<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-25-105945.txt : 20251104
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20251104080848
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-25-105945
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		18
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20251104
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20251104
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20251104

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			APPLIED DNA SCIENCES INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000744452
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SERVICES-TESTING LABORATORIES [8734]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	08 Industrial Applications and Services
		EIN:				592262718
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			0930

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-36745
		FILM NUMBER:		251446543

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		50 HEALTH SCIENCES DRIVE
		CITY:			STONY BROOK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11790
		BUSINESS PHONE:		631-240-8800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		50 HEALTH SCIENCES DRIVE
		CITY:			STONY BROOK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11790

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PROHEALTH MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20010504

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	DCC ACQUISITION CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19990211

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	DATALINK CAPITAL CORP/TX/
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19980306
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<p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported):
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including area code:</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>N/A</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Former name or former address, if changed since
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K
filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
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Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check
mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting
standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. <span style="font: 10pt Wingdings">&#168;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 10%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Item 1.01</b></span></td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 90%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement</b></span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">On
November 4, 2025, Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. (the &#8220;<b>Company</b>&#8221;) entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement
(the &#8220;<b>Agreement</b>&#8221;) with Lucid Capital Markets, LLC, as sales agent (the &#8220;<b>Agent</b>&#8221;), pursuant to
which the Company may, from time to time, offer and sell shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share, with an aggregate
offering price of up to $8,157,932 (the &#8220;<b>Shares</b>&#8221;) through the Agent.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">The
offer and sale of the Shares made pursuant to the Agreement, if any, will be made under the Company&#8217;s effective
 &#8220;shelf&#8221; registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-272267) filed May 30, 2023, the base prospectus contained
therein, and a prospectus supplement related to the offering of the Shares dated November 4, 2025.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">Under
the terms of the Agreement, the Agent may sell the Shares at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an &#8220;at the market
offering&#8221; as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">Subject
to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, the Agent will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell the Shares from time to time,
based upon the Company&#8217;s instructions. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the Shares, and may at any time suspend sales
under the Agreement or terminate the Agreement in accordance with its terms. The Company has provided the Agent with customary indemnification
rights. The Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, and the Company is required to deliver customary closing documents
and certificates in connection with sales of the Shares.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">The
Company will pay the Agent in cash, upon each sale of Shares sold pursuant to the Agreement, a fixed commission rate equal
to 3.0% of the gross sales price of the common stock issued and sold by the Company through the Agent. If the Company sells Shares to
the Agent as principal, the Company will enter into a separate&#160;terms agreement&#160;with the Agent setting forth the terms of such
transaction, and the Company will describe this agreement in a separate prospectus supplement or pricing supplement. Because there is
no minimum offering amount required as a condition to this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions and proceeds
to the Company, if any, are not determinable at this time. In addition, the Company agreed to reimburse the Agent upon request for its
costs and out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with its services under this offering, including the fees and out-of-pocket expenses
of its legal counsel up to an aggregate of $50,000 for the commencement of this offering plus an additional amount for its counsel&#8217;s
fees up to $5,000 in connection with the filing of a Form 10-K or new registration statement, prospectus or prospectus supplement or an
amendment to the Agreement, and $2,500 in connection with the filing of a Form 10-Q. The Company estimates that the total expenses for
the commencement of the offering, excluding compensation and reimbursements payable to the Agent under the terms of the Agreement, will
be approximately $175,000. After commencement of the offering, from time to time, the Company will incur additional expenses, including
its own legal and audit expenses.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">The
legal opinion of McDermott Will &amp; Schulte LLP, counsel to the Company, relating to the legality of the issuance and sale of Shares
is filed as Exhibit 5.1 hereto.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">The
foregoing description of the Agreement is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of such agreement,
a copy of which was filed as Exhibit 1.1 hereto and incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55.1pt; background-color: white">This
Current Report on Form 8-K shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of any offer to buy the Shares, nor shall there be
an offer, solicitation or sale of the Shares in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration
or qualification under the securities laws of such state.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">The following exhibits are being filed herewith:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><b>(d) Exhibits</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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No.</b></span></td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; white-space: nowrap; width: 89%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Document</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr>
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    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2529307d1_ex1-1.htm">At The Market Offering Agreement, dated November 4, 2025, by and between
Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. and Lucid Capital Markets, LLC</a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2529307d1_ex5-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">5.1</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2529307d1_ex5-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Opinion of McDermott Will &amp; Schulte LLP</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2529307d1_ex5-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">23.1</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2529307d1_ex5-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Consent of McDermott Will &amp; Schulte LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2529307d1_ex99-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">99.1</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2529307d1_ex99-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Form of Consulting Agreement, dated October 1, 2025, by and between Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. and Patrick Horsman</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">104</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURE</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto
duly authorized.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>Date: November 4, 2025</td>
    <td colspan="2">APPLIED DNA SCIENCES, INC.</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 50%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 5%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 45%">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-bottom: 1pt">By:</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom">/s/ Beth Jantzen</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>Name:</td>
    <td>Beth Jantzen</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>Title:</td>
    <td>Chief Financial Officer</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-1.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>tm2529307d1_ex1-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 1.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 1.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>AT THE MARKET OFFERING AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3.5in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">November&nbsp;4,
2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Lucid Capital Markets, LLC</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">570 Lexington Avenue, 40<SUP>th</SUP> Floor</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">New York, New York 10022</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Applied DNA Sciences,&nbsp;Inc.,
a corporation organized under the laws of Delaware (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), confirms its agreement (this &ldquo;<U>Agreement</U>&rdquo;)
with Lucid Capital Markets, LLC (the &ldquo;<U>Manager</U>&rdquo;) as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">1.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Definitions</U>.
The terms that follow, when used in this Agreement and any Terms Agreement, shall have the meanings indicated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Accountants</U>&rdquo;&nbsp;shall
have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;4(m).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Act</U>&rdquo;
shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Action</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(p).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Affiliate</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(o).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Applicable
Time</U>&rdquo; shall mean, with respect to any Shares, the time of sale of such Shares pursuant to this Agreement or any relevant Terms
Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Base Prospectus</U>&rdquo;
shall mean the base prospectus contained in the Registration Statement at the Execution Time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Board</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2(b)(iii).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Broker
Fee</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2(b)(v).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Business
Day</U>&rdquo; shall mean any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized
or required by law to remain closed; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that, for purposes of clarity, commercial banks shall not be deemed
to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to &ldquo;stay at home&rdquo;, &ldquo;shelter-in-place&rdquo;, &ldquo;non-essential
employee&rdquo;&nbsp; or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of
any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The
City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1 -->
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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Commission</U>&rdquo;
shall mean the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Common
Stock</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Common
Stock Equivalents</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(g).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Company
Counsel</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;4(l).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>DTC</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2(b)(vii).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Effective
Date</U>&rdquo; shall mean each date and time that the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment or amendments thereto became
or becomes effective.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Exchange
Act</U>&rdquo; shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission promulgated
thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Execution
Time</U>&rdquo; shall mean the date and time that this Agreement is executed and delivered by the parties hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Free Writing
Prospectus</U>&rdquo; shall mean a free writing prospectus, as defined in Rule&nbsp;405.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>GAAP</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(m).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<U>Incorporated
Documents</U>&rdquo; shall mean the documents or portions thereof filed with the Commission on or prior to the Effective Date that are
incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus and any documents or portions thereof filed with the Commission
after the Effective Date that are deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus</FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<U>Intellectual
Property Rights</U>&rdquo; </FONT>shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(v).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Issuer
Free Writing Prospectus</U>&rdquo; shall mean an issuer free writing prospectus, as defined in Rule&nbsp;433.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Losses</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;7(d).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Material
Adverse Effect</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Material
Permits</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(t).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Maximum
Amount</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Net Proceeds</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2(b)(v).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Permitted
Free Writing Prospectus</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;4(g).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Placement</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2(c).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Proceeding</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Prospectus</U>&rdquo;
shall mean the Base Prospectus, as supplemented by the most recently filed Prospectus Supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Prospectus
Supplement</U>&rdquo; shall mean each prospectus supplement relating to the Shares prepared and filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;from
time to time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Registration
Statement</U>&rdquo; shall mean the shelf registration statement (File Number&nbsp;333-272267) on Form&nbsp;S-3, including exhibits and
financial statements and any prospectus supplement relating to the Shares that is filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;and
deemed part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule&nbsp;430B, as amended on each Effective Date and, in the event any post-effective
amendment thereto becomes effective, shall also mean such registration statement as so amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Representation
Date</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;4(k).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Required
Approvals</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(e).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Rule&nbsp;158</U>&rdquo;,
 &ldquo;<U>Rule&nbsp;164</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&nbsp;172</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&nbsp;173</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&nbsp;405</U>&rdquo;,
 &ldquo;<U>Rule&nbsp;415</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&nbsp;424</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&nbsp;430B</U>&rdquo; and &ldquo;<U>Rule&nbsp;433</U>&rdquo;
refer to such rules&nbsp;under the Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Sales
Notice</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2(b)(i).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>SEC Reports</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(m).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Settlement
Date</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2(b)(vii).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Subsidiary</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3(a).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Terms
Agreement</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2(a).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Time of
Delivery</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2(c).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Trading
Day</U>&rdquo; means a day on which the Trading Market is open for trading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Trading
Market</U>&rdquo; means the Nasdaq Capital Market.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">2.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Sale
and Delivery of Shares</U>. The Company proposes to issue and sell through or to the Manager, as sales agent and/or principal, from time
to time during the term of this Agreement and on the terms set forth herein, up to such number of shares (the &ldquo;<U>Shares</U>&rdquo;)
of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, $0.001&nbsp;par value per share (&ldquo;<U>Common Stock</U>&rdquo;), that does not exceed (a)&nbsp;the
number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock registered on the Registration Statement and as reflected on the Prospectus Supplement,
pursuant to which the offering is being made, (b)&nbsp;the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock (less the number of
shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of any outstanding securities of the Company or otherwise reserved
from the Company&rsquo;s authorized capital stock), or (c)&nbsp;the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock that would cause
the Company or the offering of the Shares to not satisfy the eligibility and transaction requirements for use of Form&nbsp;S-3, including,
if applicable, General Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 (the lesser of (a), (b)&nbsp;and (c), the &ldquo;<U>Maximum
Amount</U>&rdquo;). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitations
set forth in this Section&nbsp;2 on the number and aggregate sales price of Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole
responsibility of the Company and that the Manager shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Appointment
of Manager as Selling Agent; Terms Agreement</U>. For purposes of selling the Shares through the Manager, the Company hereby appoints
the Manager as exclusive agent of the Company for the purpose of selling the Shares of the Company pursuant to this Agreement and the
Manager agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the Shares on
the terms and subject to the conditions stated herein. The Company agrees that, whenever it determines to sell the Shares directly to
the Manager as principal, it will enter into a separate agreement (each, a &ldquo;<U>Terms Agreement</U>&rdquo;) in substantially the
form of <U>Annex I</U> hereto, relating to such sale in accordance with Section&nbsp;2 of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Agent
Sales</U>. Subject to the terms and conditions and in reliance upon the representations and warranties herein set forth, the Company will
issue and agrees to sell Shares from time to time through the Manager, acting as sales agent, and the Manager agrees to use its commercially
reasonable efforts to sell, as sales agent for the Company, on the following terms:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Shares are to be sold on a daily basis or otherwise as shall be agreed to by the Company and the Manager on any day that (A)&nbsp;is a
Trading Day, (B)&nbsp;the Company has instructed the Manager by telephone (confirmed promptly by electronic mail) to make such sales (&ldquo;<U>Sales
Notice</U>&rdquo;) and (C)&nbsp;the Company has satisfied its obligations under Section&nbsp;6 of this Agreement. The Company will designate
the maximum amount of the Shares to be sold by the Manager daily (subject to the limitations set forth in Section&nbsp;2(d)) and the minimum
price per Share at which such Shares may be sold. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, the Manager shall use its commercially reasonable
efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell on a particular day all of the Shares designated for the sale by
the Company on such day. The gross sales price of the Shares sold under this Section&nbsp;2(b)&nbsp;shall be the market price for the
shares of Common Stock sold by the Manager under this Section&nbsp;2(b)&nbsp;on the Trading Market at the time of sale of such Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Company acknowledges and agrees that (A)&nbsp;there can be no assurance that the Manager will be successful in selling the Shares, (B)&nbsp;the
Manager will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell the Shares for any reason
other than a failure by the Manager to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices
and applicable law and regulations to sell such Shares as required under this Agreement, and (C)&nbsp;the Manager shall be under no obligation
to purchase Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise specifically agreed by the Manager and the Company
pursuant to a Terms Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(iii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Company shall not authorize the issuance and sale of, and the Manager shall not be obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts
to sell, any Share at a price lower than the minimum price therefor designated from time to time by the Company&rsquo;s Board of Directors
(the &ldquo;<U>Board</U>&rdquo;), or a duly authorized committee thereof, or such duly authorized officers of the Company, and notified
to the Manager in writing. The Company or the Manager may, upon notice to the other party hereto by telephone (confirmed promptly by electronic
mail), suspend the offering of the Shares for any reason and at any time; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that such suspension or termination
shall not affect or impair the parties&rsquo; respective obligations with respect to the Shares sold hereunder prior to the giving of
such notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(iv)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Manager may sell Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an &ldquo;at the market offering&rdquo; as defined in Rule&nbsp;415
under the Act, including without limitation sales made directly on the Trading Market, on any other existing trading market for the Common
Stock or to or through a market maker. The Manager may also sell Shares in privately negotiated transactions, provided that the Manager
receives the Company&rsquo;s prior written approval for any sales in privately negotiated transactions and if so provided in the &ldquo;Plan
of Distribution&rdquo; section of the Prospectus Supplement or a supplement to the Prospectus Supplement or a new Prospectus Supplement
disclosing the terms of such privately negotiated transaction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
compensation to the Manager for sales of the Shares under this Section&nbsp;2(b)&nbsp;shall be a placement fee of 3% of the gross sales
price of the Shares sold pursuant to this Section&nbsp;2(b)&nbsp;(&ldquo;<U>Broker Fee</U>&rdquo;). The foregoing rate of compensation
shall not apply when the Manager acts as principal, in which case the Company may sell Shares to the Manager as principal at a price agreed
upon at the relevant Applicable Time pursuant to a Terms Agreement. The remaining proceeds, after deduction of the Broker Fee and deduction
of any transaction fees imposed by any clearing firm, execution broker, or governmental or self-regulatory organization in respect of
such sales, shall constitute the net proceeds to the Company for such Shares (the &ldquo;<U>Net Proceeds</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(vi)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Manager shall provide written confirmation (which may be by electronic mail) to the Company following the close of trading on the Trading
Market each day in which the Shares are sold under this Section&nbsp;2(b)&nbsp;setting forth the number of the Shares sold on such day,
the aggregate gross sales proceeds and the Net Proceeds to the Company, and the compensation payable by the Company to the Manager with
respect to such sales.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(vii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>Unless
otherwise agreed between the Company and the Manager, settlement for sales of the Shares will occur at 10:00 a.m.&nbsp;(New York City
time) on the first (1st) Trading Day (or any such shorter settlement cycle as may be in effect pursuant to Rule&nbsp;15c6-1 under the
Exchange Act from time to time) following the date on which such sales are made (each, a &ldquo;<U>Settlement Date</U>&rdquo;). On or
before the Trading Day prior to each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer the
Shares being sold by crediting the Manager&rsquo;s or its designee&rsquo;s account (provided that the Manager shall have given the Company
written notice of such designee at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company (&ldquo;<U>DTC</U>&rdquo;)
through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties
hereto which Shares in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement
Date, the Manager will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company. The Company agrees
that, if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver duly authorized Shares on a Settlement
Date, in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in Section&nbsp;7 hereto, the Company will (i)&nbsp;hold
the Manager harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or reasonable, documented expense (including reasonable and documented legal fees
and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company, and (ii)&nbsp;pay to the Manager any commission,
discount or other compensation to which the Manager would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(viii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>At
each Applicable Time, Settlement Date and Representation Date, the Company shall be deemed to have affirmed each representation and warranty
contained in this Agreement as if such representation and warranty were made as of such date, modified as necessary to relate to the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus as amended as of such date. Any obligation of the Manager to use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell
the Shares on behalf of the Company shall be subject to the continuing accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Company herein,
to the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder and to the continuing satisfaction of the additional conditions specified
in Section&nbsp;6 of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ix)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>Notwithstanding
any other provision of this Agreement, during any period in which the Company is in possession of material non-public information, the
Company and the Manager agree that (i)&nbsp;no sales of Shares will take place, (ii)&nbsp;the Company shall not request the sale of any
Shares, and (iii)&nbsp;the Manager shall not be obligated to sell or offer to sell any Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(x)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>If
the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of shares
of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities,
property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar
transaction) (a &ldquo;<U>Distribution</U>&rdquo; and the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive the Distribution
shall be the date of such Sales Notice, the &ldquo;<U>Record Date</U>&rdquo;), the Company hereby covenants that, in connection with any
sales of Shares pursuant to a Sales Notice on the Record Date, the Company shall issue and deliver such Shares to the Manager on the Record
Date and the Record Date shall be the Settlement Date and the Company shall cover any additional costs of the Manager in connection with
the delivery of Shares on the Record Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Term
Sales</U>. If the Company wishes to sell the Shares pursuant to this Agreement in a manner other than as set forth in Section&nbsp;2(b)&nbsp;of
this Agreement (each, a &ldquo;<U>Placement</U>&rdquo;), the Company will notify the Manager of the proposed terms of such Placement.
