<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001144204-15-058446.txt : 20151007
<SEC-HEADER>0001144204-15-058446.hdr.sgml : 20151007
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20151007162907
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001144204-15-058446
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-3
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		7
FILED AS OF DATE:		20151007
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20151007

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Synthetic Biologics, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000894158
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				133808303
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-207327
		FILM NUMBER:		151149170

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		617 DETROIT STREET, SUITE 100
		CITY:			ANN ARBOR
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48104
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(734) 332-7800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		155 GIBBS STREET
		STREET 2:		SUITE 412
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ADEONA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20081027

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PIPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20061214

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	SHEFFIELD PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19970730
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-3
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>v421665_s3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>FORM S-3
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <td style="width: 75%; padding-right: 0.8pt; font-size: 10pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 7, 2015</b></font></td>
    <td style="width: 25%; padding-right: 0.8pt; font-size: 10pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Registration No.&nbsp; 333-</b></font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp; <B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Washington,&nbsp;D.C. 20549</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>FORM&nbsp;S-3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES
ACT OF 1933</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="image_001.jpg" ALT="http:||content.edgar-online.com|edgar_conv_img|2015|08|10|0001144204-15-047646_TLOGO.JPG" STYLE="height: 40px; width: 188px"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified
in Its Charter)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 50%">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Nevada</b></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><i>(State or Other Jurisdiction
        of</i></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><i>Incorporation or Organization)</i></P></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 48%">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>13-3808303</b></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><i>(I.R.S. Employer</i></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><i>Identification Number)</i></P></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270<BR>
Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(734)&nbsp;332-7800</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone
Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant&rsquo;s Principal Executive Offices)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>617 Detroit Street, Suite 100</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Mailing Address and Zip Code of Administrative
Offices)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Jeffrey Riley</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Chief Executive Officer and President</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270<BR>
Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(734)&nbsp;332-7800</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and
Telephone Number, Including Area Code of Agent for Service)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><I>With copies to:</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Leslie Marlow, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Gracin &amp; Marlow, LLP</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>The Chrysler Building</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>405 Lexington Avenue, 26th Floor</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>New York, New York 10174</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(212) 907-6457</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
&nbsp;&nbsp;<B>From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please
check the following box.&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415
under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans,
check the following box.&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&thorn;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b) under the Securities Act, please
check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement
for the same offering.&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and
list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become
effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction&nbsp;I.D. filed to register
additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule&nbsp;413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following
box.&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated
filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of &ldquo;large accelerated
filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer&rdquo; and &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check
one):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 20%; padding-right: 0.8pt; font-size: 10pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Large accelerated filer</font><font style="font: 10pt Wingdings">&uml;</font></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; padding-right: 0.8pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 16%; padding-right: 0.8pt; font-size: 10pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accelerated filer </font><font style="font: 10pt Wingdings">x</font></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; padding-right: 0.8pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 43%">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Non-accelerated
        filer&nbsp; </font><font style="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</font></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Do not check if a smaller reporting
        company)</P></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; padding-right: 0.8pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 16%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Smaller reporting</font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">company&nbsp;</font><font style="font: 10pt Wingdings">&uml;</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Title of Each Class of</b></font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Securities to be Registered</b></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Amount to be</b></font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Registered (1)</b></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Proposed Maximum</b></font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Offering</b></font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Price per Security(2)</b></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Proposed Maximum</b></font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Aggregate</b></font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Offering Price</b></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Amount of</b></font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Registration</b></font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Fee(3)</b></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 1.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 1.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 1.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Common stock, par value $0.001 per share</font></td>
    <td style="width: 15px; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,137,500 shares</font></td>
    <td style="width: 15px; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 31px; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.27</font></td>
    <td style="width: 9px; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 15px; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 9px; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,582,125</font></td>
    <td style="width: 9px; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 15px; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$260.02</font></td>
    <td style="width: 9px; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1)</font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">There
    is also being registered hereunder an indeterminate number of additional shares of common stock as shall be issuable pursuant
    to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;),to prevent dilution resulting
    from stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2)</font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(c) of the Securities Act based upon a $2.27 per share average of high and low prices of the registrant&rsquo;s common stock on the NYSE MKT on October 2, 2015.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(3)</font></td>
    <TD STYLE="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">A fee of $ 260.02 is being paid with the filing of this registration statement.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>The registrant hereby amends this registration
statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment
which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of
the Securities Act, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission,
acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">_________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 100%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; color: red"><b>The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The Selling Stockholders may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.</b></font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp; <B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: red"><B>SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED
OCTOBER 7, 2015</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in"><IMG SRC="image_002.jpg" ALT="http:||content.edgar-online.com|edgar_conv_img|2015|04|10|0001144204-15-022219_IMAGE_001.JPG" STYLE="height: 52px; width: 238px">
&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">1,137,500 Shares</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">Common Stock</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">This
prospectus relates to the resale by the stockholders listed in the section titled &ldquo;Selling Stockholders&rdquo;, which we
refer to as the &ldquo;Selling Stockholders&rdquo; of up to an aggregate of 1,137,500 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001
per share (the &ldquo;Shares&rdquo;). The Shares were acquired by the Selling Stockholders in connection with separate private
placements transactions completed prior to the filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Of the
1,137,500 shares of common stock being registered for resale, (i) 937,500 shares were issued pursuant to a stock issuance agreement
that we entered into on August 10, 2015 with Intrexon Corporation (the &ldquo;Intrexon Stock Issuance Agreement&rdquo;), and (ii)
200,000 shares were issued pursuant to a stock purchase agreement that we entered into with Dr. Mark Pimentel and Synthetic Biomics,
Inc. on December 5, 2013 (the &lsquo;Pimentel Agreement&rdquo;), as amended on August 29, 2015. </FONT> <FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
will not receive any proceeds from the disposition of the Shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our common stock is traded on NYSE MKT
under the symbol &ldquo;SYN.&rdquo; On October 6, 2015, the last reported sale price for the common stock was $2.31 per share.
We urge prospective purchasers of our common stock to obtain current information about the market prices of our common stock. The
prices at which the Selling Stockholders may sell the Shares in this offering will be determined by the prevailing market price
for the shares of common stock or in negotiated transactions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our executive offices are located at 9605
Medical Center Drive, Suite 270, Rockville, Maryland 20850 and our administrative offices are located at 617 Detroit Street, Suite
100, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Our telephone number is (734) 332-7800.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>INVESTING IN OUR COMMON STOCK INVOLVES
RISKS. SEE THE &ldquo;RISK FACTORS&rdquo; ON PAGE 6 OF THIS PROSPECTUS AND ANY SIMILAR SECTION CONTAINED IN THE DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED
BY REFERENCE INTO THIS PROSPECTUS CONCERNING FACTORS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER BEFORE INVESTING IN OUR COMMON STOCK.</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange
Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy
of the prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">The date of this prospectus is&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
, 2015.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 8%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Page</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_001">About this Prospectus</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_002">Prospectus Summary</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_003">Risk Factors</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_004">Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_005">Use of Proceeds</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_006">Dividend Policy</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-decoration: underline"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><u><A HREF="#a_007">Selling Stockholders</A></u></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-decoration: underline"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><u><A HREF="#a_008">Plan of Distribution</A></u></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">9</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_009">Description of Capital Stock</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">11</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_010">Legal Matters</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">12</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_011">Experts</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">12</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_012">Where You Can Find More Information</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">12</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_013">Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">12</font></td></tr>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#a_014">Disclosure of the Securities and Exchange Commission Position on Indemnification for Securities Act Liabilities</A></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">13</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>The registration statement containing
this prospectus, including the exhibits to the registration statement, provides additional information about us and the common
stock offered under this prospectus. The registration statement, including the exhibits and the documents incorporated herein by
reference, can be read on the Securities and Exchange Commission website or at the Securities and Exchange Commission offices mentioned
under the heading &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information.&rdquo;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_001"></A><B>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus is not an offer or solicitation
in respect to these securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer or solicitation would be unlawful.&nbsp;&nbsp;This prospectus
is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;).&nbsp;&nbsp;The
registration statement that contains this prospectus (including the exhibits to the registration statement) contains additional
information about our company and the securities offered under this prospectus.&nbsp;&nbsp;That registration statement can be read
at the SEC website or at the SEC&rsquo;s offices listed under the heading &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information.&rdquo;&nbsp;&nbsp;We
have not authorized anyone else to provide you with different information or additional information.&nbsp;&nbsp;You should not
assume that the information in this prospectus, or any supplement or amendment to this prospectus, is accurate at any date other
than the date indicated on the cover page of such documents.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_002"></A><B>PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Our Business</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 6pt; text-indent: -1.5pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are a clinical-stage company developing
therapeutics to protect the microbiome while targeting pathogen-specific diseases. Our lead candidates in Phase 2 development include
SYN-004 which is designed to protect the gut microbiome (gastrointestinal (GI) microflora) from the effects of certain commonly
used intravenous (IV) antibiotics for the prevention of <I>C. difficile</I> infection and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD),
and SYN-010 which is intended to reduce the impact of methane-producing organisms in the gut microbiome to treat the underlying
cause of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). In addition, we are developing a Phase 2 oral estriol drug, Trimesta&trade;,
for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and cognitive dysfunction in MS, and in collaboration with Intrexon
Corporation (NYSE:XON) (&ldquo;Intrexon&rdquo;), a preclinical stage monoclonal antibody combination for the treatment of Pertussis,
and novel discovery stage biotherapeutics for the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Product Pipeline:</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="image_003.jpg" ALT="http:||content.edgar-online.com|edgar_conv_img|2015|08|10|0001144204-15-047646_CHART.JPG" STYLE="height: 333px; width: 624px"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Summary of Microbiome Programs:</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 3%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Symbol">&middot;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 94%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>C.
