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Debt
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2025
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]  
Debt Debt
The following is a summary of debt as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
June 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
Term loan$1,266,474 $1,445,345 
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024 (3)901,558 884,676 
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 (1)— 516,818 
Promissory Notes - February 2025 (3)276,293 — 
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 (2)152,909 2,475,162 
Senior Convertible Notes - December 202498,571 250,000 
Senior Convertible Notes - May 2025 (2)2,135,181 — 
Promissory Notes - Fermata Energy II LLC444,880 — 
Total outstanding principal balance5,275,867 5,572,001 
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts(55,903)(84,170)
Total debt5,219,964 5,487,831 
Less: current portion of long-term debt3,758,877 4,647,331 
Long-term debt, net of current portion$1,461,087 $840,500 
__________________
(1) Principal balance and interest of was fully repaid as of March 31, 2025.
(2) Amount represents the fair value of the convertible notes.
(3) Amount include accrued interest.
As of June 30, 2025, the total future maturities of the principal amounts of the debt obligations are as follows:
2025 (remaining six months)$2,868,549 
20261,244,915 
20271,106,500 
5,219,964 
Term Loan
On August 9, 2024, November 27, 2024 and March 31, 2025, the Company entered into a Subordinated Business Loan and Security Agreement ("Term Loans") with Agile Lending, LLC, as lender, and Agile Capital Funding, LLC, as collateral agent. The August 9, 2024, November 27, 2024 and March 31, 2025 Term Loans are short-term, fixed interest rate obligations. Principal and interest on the Term Loans are payable in arrears weekly. The Term Loans are secured by certain of the Company's assets, and were evidenced by a subordinated secured promissory note.
The Term Loan contains customary affirmative and negative covenants. Among other things, these covenants restrict the Company's ability to incur certain types or amounts of indebtedness, incur liens on certain assets, dispose of material assets, enter into certain restrictive agreements, or engage in certain transactions with affiliates. Additionally, the Term Loan contains customary default provisions including, but not limited to, failure to pay interest or principal when due.
The following is a summary description of the key terms of the Term Loan:
DebtDebt Origination DateMaturity Principal Amount BorrowedCarrying ValueWeighted Weekly Average Interest RateWeighted Annual Average Interest Rate
Term loan8/9/20243/6/2025$1,000,000 $— 2.96 %153.90 %
Term loan11/27/20246/27/2025$1,000,000 $— 2.96 %153.90 %
Term loan3/31/20253/31/2026$1,750,000 $1,266,474 2.16 %112.60 %
Interest expense paid on the Term Loan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $432,793 and $768,332, respectively. There was no interest expense on the Term Loan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
As of June 30, 2025, the Company has repaid fully the principal balance and interest of the August 9, 2024 and November 27, 2024 Term Loans.
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024
In connection with the formation of Deep Impact (see Note 1), Promissory Notes (each a “SPV Promissory Note”) with conversion option were issued to each of Gregory Poilasne and David Robson, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company (collectively, the “SPV Note Holders”), respectively, in exchange for up to an aggregate of $1,500,000, to further support project costs in exchange for their investment into Deep Impact. Each SPV Promissory Note was issued with an original principal amount of $750,000 (the “Principal Amount”). As of June 30, 2025, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have funded $610,500 and $230,000, respectively, of the Promissory Notes.
The SPV Promissory Notes have a term of three years and bear interest at a rate of 17.5% per annum. The SPV Promissory Notes further provide that upon certain events of default, the SPV Note Holders shall have the option to convert the outstanding amounts on such SPV Promissory Notes for an aggregate of 101 membership units in Deep Impact, allocated pro rata to such Holder’s share of the aggregate outstanding principal amount under the SPV Promissory Notes. Additionally, pursuant to the Deep Impact governance documents, the SPV Note Holders will be entitled to a share of the Deep Impact’s 25% of the operating cash flows in addition to the interest amounts payable under the SPV Promissory Notes.
Interest expense on the SPV Promissory Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $37,806 and $75,186, respectively. There was no interest expense on the SPV Promissory Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
In February 2025, under the existing SPV Promissory Note agreement, the Company issued promissory notes to each of Gregory Poilasne and David Robson, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, respectively, in exchange for an aggregate of $266,000 (the "February Promissory Note"). Each February Promissory Note was issued with an original Principal Amount of $133,000 in exchange in cash to the Company, for aggregate gross proceeds of $266,000.
