The Company issued the following warrants to purchase shares of its common stock, which are outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These warrants are exercisable any time at the option of the holder until their expiration date.


	Issuance Date	Term	Exercise Price Per Share		Exercised during the Year Ended December 31, 2023			Outstanding at December 31, 2023		Exercised during the Year Ended December 31, 2024			Outstanding at December 31, 2024
March 2023 Pre-Funded Warrants	Mar-23	perpetual	$ —			(425,834	)		75,000		(75,000	)	—
December 2022 Service and Performance Warrants (1)	Dec-22	5 years	$	11.20	—				1,000	—				1,000
October 2022 Service and Performance Warrants (1)	Oct-22	5 years	$	16.00	—				1,000	—				1,000
August 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants	Aug-22	perpetual	$ —			(56,813	)	—		—			—
January 2021 Placement Agent Warrants	Jan-21	5.5 years	$	159.60	—				9,846	—				9,846
December 2020 Warrants (2)	Dec-20	5.5 years	$	9.00	—				16,367	—				16,367
December 2020 Warrants	Dec-20	5.5 years	$	120.00	—				49,100	—				49,100
December 2020 Placement Agent Warrants	Dec-20	5 years	$	152.80	—				3,274	—				3,274
July 2020 Warrants (2)	Jul-20	5.5 years	$	9.00	—				16,036	—				16,036
July 2020 Placement Agent Warrants	Jul-20	5.5 years	$	198.80	—				802	—				802
May 2020 Warrants (2)	May-20	5 years	$	9.00	—				9,946	—				9,946
May 2020 Warrants	May-20	5 years	$	191.20	—				24,863	—				24,863
May 2020 Placement Agent Warrants	May-20	5 years	$	245.20	—				1,741	—				1,741
September 2019 Placement Agent Warrants (3)	Sep-19	5 years	$	379.20	—				1,649	—			—
June 2019 Placement Agent Warrants (3)	Jun-19	5 years	$	251.60	—				1,862	—			—
April 2019 Service and Performance Warrants (1)(3)	Apr-19	5 years	$	247.20	—				3,629	—			—
January 2021 Warrants (2)	Jan-21	5.5 years	$	9.00	—				7,831	—				7,831
January 2021 Warrants	Jan-21	5.5 years	$	125.20	—				90,629	—				90,629
September 2019 Warrants (2)	Sep-19	5.5 years	$	9.00	—				9,892	—				9,892
September 2019 Warrants	Sep-19	5.5 years	$	300.80	—				6,594	—				6,594
June 2019 Warrants	Jun-19	5.5 years	$	200.00	—				10,896	—				10,896
Total						(482,647	)		341,957		(75,000	)		259,817

(1) The Company issued service and performance warrants (“Service and Performance Warrants”) in connection with professional services agreements with non-affiliated third party entities.

(2) These warrants were repriced as part of the March 2023 Private Placement offering.

(3) These warrants expired during the year ended December 31, 2024.

The preferred investment options issued in connection with the March 2023 Private Placement and August 2022 Registered Direct offerings contain certain early settlement provisions that preclude them from equity classification and therefore were accounted for as liabilities at the date of issuance and are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date. The change in fair value of the options liabilities is recorded as change in fair value of common stock

warrant and option liabilities in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The key terms and activity of the liability classified preferred investment options are summarized as follows:


	Issuance Date	Term	Exercise Price Per Share		Exercised during the Year Ended December 31, 2023		Outstanding at December 31, 2023		Exercised during the Year Ended December 31, 2024		Outstanding at December 31, 2024
March 2023 Options - Series A	March 2023	5 years	$	9.00		—		666,334		—		666,334
March 2023 Options - Series B	March 2023	1.5 years	$	9.00		—		666,334		—		—
March 2023 Placement Agent Options	March 2023	5 years	$	11.25		—		33,317		—		33,317
August 2022 Options (1)	August 2022	5 years	$	9.00		—		118,063		—		118,063
August 2022 Placement Agent Options	August 2022	5 years	$	52.80		—		5,904		—		5,904
Total						—		1,489,952		—		823,618

See Note 7 for the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the preferred investment options liabilities.