    difficile</i> infections (CDI):</b> We are in clinical development of a novel second-generation oral enzyme, SYN-004, to
    degrade commonly used IV beta-lactam antibiotics in the GI tract, intended to protect the microbiome and prevent the
    development of and severe effects from CDI and AAD. CDIs are a leading type of hospital acquired infection (HAI) and are
    frequently associated with IV antibiotic treatment. Designed to be given orally and co-administered with certain IV
    beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillins and cephalosporins), SYN-004 is intended to protect the gut while the IV
    antibiotics fight the primary infection. SYN-004 is believed to not only have a similar profile to its first-generation
    predecessor, which demonstrated protection of the microbiome (gut flora) during treatment with certain penicillins, but also
    has the potential to protect the gut from a broader spectrum of IV beta-lactam antibiotics. Beta-lactam antibiotics are a
    mainstay in hospital infection management and include the commonly used penicillin and cephalosporin classes of antibiotics.
    SYN-004&rsquo;s target market is significant and represented by annual U.S. hospitals purchases of approximately 118 million
    doses of IV beta-lactam antibiotics which are administered to approximately 14 million patients.* Currently there are no
    approved treatments designed to protect the gut microbiome from the damaging effects of IV antibiotics. This worldwide market
    could represent a multi-billion dollar opportunity for us. In November 2014, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
    issued Patent No. 8,894,994 that has claims to compositions of matter and pharmaceutical compositions of beta-lactamases,
    including SYN-004, and carries a patent term to at least 2031. We also have an extensive patent estate on other aspects of
    this program which includes patent applications that could carry a term to at least 2035. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we
    initiated our randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 1a clinical trial, reported positive topline safety and
    tolerability results from the Phase 1a clinical trial, and initiated the Phase 1b clinical trial evaluating multiple
    ascending doses of SYN-004. In February 2015, we reported positive topline results from the Phase 1b clinical trial of
    escalating doses of oral SYN-004, with no safety or tolerability issues reported at dose levels and dose regimens both
    meeting and exceeding those expected to be studied in upcoming clinical trials. In March 2015, we reported positive
    pharmacokinetics data from both Phase 1 clinical trials, with supportive evidence that SYN-004 should have no effect on the
    IV antibiotic in the bloodstream, allowing the antibiotic to fight the primary infection. In March 2015, we also initiated a
    Phase 2a clinical trial to evaluate the GI antibiotic-degrading effects and the safety of SYN-004. In June 2015, the first
    participant was dosed in a second Phase 2a clinical trial of SYN-004, to evaluate the GI antibiotic-degrading effects and the
    safety of SYN-004, in the presence of the proton pump inhibitor (PPI), esomeprazole. Topline data is expected from the first
    Phase 2a clinical trial when it is available in 2015, and from the second Phase 2a clinical trial during the second half
    of 2015. In July 2015, we reported data from the first four of 12 expected participants in the first Phase 2a open-label
    clinical trial; the data showed that SYN-004 degraded IV ceftriaxone in the chyme of the four healthy participants with
    functioning ileostomies without affecting the ceftriaxone in the bloodstream. In September 2015, we initiated  a Phase 2b
    proof-of-concept clinical trial of SYN-004. This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial is expected to enroll
    approximately 370 patients at up to 75 global clinical sites. An interim analysis of blinded data from the Phase 2b clinical
    trial is anticipated during the second half of 2015. The initiation of pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s) are
    anticipated during 2016.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>*</b></font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">This information is an estimate derived from the use of information under license from the following IMS Health Incorporated information service: CDM Hospital database for full year 2012. IMS expressly reserves all rights, including rights of copying, distribution and republication.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt"></P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 3%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Symbol">&middot;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 94%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>IBS-C:</b> In December 2013, through our majority-owned subsidiary, Synthetic Biomics, Inc., we entered into a worldwide exclusive license agreement with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC) for the right to develop products for therapeutic and prophylactic treatments of acute and chronic diseases, including the development of SYN-010 to target IBS-C. SYN-010 is our proprietary modified-release formulation of the classic statin, lovastatin, that is intended to reduce methane-production by certain microorganisms (<i>M. smithii)</i> in the gut while minimizing disruption to the microbiome. SYN-010 is intended to act primarily in the intestinal lumen while avoiding systemic absorption, thereby targeting the cause of IBS-C, not just the symptoms. An investigational team led by Mark Pimentel, M.D. at CSMC discovered that lovastatin may reduce the production of methane gas by certain gastrointestinal (GI) microorganisms. Methane produced by these organisms is perceived as an underlying cause of pain, bloating, and constipation associated with IBS-C, and may contribute to the pathology of other diseases. In May 2015, preclinical results were presented in a poster at Digestive Disease Week <sup>&reg;</sup> (DDW) 2015 demonstrating that lovastatin prevented proliferation of methanogens in the small intestines of rats with minimal impact on remaining microbiome. In his practice, Dr. Pimentel translated the use of statins to reduce methane in humans by evaluating commercial lovastatin formulations in select IBS-C patients, demonstrating that lovastatin prevented methane production by methanogens in human stool. Using stringent disease diagnosis criteria to ensure market relevance and a population most likely to receive a diagnosis and prescription drug treatment, there are an estimated 40.7 million cases of IBS reported in the U.S., Europe and Japan, and it has been reported that up to 20 percent of all IBS patients have IBS-C. The estimated global sales for IBS therapeutics for 2015 are $669.3 million, and global sales are expected to be greater than $1.5 billion in 2023**. A 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway is anticipated for the development of SYN-010. We licensed an intellectual property portfolio from CSMC including granted use patents and pending patent applications for SYN-010. Additional worldwide patent filings having composition of matter claims, which were recently filed by CSMC and licensed to us, could extend patent protection of SYN-010 to 2035. Our Investigational New Drug (IND) application was submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in May 2015. In June 2015, we initiated our first Phase 2 placebo-controlled clinical trial of SYN-010. This clinical trial is expected to enroll approximately 60 patients who will be randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three groups, including two different SYN-010 dose groups and a placebo group. Patients are scheduled to receive single oral doses of SYN-010 each day for 28 days. The primary objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the change from baseline in breath methane, as determined by a lactulose breath test, in methane-positive patients with IBS-C after seven days of treatment with one of two formulations of SYN-010 compared with placebo. Secondary endpoints include Improvement in the number of complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM) per week, and improvement in abdominal pain and bloating per standard scales required per FDA guidance. We anticipate reporting topline results from the first Phase 2 clinical trial during the second half of 2015. We also anticipate initiating the second SYN-010 Phase 2 clinical trial during the second half of 2015, with topline results from this trial expected during the first half of 2016. The primary endpoint of the second Phase 2 is to evaluate the ability of SYN-010 to sustain the reduction in breath methane levels, and secondary endpoints include evaluating pain, bloating and CSBM. The initiation of pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s) are anticipated during 2016.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">**</font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">GlobalData, Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Global Drug Forecast and Market Analysis to 2023, December 2014</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Summary of Multiple Sclerosis Program:</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 3%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Symbol">&middot;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 94%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Relapsing-Remitting MS:</b> We have licensed issued method of treatment patents in the U.S. for MS therapy with estriol and estriol combination therapies (including estriol with Copaxone<sup>&reg;</sup>) from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In April 2014, positive Phase 2 topline efficacy and safety results was presented by the lead principal investigator of the UCLA Phase 2 investigator initiated randomized (n=158) double-blinded placebo trial which evaluated our drug candidate, Trimesta, in woman with relapsing remitting MS at 16 sites in the U.S. In September 2014, the lead principal investigator presented additional Phase 2 clinical outcome data, including more detailed results on improvements in cognitive and disability measures, at the 2014 Joint Americas and European Committees for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis Meeting (ACTRIMS-ECTRIMS) in Boston. The data as reported by the lead principal investigator for the UCLA-led Phase 2 study supported the potential of Trimesta to have a novel dual mechanism of action for both the anti-inflammatory effects that improve relapse rate, and a neuroprotective effect that improves standard measures of disability and cognition. Numerous new provisional patent applications have been filed based on the Phase 2 clinical results. This investigator-initiated Phase 2 clinical trial was supported by grants exceeding $8 million, awarded primarily by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) in partnership with the NMSS&rsquo;s Southern California chapter, and the National Institutes of Health. Annual worldwide sales of MS therapies are forecasted to be approximately $17.8 billion in 2019. In July 2015, through our wholly owned subsidiary, we entered into amended license and clinical trial agreements with The Regents of UCLA. We were also informed by UCLA that MRI analyses are ongoing to evaluate changes in the brain that correlate with improvements seen in clinical outcomes, and we expect to report topline MRI data 30 days following our receipt of this data from UCLA. We continue to engage the neurology community and potential strategic partners, as we determine next steps for Trimesta.</font></td></tr>
