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Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2011
Significant Accounting Policies | (2) Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements of the Company are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”), and include the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and cash flows of all subsidiaries and variable interest entities. All significant inter-company balances, transactions and cash flows are eliminated on consolidation. Foreign Currency Translation The Company accounts for foreign currency translation pursuant to ASC Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters. The functional currency of HBOP and Baoding Shengde is the Chinese Yuan Renminbi (“RMB”). Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than RMB are translated into RMB at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than RMB are converted into RMB at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing the transactions occurred. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of income. The functional currency of Orient Paper, Dongfang Holding and Shengde Holdings is United States dollars. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than United States dollars are translated into United States dollars at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Translation in currencies other than United States dollars are converted into United States dollars at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occurred. Transaction gains or losses are recognized in the consolidated statement of income. Under ASC Topic 830-30, all assets and liabilities are translated into United States dollars using the current exchange rate at the end of each fiscal period. The current exchange rates used by the Company as of December 31, 2011 and 2010 to translate the Chinese RMB to the U.S. Dollars are 6.35230:1,and 6.61180:1, respectively. Revenues and expenses are translated using the average exchange rates prevailing throughout the respective years at 6.45440:1, 6.77875:1 and 6.84088:1 for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Translation adjustments are included in other comprehensive income (loss). Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, and revenues and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009. The most significant estimates relate to allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable, inventory valuation, useful lives of property, plant and equipment, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates made by management. Cash and Cash Equivalents For purposes of reporting within the statements of cash flows, Orient Paper considers all cash on hand, cash accounts not subject to withdrawal restrictions or penalties, and all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash and cash equivalents. Accounts Receivable Trade accounts receivable are recorded on shipment of products to customers. The trade receivables are all without customer collateral and interest is not accrued on past due accounts. Periodically, management reviews the adequacy of its provision for doubtful accounts based on historical bad debt expense results and current economic conditions using factors based on the aging of its accounts receivable. Additionally, the Company may identify additional allowance requirements based on indications that a specific customer may be experiencing financial difficulties. Actual bad debt results could differ materially from these estimates. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the balance of allowance for doubtful accounts was $76,752 and $37,535, respectively; and the movement of the provision of the doubtful accounts is as below. While management uses the best information available upon which to base estimates, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary if economic conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used for the purposes of analysis.
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
Allowance of doubtful accounts |  | 2011 |  |  | 2010 |
Opening balance |  | $ | 37,535 |  |  | $ | 41,977 |
Provision/ (Reversal of provision) for the year |  |  | 37,087 |  |  |  | (5,728 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | 2,130 |  |  |  | 1,286 |
Closing balance |  | $ | 76,752 |  |  | $ | 37,535 |
Inventories Inventories consist principally of raw materials and finished goods, and are stated at the lower of cost (average cost method) or market. Cost includes labor, raw materials, and allocated overhead. No provision in inventories has been provided for the fiscal year 2011 and 2010. Property, Plant, and Equipment Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment losses. Major renewals, betterments, and improvements are capitalized to the asset accounts while replacements, maintenance, and repairs, which do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets, are expensed to operations. At the time property, plant, and equipment are retired or otherwise disposed of, the asset and related accumulated depreciation or amortization accounts are relieved of the applicable amounts. Gains or losses from retirements or sales are credited or charged to operations. Construction-in-progress is stated at cost and capitalized as expenses are incurred or as payments are made pursuant to relevant construction contracts. Contract retention is recorded as accrued liability. Construction in progress is not depreciated until project completion and the constructed property being placed in service, at which time the capitalized balance will be transferred to appropriate account of property, plant and equipment. The Company depreciates property, plant, and equipment using the straight-line method as follows:
Land use right | Over the lease term
Building and improvements | 30 years
Machinery and equipment | 5-15 years
Vehicles | 15 years
Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company estimates the fair value of financial instruments using the available market information and valuation methods. Considerable judgment is required in estimating fair value. Accordingly, the estimates of fair value may not be indicative of the amounts that the Company could realize in a current market exchange. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the carrying value of the Company’s financial instruments approximated at their fair value. Statutory Reserves According to the laws and regulations in the PRC, the Company is required to provide for certain statutory funds, namely, reserve fund by an appropriation from net profit after taxation but before dividend distribution based on the local statutory financial statements of the PRC subsidiary and variable interest entity prepared in accordance with the PRC accounting principles and relevant financial regulations. The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary and variable interest entity in the PRC are required to allocate at least 10% of its net profit to the reserve fund until the balance of such fund has reached 50% of its registered capital. Appropriations of additional reserve fund are determined at the discretion of its directors. The reserve fund can only be used, upon approval by the relevant authority, to offset accumulated losses or increase capital. