and services for the six-month period ended March 31, 2025 included an aggregate of 20%, 17%, and 15%, from three customers within the DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services, MDx Testing Services and Therapeutic DNA Production Services segments, respectively.

The Company’s revenues earned from sale of products and services for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2024 included an aggregate of 24% and 25% from one customer, respectively within the MDx Testing Services segment and an aggregate of 28% and 14%, respectively from one customer within the Therapeutic DNA Production Services segment. Four customers accounted for 79% of the Company’s accounts receivable at March 31, 2025 and three customers accounted for 60% of the Company’s accounts receivable at September 30, 2024.

Warrant Liabilities

Warrant Liabilities

The Company evaluates its issued warrants in accordance with ASC 480 “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” and ASC 815-40, “Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity” and concluded that due to the terms of certain of its warrant agreements, the instruments do not qualify for equity treatment. As such, certain of the Company’s issued warrants were recorded as a liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and measured at fair value at inception and at each reporting date in accordance with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement”, with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statement of operations in the period of change.

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

The Company has three reportable segments: (1) Therapeutic DNA Production Services; (2) MDx Testing Services; and (3) DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services. Resources are allocated by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), Chief Operating Officer and President of the Company (“COO”), Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and Chief Legal Officer and President of LineaRx, Inc. (“CLO”) whom, collectively, the Company has determined to be our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The following is a brief description of our reportable segments.

Therapeutic DNA Production Services — Segment operations consist of the enzymatic manufacture of synthetic DNA for use in the production of nucleic acid - based therapeutics, the development and sale of a proprietary RNAP for use in the production of mRNA therapeutics, and large-scale manufacture of linear DNA for use in diagnostics.

MDx Testing Services — Segment operations consist of performing and developing clinical molecular diagnostic and genetic tests and clinical laboratory testing services. Under the Company’s MDx Testing Services, ADCL offers COVID-19 testing services and pharmacogenomics testing services that were approved by the New York State Department of Health (“NYSDOH”) during June 2024.

DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services — Segment operations consist of the manufacture and detection of DNA for industrial supply chains and security services. As discussed above, on February 13, 2025, the Company announced it was exiting its DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services business segment. The Company continues to strategically exit contracts relating to this segment and currently plans to continue to service certain of its existing DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services customer contracts.

The Company evaluates the performance of its segments and allocates resources to them based on revenues and operating income (losses). Operating income (loss) includes intersegment revenues, as well as a charge allocating all corporate headquarters costs. Since each vertical has shared employee resources, payroll and certain other general expenses such as rent, and utilities were allocated based on an estimate by management of the percentage of employee time spent in each vertical. Segment assets are not reported to, or used by, the CODM to allocate resources to, or assess performance of, the segments and therefore, total segment assets have not been disclosed.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The valuation techniques utilized are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect internal market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:

Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related asset or liabilities.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of assets or liabilities.

The Company utilizes observable market inputs (quoted market prices) when measuring fair value whenever possible.

The development and determination of the unobservable inputs, as well as the valuation policies and procedures for Level 3 fair value measurements and fair value calculations are the responsibility of the Company’s accounting and finance department and are approved by the Chief Financial Officer.

As of March 31, 2025, there were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 and 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Recent Accounting Standards

Recent Accounting Standards

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, that requires public companies provide additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement. This ASU requires disclosure about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement as well as disclosures about selling expenses. This guidance is effective within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The requirements will be applied prospectively with the option for retrospective application, early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its condensed consolidated statement of operations and on its disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, that enhances the transparency of income tax disclosures by expanding annual disclosure requirements related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied prospectively with the option of retrospective application. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosure.” The ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through requiring enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and information used to assess segment performance. These disclosures are required quarterly. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this ASU as of October 1, 2024 and updated its segment reporting disclosures accordingly for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, “Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging— Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40).” The objective of this update is to simplify the accounting for convertible preferred stock by removing the existing guidance in ASC 470-20, “Debt: Debt with Conversion and Other Options,” that requires entities to account for beneficial conversion features and cash conversion features in equity, separately from the host convertible debt or preferred stock. The guidance in ASC 470-20 applies to convertible instruments for which the embedded conversion features are not required to be bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for as derivatives. In addition, the amendments revise the scope exception from derivative accounting in ASC 815-40 for freestanding financial instruments and embedded features that are both indexed to the issuer’s own stock and classified in stockholders’ equity, by removing certain criteria required for equity classification. These amendments are expected to result in more freestanding financial instruments qualifying for equity classification (and, therefore, not accounted for as derivatives), as well as fewer embedded features requiring separate accounting from the host contract. This amendment also further revises the guidance in ASU 260, “Earnings per Share,” to require entities to calculate diluted earnings per share (EPS) for convertible instruments by using the if-converted method. In addition, entities must presume share settlement for purposes of calculating diluted EPS when an instrument may be settled in cash or shares. The amendments in ASU 2020-06 were effective for the Company beginning October 1, 2024. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 did not have a significant impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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