</table>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 3%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Symbol">&middot;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 94%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Cognitive Dysfunction in MS:</b> Trimesta is also being developed for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in female MS patients. This 12-month, UCLA-led, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigator-initiated Phase 2 clinical trial is being conducted at four sites in the United States. The primary endpoint is the effect on cognitive function as assessed by Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Patient enrollment is ongoing. The majority of the costs of this trial are being funded by grants from foundations and charitable organizations through direct funding to the lead principal investigator and we have pledged approximately $500,000 to UCLA to partially fund this trial, payable over three years. An estimated 50 - 65% of MS patients are expected to develop disabilities due to cognitive dysfunction and there is currently no approved treatment for this indication.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="width: 94%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Pertussis:</b> In December 2012, in collaboration with Intrexon, we initiated development of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for the treatment of Pertussis infections, more commonly known as whooping cough. Combining two mAbs, SYN-005 is designed to target and neutralize pertussis toxin as a prophylaxis for high-risk newborns and in order to reduce the mortality rate in infected infants. To further the development of this potential therapy for Pertussis, we entered into an agreement with The University of Texas at Austin (UT) to license the rights to certain research and pending patents related to pertussis antibodies. We have patents pending on compositions and uses of SYN-005 and we have an issued U.S. patent on other pertussis mAbs from UT. According to the World Health Organization, each year, <i>B. pertussis</i> infection is estimated to cause up to 300,000 deaths worldwide, primarily among unvaccinated infants. Positive preclinical research findings for SYN-005 were reported in April 2014, and again in September 2014, for our proprietary mAb combination therapy for treating Pertussis, in non-human primate studies. In September 2014 we received a U.S. Orphan Drug designation for SYN-005 for the treatment of Pertussis. In April 2015, positive preclinical findings were reported in two posters at ECCMID 2015 (European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases). We are seeking non-dilutive funding to support preclinical and clinical development of SYN-005 for prophylaxis and treatment of Pertussis, including the anticipated filing of an IND application and the anticipated initiation of a Phase 1 clinical trial.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"></P>

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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 3%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Symbol">&middot;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 94%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Phenylketonuria (PKU):</b> In August 2015, we entered into a third worldwide exclusive channel collaboration with Intrexon through which we intend to develop and commercialize novel biotherapeutics for the treatment of patients with PKU. We will utilize Intrexon&rsquo;s ActoBiotics&trade; platform providing a proprietary method of delivering therapeutic protein and peptides to the gastrointestinal tract through food-grade microbes. This program is in the discovery stage.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">All of our programs are supported by growing
patent estates that we either own or exclusively license. In total, each potential product has issued patents that provide protection,
and we have approximately 100 U.S. and foreign patents and over 55 U.S. and foreign patents pending.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Since our inception in January 2001, our
efforts and resources have been focused primarily on acquiring and developing our product candidates, our clinical trials, raising
capital, manufacturing and recruiting personnel. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through public and private
sales of our common stock, and we expect to continue to seek to obtain the required capital in a similar manner. We have incurred
an accumulated deficit of $127.0 million through June 30, 2015. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to achieve
profitability on a sustained basis, if at all, obtain the required funding, obtain the required regulatory approvals, or complete
additional corporate partnering or acquisition transactions.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Recent Developments</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">On September 2, 2015, we paid Intrexon a technology access fee
by the issuance of 937,500 shares of common stock, having a value equal to $3 million as of August 7, 2015; the NYSE MKT subsequently
approved the issuance of these shares. The fee was paid pursuant to the Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement (the &ldquo;Channel
Agreement&rdquo;) that we entered into with Intrexon on August 10, 2015 that governs a &ldquo;channel collaboration&rdquo; arrangement
in which we will use Intrexon&rsquo;s technology relating to the development and commercialization of novel biotherapeutics (a
&ldquo;Collaboration Product&rdquo;) for the treatment of patients with PKU. In addition, upon the achievement of certain milestones,
we agreed to pay Intrexon milestone payments of up to $27 million for each product developed. We will pay Intrexon royalties on
annual net sales of Collaboration Products, calculated on a product-by-product basis equal to a percent of net sales (ranging from
mid-single digits on the first $100 million of net sales to mid-teen digits on net sales in excess of $750 million).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">On August 31, 2015, we issued 1,350,000 shares of our common
stock to Dr. Mark Pimentel in exchange for all of the shares of common stock of Synthetic Biomics, Inc. held by Dr. Pimentel, in
accordance with the Pimentel Agreement, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">On July 21, 2015, we completed a public offering of 15.3 million
shares of common stock, including the fully exercised over-allotment option by the underwriters covering 2.0 million shares, at
an offering price of $3.00 per share. The total gross proceeds of the offering, including the exercise in full of the over-allotment
option, were approximately $46.0 million. Net proceeds, after deducting the underwriters&rsquo; discount and other estimated expenses,
were approximately $42.6 million.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">On July 8, 2015, Putney Drug Corp., our subsidiary, and The
Regents of UCLA, entered into an amendment to the License Agreement, dated July 11, 2005 (as amended previously), and an amendment
to the Clinical Trial Agreement, dated as of April 29, 2010.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Company History</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our predecessor, Sheffield Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., was incorporated in 1986, and in 2006 engaged in a reverse merger with Pipex Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation formed
in 2001. After the merger, we changed our name to Pipex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and in October 2008 we changed our name to Adeona
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. On October 15, 2009, we engaged in a merger with a wholly owned subsidiary for the purpose of reincorporating
in the State of Nevada. After reprioritizing our focus on the emerging area of synthetic biologics and entering into our first
collaboration with Intrexon, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to change our name to Synthetic Biologics, Inc. on February
15, 2012.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 27.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Corporate Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 27.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Our executive offices are located at 9605 Medical Center Drive,
Suite 270, Rockville, Maryland 20850. We also maintain an administrative and finance office at 617 Detroit Street, Suite 100,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Our telephone number is (732) 332-7800, and our website address is <I>www.syntheticbiologics.com</I>.