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, Orient Paper made transfers to this reserve fund in the amounts of $201,855, $1,219,137 and $1,363,387, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2011, all transfers to statutory reserves were made by Baoding Shengde. The Company’s variable interest entity HBOP, which statutory reserve account has been fully funded for 50% of its registered capital in the amount of RMB 75,030,000 (or approximately $11,811,470) as of December 31, 2010, did not make any transfer to statutory reserves during the year ended December 31, 2011. Employee Benefit Plan Full time employees of the PRC entities participate in a government mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, unemployment insurance and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require the Company to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries. The total provision for such employee benefits was nil, nil and $29,283 for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009. Revenue Recognition Policy The Company recognizes revenue when goods are delivered, when a formal arrangement exists, the price is fixed or determinable, the delivery is completed, no other significant obligations of the Company exist, and collectability is reasonably assured. Goods are considered delivered when customer’s truck picks up goods at our finished goods inventory warehouse. Shipping Cost Substantially all customers use their own trucks or hire commercial trucking companies to pick up goods from the Company. The Company usually incurs no shipping cost for delivery of goods to customers. For those rare situations where products are not shipped utilizing customer specified shipping services, the Company charges customers a shipping fee which is included in net revenues and was not material. Freight-in and handling costs incurred by the Company with respect to purchased goods are recorded as a component of inventory cost and charged to cost of sales when the inventory items are sold. Advertising The Company expenses all advertising and promotion costs as incurred. The Company incurred $6,818, $5,545 and $439 of advertising and promotion costs for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Research and development costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses. R&D expenses incurred $19,756, $18,233 and $30,546 for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Borrowing costs Borrowing costs attributable directly to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets which require a substantial period of time to be ready for their intended use or sale, are capitalized as part of the cost of those assets. Income earned on temporary investments of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on those assets is deducted from borrowing costs capitalized. All other borrowing costs are recognized in interest expenses in the period in which they are incurred. Lease Obligations All non-cancellable leases with an initial term greater than one year are categorized as either capital or operating leases. Assets recorded under capital leases are amortized according to the same depreciation methods employed for property, plant and equipment or over the term of the related lease, if shorter. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes pursuant to ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Income taxes are provided on an asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting of income taxes. Any tax paid by subsidiaries during the year is recorded. Current tax is based on the profit or loss from ordinary activities adjusted for items that are non-assessable or disallowable for income tax purpose and is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date. ASC Topic 740 also requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for both the expected impact of differences between the financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, and for the expected future tax benefit to be derived from tax losses and tax credit carry-forwards. ASC Topic 740 additionally requires the establishment of a valuation allowance to reflect the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets. Realization of deferred tax assets, including those related to the U.S. net operating loss carry-forwards, are dependent upon future earnings, if any, of which the timing and amount are uncertain. The Company adopted ASC Topic 740-10-05, Income Tax, which provides guidance for recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions, it prescribes a threshold condition that a tax position must meet for any of the benefits of the uncertain tax position to be recognized in the financial statements. It also provides accounting guidance on derecognizing, classification and disclosure of these uncertain tax positions. The Company’s policy on classification of all interest and penalties related to unrecognized income tax positions, if any, is to present them as a component of income tax expense. Value Added Tax Both the PRC subsidiary and variable interest entity of the Company are subject to value added tax (“VAT”) imposed by the PRC government on its purchase and sales of goods. The output VAT is charged to customers who purchase goods from the Company and the input VAT is paid when it purchases goods from its vendors. VAT rate is 17% in general, depending on the types of products purchased and sold. The input VAT can be offset against the output VAT. Debit balance of VAT payable represents a credit against future collection of output VAT instead of a receivable. Comprehensive Income (Loss) The Company presents comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with ASC Topic 220, Comprehensive Income. ASC Topic 220 states that all items that are required to be recognized under accounting standards as components of comprehensive income (loss) be reported in the consolidated financial statements. The components of comprehensive income were the net income for the years and the foreign currency translation adjustments. Earnings Per Common Share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net income attributable to the common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed similar to basic earnings per share except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common shares had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive. Share-Based Compensation The Company uses the fair value recognition provision of ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which requires the Company to expense the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of such instruments over the vesting period. The Company also applies the provisions of ASC Topic 505-50, Equity Based Payments to Non-Employees to account for stock-based compensation awards issued to non-employees for services. Such awards for services are recorded at either the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the instruments issued in exchange for such services, whichever is more reliably measurable. Fair Value Measurements The Company has adopted ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. It does not require any new fair value measurements, but provides guidance on how to measure fair value by providing a fair value hierarchy used to classify the source of the information. Its establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy of valuation techniques based on observable and unobservable inputs, which may be used to measure fair value and include the following: Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18743-107790 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 5 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18854-107790 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher AICPA -Name Accounting Principles Board Opinion (APB) -Number 22 -Paragraph 8 -LegacyDoc This reference is SUPERSEDED by the Accounting Standards Codification effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. This reference is included to help users transition from the previous accounting hierarchy and will be removed from future versions of this taxonomy. Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 6 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18861-107790 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18726-107790 + Details
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