If the Manager, acting as principal, wishes to accept such proposed terms (which it may decline to do for any reason in its sole discretion)
or, following discussions with the Company wishes to accept amended terms, the Manager and the Company will enter into a Terms Agreement
setting forth the terms of such Placement. The terms set forth in a Terms Agreement will not be binding on the Company or the Manager
unless and until the Company and the Manager have each executed such Terms Agreement accepting all of the terms of such Terms Agreement.
In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Terms Agreement, the terms of such Terms Agreement will
control. A Terms Agreement may also specify certain provisions relating to the reoffering of such Shares by the Manager. The commitment
of the Manager to purchase the Shares pursuant to any Terms Agreement shall be deemed to have been made on the basis of the representations
and warranties of the Company herein contained and shall be subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth. Each Terms Agreement
shall specify the number of the Shares to be purchased by the Manager pursuant thereto, the price to be paid to the Company for such Shares,
any provisions relating to rights of, and default by, underwriters acting together with the Manager in the reoffering of the Shares, and
the time and date (each such time and date being referred to herein as a &ldquo;<U>Time of Delivery</U>&rdquo;) and place of delivery
of and payment for such Shares. Such Terms Agreement shall also specify any requirements for opinions of counsel, accountants&rsquo; letters
and officers&rsquo; certificates pursuant to Section&nbsp;6 of this Agreement and any other information or documents required by the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Maximum
Number of Shares</U>. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Shares if, after giving effect
to the sale of such Shares, the aggregate amount of Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the lesser of (A)&nbsp;together
with all sales of Shares under this Agreement, the Maximum Amount, (B)&nbsp;the amount available for offer and sale under the currently
effective Registration Statement and (C)&nbsp;the amount authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement by the
Board, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Manager in writing. Under no
circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the
minimum price authorized from time to time by the Board, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive officer, and
notified to the Manager in writing. Further, under no circumstances shall the Company cause or permit the aggregate offering amount of
Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement to exceed the Maximum Amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Regulation
M Notice</U>. Unless the exceptive provisions set forth in Rule&nbsp;101(c)(1)&nbsp;of Regulation&nbsp;M under the Exchange Act are satisfied
with respect to the Shares, the Company shall give the Manager at least one (1)&nbsp;Business Day&rsquo;s prior notice of its intent to
sell any Shares in order to allow the Manager time to comply with Regulation M.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">3.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Representations
and Warranties</U>. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with, the Manager at the Execution Time and on each such time that
the following representations and warranties are repeated or deemed to be made pursuant to this Agreement, as set forth below, except
as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or the Incorporated Documents.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Subsidiaries</U>.
All of the direct and indirect subsidiaries (individually, a &ldquo;<U>Subsidiary</U>&rdquo;) of the Company are set forth on Exhibit&nbsp;21.1
to the Company&rsquo;s most recent Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K and subsequent SEC Reports filed with the Commission. Except as set
forth in the SEC Reports, the Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the capital stock or other equity interests of each Subsidiary
free and clear of any &ldquo;<U>Liens</U>&rdquo; (which for purposes of this Agreement shall mean a lien, charge, security interest, encumbrance,
right of first refusal, preemptive right or other restriction), and all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of each
such Subsidiary are validly issued and are fully paid, non-assessable and free of preemptive and similar rights to subscribe for or purchase
securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Organization
and Qualification</U>. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company and each of the Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated
or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing (if applicable in such jurisdiction) under the laws of the jurisdiction
of its incorporation or organization, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on
its business as currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in violation nor in default of any of the provisions of
its respective certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. Each of the Company and
the Subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction
in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary, except where the failure to
be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, could not have or reasonably be expected to result in: (i)&nbsp;a material adverse
effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of this Agreement, (ii)&nbsp;a material adverse effect on the results of operations,
assets, business, prospects or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, from that set
forth in the Registration Statement, the Base Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus or the Incorporated Documents, or
(iii)&nbsp;a material adverse effect on the Company&rsquo;s ability to perform in any material respect on a timely basis its obligations
under this Agreement (any of (i), (ii)&nbsp;or (iii), a &ldquo;<U>Material Adverse Effect</U>&rdquo;) and no &ldquo;<U>Proceeding</U>&rdquo;
(which for purposes of this Agreement shall mean any action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation,
an informal investigation or partial proceeding, such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened) has been instituted in any such
jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Authorization
and Enforcement</U>. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery of this Agreement by the Company and
the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of the Company
and no further action is required by the Company, the Board or the Company&rsquo;s stockholders in connection herewith other than in connection
with the Required Approvals. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Company and, when delivered in accordance with
the terms hereof, will constitute the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its
terms, except (i)&nbsp;as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and
other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors&rsquo; rights generally, (ii)&nbsp;as limited by laws relating to
the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii)&nbsp;insofar as indemnification and
contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
Conflicts</U>. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, the issuance and sale of the Shares and the consummation
by it of the transactions contemplated hereby do not and will not (i)&nbsp;conflict with or violate any provision of the Company&rsquo;s
or any Subsidiary&rsquo;s certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents, or (ii)&nbsp;conflict
with, or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, result in the creation
of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment,
anti-dilution or similar adjustments, acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time or both) of, any agreement,
credit facility, debt or other instrument (evidencing a Company or Subsidiary debt or otherwise) or other understanding to which the Company
or any Subsidiary is a party or by which any property or asset of the Company or any Subsidiary is bound or affected, or (iii)&nbsp;subject
to the Required Approvals, conflict with or result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, decree or
other restriction of any court or governmental authority to which the Company or a Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state
securities laws and regulations), or by which any property or asset of the Company or a Subsidiary is bound or affected; except in the
case of each of clauses (ii)&nbsp;and (iii), such as could not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result
in a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Filings,
Consents and Approvals.</U> The Company is not required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization or order of, give any notice to,
or make any filing or registration with, any court or other federal, state, local or other governmental authority or other &ldquo;Person&rdquo;
(defined as an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability
company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind, including the Trading Market)
in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, other than (i)&nbsp;the filings required
by this Agreement, (ii)&nbsp;the filing with the Commission of the Prospectus Supplement, (iii)&nbsp;the filing of application(s)&nbsp;to
and approval by the Trading Market for the listing of the Shares for trading thereon in the time and manner required thereby, and (iv)&nbsp;such
filings as are required to be made under applicable state securities laws and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Financial Industry
Regulatory Authority,&nbsp;Inc. (&ldquo;<U>FINRA</U>&rdquo;) (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Required Approvals</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Issuance
of Shares</U>. The Shares are duly authorized and, when issued and paid for in accordance with this Agreement, will be duly and validly
issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized
capital stock the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to this Agreement. The issuance by the Company of the Shares
has been registered under the Act and all of the Shares are freely transferable and tradable by the purchasers thereof without restriction
(other than any restrictions arising solely from an act or omission of such a purchaser). The Shares are being issued pursuant to the
Registration Statement and the issuance of the Shares has been registered by the Company under the Act. The &ldquo;<U>Plan of Distribution</U>&rdquo;
section within the Registration Statement permits the issuance and sale of the Shares as contemplated by this Agreement. Upon receipt
of the Shares, the purchasers of such Shares will have good and marketable title to such Shares and the Shares will be freely tradable
on the Trading Market.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Capitalization</U>.
The capitalization of the Company as of the date thereof is as set forth in the SEC Reports. The Company has not issued any capital stock
since its most recently filed SEC Reports under the Exchange Act, other than pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options under
the Company&rsquo;s stock option plans, the issuance of shares of Common Stock to employees pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s employee stock
purchase plan and pursuant to the conversion and/or exercise of securities exercisable, exchangeable or convertible into Common Stock
(&ldquo;<U>Common Stock Equivalents</U>&rdquo;) outstanding as of the date of the most recently filed SEC Reports under the Exchange Act.
No Person has any right of first refusal, preemptive right, right of participation, or any similar right to participate in the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip rights to subscribe
to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities, rights or obligations convertible into or exercisable
or exchangeable for, or giving any Person any right to subscribe for or acquire, any shares of Common Stock or the capital stock of any
Subsidiary, or contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to
issue additional shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents or capital stock of any Subsidiary. The issuance and sale of the Shares
will not obligate the Company or any Subsidiary to issue shares of Common Stock or other securities to any Person. Except as set forth
in the SEC Reports, there are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary with any provision that adjusts
the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset price of such security or instrument upon an issuance of securities by the Company or any
Subsidiary. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, there are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary
that contain any redemption or similar provisions, and there are no contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the
Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to redeem a security of the Company or such Subsidiary. The Company does not have any
stock appreciation rights or &ldquo;phantom stock&rdquo; plans or agreements or any similar plan or agreement. All of the outstanding
shares of capital stock of the Company are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, have been issued in compliance
with all federal and state securities laws, and none of such outstanding shares was issued in violation of any preemptive rights or similar
rights to subscribe for or purchase securities. No further approval or authorization of any stockholder, the Board or others is required
for the issuance and sale of the Shares. There are no stockholders agreements, voting agreements or other similar agreements with respect
to the Company&rsquo;s capital stock to which the Company is a party or, to the knowledge of the Company, between or among any of the
Company&rsquo;s stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Registration
Statement</U>. The Company meets the requirements for use of Form&nbsp;S-3 under the Act and has prepared and filed with the Commission
the Registration Statement, including a related Base Prospectus, for registration under the Act of the offering and sale of the Shares.
Such Registration Statement is effective and available for the offer and sale of the Shares as of the date hereof. As filed, the Base
Prospectus contains all information required by the Act and the rules&nbsp;thereunder, and, except to the extent the Manager shall agree
in writing to a modification, shall be in all substantive respects in the form furnished to the Manager prior to the Execution Time or
prior to any such time this representation is repeated or deemed to be made. The Registration Statement contains all exhibits and schedules
as required by the Act. Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, if any, at the time it became effective,
complied in all material respects with the Act and the Exchange Act and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Registration
Statement, at the Execution Time, each such time this representation is repeated or deemed to be made, and at all times during which a
prospectus is required by the Act to be delivered (whether physically or through compliance with Rule&nbsp;172, 173 or any similar rule)
in connection with any offer or sale of the Shares, meets the requirements set forth in Rule&nbsp;415(a)(1)(x). The initial Effective
Date of the Registration Statement was not earlier than the date three years before the Execution Time. The Company meets the transaction
requirements as set forth in General Instruction I.B.1 of Form&nbsp;S-3 or, if applicable, as set forth in General Instruction I.B.6 of
Form&nbsp;S-3 with respect to the aggregate market value of securities being sold pursuant to this offering and during the twelve (12)
calendar months prior to such time that this representation is made or deemed to be made.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Accuracy
of Incorporated Documents</U>. The Incorporated Documents, when they were filed with the Commission, conformed in all material respects
to the requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules&nbsp;thereunder, and none of the Incorporated Documents, when they were filed with
the Commission, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact necessary to make the statements
therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made not misleading; and any further documents so filed and incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement, the Base Prospectus, the Prospectus Supplement or the Prospectus, when such documents are
filed with the Commission, will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules&nbsp;thereunder,
as applicable, and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements
therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Ineligible
Issuer</U>. (i)&nbsp;At the earliest time after the filing of the Registration Statement that the Company or another offering participant
made a bona fide offer (within the meaning of Rule&nbsp;164(h)(2)) of the Shares and (ii)&nbsp;as of the Execution Time and on each such
time this representation is repeated or deemed to be made (with such date being used as the determination date for purposes of this clause&nbsp;(ii)),
the Company was not and is not an Ineligible Issuer (as defined in Rule&nbsp;405), without taking account of any determination by the
Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;405 that it is not necessary that the Company be considered an Ineligible Issuer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(k)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Free
Writing Prospectus</U>. The Company is eligible to use Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus does not
include any information the substance of which conflicts with the information contained in the Registration Statement, including any Incorporated
Documents and any prospectus supplement deemed to be a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified; and each Issuer Free Writing
Prospectus does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The foregoing sentence does not apply
to statements in or omissions from any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished
to the Company by the Manager specifically for use therein. Any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that the Company is required to file pursuant
to Rule&nbsp;433(d)&nbsp;has been, or will be, filed with the Commission in accordance with the requirements of the Act and the rules&nbsp;thereunder.
Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that the Company has filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule&nbsp;433(d)&nbsp;or that was
prepared by or behalf of or used by the Company complies or will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Act and
the rules&nbsp;thereunder. The Company will not, without the prior consent of the Manager, prepare, use or refer to, any Issuer Free Writing
Prospectuses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(l)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Proceedings
Related to Registration Statement</U>. The Registration Statement is not the subject of a pending proceeding or examination under Section&nbsp;8(d)&nbsp;or
8(e)&nbsp;of the Act, and the Company is not the subject of a pending proceeding under Section&nbsp;8A of the Act in connection with the
offering of the Shares. The Company has not received any notice that the Commission has issued or intends to issue a stop-order with respect
to the Registration Statement or that the Commission otherwise has suspended or withdrawn the effectiveness of the Registration Statement,
either temporarily or permanently, or intends or has threatened in writing to do so.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(m)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>SEC
Reports</U>. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents
required to be filed by the Company under the Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)&nbsp;or 15(d)&nbsp;thereof,
for the two years preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation to file such material)
(the foregoing materials, including the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, together with the Prospectus
and the Prospectus Supplement, being collectively referred to herein as the &ldquo;<U>SEC Reports</U>&rdquo;) on a timely basis or has
received a valid extension of such time of filing and has filed any such SEC Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension. As
of their respective dates, the SEC Reports complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Act and the Exchange Act, as
applicable, and none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material
fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which
they were made, not misleading. The financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material respects with
applicable accounting requirements and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time
of filing. Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied
on a consistent basis during the periods involved (&ldquo;<U>GAAP</U>&rdquo;), except as may be otherwise specified in such financial
statements or the notes thereto and except that unaudited financial statements may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP, and fairly
present in all material respects the financial position of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries as of and for the dates thereof
and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods then ended, subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial,
year-end audit adjustments.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(n)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Accountants</U>.
The Company&rsquo;s accountants are a registered public accounting firm as required by the Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(o)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Material
Changes; Undisclosed Events, Liabilities or Developments</U>. Since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within
the SEC Reports, except as specifically disclosed in a subsequent SEC Report filed prior to the date on which this representation is being
made, (i)&nbsp;there has been no event, occurrence or development that has had or that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material
Adverse Effect, (ii)&nbsp;the Company has not incurred any liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than (A)&nbsp;trade payables and
accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and (B)&nbsp;liabilities not required to be
reflected in the Company&rsquo;s financial statements pursuant to GAAP or disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (iii)&nbsp;the
Company has not altered its method of accounting, (iv)&nbsp;the Company has not declared or made any dividend or distribution of cash
or other property to its stockholders or purchased, redeemed or made any agreements to purchase or redeem any shares of its capital stock,
(v)&nbsp;the Company has not issued any equity securities to any officer, director or &ldquo;<U>Affiliate</U>&rdquo; (defined as any Person
that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person,
as such terms are used in and construed under Rule&nbsp;144 under the Act), except pursuant to existing Company stock option plans and
(vi)&nbsp;no executive officer of the Company or member of the Board has resigned from any position with the Company. The Company does
not have pending before the Commission any request for confidential treatment of information. Except for the issuance of the Shares contemplated
by this Agreement or as set forth in the SEC Reports, no event, liability, fact, circumstance, occurrence or development has occurred
or exists or is reasonably expected to occur or exist with respect to the Company or its Subsidiaries or their respective businesses,
prospects, properties, operations, assets or financial condition that would be required to be disclosed by the Company under applicable
securities laws at the time this representation is made or deemed made that has not been publicly disclosed at least one (1)&nbsp;Trading
Day prior to the date that this representation is made.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(p)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Litigation</U>.
Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, there is no action, suit, inquiry, notice of violation, proceeding or investigation pending or,
to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective properties before
or by any court, arbitrator, governmental or administrative agency or regulatory authority (federal, state, county, local or foreign)
(collectively, an &ldquo;<U>Action</U>&rdquo;), which (i)&nbsp;adversely affects or challenges the legality, validity or enforceability
of this Agreement or the Shares or (ii)&nbsp;could, if there were an unfavorable decision, have or reasonably be expected to result in
a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor any director or officer thereof, is or has been the subject of
any Action involving a claim of violation of or liability under federal or state securities laws or a claim of breach of fiduciary duty.
There has not been, and to the knowledge of the Company, there is not pending or contemplated, any investigation by the Commission involving
the Company or any current or former director or officer of the Company. The Commission has not issued any stop order or other order suspending
the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by the Company or any Subsidiary under the Exchange Act or the Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(q)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Labor
Relations</U>. No material labor dispute exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent with respect to any of the employees
of the Company, which could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. None of the Company&rsquo;s or its Subsidiaries&rsquo;
employees is a member of a union that relates to such employee&rsquo;s relationship with the Company or such Subsidiary, and neither the
Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to a collective bargaining agreement, and the Company and its Subsidiaries believe that
their relationships with their employees are good. To the knowledge of the Company, no executive officer of the Company or any Subsidiary,
is, or is now expected to be, in violation of any material term of any employment contract, confidentiality, disclosure or proprietary
information agreement or non-competition agreement, or any other contract or agreement or any restrictive covenant in favor of any third
party, and the continued employment of each such executive officer does not subject the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to any liability
with respect to any of the foregoing matters. The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with all applicable U.S. federal, state,
local and foreign laws and regulations relating to employment and employment practices, terms and conditions of employment and wages and
hours, except where the failure to be in compliance could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material
Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(r)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Compliance</U>.
Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary: (i)&nbsp;is in default under or in violation of (and no event has occurred that has not been waived
that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a default by the Company or any Subsidiary under), nor has the Company or
any Subsidiary received notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is in violation of, any indenture, loan or credit agreement
or any other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any of its properties is bound (whether or not such default
or violation has been waived), (ii)&nbsp;is in violation of any judgment, decree or order of any court, arbitrator or other governmental
authority or (iii)&nbsp;is or has been in violation of any statute, rule, ordinance or regulation of any governmental authority, including
without limitation all foreign, federal, state and local laws relating to taxes, environmental protection, occupational health and safety,
product quality and safety and employment and labor matters, except in each case as could not have or reasonably be expected to result
in a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(s)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Environmental
Laws</U>.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT>The Company and its Subsidiaries (i)&nbsp;are in compliance
with all federal, state, local and foreign laws relating to pollution or protection of human health or the environment (including ambient
air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata), including laws relating to emissions, discharges, releases or threatened
releases of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, or toxic or hazardous substances or wastes (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Hazardous Materials</U>&rdquo;)
into the environment, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport
or handling of Hazardous Materials, as well as all authorizations, codes, decrees, demands, or demand letters, injunctions, judgments,
licenses, notices or notice letters, orders, permits, plans or regulations, issued, entered, promulgated or approved thereunder (&ldquo;<U>Environmental
Laws</U>&rdquo;); (ii)&nbsp;have received all permits licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws
to conduct their respective businesses; and (iii)&nbsp;are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or
approval except where in each clause (i), (ii)&nbsp;and (iii), the failure to so comply could be reasonably expected to have, individually
or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(t)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Regulatory
Permits</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the appropriate federal,
state, local or foreign regulatory authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports, except
where the failure to possess such permits could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect (&ldquo;<U>Material
Permits</U>&rdquo;), and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification
of any Material Permit.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(u)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Title
to Assets</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property owned by them and good
and marketable title in all personal property owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and the Subsidiaries, in each
case free and clear of all Liens, except for (i)&nbsp;Liens as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not materially
interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries and (ii)&nbsp;Liens for the payment
of federal, state or other taxes, for which appropriate reserves have been made therefor in accordance with GAAP and, the payment of which
is neither delinquent nor subject to penalties. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and the Subsidiaries
are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with which the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Intellectual
Property</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have, or have rights to use, all patents, patent applications, trademarks, trademark applications,
service marks, trade names, trade secrets, inventions, copyrights, licenses and other intellectual property rights and similar rights
necessary or required for use in connection with their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports and which the failure to
so have could have a Material Adverse Effect (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Intellectual Property Rights</U>&rdquo;). None of, and neither
the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a notice (written or otherwise) that any of, the Intellectual Property Rights has expired,
terminated or been abandoned, or is expected to expire or terminate or be abandoned, within two (2)&nbsp;years from the date of this Agreement,
except where such expiration, termination or abandonment would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the
Company nor any Subsidiary has received, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, a
written notice of a claim or otherwise has any knowledge that the Intellectual Property Rights violate or infringe upon the rights of
any Person, except as could not have or reasonably be expected to not have a Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of the Company,
all such Intellectual Property Rights are enforceable and there is no existing infringement by another Person of any of the Intellectual
Property Rights. The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable security measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and
value of all of their intellectual properties, except where failure to do so could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be
expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(w)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Insurance</U>.
The Company and the Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such
amounts as are prudent and customary in the businesses in which the Company and the Subsidiaries are engaged, including, but not limited
to, directors and officers insurance coverage. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has any reason to believe that it will not be able
to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may
be necessary to continue its business without a significant increase in cost.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(x)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Affiliate
Transactions</U>. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, none of the officers or directors of the Company or any Subsidiary and, to the
knowledge of the Company, none of the employees of the Company or any Subsidiary is presently a party to any transaction with the Company
or any Subsidiary (other than for services or separation from services as employees, officers and directors), including any contract,
agreement or other arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for rental of real or personal property to
or from, providing for the borrowing of money from or lending of money to or otherwise requiring payments to or from any officer, director
or such employee or, to the knowledge of the Company, any entity in which any officer, director, or any such employee has a substantial
interest or is an officer, director, trustee, stockholder, member or partner, in each case in excess of $120,000 other than for (i)&nbsp;payment
of salary or consulting fees for services rendered, (ii)&nbsp;reimbursement for expenses incurred on behalf of the Company and (iii)&nbsp;other
employee benefits, including stock option agreements under any stock option plan of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(y)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Sarbanes
Oxley Compliance</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance in all material respects with any and all applicable requirements
of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, that are effective as of the date hereof, and any and all applicable rules&nbsp;and regulations
promulgated by the Commission thereunder that are effective as of the date hereof. The Company and the Subsidiaries maintain a system
of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i)&nbsp;transactions are executed in accordance with
management&rsquo;s general or specific authorizations, (ii)&nbsp;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial
statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability, (iii)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with
management&rsquo;s general or specific authorization, and (iv)&nbsp;the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing
assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company and the Subsidiaries have
established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules&nbsp;13a-15(e)&nbsp;and 15d-15(e)) for the Company and
the Subsidiaries and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company
in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified
in the Commission&rsquo;s rules&nbsp;and forms. The Company&rsquo;s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company&rsquo;s
disclosure controls and procedures of the Company and the Subsidiaries as of the end of the period covered by the Company&rsquo;s most
recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act (such date, the &ldquo;<U>Evaluation Date</U>&rdquo;). The Company presented in
its most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the
disclosure controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date. Since the Evaluation Date, there have been no
changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in the Exchange Act) of the Company and its Subsidiaries
that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of the Company
and its Subsidiaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(z)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Certain
Fees</U>. Other than payments to be made to the Manager, no brokerage or finder&rsquo;s fees or commissions are or will be payable by
the Company or any Subsidiary to any broker, financial advisor or consultant, finder, placement agent, investment banker, bank or other
Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The Manager shall have no obligation with respect to any fees
or with respect to any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons for fees of a type contemplated in this Section&nbsp;that may be due
in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(aa)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
Other Sales Agency Agreement</U>. The Company has not entered into any other sales agency agreements or other similar arrangements with
any agent or any other representative in respect of at the market offerings of the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(bb)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Investment
Company</U>.&nbsp; Based on the Company&rsquo;s current assessment of applicable law as of the date of this Agreement, the Company is
not, and is not an Affiliate of, and immediately after receipt of payment for the Shares from the Manager pursuant to this Agreement,
will not be or be an Affiliate of, an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
The Company shall conduct its business in a manner so as to reasonably ensure that it or its Subsidiaries will not become an &ldquo;investment
company&rdquo; subject to registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(cc)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Listing
and Maintenance Requirements</U>. The Common Stock is listed on the Trading Market and the issuance of the Shares as contemplated by this
Agreement does not contravene the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Trading Market. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section&nbsp;12(b)&nbsp;or
12(g)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its knowledge is likely to have the effect
of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission
is contemplating terminating such registration. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company has not, in the 12 months preceding
the date hereof, received notice from any Trading Market on which the Common Stock is or has been listed or quoted to the effect that
the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such Trading Market. The Company is, and has no reason
to believe that it will not in the foreseeable future continue to be, in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements.
The Common Stock is currently eligible for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation
and the Company is current in payment of the fees to the Depository Trust Company (or such other established clearing corporation) in
connection with such electronic transfer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(dd)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Application
of Takeover Protections</U>. The Company and the Board have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control
share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover
provision under the Company&rsquo;s certificate of incorporation (or similar charter documents) or the laws of its state of incorporation
that is or could become applicable to the Shares.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ee)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Solvency</U>.
Based on the consolidated financial condition of the Company as of the date hereof and the date of each Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K),
(i)&nbsp;the fair saleable value of the Company&rsquo;s assets exceeds the amount that will be required to be paid on or in respect of
the Company&rsquo;s existing debts and other liabilities (including known contingent liabilities) as they mature, (ii)&nbsp;the Company&rsquo;s
assets do not constitute unreasonably small capital to carry on its business as now conducted and as proposed to be conducted including
its capital needs taking into account the particular capital requirements of the business conducted by the Company, consolidated and projected
capital requirements and capital availability thereof, and (iii)&nbsp;the current cash flow of the Company, together with the proceeds
the Company would receive, were it to liquidate all of its assets, after taking into account all anticipated uses of the cash, would be
sufficient to pay all amounts on or in respect of its liabilities when such amounts are required to be paid. The Company does not intend
to incur debts beyond its ability to pay such debts as they mature (taking into account the timing and amounts of cash to be payable on
or in respect of its debt). The Company has no knowledge of any facts or circumstances which lead it to believe that it will file for
reorganization or liquidation under the bankruptcy or reorganization laws of any jurisdiction within one year from the date hereof. The
SEC Reports set forth as of the date hereof all outstanding secured and unsecured Indebtedness of the Company or any Subsidiary, or for
which the Company or any Subsidiary has commitments. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in default with respect to any Indebtedness.