The information contained on our website is not part of, and should not be construed as being incorporated by reference into this
prospectus supplement. As used in this prospectus supplement, unless the context otherwise requires, references to &ldquo;Synthetic,&rdquo;
&ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;us,&rdquo; &ldquo;our,&rdquo; and similar references refer to Synthetic Biologics, Inc. and our subsidiaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_003"></A>RISK FACTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>An investment in our common stock involves
a high degree of risk.</I> <I>You should consider carefully the risks discussed under the section captioned &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
contained in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and in our subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, as updated by our
subsequent filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;), each of which is incorporated
by reference in this prospectus in its entirety, together with other information in this prospectus, and the information and documents
incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with
this offering before you make a decision to invest in our common stock. If any of these events actually occur, our business, operating
results, prospects or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. This could cause the trading price of our
common stock to decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_004"></A>SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING
STATEMENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Some of the statements contained or incorporated
by reference in this prospectus may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to our ongoing
and planned clinical trials, business strategy, business plan, financial performance and other future events. These statements
include forward-looking statements both with respect to us, specifically, and the biotechnology sector, in general. We make these
statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements that include
the words &ldquo;expect,&rdquo;&ldquo;intend,&rdquo;&ldquo;plan,&rdquo;&ldquo;believe,&rdquo;&ldquo;project,&rdquo;&ldquo;estimate,&rdquo;&ldquo;may,&rdquo;&ldquo;should,&rdquo;&ldquo;anticipate,&rdquo;&ldquo;will&rdquo;and
similar statements of a future or forward-looking nature identify forward-looking statements for purposes of the federal securities
laws or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">All forward-looking statements involve
inherent risks and uncertainties, and there are or will be important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially
from those indicated in these statements. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to, those factors set forth
under the caption &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; in this prospectus and under the captions &ldquo;Risk Factors,&rdquo; &ldquo;Business,&rdquo;
and &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,&rdquo; in our most recent
Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K and our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form10-Q, all of which you should review carefully. Please
consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks as you read this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus.
We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information,
future developments or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If one or more of these or other risks
or uncertainties materializes, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from
what we anticipate. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on our
behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this Note. Before purchasing any shares of common stock, you should consider
carefully all of the factors set forth or referred to in this prospectus that could cause actual results to differ.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp; <B>&nbsp;</B>
&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_005"></A>USE OF PROCEEDS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will not receive any proceeds from the
disposition by the Selling Stockholders of any of the Shares covered by this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_006"></A>DIVIDEND POLICY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have never paid cash dividends on our
common stock. Moreover, we do not anticipate paying periodic cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We
intend to use all available cash and liquid assets in the operation and growth of our business. Any future determination about
the payment of dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our earnings, if any, capital
requirements, operating and financial conditions and on such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_007"></A>SELLING STOCKHOLDERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus covers the disposition
by the Selling Stockholders identified below, or their transferee(s), of an aggregate of 1,137,500 shares of our common stock.&nbsp;All
of the Shares included in this offering were issued as described below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Agreements with Intrexon</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On August 10, 2015, we expanded our relationship
with Intrexon and entered into the Channel Agreement with Intrexon that governs a &ldquo;channel collaboration&rdquo; arrangement
in which we will use Intrexon&rsquo;s technology for development of Collaboration Products for the treatment of PKU in humans by
direct administration of a viral construct containing a gene to alter genetic expression of phenyalanine hydroxylase and/or administration
of genetically modified bacteria that express an effector directed to the metabolic conversion of phenyalanine (the &ldquo;Field&rdquo;).
The Channel Agreement grants us a worldwide exclusive license to use the patents and other intellectual property of Intrexon in
connection with the research, development, use, importing, manufacture, sale, and offer for sale of Collaboration Products in the
Field.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On August 10, 2015, in connection with
the Channel Agreement, we entered into the Intrexon Stock Issuance Agreement pursuant to which we issued to Intrexon 937,500 shares
of our common stock, having a value equal to $3 million as of August 7, 2015 (the &ldquo;Technology Access Shares&rdquo;), which
issuance was paid in partial consideration for the execution and delivery of the Channel Agreement. We also agreed to pay Intrexon,
milestone payments of up to $27 million for each product developed, royalties on annual net sales of Collaboration Products and
a percentage of quarterly revenue obtained from a sublicensor in the event of a sublicensing arrangement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In connection with the transactions contemplated
by the Stock Issuance Agreement with Intrexon, and pursuant to the Second Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement executed and
delivered by the parties at the closing, we agreed to file a &ldquo;resale&rdquo; registration statement (the &ldquo;Registration
Statement&rdquo;) registering the resale of the 937,500 shares of our common stock being registered under the registration statement
of which this prospectus forms a part as well as any other shares to be issued under the Stock Issuance Agreement. None of the
Technology Access Shares to be issued under the Stock Issuance Agreement are required to be registered until 120 days after the
date of the Second Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement. Under that agreement, we are obligated to use our reasonable best
efforts to cause the &ldquo;resale&rdquo; registration statement to be declared effective as promptly as practicable after filing
and to maintain the effectiveness of the registration statement until all securities therein are sold or are otherwise can be sold
pursuant to Rule 144, without any restrictions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In December 2013, Intrexon purchased 2,000,000 shares of our
common stock in our underwritten public offering and NRM VII Holdings I, LLC, an entity indirectly controlled by Randall J. Kirk,
the Chief Executive Officer of Intrexon, purchased 500,000 shares of our common stock in our underwritten public offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In October 2012, we consummated a private
placement and entered into a stock purchase agreement and registration rights agreement with several persons named therein, including
NRM VII Holdings I, LLC. NRM VII Holdings I, LLC acquired 3,125,000 shares of our common stock in our October 2012 private placement,
which were registered under our registration statement, that was declared effective May 6, 2013.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On August 6, 2012, we expanded our relationship
with Intrexon and entered into the Second Exclusive Channel Agreement (the &ldquo;Second ECC&rdquo;) with Intrexon that governs
a &ldquo;channel collaboration&rdquo; arrangement in which we will use Intrexon&rsquo;s technology relating to the identification,
design and production of human antibodies and DNA vectors for the development and commercialization of monoclonal antibody therapies
for the treatment of certain serious infectious diseases the (&ldquo;Program&rdquo;) for the treatment of specific target infectious
disease indications (the &ldquo;Second ECC Field&rdquo;). Our development efforts are targeting Pertussis. Such license is exclusive
with respect to any clinical development, selling, offering for sale or other commercialization of our products within the Second
ECC Field (&ldquo;Synthetic Products&rdquo;), and otherwise is non-exclusive. On October 16, 2012, we issued 3,552,210 shares of
our common stock as consideration in connection with the Second ECC and the related Stock Issuance Agreement with Intrexon that
we entered into on August 6, 2012 (the &ldquo;Second Stock Issuance Agreement&rdquo;). In connection with the transactions contemplated
by the Second Stock Issuance Agreement, and pursuant to the First Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement (the &ldquo;First
Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement&rdquo;) executed and delivered by the parties at the closing, we filed a &ldquo;resale&rdquo;
registration statement registering the resale of the 3,552, 210 shares issued under the Second Stock Issuance Agreement and the
resale of 3,123,558 shares of our common stock that we issued to Intrexon in consideration for the execution and delivery of the
channel agreement which was entered into on November 18, 2011 and terminated on April 16, 2013. The registration statement was
declared effective on May 6, 2013.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15pt"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Agreement with Dr. Pimentel</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On December 5, 2013, we and our newly formed,
majority owned subsidiary, Synthetic Biomics, Inc. (&ldquo;SYN Biomics&rdquo;), entered into a worldwide exclusive license agreement
(the &ldquo;License Agreement&rdquo;) with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (&ldquo;CSMC&rdquo;) for the right to develop, manufacture,
use, and sell products for the human and veterinary therapeutic and prophylactic treatments for acute and chronic diseases discovered
by an investigational team led by Mark Pimentel, M.D. at CSMC to be associated with pathogenic gastrointestinal microorganisms,
including for example, irritable bowel syndrome (&ldquo;IBS&rdquo;), obesity and type 2 diabetes. Prior to the execution of the
CSMC License Agreement, SYN Biomics issued shares of common stock of SYN Biomics to each of CSMC and Dr. Mark Pimentel (the primary
inventor of the intellectual property), representing 11.5% and 8.5%, respectively, of the outstanding shares of SYN Biomics (the
&ldquo;SYN Biomics Shares&rdquo;). The Pimentel Agreement that was entered into with Dr. Pimentel, as amended on August 29, 2015,
provides a right, under certain circumstances in the event that the SYN Biomics Shares are not then freely tradeable, and subject
to NYSE MKT, LLC approval, as of the 18 and prior to the 36 month anniversary date of the effective date of the Pimentel Agreement,
for Dr. Pimentel to exchange his SYN Biomics Shares for unregistered shares of our common stock, with the rate of exchange based
upon the relative contribution of the valuation of SYN Biomics to the public market valuation of us at the time of each exchange.