Interest expense on the February Promissory Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $3,569 and $5,147, respectively.
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024
On August 27, 2024, the Company issued promissory notes with conversion option to each of Gregory Poilasne and David Robson, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, respectively, in exchange for an aggregate of $500,000 (the "Nuvve Promissory Notes"). Each Nuvve Promissory Note was issued with an original Principal Amount of $250,000. The Principal Amount of each Nuvve Promissory Note includes an original issue discount of $12,500, or 5.0%. In exchange for the Nuvve Promissory Notes, each Holder paid a purchase price of $237,500 (the “Non-OID Principal Amount”) in cash to the Company, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $475,000.
The Nuvve Promissory Notes accrue interest at a rate of 10.5% per annum, subject to an increase to 12.5% upon the occurrence of an event of default (as that term is defined in the Nuvve Promissory Notes), and have a maturity date of October 31, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”). Pursuant to the Nuvve Promissory Notes, all accrued and unpaid interest and principal amount are payable in cash on the Maturity Date. If the Company consummates a Change of Control (as such term is defined in the Nuvve Promissory Notes), the outstanding balance of the Nuvve Promissory Note plus any unpaid accrued interest will become immediately due and payable.
Interest expense on the Nuvve Promissory Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $4,333. There was no interest expense paid on the Nuvve Promissory Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
On January 31, 2025, the Company repaid the principal balance and interest of Nuvve Promissory Notes for a total amount repaid of $523,097.
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024
In October 2024, the Company issued (i) senior convertible notes (the "October 2024 Notes") to certain accredited investors of the Company, pursuant to a securities purchase agreement, in exchange for an aggregate of $3,750,000 of a principal amount, and (ii) accompanying warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (the “October 2024 Warrants”). The principal amount of the October 2024 Notes included an original issue discount of $375,000, or 10.00%, with net cash proceed to the Company of $3,375,000, which was funded on October 31, 2024.
The Company's the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Poilanse, participated as an investor and was issued an October 2024 Note in the principal amount of $250,000. The principal amount of the October 2024 Notes issued to Mr. Poilanse included an original issue discount of $25,000, or 10.00% with a net cash proceed to the Company of $225,000, which was funded on September 30, 2024.
The October 2024 Notes have a term of 18 months and bear interest at an effective rate of 8.00% per annum, and have a maturity date of March 31, 2026. Pursuant to the October 2024 Notes, all accrued and unpaid interest and principal amount are payable in cash on the maturity date. The October 2024 Notes are payable in 15 equal payments with the first payment starting on the fourth month after issuance of the October 2024 Notes. The holders of the October 2024 Notes have the option to convert any outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest under the October 2024 Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock, at a conversion price of $3.402 per share. The conversion price of the October 2024 Notes is subject to full ratchet antidilution protection, subject to certain price limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the conversion price then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends, distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.
In conjunction with the October 2024 Notes, the Company issued to the investors warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,102,295 shares of Common Stock, representing 100.00% of the shares (the “Warrant Shares”) of Common Stock that each October 2024 Note is convertible into as of the issuance of the October 2024 Notes, at an exercise price of $3.78 per share (the “Exercise Price”), which was the most recent closing price of the Common Stock prior to the closing as reported by the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”).
The Warrants Shares are exercisable immediately and will expire five years after the date of issuance and may be exercised on a cashless basis in the event of a fundamental transaction involving the Company or if the resale of the shares of common stock underlying the Warrants Shares is not covered by an effective registration statement. The Exercise Price is subject to full ratchet antidilution protection, subject to certain price limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the Exercise Price then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends, distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.
Additionally, for so long as the October 2024 Notes or the October 2024 Warrants remain outstanding, the investors shall have the right (the “Additional Investment Right”), exercisable at any time and from time to time commencing after the six-month anniversary of the October 2024 Notes closing, to purchase up to an aggregate of $12,500,000 additional notes and warrants (the “Additional Notes” and “Additional Warrants,” respectively). The Additional Notes and Additional Warrants shall have the same terms as the October 2024 Notes and Warrants, except that the conversion price of the Additional Notes and the exercise price of the Additional Warrants shall each be equal to 95.00% of the average of the five lowest daily prices in the ten trading days prior to the date such investor exercises its Additional Investment Right.