For the purposes of this Agreement, &ldquo;<U>Indebtedness</U>&rdquo; means (x)&nbsp;any liabilities for borrowed money or amounts owed
in excess of $100,000 (other than trade accounts payable incurred in the ordinary course of business), (y)&nbsp;all guaranties, endorsements
and other contingent obligations in respect of indebtedness of others, whether or not the same are or should be reflected in the Company&rsquo;s
consolidated balance sheet (or the notes thereto), except guaranties by endorsement of negotiable instruments for deposit or collection
or similar transactions in the ordinary course of business; and (z)&nbsp;the present value of any lease payments in excess of $100,000
due under leases required to be capitalized in accordance with GAAP.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ff)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Tax
Status</U>. Except for matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material
Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries each (i)&nbsp;has made or filed all United States federal, state and local income and
all foreign income and franchise tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii)&nbsp;has
paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns,
reports and declarations and (iii)&nbsp;has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all material taxes
for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material
amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no
basis for any such claim.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(gg)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Foreign
Corrupt Practices</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, any agent or other
person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary, has (i)&nbsp;directly or indirectly, used any funds for unlawful contributions,
gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses related to foreign or domestic political activity, (ii)&nbsp;made any unlawful payment
to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to any foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate funds,
(iii)&nbsp;failed to disclose fully any contribution made by the Company or any Subsidiary (or made by any person acting on its behalf
of which the Company is aware) which is in violation of law, or (iv)&nbsp;violated in any material respect any provision of the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(hh)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>[RESERVED]</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Regulation
M Compliance</U>.&nbsp; The Company has not, and to its knowledge no one acting on its behalf has, (i)&nbsp;taken, directly or indirectly,
any action designed to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate
the sale or resale of any of the Shares, (ii)&nbsp;sold, bid for, purchased, or, paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any
of the Shares, or (iii)&nbsp;paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities
of the Company, other than, in the case of clauses (ii)&nbsp;and (iii), compensation paid to the Manager in connection with the Shares.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(jj)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>FDA</U>.
As to each product subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (&ldquo;<U>FDA</U>&rdquo;) under the Federal Food,
Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended, and the regulations thereunder (&ldquo;<U>FDCA</U>&rdquo;) that is manufactured, packaged, labeled,
tested, distributed, sold, and/or marketed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (each such product, a &ldquo;<U>Pharmaceutical Product</U>&rdquo;),
such Pharmaceutical Product is being manufactured, packaged, labeled, tested, distributed, sold and/or marketed by the Company in compliance
with all applicable requirements under FDCA and similar laws, rules&nbsp;and regulations relating to registration, investigational use,
premarket clearance, licensure, or application approval, good manufacturing practices, good laboratory practices, good clinical practices,
product listing, quotas, labeling, advertising, record keeping and filing of reports, except where the failure to be in compliance would
not have a Material Adverse Effect. There is no pending, completed or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened, action (including any lawsuit,
arbitration, or legal or administrative or regulatory proceeding, charge, complaint, or investigation) against the Company or any of its
Subsidiaries, and none of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice, warning letter or other communication from the
FDA or any other governmental entity, which (i)&nbsp;contests the premarket clearance, licensure, registration, or approval of, the uses
of, the distribution of, the manufacturing or packaging of, the testing of, the sale of, or the labeling and promotion of any Pharmaceutical
Product, (ii)&nbsp;withdraws its approval of, requests the recall, suspension, or seizure of, or withdraws or orders the withdrawal of
advertising or sales promotional materials relating to, any Pharmaceutical Product, (iii)&nbsp;imposes a clinical hold on any clinical
investigation by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (iv)&nbsp;enjoins production at any facility of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries,
(v)&nbsp;enters or proposes to enter into a consent decree of permanent injunction with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or (vi)&nbsp;otherwise
alleges any violation of any laws, rules&nbsp;or regulations by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and which, either individually
or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect. The properties, business and operations of the Company have been and are being
conducted in all material respects in accordance with all applicable laws, rules&nbsp;and regulations of the FDA.&nbsp; The Company has
not been informed by the FDA that the FDA will prohibit the marketing, sale, license or use in the United States of any product proposed
to be developed, produced or marketed by the Company nor has the FDA expressed any written concern as to approving or clearing for marketing
any product being developed or proposed to be developed by the Company.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(kk)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Stock
Option Plans</U>. Each stock option granted by the Company under the Company&rsquo;s stock option plan was granted (i)&nbsp;in accordance
with the terms of the Company&rsquo;s stock option plan and (ii)&nbsp;with an exercise price at least equal to the fair market value of
the Common Stock on the date such stock option would be considered granted under GAAP and applicable law. No stock option granted under
the Company&rsquo;s stock option plan has been backdated. The Company has not knowingly granted, and there is no and has been no Company
policy or practice to knowingly grant, stock options prior to, or otherwise knowingly coordinate the grant of stock options with, the
release or other public announcement of material information regarding the Company or its Subsidiaries or their financial results or prospects.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ll)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Cybersecurity</U>.&nbsp;
(i)(x)&nbsp;There has been no security breach or other compromise of or relating to any of the Company&rsquo;s or any Subsidiary&rsquo;s
information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including the data of its respective customers, employees,
suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of it), equipment or technology (collectively, &ldquo;<U>IT Systems
and Data</U>&rdquo;) and (y)&nbsp;the Company and the Subsidiaries have not been notified of, and has no knowledge of any event or condition
that would reasonably be expected to result in, any security breach or other compromise to its IT Systems and Data; (ii)&nbsp;the Company
and the Subsidiaries are presently in compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules&nbsp;and regulations
of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy
and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation
or modification, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; (iii)&nbsp;the Company and the
Subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable safeguards to maintain and protect its material confidential information
and the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of all IT Systems and Data; and (iv)&nbsp;the Company and the Subsidiaries
have implemented backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and practices.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(mm)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Compliance
with Data Privacy Laws</U>. (i)&nbsp;The Company and the Subsidiaries are, and at all times during the past three years were, in material
compliance with all applicable data privacy and security laws and regulations, including, as applicable to Company, the European Union
General Data Protection Regulation (&ldquo;<U>GDPR</U>&rdquo;) (EU 2016/679) (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Privacy Laws</U>&rdquo;); (ii)&nbsp;the
Company and the Subsidiaries have in place, materially comply with, and take appropriate steps reasonably designed to ensure compliance
with their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling and analysis
of Personal Data (as defined below) (the &ldquo;<U>Policies</U>&rdquo;); (iii)&nbsp;to the extent required by Privacy Law, the Company
provides and/or makes available accurate notice of its applicable Policies to its customers, employees, third party vendors and representatives
as required by Privacy Laws; and (iv)&nbsp;applicable Policies provide accurate and sufficient notice of the Company&rsquo;s then-current
privacy practices relating to its subject matter, and do not contain any material omissions of the Company&rsquo;s then-current privacy
practices, as required by Privacy Laws.&nbsp;&ldquo;<U>Personal Data</U>&rdquo; means (i)&nbsp;a natural person&rsquo;s name, street address,
telephone number, email address, photograph, social security number, bank information, or customer or account number; (ii)&nbsp;any information
which would qualify as &ldquo;personally identifying information&rdquo; under the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended; (iii)&nbsp;&ldquo;personal
data&rdquo; as defined by GDPR; and (iv)&nbsp;any other piece of information that allows the identification of such natural person, or
his or her family, or permits the collection or analysis of any identifiable data related to an identified person&rsquo;s health or sexual
orientation. To the knowledge of the Company, (i)&nbsp;none of such disclosures made or contained in any of the Policies have been inaccurate,
misleading, or deceptive in violation of any Privacy Laws and (ii)&nbsp;the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement will
not result in a breach of any Privacy Laws or Policies.&nbsp; Neither the Company nor the Subsidiaries, (i)&nbsp;has, to the knowledge
of the Company, received written notice of any actual or potential liability of the Company or the Subsidiaries under, or actual or potential
violation by the Company or the Subsidiaries of, any of the Privacy Laws; (ii)&nbsp;is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or
in part, any investigation, remediation or other corrective action pursuant to any regulatory request or demand pursuant to any Privacy
Law; or (iii)&nbsp;is a party to any order, decree, or agreement by or with any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority
that imposed any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(nn)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Office
of Foreign Assets Control</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries, nor to the knowledge of the Company, any of the directors,
officers or employees of the Company or its Subsidiaries, is an individual or entity that is, or is owned or controlled by an individual
or entity that is: (i)&nbsp;the subject of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury&rsquo;s Office of
Foreign Assets Control, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, His Majesty&rsquo;s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions
authority (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Sanctions</U>&rdquo;), nor (ii)&nbsp;located, organized or resident in a country or territory that
is the subject of Sanctions. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries will, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds of the transactions
contemplated hereby, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any Subsidiary, joint venture partner or other individual
or entity: (i)&nbsp;to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any individual or entity or in any country or territory
that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions or (ii)&nbsp;in any other manner that will result in a
violation of Sanctions by any individual or entity (including any individual or entity participating in the transactions contemplated
hereby, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise). For the past five years, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries
has knowingly engaged in, and is not now knowingly engaged in, any dealings or transactions with any individual or entity, or in any country
or territory, that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(oo)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>U.S.
Real Property Holding Corporation</U>. The Company is not and has never been a U.S. real property holding corporation within the meaning
of Section&nbsp;897 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Company shall so certify upon the Manager&rsquo;s request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(pp)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Bank
Holding Company Act</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates is subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956,
as amended (the &ldquo;<U>BHCA</U>&rdquo;) and to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the &ldquo;<U>Federal
Reserve</U>&rdquo;). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly, five percent
(5%) or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the total equity of a
bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries
or Affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and
to regulation by the Federal Reserve.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(qq)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Money
Laundering</U>. The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable
financial record-keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, applicable
money laundering statutes and applicable rules&nbsp;and regulations thereunder (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Money Laundering Laws</U>&rdquo;),
and no Action or Proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or
any Subsidiary with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, threatened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(rr)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>FINRA
Member Shareholders</U>. There are no affiliations with any FINRA member firm among the Company&rsquo;s officers, directors or, to the
knowledge of the Company, any five percent (5%) or greater stockholder of the Company, except as set forth in the Registration Statement,
the Base Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement or the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Agreements</U>.
The Company agrees with the Manager that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Right
to Review Amendments and Supplements to Registration Statement and Prospectus</U>. During any period when the delivery of a prospectus
relating to the Shares is required (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&nbsp;172, 173
or any similar rule) to be delivered under the Act in connection with the offering or the sale of Shares, the Company will not file any
amendment to the Registration Statement or supplement (including any Prospectus Supplement) to the Base Prospectus unless the Company
has furnished to the Manager a copy for its review prior to filing and will not file any such proposed amendment or supplement to which
the Manager reasonably objects. The Company has properly completed the Prospectus, in a form approved by the Manager, and filed such Prospectus,
as amended at the Execution Time, with the Commission pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;by the Execution Time
and will cause any supplement to the Prospectus to be properly completed, in a form approved by the Manager, and will file such supplement
with the Commission pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;within the time period prescribed thereby and will provide
evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Manager of such timely filing. The Company will promptly advise the Manager (i)&nbsp;when the
Prospectus, and any supplement thereto, shall have been filed (if required) with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b), (ii)&nbsp;when,
during any period when the delivery of a prospectus (whether physically or through compliance with Rule&nbsp;172, 173 or any similar rule)
is required under the Act in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares, any amendment to the Registration Statement shall have
been filed or become effective (other than any annual report of the Company filed pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)&nbsp;or 15(d)&nbsp;of
the Exchange Act), (iii)&nbsp;of any request by the Commission or its staff for any amendment of the Registration Statement, or for any
supplement to the Prospectus or for any additional information, (iv)&nbsp;of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending
the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or of any notice objecting to its use or the institution or threatening of any proceeding
for that purpose and (v)&nbsp;of the receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification of
the Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the institution or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose. The Company will use its
best efforts to prevent the issuance of any such stop order or the occurrence of any such suspension or objection to the use of the Registration
Statement and, upon such issuance, occurrence or notice of objection, to obtain as soon as possible the withdrawal of such stop order
or relief from such occurrence or objection, including, if necessary, by filing an amendment to the Registration Statement or a new registration
statement and using its best efforts to have such amendment or new registration statement declared effective as soon as practicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Subsequent
Events</U>. If, at any time on or after an Applicable Time but prior to the related Settlement Date, any event occurs as a result of which
the Registration Statement or Prospectus would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary
to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, the Company will (i)&nbsp;notify
promptly the Manager so that any use of the Registration Statement or Prospectus may cease until such are amended or supplemented; (ii)&nbsp;amend
or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to correct such statement or omission; and (iii)&nbsp;supply any such amendment
or supplement to the Manager in such quantities as the Manager may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Notification
of Subsequent Filings</U>. During any period when the delivery of a prospectus relating to the Shares is required (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&nbsp;172, 173 or any similar rule) to be delivered under the Act, any event occurs
as a result of which the Prospectus as then supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material
fact necessary to make the statements therein in the light of the circumstances under which they were made not misleading, or if it shall
be necessary to amend the Registration Statement, file a new registration statement or supplement the Prospectus to comply with the Act
or the Exchange Act or the respective rules&nbsp;thereunder, including in connection with use or delivery of the Prospectus, the Company
promptly will (i)&nbsp;notify the Manager of any such event, (ii)&nbsp;subject to Section&nbsp;4(a), prepare and file with the Commission
an amendment or supplement or new registration statement which will correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance, (iii)&nbsp;use
its best efforts to have any amendment to the Registration Statement or new registration statement declared effective as soon as practicable
in order to avoid any disruption in use of the Prospectus and (iv)&nbsp;supply any supplemented Prospectus to the Manager in such quantities
as the Manager may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Earnings
Statements</U>. As soon as practicable, the Company will make generally available to its security holders and to the Manager an earnings
statement or statements of the Company and its Subsidiaries which will satisfy the provisions of Section&nbsp;11(a)&nbsp;of the Act and
Rule&nbsp;158. For the avoidance of doubt, the Company&rsquo;s compliance with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act shall be
deemed to satisfy the requirements of this Section&nbsp;4(d).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Registration Statement</U>. Upon the request of the Manager, the Company will furnish to the Manager and counsel for the Manager, without
charge, signed copies of the Registration Statement (including exhibits thereto) and, so long as delivery of a prospectus by the Manager
or dealer may be required by the Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&nbsp;172, 173
or any similar rule), as many copies of the Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and any supplement thereto as the Manager
may reasonably request. The Company will pay the expenses of printing or other production of all documents relating to the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Qualification
of Shares</U>. The Company will arrange, if necessary, for the qualification of the Shares for sale under the laws of such jurisdictions
as the Manager may designate and will maintain such qualifications in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Shares; provided