On August 31, 2015, Dr. Pimentel was issued 1,350,000 shares of our common stock in exchange for all of the SYN Biomics Shares
held by him.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In April 2014, Dr. Pimentel was appointed
as the Chairman of our IBS Clinical Advisory Board. In connection therewith, Dr. Pimentel receives a quarterly cash payment and
has been issued an aggregate of options exercisable for 20,000 shares of our common stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders have indicated
to us that neither Intrexon nor any of its affiliates nor has Dr. Pimentel held any position or office or had any other material
relationship with us in the past three years except as described in this Registration Statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table sets forth the number
of shares of the common stock owned by the Selling Stockholders as of September 30, 2015 and after giving effect to this offering
assuming all of the Shares covered hereby are sold by the Selling Stockholders. The percentage of beneficial ownership is based
on 90,810,086 shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2015.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>&nbsp;Selling Stockholders</b></font></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Beneficial</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Ownership Before</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>the Sale of all Shares Covered by this Prospectus</b></font></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Percentage of</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Beneficial</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Ownership</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Before</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>the Sale of all Shares Covered by this Prospectus</b></font></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Total Shares</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Offered</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>By Selling</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Stockholder in the Offering Covered by this Prospectus</b></font></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Beneficial</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Ownership After</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>the Sale of all Shares Covered by this Prospectus(1)</b></font></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Percentage of</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Beneficial</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Ownership</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>After</b></font><br> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>the Sale of all Shares Covered by this Prospectus</b></font></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 30%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Intrexon Corporation(2)</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">9,613,268</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">10.6</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">%</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">937,500</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">8,675,768</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">9.6</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">%</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Mark Pimentel, M.D. (3)</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,360,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1.5</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">%</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">200,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,160,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1.3</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">%</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Total</b></font></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">10,973,268</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">12.1</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">%</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,137,500</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">9,835,768</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">10.8</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">%</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;____________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">These
numbers assume the Selling Stockholders sell all of the Shares being registered in this prospectus, which are being registered
in this prospectus.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Randall
J. Kirk, the Chief Executive Officer of Intrexon, directly and through certain affiliates has voting and dispositive power over
a majority of the outstanding capital of Intrexon. The address for Intrexon Corporation is 20358 Seneca Meadows Pkwy, Germantown,
Maryland 20876. Does not include 3,625,000 shares of common stock held by NRM VII Holdings I, LLC.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(3)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
address of Dr. Pimentel is c/o Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048-1865. Includes
10,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options held by Dr. Pimentel that are exercisable within the 60-day
period following September 30, 2015.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>


<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_008"></A>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are registering the Shares previously
issued to the Selling Stockholders to permit the resale of these shares of common stock by the Selling Stockholders from time to
time after the date of this prospectus. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale by the Selling Stockholders of the
shares of common stock. We will bear all fees and expenses incident to our obligation to register the shares of common stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders, or his, its or
their pledges, donees, transferees, or any of its successors in interest selling shares received from the Selling Stockholders
as a gift, partnership distribution or other non-sale related transfer after the date of this prospectus, may sell all or a portion
of the Shares beneficially owned by them and offered hereby from time to time directly or through one or more underwriters, broker-dealers
or agents. If the shares of common stock are sold through underwriters or broker-dealers, the Selling Stockholders will be responsible
for underwriting discounts or commissions or agent's commissions. The Shares may be sold in one or more transactions at fixed prices,
at prevailing market prices at the time of the sale, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices.
The Selling Stockholders will act independently of us in making decisions with respect to the timing, manner and size of each sale.
These sales may be affected in transactions, which may involve crosses or block transactions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 5%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 89%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">on any national securities exchange or quotation service on which the securities may be listed or quoted at the time of sale;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">in the over-the-counter market;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">in transactions otherwise than on these exchanges or systems or in the over-the-counter market;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">through the writing of options, whether such options are listed on an options exchange or otherwise;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker-dealer solicits purchasers;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">block trades in which the broker-dealer will attempt to sell the shares as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by the broker-dealer for its account;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the applicable exchange;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">privately negotiated transactions;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">short sales;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">through the distribution of the common stock by any Selling Stockholders to its partners, members or stockholders;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">through one or more underwritten offerings on a firm commitment or best efforts basis;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">sales pursuant to Rule 144;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">broker-dealers may agree with the Selling Stockholders to sell a specified number of such shares at a stipulated price per share;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">a combination of any such methods of sale; and</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders may also transfer
the Shares by gift. The Selling Stockholders may engage brokers and dealers, and any brokers or dealers may arrange for other brokers
or dealers to participate in effecting sales of the Shares. These brokers, dealers or underwriters may act as principals, or as
an agent of a Selling Stockholders. Broker-dealers may agree with the Selling Stockholders to sell a specified number of the Shares
at a stipulated price per security. If the broker-dealer is unable to sell the Shares acting as agent for the Selling Stockholders,
it may purchase as principal any unsold Shares at the stipulated price. Broker-dealers who acquire Shares as principals may thereafter
resell the Shares from time to time in transactions in any stock exchange or automated interdealer quotation system on which the
Shares are then listed, at prices and on terms then prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the then-current market
price or in negotiated transactions. Broker-dealers may use block transactions and sales to and through broker-dealers, including
transactions of the nature described above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders may also sell
the Shares in accordance with Rule 144 under the Securities Act, rather than pursuant to this prospectus, regardless of whether
the Shares are covered by this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If the Selling Stockholders effects such
transactions by selling Shares to or through underwriters, broker-dealers or agents, such underwriters, broker-dealers or agents
may receive commissions in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the Selling Stockholders or commissions from
purchasers of the shares of common stock for whom they may act as agent or to whom they may sell as principal (which discounts,
concessions or commissions as to particular underwriters, broker-dealers or agents may be in excess of those customary in the types
of transactions involved). In connection with sales of the Shares or otherwise, the Selling Stockholders may enter into hedging
transactions with broker-dealers, which may in turn engage in short sales of the Shares in the course of hedging in positions they
assume. The Selling Stockholders may also sell Shares short and deliver Shares covered by this prospectus to close out short positions
and to return borrowed shares in connection with such short sales. The Selling Stockholders may also loan or pledge Shares to broker-dealers
that in turn may sell such shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr>
    <td style="width: 100%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The Selling Stockholders may pledge or grant a security interest in some or all of the Shares&nbsp;owned by it and, if it defaults in the performance of its secured obligations, the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell the Shares from time to time pursuant to this prospectus or any amendment to this prospectus under Rule 424(b) or other applicable provision of the Securities Act amending, if necessary, the list of Selling Stockholders to include the pledgee, transferee or other successors in interest as Selling Stockholders under this prospectus. The Selling Stockholders also may transfer and donate the Shares in other circumstances in which case the transferees, donees, pledgees or other successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of this prospectus.</font></td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In addition, the Selling Stockholders may,
from time to time, sell the Shares short, and, in those instances, this prospectus may be delivered in connection with the short
sales and the Shares offered under this prospectus may be used to cover short sales.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders and any broker-dealer
participating in the distribution of the Shares may be deemed to be &ldquo;underwriters&rdquo; within the meaning of the Securities
Act, and any commission paid, or any discounts or concessions allowed to, any such broker-dealer may be deemed to be underwriting
commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. At the time a particular offering of the Shares is made, a prospectus supplement,
if required, will be distributed which will set forth the aggregate amount of Shares being offered and the terms of the offering,
including the name or names of any broker-dealers or agents, any discounts, commissions and other terms constituting compensation
from the Selling Stockholders and any discounts, commissions or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to broker-dealers. The
Selling Stockholders may indemnify any broker-dealer that participates in transactions involving the sale of the Shares against
certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Under the securities laws of some states,
the Shares may be sold in such states only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states the Shares
may not be sold unless such shares have been registered or qualified for sale in such state or an exemption from registration or
qualification is available and is complied with.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There can be no assurance that the Selling
Stockholders will sell any or all of the Shares registered pursuant to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms
a part.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders and any other
person participating in such distribution will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations
thereunder, including, without limitation, Regulation M of the Exchange Act, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales
of any of the shares of common stock by the Selling Stockholders and any other participating person. Regulation M may also restrict
the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of the Shares to engage in market-making activities with respect to the shares
of common stock. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the Shares and the ability of any person or entity to engage
in market-making activities with respect to the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Shares offered hereby were originally
issued to the Selling Stockholders pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. We agreed
to register the Shares under the Securities Act. We will pay all expenses of the registration of the Shares estimated to be $30,000
in total, including, without limitation, SEC filing fees.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Once sold under the registration statement,
of which this prospectus forms a part, the Shares will be freely tradable in the hands of persons other than our affiliates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_009"></A>DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Authorized Capital</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our authorized capital consists of 250
million shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 10 million shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share.
