<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001144204-16-116716.txt : 20160805
<SEC-HEADER>0001144204-16-116716.hdr.sgml : 20160805
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20160805060112
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001144204-16-116716
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		4
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20160805
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20160805
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20160805

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Synthetic Biologics, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000894158
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				133808303
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-12584
		FILM NUMBER:		161808988

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		617 DETROIT STREET, SUITE 100
		CITY:			ANN ARBOR
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48104
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(734) 332-7800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		155 GIBBS STREET
		STREET 2:		SUITE 412
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ADEONA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20081027

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PIPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20061214

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	SHEFFIELD PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19970730
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>8-K
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>v446112_8k.htm
<DESCRIPTION>8-K
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>UNITED STATES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>WASHINGTON, D.C.&nbsp;&nbsp;20549</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>FORM 8-K</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>CURRENT REPORT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)&nbsp;of
the</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Securities Exchange Act of 1934</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">Date of Report (date of earliest event reported):
<B>August 5, 2016</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12pt"><B>Synthetic
Biologics, Inc.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">(Exact name of Registrant as specified in
its charter)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 33%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Nevada</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 34%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>01-12584</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 33%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>13-3808303</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(State or other</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Commission</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(I.R.S. Employer</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">jurisdiction of incorporation)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">File Number)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Identification No.)</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, MD 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt">(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt">Registrant&rsquo;s telephone number, including area code:&nbsp;<B>(301)
417-4364</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt">(Former name or former address, if changed since last report):
<B>N/A</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended
to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">&uml;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">&uml;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">&uml;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">&uml;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.75in; text-align: left"><B>Item 1.01.</B></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><B>Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.</B></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On August 5, 2016, Synthetic Biologics,
Inc. (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) and FBR&nbsp;Capital Markets &amp; Co. (&ldquo;FBR&rdquo;) entered into an At Market Issuance
Sales Agreement (the &ldquo;Sales Agreement&rdquo;) pursuant to which the Company may sell from time to time, at its option, shares
of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $40,000,000 through FBR, as sales
agent. Sales of shares of common stock made pursuant to the Sales Agreement, if any, will be made pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s
effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No.&nbsp;333-206266) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(&ldquo;SEC&rdquo;), the base prospectus, dated August 18, 2015, filed as part of such registration statement and the prospectus
supplement, dated August 5, 2016, filed by the Company with the SEC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Under the terms of the
Sales Agreement, the Company may sell shares of its common stock through FBR by any method permitted that is deemed an
&ldquo;at the market offering&rdquo; as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
&ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;), including sales made directly on or through the NYSE MKT, the existing trading market for the
Company&rsquo;s common stock, sales made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange or otherwise, in negotiated
transactions at market prices, and/or any other method permitted by law. FBR will use its commercially reasonable efforts
consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the Company&rsquo;s common stock from time to time, based upon
the Company&rsquo;s instructions (including any price, time or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions the
Company may impose). Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company from time to time,
including (among others) market conditions, the trading price of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, capital needs and
determinations by the Company of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company. The Company is not obligated to make any
sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement and the Company cannot provide any assurances that it will issue any shares
pursuant to the Sales Agreement. The Company will pay a commission rate equal to up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per
share sold and up to $30,000 in expense reimbursement, including reasonable legal fees incurred by FBR. The Company has also
agreed pursuant to the Sales Agreement to provide FBR with customary indemnification and contribution rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Sales Agreement may be
terminated at any time by the Company upon five days&rsquo; notice to FBR, or by FBR upon  ten days&rsquo; notice to the
Company or at any time by FBR in certain circumstances, including upon the occurrence of an event that would be reasonably
likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company&rsquo;s assets, business, operations, earnings, properties, condition
(financial or otherwise), prospects, stockholders&rsquo; equity or results of operations.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This Current Report on Form 8-K shall not
constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any security nor shall there be any sale of these securities
in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities
laws of any such state.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Sales Agreement is filed as Exhibit
1.1 to this Current Report. The description of the Sales Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety
by reference to the Sales Agreement filed as an exhibit to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated herein by reference.