that in no event shall the Company be obligated to qualify to do business in any jurisdiction where it is not now so qualified or to take
any action that would subject it to service of process in suits, other than those arising out of the offering or sale of the Shares, in
any jurisdiction where it is not now so subject.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Free
Writing Prospectus</U>. The Company agrees that, unless it has or shall have obtained the prior written consent of the Manager, and the
Manager agrees with the Company that, unless it has or shall have obtained, as the case may be, the prior written consent of the Company,
it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Shares that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or that would
otherwise constitute a &ldquo;free writing prospectus&rdquo; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;405) required to be filed by the Company with the
Commission or retained by the Company under Rule&nbsp;433. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Manager or the Company
is hereinafter referred to as a &ldquo;<U>Permitted Free Writing Prospectus</U>.&rdquo; The Company agrees that (i)&nbsp;it has treated
and will treat, as the case may be, each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and (ii)&nbsp;it has complied
and will comply, as the case may be, with the requirements of Rules&nbsp;164 and 433 applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus,
including in respect of timely filing with the Commission, legending and record keeping.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Subsequent
Equity Issuances</U>. The Company shall not deliver any Sales Notice hereunder (and any Sales Notice previously delivered shall not apply
during such two (2)&nbsp;Trading Days) for at least two (2)&nbsp;Trading Days prior to any date on which the Company or any Subsidiary
offers, sells, issues, contracts to sell, contracts to issue or otherwise disposes of, directly or indirectly, any other shares of Common
Stock or any Common Stock Equivalents (other than the Shares), subject to Manager&rsquo;s right to waive this obligation, provided, however,
that, without compliance with the foregoing obligation, the Company may issue and sell Common Stock pursuant to any employee equity plan,
stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan of the Company in effect from time to time and set forth in the SEC Reports and the
Company may issue Common Stock issuable upon the conversion or exercise of Common Stock Equivalents outstanding from time to time and
set forth in the SEC Reports.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Market
Manipulation</U>. Until the termination of this Agreement, the Company will not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or
that would constitute or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, stabilization or
manipulation in violation of the Act, Exchange Act or the rules&nbsp;and regulations thereunder of the price of any security of the Company
to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares or otherwise violate any provision of Regulation M under the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Notification
of Incorrect Certificate</U>. The Company will, at any time during the term of this Agreement, as supplemented from time to time, advise
the Manager immediately after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter
or affect any opinion, certificate, letter and other document provided to the Manager pursuant to Section&nbsp;6 herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(k)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Certification
of Accuracy of Disclosure</U>. Upon commencement of the offering of the Shares under this Agreement (and upon the recommencement of the
offering of the Shares under this Agreement following the termination of a suspension of sales hereunder lasting more than thirty (30)
Trading Days), and each time that (i)&nbsp;a new Registration Statement is filed and declared effective by the Commission, (ii)&nbsp;the
Registration Statement or Prospectus shall be amended or supplemented, other than by means of Incorporated Documents, (iii)&nbsp;the Company
files its Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K under the Exchange Act, (iv)&nbsp;the Company files its quarterly reports on Form&nbsp;10-Q
under the Exchange Act, (v)&nbsp;the Company files a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K containing amended financial information (other than
information that is furnished and not filed), if the Manager reasonably determines that the information in such Form&nbsp;8-K is material,
or (vi)&nbsp;the Shares are delivered to the Manager as principal at the Time of Delivery pursuant to a Terms Agreement (such commencement
or recommencement date and each such date referred to in (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)&nbsp;and (vi)&nbsp;above, a &ldquo;<U>Representation
Date</U>&rdquo;), the Company shall furnish or cause to be furnished to the Manager promptly a certificate dated and delivered on the
Representation Date, in form reasonably satisfactory to the Manager to the effect that the statements contained in the certificate referred
to in Section&nbsp;6 of this Agreement which were last furnished to the Manager are true and correct at the Representation Date, as though
made at and as of such date (except that such statements shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as
amended and supplemented to such date) or, in lieu of such certificate, a certificate of the same tenor as the certificate referred to
in said Section&nbsp;6, modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented to
the date of delivery of such certificate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(l)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Bring
Down Opinions; Negative Assurance</U>. At each Representation Date, the Company shall furnish or cause to be furnished forthwith to the
Manager and to counsel to the Manager a written opinion of counsel to the Company and written intellectual property opinions of intellectual
property counsels to the Company (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Company Counsel</U>&rdquo;), including a negative assurance statement, addressed
to the Manager and dated and delivered on such Representation Date, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Manager. The
requirement to furnish or cause to be furnished an opinion (but not with respect to a negative assurance statement) under this Section&nbsp;4(l)&nbsp;shall
be waived for any Representation Date other than a Representation Date on which a new Registration Statement is filed and declared effective
by the Commission or a material amendment to the Registration Statement or Prospectus is made or the Company files its Annual Report on
Form&nbsp;10-K or a material amendment thereto under the Exchange Act, unless the Manager reasonably requests such deliverable required
by this Section&nbsp;4(l)&nbsp;in connection with a Representation Date, upon which request such deliverable shall be deliverable hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(m)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Auditor
Bring Down &ldquo;Comfort&rdquo; Letter</U>. At each Representation Date, the Company shall cause (1)&nbsp;the Company&rsquo;s auditors
(the &ldquo;<U>Accountants</U>&rdquo;), or other independent accountants satisfactory to the Manager forthwith to furnish the Manager
a letter, and (2)&nbsp;the Chief Financial Officer of the Company forthwith to furnish the Manager a certificate, in each case dated on
such Representation Date, in form and substance satisfactory to the Manager, of the same tenor as the letters and certificate referred
to in Section&nbsp;6 of this Agreement but modified to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented
to the date of such letters and certificate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(n)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Due
Diligence Session</U>. Upon commencement of the offering of the Shares under this Agreement (and upon the recommencement of the offering
of the Shares under this Agreement following the termination of a suspension of sales hereunder lasting more than thirty (30) Trading
Days), and at each Representation Date, the Company will conduct a due diligence session, in form and substance, reasonably satisfactory
to the Manager, which shall include representatives of management, Accountants and Company Counsel. The Company shall cooperate timely
with any reasonable due diligence request from or review conducted by the Manager or its agents from time to time in connection with the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including, without limitation, providing information and available documents and access to
appropriate corporate officers and the Company&rsquo;s agents during regular business hours, and timely furnishing or causing to be furnished
such certificates, letters and opinions from the Company, its officers and its agents, as the Manager may reasonably request. The Company
shall reimburse the Manager for Manager&rsquo;s counsel&rsquo;s fees in each such Representation Date, up to a maximum of $5,000 per Representation
Date, and up to a maximum of $2,500 per Representation Date in connection with the filing of a Form&nbsp;10-Q and $5,000 per Representation
Date in connection with the filing of a Form&nbsp;10-K or a new Registration Statement, Prospectus or Prospectus Supplement or an amendment
to this Agreement, plus any incidental expense incurred by the Manager in connection therewith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(o)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Acknowledgment
of Trading</U>. The Company consents to the Manager trading in the Common Stock for the Manager&rsquo;s own account and for the account
of its clients at the same time as sales of the Shares occur pursuant to this Agreement or pursuant to a Terms Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(p)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Disclosure
of Shares Sold</U>. The Company will disclose in its Annual Reports on Form&nbsp;10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form&nbsp;10-Q, as applicable,
the number of Shares sold through the Manager under this Agreement, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation paid by the Company
with respect to sales of Shares pursuant to this Agreement during the relevant quarter; and, if required by any subsequent change in Commission
policy or request, more frequently by means of a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K or a further Prospectus Supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(q)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Rescission
Right</U>. If to the knowledge of the Company, the conditions set forth in Section&nbsp;6 shall not have been satisfied as of the applicable
Settlement Date, the Company will offer to any person who has agreed to purchase Shares from the Company as the result of an offer to
purchase solicited by the Manager the right to refuse to purchase and pay for such Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(r)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Bring
Down of Representations and Warranties</U>. Each acceptance by the Company of an offer to purchase the Shares hereunder, and each execution
and delivery by the Company of a Terms Agreement, shall be deemed to be an affirmation to the Manager that the representations and warranties
of the Company contained in or made pursuant to this Agreement are true and correct as of the date of such acceptance or of such Terms
Agreement as though made at and as of such date, and an undertaking that such representations and warranties will be true and correct
as of the Settlement Date for the Shares relating to such acceptance or as of the Time of Delivery relating to such sale, as the case
may be, as though made at and as of such date (except that such representations and warranties shall be deemed to relate to the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented relating to such Shares).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(s)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Reservation
of Shares</U>. The Company shall ensure that there are, at all times, sufficient shares of Common Stock to provide for the issuance, free
of any preemptive rights, out of its authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock or shares of Common Stock held in treasury, of the
maximum aggregate number of Shares authorized for issuance by the Board pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. The Company will use
its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Shares to be listed for trading on the Trading Market and to maintain such listing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(t)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Obligation
Under Exchange Act</U>. During any period when the delivery of a prospectus relating to the Shares is required (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&nbsp;172, 173 or any similar rule) to be delivered under the Act, the Company
will file all documents required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act within the time periods required by the
Exchange Act and the regulations thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(u)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>DTC
Facility</U>. The Company shall cooperate with the Manager and use its reasonable best efforts to permit the Shares to be eligible for
clearance and settlement through the facilities of DTC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Use
of Proceeds</U>. The Company will apply the Net Proceeds from the sale of the Shares in the manner set forth in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(w)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Filing
of Prospectus Supplement</U>. If any sales are made pursuant to this Agreement which are not made in &ldquo;at the market&rdquo; offerings
as defined in Rule&nbsp;415, including, without limitation, any Placement pursuant to a Terms Agreement, the Company shall file a Prospectus
Supplement describing the terms of such transaction, the amount of Shares sold, the price thereof, the Manager&rsquo;s compensation, and
such other information as may be required pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424 and Rule&nbsp;430B, as applicable, within the time required by Rule&nbsp;424.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(x)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Additional
Registration Statement</U>. To the extent that the Registration Statement is not available for the sales of the Shares as contemplated
by this Agreement, the Company shall file a new registration statement with respect to any additional shares of Common Stock necessary
to complete such sales of the Shares and shall cause such registration statement to become effective as promptly as practicable. After
the effectiveness of any such registration statement, all references to &ldquo;<U>Registration Statement</U>&rdquo; included in this Agreement
shall be deemed to include such new registration statement, including all documents incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item&nbsp;12
of Form&nbsp;S-3, and all references to &ldquo;<U>Base Prospectus</U>&rdquo; included in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the
final form of base prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference, included in any such registration statement
at the time such registration statement became effective.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">5.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Payment
of Expenses</U>. The Company agrees to pay the costs and expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement,
whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby are consummated, including without limitation: (i)&nbsp;the preparation, printing
or reproduction and filing with the Commission of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and exhibits thereto), the
Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and each amendment or supplement to any of them; (ii)&nbsp;the printing (or reproduction)
and delivery (including postage, air freight charges and charges for counting and packaging) of such copies of the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus, and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and all amendments or supplements to any of them, as may, in each case, be reasonably
requested for use in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares; (iii)&nbsp;the preparation, printing, authentication, issuance
and delivery of certificates for the Shares, including any stamp or transfer taxes in connection with the original issuance and sale of
the Shares; (iv)&nbsp;the printing (or reproduction) and delivery of this Agreement, any blue sky memorandum and all other agreements
or documents printed (or reproduced) and delivered in connection with the offering of the Shares; (v)&nbsp;the registration of the Shares
under the Exchange Act, if applicable, and the listing of the Shares on the Trading Market; (vi)&nbsp;any registration or qualification
of the Shares for offer and sale under the securities or blue sky laws of the several states (including filing fees and the reasonable
fees and expenses of counsel for the Manager relating to such registration and qualification); (vii)&nbsp;the transportation and other
expenses incurred by or on behalf of Company representatives in connection with presentations to prospective purchasers of the Shares;
(viii)&nbsp;the fees and expenses of the Company&rsquo;s accountants and the fees and expenses of counsel (including local and special
counsel) for the Company; (ix)&nbsp;the filing fee under FINRA Rule&nbsp;5110; (x)&nbsp;the reasonable fees and expenses of the Manager&rsquo;s
counsel, not to exceed $50,000 (excluding any periodic due diligence fees provided for under Section&nbsp;4(n)) which shall be paid at
the Execution Time; and (xi)&nbsp;all other costs and expenses incident to the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">6.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Conditions
to the Obligations of the Manager</U>. The obligations of the Manager under this Agreement and any Terms Agreement shall be subject to
(i)&nbsp;the accuracy of the representations and warranties on the part of the Company contained herein as of the Execution Time, each
Representation Date, and as of each Applicable Time, Settlement Date and Time of Delivery, (ii)&nbsp;the performance by the Company of
its obligations hereunder and (iii)&nbsp;the following additional conditions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Filing
of Prospectus Supplement</U>. The Prospectus, and any supplement thereto, required by Rule&nbsp;424 to be filed with the Commission have
been filed in the manner and within the time period required by Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;with respect to any sale of Shares; each Prospectus
Supplement shall have been filed in the manner required by Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;within the time period required hereunder and under the
Act; any other material required to be filed by the Company pursuant to Rule&nbsp;433(d)&nbsp;under the Act, shall have been filed with
the Commission within the applicable time periods prescribed for such filings by Rule&nbsp;433; and no stop order suspending the effectiveness
of the Registration Statement or any notice objecting to its use shall have been issued and no proceedings for that purpose shall have
been instituted or threatened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Opinion</U>. The Company shall have caused the Company Counsel to furnish to the Manager its opinion and negative assurance statement,
dated as of such date and addressed to the Manager in form and substance acceptable to the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Officer&rsquo;s Certificate</U>. The Company shall have furnished or caused to be furnished to the Manager certificate of the Company
signed by the Chief Executive Officer or the President and the principal financial or accounting officer of the Company, dated as of such
date, to the effect that the signers of such certificate have carefully examined the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Prospectus
Supplement and any documents incorporated by reference therein and any supplements or amendments thereto and this Agreement and that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>the
representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement are true and correct on and as of such date with the same effect as if
made on such date and the Company has complied with all the agreements and satisfied all the conditions on its part to be performed or
satisfied at or prior to such date;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>no
stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any notice objecting to its use has been issued and no proceedings
for that purpose have been instituted or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, threatened; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(iii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>since
the date of the most recent financial statements included in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Incorporated Documents,
there has been no Material Adverse Effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), earnings, business or properties of the Company and
its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in
or contemplated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Accountants&rsquo; &ldquo;Comfort&rdquo; Letter</U>. The Company shall have requested and caused the Accountants to have furnished
to the Manager letters (which may refer to letters previously delivered to the Manager), dated as of such date, in form and substance
satisfactory to the Manager, confirming that they are independent accountants within the meaning of the Act and the Exchange Act and the
respective applicable rules&nbsp;and regulations adopted by the Commission thereunder and that they have performed an audit of any audited
financial information of the Company, and/or a review of any unaudited interim financial information of the Company included or incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and provide customary &ldquo;comfort&rdquo; as to such review in form and