As of September 30,&nbsp;2015, 90,891,568 of common stock were issued and 90,810,086 were outstanding, and no shares of preferred
stock were issued and outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Common Stock</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue shares of our common stock
from time to time. Holders of shares of common stock have the right to cast one vote for each share of common stock in their name
on our books, whether represented in person or by proxy, on all matters submitted to a vote of holders of common stock, including
election of directors. There is no right to cumulative voting in election of directors. Except where a greater requirement is provided
by statute, by our articles of incorporation, or by our bylaws, the presence, in person or by proxy duly authorized, of the one
or more holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business.
The vote by the holders of a majority of outstanding shares is required to effect certain fundamental corporate changes such as
liquidation, merger, or amendment of our articles of incorporation. Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of
our common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preferences
of any outstanding shares of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There are no restrictions in our articles
of incorporation or bylaws that prevent us from declaring dividends. We have not declared any dividends, and we do not plan to
declare any dividends in the foreseeable future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Holders of shares of our common stock are
not entitled to preemptive or subscription or conversion rights, and no redemption or sinking fund provisions are applicable to
our common stock. All outstanding shares of common stock are, and the shares of common stock sold in the offering will when issued
be fully paid and non-assessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Future Potential Stock Issuances </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On August 10, 2015, we entered into the
Channel Agreement with Intrexon. On September 2, 2015, we issued 937,500 shares of our common stock to Intrexon, which issuance
is deemed paid in consideration for the execution and delivery of the Channel Agreement. We also agreed to pay Intrexon milestone
payments of up to $27 million for each product developed as follows: (i) $2 million upon first doing of a patient in a Phase 1
clinical trial upon commencement of an IND, payable in stock or cash at our option; (ii) 30 days after achievement of the first
commercial sale of a Collaboration Product in the United States or approval of a New Drug Application and/or Biologics License
Application for a Collaboration Product by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; and (iii) 30 days after achievement of the first
commercial sale of a Collaboration Product in a nation subject to the authority of the European Medicines Agency (the &ldquo;EMA&rdquo;)
or approval of a Marketing Authorization Application for a Collaboration Product by the EMA.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On August 6, 2012, we entered into the
Second ECC with Intrexon. On October 16, 2012, we issued 3,552,210 shares of our common stock to Intrexon, which issuance is deemed
paid in consideration for the execution and delivery of the Second Channel Agreement. We also agreed upon the filing of an Investigational
New Drug application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for a Synthetic Product (as defined in the agreement), or alternatively
the filing of the first equivalent regulatory filing with a foreign regulatory agency (both as applicable, the &ldquo;IND Milestone
Event&rdquo;), to pay Intrexon either (i) $2 million in cash, or (ii) that number of shares of common stock having a fair market
value equaling $2 million where such fair market value is determined using published market data of the share price for common
stock at the close of market on the business day immediately preceding the date of public announcement of attainment of the IND
Milestone Event.&nbsp;We also agreed upon the first to occur of either first commercial sale of a Synthetic Product in a country
or the granting of the regulatory approval of that Synthetic Product (both as applicable, the &ldquo;Approval Milestone Event&rdquo;),
to pay to Intrexon either (i) $3 million in cash, or (ii) that number of shares of common stock having a fair market value equaling
$3 million where such fair market value is determined using published market data of the share price for common stock at the close
of market on the business day immediately preceding the date of public announcement of attainment of the Approval Milestone Event.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On December 5, 2013, we and SYN Biomics
entered into the License Agreement with CSMC. The License Agreement also provides for the payment of certain milestone payments,
at our option, in cash or shares of our common stock. In addition, the Stock Purchase Agreement for the SYN Biomics Shares that
was entered into with CSMC also provides for the right under certain circumstances for CSMC to exchange a portion of its SYN Biomics
shares for unregistered shares of our common stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;<B><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Outstanding Warrants</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of September 30, 2015, we had issued
and outstanding a total of 7,908,899 warrants to purchase our common stock outstanding at a weighted-average price of $1.79.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I></I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Outstanding Options</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of September 30, 2015, we had issued
and outstanding a total of 7,451,929 options to purchase our common stock outstanding at a weighted-average price of $2.01.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_010"></A>LEGAL MATTERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer, Reno, Nevada
will pass upon certain legal matters relating to the issuance and sale of the common stock offered hereby. Additional legal matters
may be passed upon for us or any underwriters, dealers, of agents, by counsel that we will name in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_011"></A>EXPERTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The financial statements of Synthetic Biologics,
Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and for each of the three years ended in the period ended December 31, 2014 and management&rsquo;s
assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 incorporated by reference
in this prospectus have been so incorporated in reliance on the reports of BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered accounting firm,
incorporated herein by reference, given on authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_012"></A>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We file annual, quarterly and special reports,
proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy any document we file at the SEC&rsquo;s public reference
room located at 100&nbsp;F&nbsp;Street N.E., Washington,&nbsp;D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information
on the operation of the public reference room. Our public filings are also available to the public at the SEC&rsquo;s web site
at http://www.sec.gov.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus is part of a registration
statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 that we have filed with the SEC under the Securities Act. This prospectus does not contain all of the
information in the registration statement. We have omitted certain parts of the registration statement, as permitted by the rules
and regulations of the SEC. You may inspect and copy the registration statement, including exhibits, at the SEC&rsquo;s public
reference room or Internet site.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_013"></A>INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY
REFERENCE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The SEC allows us to &ldquo;incorporate
by reference&rdquo; the information we file with it which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring
you to those documents instead of having to repeat the information in this prospectus. The information incorporated by reference
is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information that we file with the SEC will automatically update and supersede
this information. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future filings made with the SEC (other than any
portions of any such documents that are not deemed &ldquo;filed&rdquo; under the Exchange Act in accordance with the Exchange Act
and applicable SEC rules) under Sections&nbsp;13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act between the date of this prospectus
and the termination of the offering:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&bull;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our annual report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 filed with the SEC on March 16, 2015 (File No. 001-12584);&nbsp;</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&bull;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 filed with the SEC on May 11, 2015 and our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015 filed with the SEC on August 10, 2015 (File No. 001-12584);</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&bull;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our current reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 12, 2015, March 19, 2015, May 4, 2015, May 18, 2015, June 16, 2015, July 9, 2015, July 17, 2015, August 10, 2015 and September 3, 2015 (File No. 001-12584);</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&bull;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 13, 2015 (File No. 001-12584); and</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&bull;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The description of our common stock set forth in our registration statement on Form&nbsp;8-A12B, filed with the SEC on June 20, 2007 (File No.&nbsp;000-12584).</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You may obtain, free of charge, a copy
of any of these documents (other than exhibits to these documents unless the exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference
into these documents or referred to in this prospectus) by writing or calling us at the following address and telephone number:
Synthetic Biologics, Inc., 617 Detroit Street, Suite 100 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. (734) 332-7800.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_014"></A>DISCLOSURE OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION POSITION ON INDEMNIFICATION<BR>
FOR SECURITIES ACT LIABILITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;<B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our amended and restated bylaws and Articles
of Incorporation contain provisions that permit us to indemnify our directors and officers to the full extent permitted by Nevada
law, and our Articles of Incorporation, as amended, contains provisions that eliminate the personal liability of our directors
in each case for monetary damages to us or our stockholders for breach of their fiduciary duties, except to the extent that Nevada
law prohibits indemnification or elimination of liability. These provisions do not limit or eliminate our rights or the rights
of any stockholder to seek an injunction or any other non-monetary relief in the event of a breach of a director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s
fiduciary duty. In addition, these provisions apply only to claims against a director or officer arising out of his or her role
as a director or officer and do not relieve a director or officer from liability if he or she engaged in willful misconduct or
a knowing violation of the criminal law or any federal or state securities law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The rights of indemnification provided
in our amended and restated bylaws are not exclusive of any other rights that may be available under any insurance or other agreement,
by vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Insofar as indemnification for liabilities
arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions,
we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC this type of indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the
Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: -4.5pt">&nbsp; <IMG SRC="image_002.jpg" ALT="http:||content.edgar-online.com|edgar_conv_img|2015|04|10|0001144204-15-022219_IMAGE_001.JPG" STYLE="height: 52px; width: 238px"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>1,137,500 Shares</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>You should rely only on the information
contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information.
