The total income tax (benefit) expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $(124,000) and $2,000, respectively, and is comprised of current state taxes and foreign taxes withheld by governmental agencies outside of the United States, as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2019
Current:
Federal	$	—		$	—
State		(28	)		2
Foreign		10			—
Total current tax (benefit) expense		(18	)		2
Deferred:
Federal		(84	)		—
State		(22	)		—
Foreign		—			—
Total deferred tax (benefit) expense		(106	)		—
Total tax (benefit) expense	$	(124	)	$	2

The Company operates in only one federal jurisdiction, the United States. The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2019
Expected income tax provision at the federal statutory rate		21.0	%		21.0	%
State taxes, net of federal benefits		9.4	%		5.3	%
Change in valuation allowance		(43.8	)%		(26.4	)%
Transaction costs		(2.2	)%		—
Related offering costs		—			(0.5	)%
Derivative liabilities		22.4	%		—
Non-Controlling Interest		(4.7	)%		—
Withholding taxes		(0.2	)%		—
Other		—			0.6	%
Income tax provision		1.9	%		—

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) and other tax credits. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

	As of December 31,
	2020			2019
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	15,478		$	13,267
Unearned revenue		2			11
Stock-based compensation		3,881			3,384
Accrued payroll and benefits		236			224
Research and development credits		16			—
Fixed asset basis difference		84			90
Inventory reserve		491			568
Lease liability		1,622			565
Common stock warrant assets		—			988
Contingent Consideration		531			—
Charitable contributions		3			2
Total deferred tax assets		22,344			19,099
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset		(1,548	)		(526	)
Amortizable intangibles		(98	)		—
Income from Partnerships		(13	)		—
Other		(174	)		—
Total deferred tax liabilities		(1,833	)		(526	)
Less valuation allowance		(20,511	)		(18,573	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	—		$	—

Realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income, if any, the amount and timing of which are uncertain. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been offset by a valuation allowance. The net valuation allowance increased by $1.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 and decreased by $25.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2019.

At December 31, 2020, the Company had federal and state NOLs aggregating approximately $55.8 million and $57.2 million, respectively. At December 31, 2020, the utilization of a portion of the federal NOLs is subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Of the $193.1 million of federal NOLs generated, $7.2 million was previously determined as unavailable to be utilized within the carryforward period, and $130.5 million is expected to be unavailable due to an ownership change under IRC Section 382 that the Company experienced as a result of the common shares issued in connection with the June 2018 Offering. The Company is currently conducting additional analysis regarding the valuation of the Company at the time of the ownership change to assess what, if any, portion of the limitation may be reversed. The Company’s ownership shift analysis was performed through December 31, 2019, and no significant ownership changes were noted during the year ended December 31, 2019. Further, the Company may have experienced an ownership change under IRC Section 382 as a result of the common shares issued in connection with the December 2020 Purchase Agreement or in the January 2021 Purchase Agreement. See subsequent events in Note 23. Such an ownership change could limit the Company’s ability to utilize its NOL carryforwards prior to expiration but would not impact the net deferred tax asset recorded given the full valuation allowance. If not utilized, these federal NOLs will begin to expire in 2021 and state NOLs will begin to expire in 2024. IRC Section 382 may also limit NOLs generated in future years.

The Company evaluates deferred tax assets, including the benefit from NOLs, to determine if a valuation allowance is required. Such evaluation is based on consideration of all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard with significant weight being given to evidence that can be objectively verified. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency, and severity of current and cumulative losses; forecasts of future profitability; the length of statutory carryforward periods; the Company’s experience with operating losses; and tax-planning alternatives. The significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred through the year ended December 31, 2020. Given this evidence and the expectation to incur operating losses in the foreseeable future, a full valuation allowance has been recorded against the net deferred tax asset. The Company will continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against the entire amount of its net deferred tax asset, until such time as the Company has determined that the weight of the objectively verifiable positive evidence exceeds that of the negative evidence and it is likely that the Company will be able to utilize all of its net deferred tax asset relating to its federal and state NOL carryforwards. Although the Company has established a full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax asset, for Federal tax losses before 2018 and for all state tax losses, it has not forfeited the right to carryforward tax losses up to 20 years and apply such tax losses against taxable income in such years, thereby reducing its future tax obligations. Federal tax losses generated in 2018 and later do not expire. The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various state jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2020, the Company’s tax years for 2001 through 2020 are generally subject to examination by the tax authorities. The years are open back to 2001 to the extent the NOLs being carried forward were generated then.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company had the following unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2019
Unrecognized tax benefit beginning balance	$	—	$	—
Increases for tax positions taken in prior years		2		—
Decreases for tax positions taken in prior years		—		—
Increases for tax positions taken in current years		15		—
Settlements		—		—
Unrecognized tax benefit ending balance	$	17	$	—

The Company is currently not under audit for federal or state purposes. The Company does not anticipate its total unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2020 will significantly change due to settlement of examination or the expiration of statute of limitations during the next 12 months. The Company is currently unaware of any uncertain tax positions that could result in significant additional payments, accruals or other material deviation in this estimate over the next 12 months.