substance satisfactory to the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
Material Adverse Event</U>. Since the respective dates as of which information is disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus
and the Incorporated Documents, except as otherwise stated therein, there shall not have been (i)&nbsp;any change or decrease in previously
reported results specified in the letter or letters referred to in paragraph&nbsp;(d)&nbsp;of this Section&nbsp;6 or (ii)&nbsp;any change,
or any development involving a prospective change, in or affecting the condition (financial or otherwise), earnings, business or properties
of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except
as set forth in or contemplated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Incorporated Documents (exclusive of any amendment
or supplement thereto) the effect of which, in any case referred to in clause&nbsp;(i)&nbsp;or (ii)&nbsp;above, is, in the sole judgment
of the Manager, so material and adverse as to make it impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering or delivery of the Shares
as contemplated by the Registration Statement (exclusive of any amendment thereof), the Incorporated Documents and the Prospectus (exclusive
of any amendment or supplement thereto).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Payment
of All Fees</U>. The Company shall have paid the required Commission filing fees relating to the Shares within the time period required
by Rule&nbsp;456(b)(1)(i)&nbsp;of the Act without regard to the proviso therein and otherwise in accordance with Rules&nbsp;456(b)&nbsp;and
457(r)&nbsp;of the Act and, if applicable, shall have updated the &ldquo;Calculation of Registration Fee&rdquo; table in accordance with
Rule&nbsp;456(b)(1)(ii)&nbsp;either in a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or on the cover page&nbsp;of a prospectus
filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
FINRA Objections</U>. FINRA shall not have raised any objection with respect to the fairness and reasonableness of the terms and arrangements
under this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Shares
Listed on Trading Market</U>. The Shares shall have been listed and admitted and authorized for trading on the Trading Market, and satisfactory
evidence of such actions shall have been provided to the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Other
Assurances</U>. Prior to each Settlement Date and Time of Delivery, as applicable, the Company shall have furnished to the Manager such
further information, certificates and documents as the Manager may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If any of the conditions specified
in this Section&nbsp;6 shall not have been fulfilled when and as provided in this Agreement, or if any of the opinions and certificates
mentioned above or elsewhere in this Agreement shall not be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Manager and counsel for
the Manager, this Agreement and all obligations of the Manager hereunder may be canceled at, or at any time prior to, any Settlement Date
or Time of Delivery, as applicable, by the Manager. Notice of such cancellation shall be given to the Company in writing or by telephone
and confirmed in writing by electronic mail.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The
documents required to be delivered by this Section&nbsp;6 shall be delivered to the office of Ellenoff Grossman&nbsp;&amp; Schole LLP,
counsel for the Manager, at 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10105, email: </FONT>capmkts@egsllp.com, on each such date
as provided in this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">7.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Indemnification
and Contribution</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Indemnification
by Company</U>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Manager, the directors, officers, employees and agents of the Manager
and each person who controls the Manager within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act against any and all losses, claims,
damages or liabilities, joint or several, to which they or any of them may become subject under the Act, the Exchange Act or other Federal
or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in
respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration
Statement for the registration of the Shares as originally filed or in any amendment thereof, or in the Base Prospectus, any Prospectus
Supplement, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or in any amendment thereof or supplement thereto, or arise out of or
are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein not misleading or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made,
not misleading, or arise out of or are based upon any Proceeding, commenced or threatened (whether or not the Manager is a target of or
party to such Proceeding) or result from or relate to any breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made
by the Company in this Agreement, and agrees to reimburse each such indemnified party for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred
by them in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>,
that the Company will not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is
based upon any such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made therein in reliance upon and in
conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Manager specifically for inclusion therein. This indemnity agreement
will be in addition to any liability that the Company may otherwise have.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Indemnification
by Manager</U>. The Manager agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of its directors, each of its officers who signs the
Registration Statement, and each person who controls the Company within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act, to the same
extent as the foregoing indemnity from the Company to the Manager, but only with reference to written information relating to the Manager
furnished to the Company by the Manager specifically for inclusion in the documents referred to in the foregoing indemnity; <U>provided</U>,
<U>however</U>, that in no case shall the Manager be responsible for any amount in excess of the Broker Fee applicable to the Shares and
paid hereunder. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability which the Manager may otherwise have.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Indemnification
Procedures</U>. Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section&nbsp;7 of notice of the commencement of any action,
such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the indemnifying party under this Section&nbsp;7, notify
the indemnifying party in writing of the commencement thereof; but the failure so to notify the indemnifying party (i)&nbsp;will not relieve
it from liability under paragraph&nbsp;(a)&nbsp;or&nbsp;(b)&nbsp;above unless and to the extent it did not otherwise learn of such action
and such failure results in the forfeiture by the indemnifying party of substantial rights and defenses and (ii)&nbsp;will not, in any
event, relieve the indemnifying party from any obligations to any indemnified party other than the indemnification obligation provided
in paragraph&nbsp;(a)&nbsp;or (b)&nbsp;above. The indemnifying party shall be entitled to appoint counsel of the indemnifying party&rsquo;s
choice at the indemnifying party&rsquo;s expense to represent the indemnified party in any action for which indemnification is sought
(in which case the indemnifying party shall not thereafter be responsible for the fees and expenses of any separate counsel retained by
the indemnified party or parties except as set forth below); <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that such counsel shall be reasonably satisfactory
to the indemnified party. Notwithstanding the indemnifying party&rsquo;s election to appoint counsel to represent the indemnified party
in an action, the indemnified party shall have the right to employ separate counsel (including local counsel), and the indemnifying party
shall bear the reasonable fees, costs and expenses of such separate counsel if (i)&nbsp;the use of counsel chosen by the indemnifying
party to represent the indemnified party would present such counsel with a conflict of interest, (ii)&nbsp;the actual or potential defendants
in, or targets of, any such action include both the indemnified party and the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall have
reasonably concluded that there may be legal defenses available to it and/or other indemnified parties which are different from or additional
to those available to the indemnifying party, (iii)&nbsp;the indemnifying party shall not have employed counsel reasonably satisfactory
to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified party within a reasonable time after notice of the institution of such action or
(iv)&nbsp;the indemnifying party shall authorize the indemnified party to employ separate counsel at the expense of the indemnifying party.
An indemnifying party will not, without the prior written consent of the indemnified parties, settle or compromise or consent to the entry
of any judgment with respect to any pending or threatened claim, action, suit or proceeding in respect of which indemnification or contribution
may be sought hereunder (whether or not the indemnified parties are actual or potential parties to such claim or action) unless such settlement,
compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such claim, action,
suit or proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Contribution</U>.
In the event that the indemnity provided in paragraph&nbsp;(a), (b)&nbsp;or (c)&nbsp;of this Section&nbsp;7 is unavailable to or insufficient
to hold harmless an indemnified party for any reason, the Company and the Manager agree to contribute to the aggregate losses, claims,
damages and liabilities (including legal or other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with investigating or defending the same)
(collectively &ldquo;<U>Losses</U>&rdquo;) to which the Company and the Manager may be subject in such proportion as is appropriate to
reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and by the Manager on the other from the offering of the Shares;
<U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that in no case shall the Manager be responsible for any amount in excess of the Broker Fee applicable
to the Shares and paid hereunder. If the allocation provided by the immediately preceding sentence is unavailable for any reason, the
Company and the Manager severally shall contribute in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only such relative benefits but
also the relative fault of the Company on the one hand and of the Manager on the other in connection with the statements or omissions
which resulted in such Losses as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. Benefits received by the Company shall be deemed
to be equal to the total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) received by it, and benefits received by the Manager
shall be deemed to be equal to the Broker Fee applicable to the Shares and paid hereunder as determined by this Agreement. Relative fault
shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether any untrue or any alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the
omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information provided by the Company on the one hand or the Manager on
the other, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such untrue
statement or omission. The Company and the Manager agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution were determined by pro
rata allocation or any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to above. Notwithstanding
the provisions of this paragraph&nbsp;(d), no person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;11(f)&nbsp;of
the Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this
Section&nbsp;7, each person who controls the Manager within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act and each director, officer,
employee and agent of the Manager shall have the same rights to contribution as the Manager, and each person who controls the Company
within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act, each officer of the Company who shall have signed the Registration Statement
and each director of the Company shall have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the applicable terms
and conditions of this paragraph&nbsp;(d).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">8.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Termination</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Company shall have the right, by giving written notice as hereinafter specified, to terminate the provisions of this Agreement relating
to the solicitation of offers to purchase the Shares in its sole discretion at any time upon five (5)&nbsp;Business Days&rsquo; prior
written notice. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that (i)&nbsp;with respect to any
pending sale, through the Manager for the Company, the obligations of the Company, including in respect of compensation of the Manager,
shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding the termination and (ii)&nbsp;the provisions of Sections&nbsp;5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
12, the second sentence of 13, 14, 15 and 16 of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Manager shall have the right, by giving written notice as hereinafter specified, to terminate the provisions of this Agreement relating
to the solicitation of offers to purchase the Shares in its sole discretion at any time. Any such termination shall be without liability
of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Sections&nbsp;5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, the second sentence of 13, 14, 15 and
16 of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>This
Agreement shall remain in full force and effect until such date that this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Sections&nbsp;8(a)&nbsp;or
(b)&nbsp;above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties, provided that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases
be deemed to provide that Sections&nbsp;5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, the second sentence of 13, 14, 15 and 16 of this Agreement shall remain
in full force and effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>Any
termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination, provided that such termination shall
not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Manager or the Company, as the case may be.
If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date or Time of Delivery for any sale of the Shares, such sale of the Shares shall
settle in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;2(b)&nbsp;of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>In
the case of any purchase of Shares by the Manager pursuant to a Terms Agreement, the obligations of the Manager pursuant to such Terms
Agreement shall be subject to termination, in the absolute discretion of the Manager, by prompt oral notice given to the Company prior
to the Time of Delivery relating to such Shares, if any, and confirmed promptly by electronic mail, if since the time of execution of
the Terms Agreement and prior to such delivery and payment, (i)&nbsp;trading in the Common Stock shall have been suspended by the Commission
or the Trading Market or trading in securities generally on the Trading Market shall have been suspended or limited or minimum prices
shall have been established on such exchange, (ii)&nbsp;a banking moratorium shall have been declared either by Federal or New York State
authorities or (iii)&nbsp;there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities, declaration by the United States of a national
emergency or war, or other calamity or crisis the effect of which on financial markets is such as to make it, in the sole judgment of
the Manager, impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering or delivery of the Shares as contemplated by the Prospectus (exclusive
of any amendment or supplement thereto).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">9.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Representations
and Indemnities to Survive</U>. The respective agreements, representations, warranties, indemnities and other statements of the Company
or its officers and of the Manager set forth in or made pursuant to this Agreement will remain in full force and effect, regardless of
any investigation made by the Manager or the Company or any of the officers, directors, employees, agents or controlling persons referred
to in Section&nbsp;7, and will survive delivery of and payment for the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">10.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Notices</U>.
All communications hereunder will be in writing and effective only on receipt, and will be mailed, delivered, or e-mailed to the addresses
of the Company and the Manager, respectively, set forth on the signature page&nbsp;hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">11.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Successors</U>.
This Agreement will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and the officers, directors,
employees, agents and controlling persons referred to in Section&nbsp;7, and no other person will have any right or obligation hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">12.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
Fiduciary Duty</U>. The Company hereby acknowledges that (a)&nbsp;the purchase and sale of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement is an
arm&rsquo;s-length commercial transaction between the Company, on the one hand, and the Manager and any affiliate through which it may
be acting, on the other, (b)&nbsp;the Manager is acting solely as sales agent and/or principal in connection with the purchase and sale
of the Company&rsquo;s securities and not as a fiduciary of the Company and (c)&nbsp;the Company&rsquo;s engagement of the Manager in
connection with the offering and the process leading up to the offering is as independent contractors and not in any other capacity. Furthermore,
the Company agrees that it is solely responsible for making its own judgments in connection with the offering (irrespective of whether
the Manager has advised or is currently advising the Company on related or other matters). The Company agrees that it will not claim that
the Manager has rendered advisory services of any nature or respect, or owe an agency, fiduciary or similar duty to the Company, in connection
with such transaction or the process leading thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">13.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Integration</U>.
This Agreement and any Terms Agreement supersede all prior agreements and understandings (whether written or oral) between the Company
and the Manager with respect to the subject matter hereof. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the letter agreement, dated
as of August&nbsp;10, 2025, by and between the Company (as amended) and the Manager shall continue to be effective and the terms therein
shall continue to survive and be enforceable by the Manager in accordance with its terms, provided that, in the event of a conflict between
the terms of the letter agreement and this Agreement, the terms of this Agreement shall prevail.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">14.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Amendments;
Waivers</U>. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in
the case of an amendment, by the Company and the Manager. No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement
of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other
provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner
impair the exercise of any such right.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">15.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Applicable
Law</U>. This Agreement and any Terms Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York
applicable to contracts made and to be performed within the State of New&nbsp;York. Each of the Company and the Manager: (i)&nbsp;agrees
that any legal suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be instituted exclusively in New York Supreme
Court, County of New York, or in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, (ii)&nbsp;waives any objection
which it may have or hereafter to the venue of any such suit, action or proceeding, and (iii)&nbsp;irrevocably consents to the exclusive
jurisdiction of the New York Supreme Court, County of New York, and the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
York in any such suit, action or proceeding. Each of the Company and the Manager further agrees to accept and acknowledge service of any
and all process which may be served in any such suit, action or proceeding in the New York Supreme Court, County of New York, or in the
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and agrees that service of process upon the Company mailed by certified
mail to the Company&rsquo;s address shall be deemed in every respect effective service of process upon the Company, in any such suit,
action or proceeding, and service of process upon the Manager mailed by certified mail to the Manager&rsquo;s address shall be deemed
in every respect effective service process upon the Manager, in any such suit, action or proceeding. If either party shall commence an
action or proceeding to enforce any provision of this Agreement, then the prevailing party in such action or proceeding shall be reimbursed
by the other party for its reasonable attorney&rsquo;s fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation
and prosecution of such action or proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase"><B>16.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</B></FONT><B><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><U>Waiver
of Jury Trial</U>. The Company and the manager each hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any
and all right to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement, any Terms Agreement or the transactions
contemplated hereby or thereby.</FONT></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">17.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Counterparts</U>.