You should not assume that the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus is accurate as of any date
other than the date of this prospectus. We are not making an offer of these securities in any state where the offer is not permitted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PART&nbsp;II</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN THE PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 9%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Item 14.</b></font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.</i></b></font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table sets forth the estimated
fees and expenses in connection with the shelf registration of the common stock registered under this registration statement, other
than any underwriting discounts and commissions. The actual amounts of such fees and expenses will be determined from time to time.
All amounts shown are estimates except for the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;) registration fee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 86%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">SEC registration fee</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">260.02</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Legal fees and expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">15,000.00</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Accounting fees and expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">10,000.00</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Transfer agent and registrar fees and expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,500.00</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Printing and engraving expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,000.00</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">Miscellaneous</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">2,239.98</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">30,000.00</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 9%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Item 15.</b></font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Indemnification of Directors and Officers.</i></b></font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Section 78.138 of the Nevada Revised Statute
provides that a director or officer is not individually liable to the corporation or its stockholders or creditors for any damages
as a result of any act or failure to act in his capacity as a director or officer unless it is proven that (1) his act or failure
to act constituted a breach of his fiduciary duties as a director or officer and (2) his breach of those duties involved intentional
misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This provision is intended to afford director&rsquo;s
and officer&rsquo;s protection against and to limit their potential liability for monetary damages resulting from suits alleging
a breach of the duty of care by a director or officer. As a consequence of this provision, stockholders of our company will be
unable to recover monetary damages against directors or officers for action taken by them that may constitute negligence or gross
negligence in performance of their duties unless such conduct falls within one of the foregoing exceptions. The provision, however,
does not alter the applicable standards governing a director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s fiduciary duty and does not eliminate or
limit the right of our company or any stockholder to obtain an injunction or any other type of non-monetary relief in the event
of a breach of fiduciary duty.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Registrant&rsquo;s Articles of Incorporation,
as amended, and amended and restated bylaws provide for indemnification of directors, officers, employees or agents of the Registrant
to the fullest extent permitted by Nevada law (as amended from time to time).&nbsp;&nbsp;Section 78.7502 of the Nevada Revised
Statute provides that such indemnification may only be provided if the person acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably
believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interest of the Registrant and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding,
had no reasonable cause to behave his conduct was unlawful.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 9%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Item 16.</b></font></td>
    <td style="width: 91%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Exhibits</i></b></font></td></tr>
</table>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify; width: 92%"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (Incorporated by reference to (i) Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 16, 2008 (File No. 001-12584), (ii) Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2001 filed August 14, 2001 (File No. 001-12584) and (iii) Exhibits 3.1, 4.1 and 4.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 1998 filed August 14, 1998 (File No. 001-12584).</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Articles of Merger (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Merger filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.4</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Articles of Incorporation filed with the Nevada Secretary of State (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.5</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">By-Laws (Incorporated by reference to (i) Exhibit 3.4 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009 and (ii) Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 3, 2010 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.6</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Amended and Restated Bylaws Adopted and Effective October 31, 2011 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 2, 2011 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.7</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 16, 2012 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 18, 2015 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Legal opinion of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer*</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">10.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exclusive Channel Collaboration Agreement between the Registrant and Intrexon Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2015 (File No. 001-12584))</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">10.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Stock Issuance Agreement between the Registrant and Intrexon Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2015 (File No. 001-12584))</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">10.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Second Amendment to the Registration Rights Agreement between the Registrant and Intrexon Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2015 (File No. 001-12584))</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0">10.4</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0">10.5</P></TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Stock Purchase Agreement between
        the Registrant, Synthetic Biomics, Inc. and Mark Pimentel, M.D. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrant&rsquo;s
        Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2013 (File No. 001-12584))</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Amendment dated August 29, 2015
        to the Stock purchase Agreement dated December 3, 2013 by and among the Registrant, Synthetic Biomics, Inc. and Mark Pimentel,
        M.D. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 3, 2015
        (File No. 001-12584))</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">21</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">List of Subsidiaries (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21 to the Registrant&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2015 (File No. 001-12584))</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">23.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (BDO USA, LLP)*</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">23.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consent of Parson Behle &amp; Latimer (included in Exhibit 5.1)*</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">24.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Powers of Attorney for our directors (included on signature page)*</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">_____________&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">*Filed herewith</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Item&nbsp;17. </b></font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Undertakings.</i></b></font></td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="width: 6px">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 62px">&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;The undersigned registrant
hereby undertakes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(1) To file, during
any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(i) To include any
prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(ii) To reflect in
the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective
amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the
registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar
value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated
maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate,
the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in
the &ldquo;Calculation of Registration Fee&rdquo; table in the effective registration statement; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(iii) To include any
material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material
change to such information in the registration statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>provided, however</I> , that the undertakings
set forth in paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective
amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section
13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement or
is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is a part of the registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(2) That, for the
purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be
a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall
be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(3) To remove from
registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination
of the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(4) That, for the
purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(i) Each prospectus
filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the
filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(ii) Each prospectus
required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B
relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required
by section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the
earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities
in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that
is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to
the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time
shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement
or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference
into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of
contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or
prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(5) That, for the
purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution
of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant
pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if
the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant
will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(i) Any preliminary
prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(ii) Any free writing
prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned
registrant;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(iii) The portion
of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant
or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(iv) Any other communication
that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(b)&nbsp;The undersigned registrant hereby
undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant&rsquo;s
annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of
an employee benefit plan&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated
by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered
therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial <I>bona fide</I> offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;Insofar as indemnification
for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers, and controlling persons of the
registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities
and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is, therefore,
unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant
of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer, or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action,
suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer, or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered,
the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court
of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities
Act of 1933 and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements
for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto
duly authorized, in the City of Rockville, State of Maryland, October 7, 2015.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="padding-right: 1.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</font></td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="width: 50%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 4%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 45%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">By:</font></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Jeffrey Riley</font></td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0">Chief Executive Officer,</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0">President and Director</P></td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Principal Executive Officer)</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr>