The October 2024 Notes and October 2024 Warrants are recorded as a liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.
Interest expense on the October 2024 Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $5,569. There was no interest expense paid on the October 2024 Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
As of June 30, 2025, the accredited investors have converted $3,431,552 of the October 2024 Notes into 1,942,347 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average conversion price of $1.791 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement.
As of June 30, 2025, the accredited investors have exercised 2,030,554 of the warrants related to the October 2024 Notes into 2,030,554 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average exercise price of $1.025 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement for total gross proceeds to the Company of $1,230,752.
Senior Convertible Notes - December 2024
On December 31, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “December Purchase Agreement”) with an accredited institutional and individual investors (the “December Investor”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the December Investor (i) a $250,000 principal amount (the “December Principal Amount”) senior convertible promissory note, carrying a 10.00% original issue discount (the “December Note”), convertible into shares of our common stock and (ii) an accompanying warrant (the “December Warrant”) to purchase shares of Common Stock (the “December Private Placement”). On December 31, 2024, the Company closed the December Private Placement and issued the December Note and the December Warrant (the “Closing”).

The December Note has a term of 12 months and bear interest at an effective rate of 8.00% per annum, and have a maturity date of December 31, 2025. The December Note is convertible at the option of the December Investor, at any time, in whole or in part, into such number of shares of Common Stock equal to the principal amount of the note outstanding plus all accrued and unpaid interest at a conversion price equal to $2.931 per share. In conjunction with the December Note, the Company issued to the December Investor the December Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 85,287 shares of Common Stock, at an exercise price of $3.26 per share. Each of the conversion price of the December 2024 Note and exercise price of the December Warrant
is subject to full ratchet antidilution protection, subject to certain price limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the conversion price or exercise price, as applicable, then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends, distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.
Interest expense on the December Note for three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $13,752 and $20,000, respectively. There was no interest expense paid on the October 2024 Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
As of June 30, 2025, the accredited investors have converted $171,568 of the December 2024 Note into 171,568 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average conversion price of $1.00 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement.
Senior Convertible Notes - March 2025
On March 5, 2025, the Company issued to certain investors (i) an aggregate of $1,666,666.67 principal amount senior convertible promissory notes ("March 2025 Convertible Notes"), carrying a 10.00% original issue discount, convertible into shares of Common Stock, and (ii) accompanying warrants ("March 2025 Warrants") to purchase shares of Common Stock.
The March 2025 Convertible Notes have a term of 18 months with monthly installment payments and bear interest at an effective rate of 8.00% per annum which automatically increases to 18.00% per annum in the event of a default. The March 2025 Convertible Notes is convertible at the option of the investors, at any time, in whole or in part, into such number of shares of Common Stock equal to the principal amount of the note outstanding plus all accrued and unpaid interest at a conversion price equal to $2.02 per share. Each of the conversion price of the March 2025 Convertible Notes and the exercise price of the March 2025 Warrants is subject to full ratchet antidilution protection, subject to certain price limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the conversion price or exercise price, as applicable, then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends, distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.
The March 2025 Warrants are exercisable for up to an aggregate of 100.0% of the shares of Common Stock that each March 2025 Convertible Note is convertible into as of the issuance date, at an exercise price of $2.02 per share, which represents 95.0% of the average of the five lowest trading prices in the ten trading days prior to the date the investors exercised their additional investment right, as set forth in the purchase agreement.

The March 2025 Convertible Notes and Warrants were recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.
Interest expense on the March 2025 Convertible Notes for three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $10,783. There was no interest expense paid on the March 2025 Convertible Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
As of June 30, 2025, the accredited investors have converted all of the $1,666,667 of the March 2025 Convertible Notes into 2,254,080 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average conversion price of $0.7394 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement.
As of June 30, 2025, the accredited investors have exercised 285,028 of the warrants related to the March 2025 Convertible Notes into 285,028 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average exercise price of $0.7394 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement for total gross proceeds to the Company of $240,146.