This Agreement and any Terms Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each one of which shall be an original, with the same
effect as if the signatures thereto and hereto were upon one and the same agreement. Counterparts may be delivered via electronic mail
(including any electronic signature covered by the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, the Electronic
Signatures and Records Act or other applicable law, e.g., www.docusign.com) or other transmission method and any counterpart so delivered
shall be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">***************************</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 41; Value: 2 -->
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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">18.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Headings</U>.
The section headings used in this Agreement and any Terms Agreement are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing is in accordance
with your understanding of our agreement, please sign and return to us the enclosed duplicate hereof, whereupon this letter and your acceptance
shall represent a binding agreement among the Company and the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Very truly yours,</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Applied DNA Sciences,&nbsp;Inc.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: italic 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: italic 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 47%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;/s/
    Clay Shorrock</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Clay Shorrock</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><U>Address for Notice</U></FONT><U>:</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">50 Health Sciences Drive</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Stony Brook, New York 11790</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Attention:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Email:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The foregoing Agreement is hereby confirmed and accepted as of the
date first written above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Lucid capital markets, llc</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: italic 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: italic 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 47%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ John Lipman</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">John Lipman</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Head of Capital Markets &nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><U>Address for Notice</U></FONT>:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">570 Lexington Avenue, 40<SUP>th</SUP> Floor</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">New York, New York 10022</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Attention:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Email:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Form&nbsp;of Terms Agreement</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>ANNEX I</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>APPLIED DNA SCIENCES,&nbsp;INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>TERMS AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify">Dear Sirs:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Applied DNA Sciences,&nbsp;Inc.
(the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;) proposes, subject to the terms and conditions stated herein and in the At The Market Offering Agreement,
dated November&nbsp;4, 2025 (the &ldquo;<U>At The Market Offering Agreement</U>&rdquo;), between the Company and Lucid Capital Markets,
LLC (&ldquo;<U>Manager</U>&rdquo;), to issue and sell to Manager the securities specified in the <U>Schedule&nbsp;I</U> hereto (the &ldquo;<U>Purchased
Shares</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Each of the provisions
of the At The Market Offering Agreement not specifically related to the solicitation by the Manager, as agent of the Company, of offers
to purchase securities is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and shall be deemed to be part of this Terms Agreement to
the same extent as if such provisions had been set forth in full herein. Each of the representations and warranties set forth therein
shall be deemed to have been made at and as of the date of this Terms Agreement and the Time of Delivery, except that each representation
and warranty in Section&nbsp;3 of the At The Market Offering Agreement which makes reference to the Prospectus (as therein defined) shall
be deemed to be a representation and warranty as of the date of the At The Market Offering Agreement in relation to the Prospectus, and
also a representation and warranty as of the date of this Terms Agreement and the Time of Delivery in relation to the Prospectus as amended
and supplemented to relate to the Purchased Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">An amendment to
the Registration Statement (as defined in the At The Market Offering Agreement), or a supplement to the Prospectus, as the case may be,
relating to the Purchased Shares, in the form heretofore delivered to the Manager is now proposed to be filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the terms
and conditions set forth herein and in the At The Market Offering Agreement which are incorporated herein by reference, the Company agrees
to issue and sell to the Manager and the latter agrees to purchase from the Company the number of shares of the Purchased Shares at the
time and place and at the purchase price set forth in the <U>Schedule&nbsp;I</U> hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing is in accordance
with your understanding, please sign and return to us a counterpart hereof, whereupon this Terms Agreement, including those provisions
of the At The Market Offering Agreement incorporated herein by reference, shall constitute a binding agreement between the Manager and
the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-transform: uppercase"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">applied
    dna sciences, inc.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-transform: uppercase"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 42%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title: &nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">ACCEPTED as of the date first written
    above.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">LUCID CAPITAL MARKETS, LLC&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2529307d1_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><IMG SRC="tm2529927d2_ex5-1img002.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">November 4, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Applied DNA Sciences, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">50 Health Sciences Drive</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Stony Brook, New York 11790&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">We are acting as counsel
to Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<B><I>Company</I></B>&rdquo;), in connection with the sale and issuance
from time to time of up to $8,157,932 of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;<B><I>Shares</I></B>&rdquo;),
pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s effective registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-272267) (the &ldquo;<B><I>Registration Statement</I></B>&rdquo;)
under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;<B><I>Act</I></B>&rdquo;), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(the &ldquo;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&rdquo;) on May 30, 2023, as declared effective by the Commission on June 6, 2023, which includes
a base prospectus (the &ldquo;<B><I>Base Prospectus</I></B>&rdquo;), and a prospectus supplement dated November 4, 2025, <I>(</I>the <I>&ldquo;<B>Prospectus
Supplement</B>,&rdquo; and</I> together with the Base Prospectus, the &ldquo;<B><I>Prospectus</I></B>&rdquo;). The Shares are being sold
pursuant to the terms of the At The Market Offering Agreement, dated November 4, 2025 (the &ldquo;<B><I>Agreement</I></B>&rdquo;), by
and between the Company and Lucid Capital Markets, LLC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">For purposes of this opinion
letter, we have examined copies of such agreements, instruments and documents as we have deemed an appropriate basis on which to render
the opinions hereinafter expressed, including without limitation, (i) the Registration Statement, (ii) the Prospectus, (iii) the Agreement,
(iv) the Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, of the Company, (v) the By-laws, as amended, of the Company, (vi) certain resolutions
of the Board of Directors of the Company relating to the offering of the Shares (the &ldquo;<B><I>Board Resolutions</I></B>&rdquo;) and
(vii) such other corporate records and instruments and such laws and regulations as we have deemed necessary for purposes of rendering
the opinions set forth herein. In our examination of the aforesaid documents, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal
capacity of all natural persons, the accuracy and completeness of all documents submitted to us, the authenticity of all original documents,
and the conformity to authentic original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies (including telecopies). As to all matters
of fact, we have relied on the representations and statements of fact made in the documents so reviewed, and we have not independently
established the facts so relied on. This opinion letter is given, and all statements herein are made, in the context of the foregoing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">This opinion letter is based
as to matters of law solely on the Delaware General Corporation Law, as amended, and the internal laws of the State of New York. We express
no opinion herein as to any other statutes, rules or regulations.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">Based upon, subject to and
limited by the foregoing, we are of the opinion that following (i) issuance of the Shares pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and in
accordance with the Board Resolutions, and (ii) receipt by the Company of the consideration for the Shares pursuant to the terms of the
Agreement, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid, and non-assessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">This opinion letter has been
prepared for use in connection with the filing by the Company of a Current Report on Form 8-K relating to the offer and sale of the Shares,
which Form 8-K will be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement and Prospectus, and speaks as of the date hereof. We
assume no obligation to advise you of any changes in the foregoing subsequent to the delivery of this letter.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 25%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 75%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>One Vanderbilt Avenue &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;New
York NY 10017-3852 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;Tel +1 212 547 5400 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;Fax +1 212
547 5444</B></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>US practice conducted through McDermott Will &amp; Schulte LLP.</I></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><IMG SRC="tm2529927d2_ex5-1img003.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">We assume no obligation to supplement this opinion
if any applicable law changes after the date hereof or if we become aware of any fact that might change the opinion expressed herein after
the date hereof. We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion letter as part of the Registration Statement and to the reference to
this firm under the caption &ldquo;Legal Matters&rdquo; in the Prospectus Supplement. In giving this consent, we do not thereby admit
that we are an &ldquo;expert&rdquo; within the meaning of the Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/ McDermott Will &amp; Schulte LLP</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">McDermott Will &amp; Schulte LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.1
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>tm2529307d1_ex99-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 99.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 99.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2529927d2_ex99-1img001.jpg" ALT=""><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 9.9pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>CONSULTING AGREEMENT</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 9.9pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>&nbsp;</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">This Consulting Agreement (&ldquo;Agreement&rdquo;)
is entered into as of October 1, 2025 (the &ldquo;Effective Date&rdquo;) by and between Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. a Delaware corporation
located at 50 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, 11790 (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) and Patrick Horsman, with an address of
[_______] (&ldquo;Consultant&rdquo;). The Company desires to retain Consultant as an independent contractor to perform consulting services
for the Company, and Consultant is willing to perform such services, on the terms described below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">In consideration of the mutual promises contained
herein, the parties agree as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt">1.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Consulting Services</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">Subject to the terms and conditions
of this Agreement, the Company hereby retains Consultant as a consultant to perform the consulting services specifically set out in Exhibit
A attached to this Agreement and made a part hereof (hereafter referred to as the &ldquo;Services&rdquo;), and Consultant agrees, subject
to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, to render such Services during the term of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt">2.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Compensation</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">In consideration of the Services to be
provided by Consultant to the Company during the Initial Term, the Company shall compensate Consultant as described in Exhibit B. Consultant&rsquo;s
compensation for each Renewal Term, if any, shall be negotiated in good faith by the parties, but shall be no less than as set forth on
Exhibit B.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt">3.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Independent Contractor Status.</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">It is expressly agreed that Company
and Consultant shall be independent contractors and that the relationship between the parties shall not constitute a partnership, joint
venture or agency. Neither Company nor Consultant shall have the authority to make any statements, representations or commitments of any
kind, or to take any action, which shall be binding on the other party, without the prior written consent of the other party.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt">4.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Intellectual Property</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(a)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consultant agrees that all items prepared or originated in connection with the
Services, regardless of medium, and including but not limited to all materials, software, notes, records, drawings, designs, inventions,
proposals, improvements, developments, discoveries and trade secrets conceived, discovered, developed or reduced to practice by Consultant,
solely or in collaboration with others, during the Term of this Agreement that specifically relate to the business of the Company that
Consultant may be directed to undertake, investigate or experiment with or that Consultant may become associated with, in all cases while
performing the Services or through access to and use of Company Confidential Information (collectively, &ldquo;Inventions&rdquo;), are
the sole property of the Company. Consultant hereby agrees to assign (or cause to be assigned) and hereby assigns fully to the Company,
all Inventions and any copyrights, patents, mask work rights or other intellectual property rights relating to all Inventions. Consultant
whether upon Company&rsquo;s request or voluntarily, shall promptly disclose to the Company all Inventions that Consultant has created.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(b)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consultant acknowledges and agrees that any work of authorship relating to any
Invention shall be deemed to be a &quot;Work Made for Hire,&quot; to the extent permitted by the United States Copyright Act. To the extent
that any such work of authorship may not be deemed to be a Work Made for Hire, Consultant hereby irrevocably assigns all ownership rights
in and to such work to the Company. If any such work of authorship cannot be assigned, Consultant hereby grants to the Company an exclusive,
assignable, irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide, sub-licensable (through one or multiple tiers), royalty-free, unlimited license to use,
copy, reproduce, distribute, modify, adapt, alter, translate, improve, create derivative works of, practice, publicly perform, publicly
display and digitally perform and display such work in any media now known or hereafter known. To the extent moral rights may not be assignable
under applicable law and to the extent the following is allowed by the laws in the various countries where moral rights exist, Consultant
hereby irrevocably waives such moral rights and consents to any action of the Company that would violate such moral rights in the absence
of such consent.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(c)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consultant, its agents and employees, agree to assist Company, or its designee,
to secure the Company&rsquo;s rights, titles and all interest in and to all Inventions and/or other intellectual property rights relating
to all Inventions, at the Company&rsquo;s expense, in any and all countries, the execution of all documents, applications, specifications,
oaths, assignments and all other instruments that the Company may deem necessary in order to apply for and obtain such rights and in order
to assign and convey to the Company, its successors, assigns and nominees the sole and exclusive right, title and interest in and to all
Inventions, and/or other intellectual property rights relating to all Inventions. Consultant also agrees that Consultant&rsquo;s obligation
to execute or cause to be executed any such instrument or papers shall continue after the termination of this Agreement.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(d)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consultant, its agents and employees, agree that, if the Company is unable because
of Consultant&rsquo;s unavailability, dissolution, mental or physical incapacity, or for any other reason, to secure Consultant&rsquo;s
signature for the purpose of securing the Company&rsquo;s rights, titles and all interest in and to all Inventions and/or other intellectual
property rights relating to all Inventions, Consultant hereby irrevocably designates and appoints the Company and its duly authorized
officers and agents as Consultant&rsquo;s agent and attorney-in-fact, to act for and on Consultant&rsquo;s behalf to execute and file
any such documents and instruments and to do all other lawfully permitted acts to further the securing of the Inventions and/or other
intellectual property rights relating to all Inventions, with the same legal force and effect as if executed by Consultant.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(e)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consultant, its agents and employees, acknowledge that the Company does not desire
to acquire any trade secrets, know-how, confidential information, or other intellectual property that the Consultant may have acquired
from or developed for any third party (&ldquo;Third-Party IP&rdquo;). The Company agrees that in the course of providing the Services,
the Consultant shall not be required to use or disclose any Third-Party IP, including without limitation any intellectual property of
(i) any former or current employer, (ii) any entity for whom the Consultant has performed or currently performs consulting services, or
(iii) any other person to whom the Consultant has a legal obligation regarding the use or disclosure of such intellectual property.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(f)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The foregoing notwithstanding, investment, strategic advisory and/or asset allocation
strategies and services developed or used by Consultant, Cypress LLC, Cypress Management LLC and Horsman Holdings LLC or their respective
affiliates, even if related to the Company&rsquo;s BNB digital asset strategy, shall be specifically excluded from and shall not be deemed
Inventions under this Section 4.</TD></TR></TABLE>




<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">5.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><U>Indemnification</U></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>



<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(a)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consultant agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors,
officers and employees from and against all taxes, losses, damages, liabilities, costs and expenses, including attorneys&rsquo; fees and
other legal expenses, arising directly or indirectly from or in connection with (i) any grossly negligent or intentionally
wrongful act of Consultant; or (ii) any material breach by the Consultant of any of the representations, warranties, covenants and/or
obligations contained in this Agreement.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(b)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Consultant to the fullest extent
permitted by applicable law (but in no event less favorable than the protections afforded to any other current or former director, officer,
or executive of the Company, as if the Consultant is a current executive of the Company). This protection covers any and all Claims or
Proceedings (as defined below) arising out of or relating to the Consultant&rsquo;s Services. The Company shall advance all costs, fees,
and expenses (including attorneys&rsquo; fees, expert fees, judgments, fines, penalties, settlements, and amounts paid in connection with
investigations or inquiries) incurred by Consultant in connection with any such Claim or Proceeding in the same manner afforded to other
current directors, officers or executives of the Company.. These obligations shall continue after the Term, shall not be conditioned on
the Consultant&rsquo;s continued Services, and shall inure to the benefit of the Consultant&rsquo;s heirs, executors, administrators,
and legal representatives. This indemnification is in addition to, and not in limitation of, any rights Executive may have under law,
the Company&rsquo;s governing documents, insurance policies, or other agreements, including additional indemnity agreements. The Company
shall cover the Consultant under the Company&rsquo;s directors and officers liability insurance both during and, while potential liability
exists, after the Term, in the same amount and to the same extent as the Company covers its executive officers and directors.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(c)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">For purposes of this Section 5, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
 &ldquo;Claim&rdquo; shall mean any claim, demand, request, investigation, dispute, controversy, threat, discovery request, or request
for testimony or information; and &ldquo;Proceeding&rdquo; means any threatened, pending, or completed action, suit, arbitration, mediation,
inquiry, investigation, audit, hearing, charge, complaint, notice, appeal, or other proceeding of any kind, whether civil, criminal, administrative,
regulatory, legislative, investigative, disciplinary, appellate, formal, informal, or otherwise, in any jurisdiction, forum, or venue,
and whether initiated by or before a governmental, regulatory, self- regulatory, or private body.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt">6.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Confidential Information</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(a)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The parties acknowledge that in connection with Consultant&rsquo;s Services, the
Company may disclose to Consultant confidential and proprietary information and trade secrets of the Company, and that Consultant may
also create such information within the scope and in the course of performing the Services (hereinafter &ldquo;Company Confidential Information&rdquo;).