    <td style="width: 50%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 4%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">By:</font></td>
    <td style="width: 45%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</font></td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chief Financial Officer</font><br>
<font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) &nbsp;</font></td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>POWER OF ATTORNEY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We, the undersigned hereby severally constitute
and appoint each of Jeffrey Riley and Steven A. Shallcross our true and lawful attorney and agent, with full power to each to sign
for us, and in our names in the capacities indicated below, any and all amendments to this registration statement, any subsequent
registration statements pursuant to Rule 462 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and to file the same, with all exhibits
thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact
and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to
be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and
confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof. This power of attorney may be executed in counterparts.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act 1933, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates
indicated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 52%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Jeffrey Riley &nbsp;</font></td>
    <td style="width: 2%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 29%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chief Executive Officer,</font></td>
    <td style="width: 2%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 15%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Jeffrey Riley</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">President and Director</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">October&nbsp;&nbsp;7, &nbsp;2015</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Principal Executive Officer)</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross &nbsp;</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chief Financial Officer</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Steven A. Shallcross</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">October&nbsp;&nbsp;7, &nbsp;2015</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/&nbsp;&nbsp;Jeffrey J. Kraws</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chairman</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">October&nbsp;&nbsp;7, &nbsp;2015</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Jeffrey J. Kraws</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Scott L. Tarriff</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Director</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">October&nbsp;&nbsp;7, &nbsp;2015</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Scott L. Tarriff</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Jeffrey Wolf</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Director</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">October&nbsp;&nbsp;7, &nbsp;2015</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Jeffrey Wolf</font></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>v421665_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="image_004.jpg" ALT="http:||content.edgar-online.com|edgar_conv_img|2015|04|10|0001144204-15-022219_PBL_LOGO.JPG" STYLE="height: 107px; width: 107px">
&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">October 7, 2015</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Rockville, MD 20850</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Re:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 88%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Synthetic Biologics, Inc. Form S-3 </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have acted as special
Nevada counsel to Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;<B><I>Company</I></B>&rdquo;), in connection with
its filing on the date hereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&rdquo;) of a registration
statement on Form S-3 (as amended, the &ldquo;<B><I>Registration Statement</I></B>&rdquo;), under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended (the &ldquo;<B><I>Act</I></B>&rdquo;), relating to the registration for issue and sale by the Company of 1,137,500 shares
of common stock (the &ldquo;<B><I>Securities</I></B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is being
furnished in connection with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Act, and no opinion is expressed herein
as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement or related applicable Prospectus or the Sales Agreement
Prospectus, other than as expressly stated herein with respect to the issuance of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As such counsel, we
have examined such matters of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With your
consent, we have relied upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters without
having independently verified such factual matters. We are opining herein as to the Nevada Revised Statutes (the &ldquo;<B><I>NRS</I></B>&rdquo;),
and we express no opinion with respect to the applicability thereto, or the effect thereon, of the laws of any other jurisdiction
or, in the case of Nevada, any other laws, or as to any matters of municipal law or the laws of any local agencies within any state
or of federal law, including, without limitation, federal securities law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Materials Reviewed</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In arriving at the
opinions expressed below we have reviewed and relied upon the following:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 88%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Articles of Incorporation of Adeona Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (20080829837-57) filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on December 23, 2008.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 88%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Articles of Merger (20090740844-88) filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on October 15, 2009, along with the Agreement and Plan of Merger attached thereto.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 88%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Articles of Amendment (20150223303-11) filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on May 15, 2015.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Amended and Restated By-Laws of Adeona Pharmaceuticals, Inc., adopted and effective as of October 31, 2011 (unsigned).</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 88%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The Certificate of Good Standing of the Company issued by the Nevada Secretary of State, on April 6, 2015</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 88%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Officer&rsquo;s Certificate from the Secretary of the Company dated August 31, 2015</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 88%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Minutes of the Board of Directors of the Company, dated as of August 7, 2015</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(the &ldquo;Reliance Documents&rdquo;)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">October 7, 2015</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In connection with
this opinion, we have examined and relied upon the representations and warranties as to factual matters contained in and made pursuant
to the Reliance Documents, Registration Statement and upon such other documents as in our judgment are necessary or appropriate
to enable us to render the opinions expressed herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our knowledge of the
Company and its legal and other affairs is limited by the scope of our engagement, which scope includes the delivery of this opinion
letter. We do not represent the Company with respect to all legal matters or issues. The Company may employ other independent counsel
and, to our knowledge, handles certain matters and issues without the assistance of independent counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In our examination
of the foregoing, we have assumed, without independent investigation or verification: (i) the genuineness of all signatures on
all agreements, instruments and other documents submitted to us; (ii) the legal capacity and authority of all persons or entities
executing all agreements, instruments and other documents submitted to us; (iii) the authenticity and completeness of all agreements,
instruments, corporate records, certificates and other documents submitted to us as originals; (iv) that all agreements, instruments,
corporate records, certificate and other documents submitted to us as certified, electronic, facsimile, conformed, photostatic
or other copies conform to authentic originals thereof, and that such originals are authentic and complete; (v) the due authorization,
execution and delivery of all instruments, agreements, and other documents by the parties thereto; (vi) that the statements contained
in the certificates and comparable documents of public officials, officers and representatives of the Company and other persons
on which we have relied for the purposes of this letter are true and correct; and (vii) that the officers and directors of the
Company have properly exercised their fiduciary duties. We have assumed that the issuance and sale of the Securities by the Company
will not, in each case, violate or constitute a default or breach under (i) any agreement or instrument to which the Company is
subject, (ii) any law, rule or regulation to which the Company is subject, (iii) any judicial or regulatory order or decree of
any governmental authority, or (iv) any consent, approval, license, authorization or validation of, or filing, recording or registration
with any governmental authority.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have further assumed
that: (i) the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto will have become effective under the Act and comply with all applicable
laws at the time the Securities are offered or issued as contemplated by the Registration Statement; (ii) if necessary an appropriate
prospectus supplement, free writing prospectus or term sheet relating to the Securities offered thereby will be prepared and filed
with the Commission in compliance with the Act and will comply with all applicable laws at the time the Securities are offered
or issued as contemplated by the Registration Statement; (iii) all Securities will be issued and sold in compliance with the applicable
provisions of the Act and the Securities or Blue Sky Laws of various states and in the manner stated in the Registration Statement
and the applicable prospectus supplement; (iv) any purchase, underwriting, warrant, deposit, unit or similar agreement (collectively
the &ldquo;Securities Agreements&rdquo;) relating to the Securities being offered will be duly authorized, executed and delivered
by the Company and other parties thereto; and (v) the number of shares of Common Stock offered pursuant to the Registration Statement
does not exceed, at the time of issuance, the authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp; <B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Opinions</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the foregoing and the other matters
set forth herein, it is our opinion that, as of the date hereof that the Securities have been duly authorized and are validly issued
and are fully paid and non-assessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is for
your benefit in connection with the Registration Statement and may be relied upon by you and by persons entitled to rely upon it
pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Act. We consent to your filing this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement
and to the reference to our firm contained in each of the Prospectus under the heading &ldquo;Legal Matters.&rdquo; We further
consent to the incorporation by reference of this letter and consent into any registration statement or post-effective amendment
to the Registration Statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Act with respect to the Securities. In giving such consent,
we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Act or the rules
and regulations of the Commission thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 1.6pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 1.6pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 1.6pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 1.6pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">/s/ <FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">PARSONS BEHLE &amp;
    LATIMER</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">PARSONS BEHLE &amp;
    LATIMER</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>





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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>v421665_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT&nbsp;23.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Consent of Independent Registered Public
Accounting Firm</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Rockville, Maryland</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We hereby consent to the incorporation
by reference in the Prospectus constituting a part of this Registration Statement of our reports dated March 16, 2015, relating
to the consolidated financial statements and the effectiveness of Synthetic Biologics, Inc.&rsquo;s internal control over financial
reporting, appearing in the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We also consent to the reference to us
under the caption &ldquo;Experts&rdquo; in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><U>/s/ BDO USA, LLP</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">BDO USA, LLP&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Troy, Michigan</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">October 7, 2015</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