Senior Convertible Notes - April 2025
On April 28, 2025, the Company issued to certain investors (i) an aggregate of $1,444,444.44 principal amount senior convertible promissory notes ("April 2025 Convertible Notes"), carrying a 10.00% original issue discount, convertible into shares of Common Stock, and (ii) accompanying warrants ("April 2025 Warrants") to purchase shares of Common Stock.
The April 2025 Convertible Notes have a term of 18 months with monthly installment payments and bear interest at an effective rate of 8.00% per annum which automatically increases to 18.00% per annum in the event of a default. The April 2025 Convertible Notes is convertible at the option of the investors, at any time, in whole or in part, into such number of shares of Common Stock equal to the principal amount of the note outstanding plus all accrued and unpaid interest at a conversion price equal to $0.8261 per share. The conversion price of the April 2025 Convertible Notes is subject to full ratchet antidilution protection, subject to certain price limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the conversion price then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends, distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.
The April 2025 Warrants are exercisable for up to an aggregate of 100.0% of the shares of Common Stock that each April 2025 Convertible Note is convertible into as of the issuance date, at an exercise price of $0.8261 per share, which represents 95.0% of the average of the five lowest trading prices in the ten trading days prior to the date the investors exercised their additional investment
right, as set forth in the purchase agreement. The exercise price of the April 2025 Warrants is subject to full ratchet antidilution protection, subject to certain price limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the exercise price then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends, distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.

The April 2025 Convertible Notes and Warrants are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.
Interest expense on the April 2025 Convertible Notes for three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $5,645. There was no interest expense paid on the April 2025 Convertible Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
As of June 30, 2025, the accredited investors have converted all of the $1,449,166.88 of the April 2025 Convertible Notes into 1,959,922.75 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average conversion price of $0.7394 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement.
As of June 30, 2025, the accredited investors have exercised 769,546 of the warrants related to the April 2025 Convertible Notes into 769,546 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average exercise price of $0.7394 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement for total gross proceeds to the Company of $568,642.
Senior Convertible Notes - May 2025
On May 30, 2025, the Company issued to certain investors (i) an aggregate of $4,166,666.66 principal amount senior convertible promissory notes ("May 2025 Convertible Notes"), carrying a 10.00% original issue discount, convertible into shares of Common Stock, and (ii) accompanying warrants ("May 2025 Warrants") to purchase shares of Common Stock.
The May 2025 Convertible Notes have a term of 18 months with monthly installment payments and bear interest at an effective rate of 8.00% per annum which automatically increases to 18.0% per annum in the event of a default. The May 2025 Convertible Notes is convertible at the option of the investors, at any time, in whole or in part, into such number of shares of Common Stock equal to the principal amount of the note outstanding plus all accrued and unpaid interest at a conversion price equal to $0.7800 per share. The conversion price of the May 2025 Convertible Notes is subject to full ratchet antidilution protection, subject to certain price limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the conversion price then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends, distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.
The May 2025 Warrants are exercisable for up to an aggregate of 100.00% of the shares of Common Stock that each May 2025 Convertible Note is convertible into as of the issuance date, at an exercise price of $0.7800 per share, which represents 95.0% of the average of the five lowest trading prices in the ten trading days prior to the date the investors exercised their additional investment right, as set forth in the purchase agreement. The exercise price of the May 2025 Warrants is subject to full ratchet antidilution protection, subject to certain price limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the exercise price then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends, distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.

The May 2025 Convertible Notes and Warrants are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.
Interest expense on the May 2025 Convertible Notes for three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $23,974. There was no interest expense paid on the May 2025 Convertible Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
As of June 30, 2025, the accredited investors have converted $203,335 of the May 2025 Convertible Notes into 275,000 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average conversion price of $0.7394 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement.
Promissory Notes - Fermata Energy II LLC
On April 23, 2025, promissory notes with conversion option were issued to certain employees of the Company, including Gregory Poilasne, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company (collectively, the “Fermata Promissory Notes”), respectively, in exchange for up to an aggregate of $547,058, to further support project costs in exchange for their investment into Fermata Energy II LLC. Each Fermata Promissory Note was issued carrying a 15.00% original issue discount.
The Fermata Promissory Notes have a term of 12 months and bear interest at a rate of 10.00% per annum.
Interest expense on the Fermata Promissory Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $10,181. There was no interest expense on the Fermata Promissory Notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.