Consultant recognizes that the Company has received, and in the future will receive, confidential or proprietary information of third
parties that is subject to a duty on the Company&rsquo;s part to maintain the confidentiality of such information and to use it only for
certain limited purposes. Such third-party confidential information shall be deemed Company Confidential Information and shall be subject
to all covenants and restrictions of this Section 6.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(b)</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Consultant hereby agrees that during the term of this Agreement and for a period of five (5) years thereafter: (i) Consultant shall not publicly divulge, disseminate, publish or otherwise disclose any Company Confidential Information without the Company&rsquo;s prior written consent; and (ii) Consultant shall not use any such Company Confidential Information for any purposes other than the Services. Notwithstanding the above, the Company and Consultant acknowledge and agree that the obligations set out in this Section 6 shall not apply to any portion of Company Confidential Information which: (i) was at the time of disclosure to Consultant part of the public domain by publication or otherwise; (ii) became part of the public domain after disclosure to Consultant by publication or otherwise, except by breach of this Agreement; (iii) was already properly and lawfully in Consultant&rsquo;s possession at the time it was received from the Company as evidenced by contemporaneous written records; (iv) was or is lawfully received by Consultant from a third party who was under no obligation of confidentiality with respect thereto as evidenced by contemporaneous written records; or (v) is required to be disclosed by law, regulation or judicial or administrative process. &nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 23.05pt; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(c)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Upon termination of the Agreement, or any other termination of Consultant&rsquo;s
Services for the Company, all records, drawings, notebooks and other documents pertaining to any Company Confidential Information, whether
prepared by Consultant or others, and any material, specimens, equipment, tools or other devices owned by the Company then in Consultant&rsquo;s
possession, and all copies of any documents, shall be returned to the Company.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 12pt">7.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Insider Information</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">In the course of the performance of
Consultant&rsquo;s Services it is expected that Consultant will receive information that is considered material inside information within
the meaning and intent of the U.S. federal securities laws, rules and regulations. Consultant will not disclose this information directly
or indirectly to any third party, nor will Consultant buy, sell or otherwise deal in the securities of Company in violation of applicable
law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt">8.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Term</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(a)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">This Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and shall remain in effect for
an initial term of one (1) year (the &ldquo;Initial Term&rdquo;), unless earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions herein.
Upon expiration of the Initial Term, this Agreement shall automatically renew for successive one (1) year periods (each, a &ldquo;Renewal
Term&rdquo;) unless either party provides written notice of its intent not to renew at least thirty (30) days prior to the end of the
then-current term.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(b)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">After the Initial Term, either party may terminate this Agreement, without cause,
by providing the other party with at least sixty (60) calendar days&rsquo; prior written notice. Upon termination, each party shall fulfill
any outstanding obligations incurred prior to the effective date of termination, and the terminating party shall not be liable for any
further obligations or damages arising from such termination, except as expressly provided herein.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(c)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Either party may terminate this Agreement upon written notice if the other party
materially breaches any provision of this Agreement and fails to cure such breach within thirty (30) days after receiving written notice
thereof. Termination shall be effective upon expiration of the cure period if the breach remains uncured.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(d)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 will survive termination of this Agreement.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>




<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 12pt">9.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Severance:</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(a)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">If the Company terminates this Agreement without Cause (as defined below), or elects
not to renew the Agreement upon expiration of the then-current term, Consultant shall be entitled to a severance payment equal to twelve
(12) months of consulting fees, payable in a lump sum within thirty (30) days following the termination or non-renewal date, provided
Consultant executes and does not revoke a customary release of claims in favor of the Company. No severance shall be payable in the event
of termination for Cause.</TD></TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 8.75pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
                                   </TABLE>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(b)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">For purposes of this Agreement, &ldquo;Cause&rdquo; means (i) Consultant&rsquo;s
engagement in willful gross misconduct, willful gross negligence or intentionally wrongful act in the course of carrying out the Services
that results in material economic or reputational harm to the Company; (ii) Consultant&rsquo;s conviction of or plea of guilty or nolo
contendere to a felony; (iii) a material breach by Consultant of this Agreement, which, if curable, is not cured within thirty (30) days
after Consultant&rsquo;s receipt of written notice thereof from the Company; or (iv) Consultant&rsquo;s refusal or failure to perform
the Services in accordance with Exhibit A and Section 10(e), as reasonably assigned to Consultant by the Company, which, if curable, is
not cured within thirty (30) days after Consultant&rsquo;s written receipt of notice thereof from the Company.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">10.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Warranties</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">Consultant represents and warrants
that: (a) Consultant has full right, power, and authority to enter into and perform this Agreement without the consent of any third party;
(b) Consultant is not in violation of any noncompete agreement by entering into this Agreement; (c) Consultant has the full right, power,
and authority to comply with the obligations of Section 4; (d) Consultant will not, in the course of performing the Services, infringe
or misappropriate any intellectual property right of any third party; and (e) Consultant will devote no less than seventy-five percent
(75%) of his work time to rendering the Services, however, Consultant may choose when he performs the Services in his reasonable discretion.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">11.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Conflicting Obligations</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify">Consultant agrees to promptly disclose
to the Company any actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest that may arise in connection with the performance of services
under this Agreement. Consultant shall not engage in any activity, investment, or relationship&mdash;whether personal, professional, or
financial&mdash;that would reasonably be expected to interfere with Consultant&rsquo;s independent judgment or loyalty to the Company,
or that could compromise the integrity of the Company&rsquo;s digital asset treasury strategy (a &ldquo;Conflict of Interest&rdquo;).
The Company reserves the right to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 8(b) in the event of a Conflict of Interest and the Conflict
of Interest is not cured within thirty (30) days after Consultant&rsquo;s receipt of written notice thereof from the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">12.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Resolution of Disputes Through Arbitration</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 13.55pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 18pt">(a)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, any controversy, claim,
or dispute arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or the enforcement or interpretation of this Agreement shall be resolved exclusively
by binding arbitration in New York, New York. The arbitration shall be administered by Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services (&ldquo;JAMS&rdquo;),
or if JAMS is unavailable, by the American Arbitration
Association (&ldquo;AAA&rdquo;), in accordance with its employment arbitration rules then in effect, except as modified herein.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.55pt"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 13.55pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 18pt">(b)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 4.4pt">The arbitration shall be conducted before a single neutral arbitrator who shall
be a retired judge or experienced employment law attorney. The arbitrator shall have the authority to award any remedy or relief that
a court of competent jurisdiction could award, including damages, injunctive relief, attorneys&rsquo; fees, and costs, and shall issue
a written decision stating the essential findings and conclusions.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 13.55pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 18pt">(c)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 4.45pt">The Company shall bear the costs of the arbitration, including the arbitrator&rsquo;s
fees. The prevailing party shall be entitled to recover its reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees and costs, except that Consultant shall not
be required to pay the Company&rsquo;s attorneys&rsquo; fees or costs unless the arbitrator determines that Consultant&rsquo;s claims
were frivolous or brought in bad faith.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 13.55pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 18pt">(d)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 4.35pt">Either party may seek provisional injunctive relief in a court of competent jurisdiction
in New York, New York, to preserve the status quo pending arbitration. Any provisional relief shall remain effective until the arbitrator&rsquo;s
final award.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 13.55pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 18pt">(e)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 4.45pt">The arbitration award shall be final and binding upon the parties and may be confirmed
and enforced by any court of competent jurisdiction.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 13.55pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 18pt">(f)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 4.55pt">The parties acknowledge and agree that, by entering into this arbitration agreement,
they are waiving any right to a jury trial in any action or proceeding covered by this Section.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 21pt">13.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><U>Miscellaneous</U></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(a)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 8.7pt">Any notice or other communication required or permitted by this Agreement to be
given to a party shall be in writing and shall be deemed given if delivered personally or by commercial messenger or courier service,
or mailed by U.S. registered or certified mail (return receipt requested), or sent via facsimile (with receipt of confirmation of complete
transmission) to the party at the party&rsquo;s address or facsimile number written below or at such other address or facsimile number
as the party may have previously specified by like notice. If by mail, delivery shall be deemed effective 3 business days after mailing
in accordance with this Section.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 149.05pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 30%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 70%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">If to the Company, to:</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. <BR>
50 Health Sciences
    Drive,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Stony Brook, New York 11790 Telephone: <BR>
(631) 240-8800</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Facsimile: (631) 240-8900 <BR>
Email: clay.shorrock@adnas.com</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">If to the Consultant, to</FONT></P>
                                                         <P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>
                                                         <P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Patrick Horsman</FONT></P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">[________]</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">[________]</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Email: [________]</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">CC:[_________]</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(b)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">This Agreement (a) contains the entire understanding between the parties with respect
to subject matter hereof, (b) supersedes all prior communications and understandings with respect thereto, whether written or oral, and
(c) may not be modified in any manner, except by written amendment duly executed by the authorized representatives of each party hereto.
It is further understood and agreed that no failure or delay by a party in exercising any right, power or privilege hereunder shall operate
as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise thereof preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of
any right, power or privilege hereunder. The headings and subheading contained herein shall not be considered a part of this Agreement.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(c)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Although the restrictions and terms contained in this Agreement are considered
by the parties to be reasonable for the protection of Company&rsquo;s proper interests, if any such restriction and/or term is found by
a court of competent jurisdiction to be unenforceable, such provision will be modified, rewritten or interpreted to include as much of
its nature and scope as will render it enforceable. If it cannot be so modified, written or interpreted to be enforceable in any respect,
it will not be given effect, and the remainder of the Agreement will be enforced as if such provision was not included.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(d)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New
York without regard to any provisions of conflicts of laws.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">(e)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Neither party shall assign or transfer this Agreement nor any rights hereunder
without the consent of the other party, and any attempted or purported assignment without such consent shall be void; provided, however,
that any assignment or transfer pursuant to a merger or consolidation, or the sale or liquidation of all or substantially all of the business
and assets of the Company shall be valid, so long as the assignee or transferee (a) is the successor to all or substantially all of the
business and assets of the Company, and (b) assumes the liabilities, obligations and duties of the Company, as contained in this Agreement,
either contractually or as a matter of law. Consultant&rsquo;s consent shall not be required for any such transaction. This Agreement
shall otherwise bind and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors, permitted assigns, heirs, legatees,
devisees, executors, administrators, and legal representatives.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.2pt; text-align: center">[<I>Signature Page Follows</I>]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.2pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.2pt; text-align: center"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.2pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement
on the dates indicated below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">APPLIED DNA SCIENCES,
    INC.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">PATRICK HORSMAN</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 46%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 46%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name: Clay Shorrock</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name: Patrick Horsman,
    CFA</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:CEO</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Date:</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Date:</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25pt; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">EXHIBIT A</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B><U>Services</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 49.05pt; text-indent: -49.1pt"><U>Contact</U>. Consultant&rsquo;s
principal Company contacts:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 49.05pt; text-indent: -49.1pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in">Clay D. Shorrock, CEO</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 49.05pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in">Beth Jantzen, CFO</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 49.05pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0; text-align: justify"><U>Services</U>. Consultant shall serve
as Chief Investment Officer in a strategic advisory capacity. The agreement provides for oversight of the Company&rsquo;s digital asset
treasury strategy, including providing strategic guidance and operational support, including integration of digital assets such as BNB,
capital allocation frameworks, evaluation of various yield opportunities within the Binance ecosystem and other blockchain- based platforms,
and investor-facing financial communication (which shall include the role of the Company&rsquo;s primary media and public relations and
public speaking personality, at conferences, pod casts, media appearances, interviews and other Company events). Consultant shall perform
Services in a professional and diligent manner, consistent with industry standards and applicable laws. .</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">EXHIBIT B</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B><U>Consultant Compensation</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 22.55pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">During the Initial Term, the Company will pay the Consultant a fixed monthly fee
of $29,167 per calendar month. Payment will be made within ten (10) days of the receipt of Consultant&rsquo;s invoice.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 22.55pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The Company shall reimburse Consultant for reasonable and necessary out-of-pocket
expenses incurred in connection with the performance of services under this Agreement, provided that such expenses above $4,500.00 are
pre-approved in writing by the Company and supported by appropriate documentation. Reimbursable expenses may include travel, lodging,
meals, and other business-related costs directly tied to the Company&rsquo;s digital asset treasury operations or investor-related activities.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 22.55pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">All reimbursement requests must be submitted within forty five (45) days of incurring
the expense and shall include itemized receipts and a brief description of the business purpose. The Company shall process approved reimbursements
within ten (10) days of receipt.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0"></P>

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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CountryRegion" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CountryRegion" xlink:to="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Local Phone Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Extension" xlink:label="dei_Extension" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Extension" xlink:to="dei_Extension_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Extension_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Extension</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:to="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:to="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Reporting Obligation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:to="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Annual Information Form</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:to="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Audited Annual Financial Statements</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:to="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:to="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Voluntary Filers</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:to="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Current Reporting Status</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Interactive Data Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:to="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Filer Category</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:to="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Small Business</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:to="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Accounting Standard</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:to="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other Reporting Standard Item Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Shell Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityPublicFloat" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPublicFloat" xlink:to="dei_EntityPublicFloat_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Public Float</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Bankruptcy Proceedings, Reporting Current</link:label>
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<DOCUMENT>
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<FILENAME>bnbx-20251104_pre.xml
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<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>12
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Nov. 04, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Nov.  04,  2025<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-36745<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Applied DNA Sciences, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000744452<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">59-2262718<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">50 Health Sciences Drive<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Stony Brook<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">11790<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">631<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">240-8800<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $0.001 par value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">BNBX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
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<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td>duration</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
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<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14a<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
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<tr>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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