The opinion of the Company&rsquo;s counsel regarding the validity of the shares that will be issued pursuant to the Sales Agreement
is also filed herewith as Exhibit&nbsp;5.1.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The representations, warranties and covenants
contained in the Sales Agreement were made solely for the benefit of the parties to the Sales Agreement. In addition, such representations,
warranties and covenants (i) are intended as a way of allocating the risk between the parties to the Sales Agreement and not as
statements of fact, and (ii) may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material
by stockholders of, or other investors in, the Company. Accordingly, the Sales Agreement is included with this filing only to provide
investors with information regarding the terms of transaction, and not to provide investors with any other factual information
regarding the Company. Stockholders should not rely on the representations, warranties and covenants or any descriptions thereof
as characterizations of the actual state of facts or condition of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates. Moreover,
information concerning the subject matter of the representations and warranties may change after the date of the Sales Agreement,
which subsequent information may or may not be fully reflected in public disclosures.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.75in; text-align: left"><B>Item 9.01.</B></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><B>Financial Statements and Exhibits.</B></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(d) Exhibits</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="width: 8%">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">Exhibit<BR>
        No.</P></TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="width: 90%">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">Description</P></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated August 5, 2016, by and between Synthetic Biologics, Inc. and FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer (included in Exhibit 5.1)</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned
hereunto duly authorized.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-transform: uppercase"><B>synthetic biologics, Inc.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 46%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Date: August 5, 2016</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name: Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Title: Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B><U>EXHIBIT INDEX</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="width: 10%">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><B>Exhibit<BR>
        No.</B></P></TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="width: 88%">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><B>Description</B></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated August 5, 2016, by and between Synthetic Biologics, Inc. and FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer (included in Exhibit 5.1)</FONT></TD></TR>
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<TYPE>EX-1.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>v446112_ex1-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 1.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 1.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">Shares of Common Stock</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">(par value $0.001 per share)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>At Market Issuance Sales Agreement</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">August 5, 2016</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">1300 North 17<SUP>th</SUP> Street</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Suite 1400</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Arlington, VA 22209</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Synthetic Biologics,
Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;<B><U>Company</U></B>&rdquo;), confirms its agreement (this &ldquo;<B><U>Agreement</U></B>&rdquo;)
with FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co. (the &ldquo;<B><U>Agent</U></B>&rdquo;), as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Issuance
and Sale of Shares</U>. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject
to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through the Agent, shares of common stock (the shares to be offered and
sold hereunder being referred to as the &ldquo;<B><U>Placement Shares</U></B>&rdquo;) of the Company, par value $0.001 per share
(the &ldquo;<B><U>Common Stock</U></B>&rdquo;); <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that in no event shall the Company issue or sell
through the Agent such number or dollar amount of Placement Shares that would (a) exceed the number or dollar amount of shares
of Common Stock registered on the effective Registration Statement (as defined below) pursuant to which the offering is being made,
(b) exceed the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock, (c) exceed the number or dollar amount of shares of Common
Stock permitted to be sold under Form S-3 (including General Instruction I.B.6 thereof, if applicable) or (d) exceed the number
or dollar amount of Common Stock for which the Company has filed a Prospectus Supplement (as defined below) (the lesser of (a),
(b), (c) and (d), the &ldquo;<B><U>Maximum Amount</U></B>&rdquo;). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the
parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this Section 1 on the number or the dollar amount of Placement
Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company and that Agent shall have no obligation
in connection with such compliance. The issuance and sale of Placement Shares through Agent will be effected pursuant to the Registration
Statement (as defined below) filed by the Company and declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B><U>Commission</U></B>&rdquo;)
on August 18, 2015, although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration Statement
to issue the Placement Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company has filed,
in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the &ldquo;<B><U>Securities
Act</U></B>&rdquo;), with the Commission a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-206266), including a base prospectus,
relating to certain securities, including the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time by the Company, and which incorporates
by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act
of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;<B><U>Exchange Act</U></B>&rdquo;), and the rules and regulations thereunder. The Company has prepared
a prospectus supplement to the base prospectus included as part of the registration statement, which prospectus supplement relates
to the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time by the Company pursuant to this Agreement (the &ldquo;<B><U>Prospectus Supplement</U></B>&rdquo;).
The Company will furnish to the Agent, for use by the Agent, copies of the base prospectus included as part of such registration
statement, as supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, relating to the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time by the
Company. The Company may file, if necessary, one or more additional registration statements from time to time that will contain
a base prospectus and related prospectus or prospectus supplement, if applicable (which shall be a Prospectus Supplement), with
respect to the Placement Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement(s), including all documents
filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined
below) subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of such registration
statement(s) pursuant to Rule 430B of the Securities Act, is herein called the &ldquo;<B><U>Registration Statement</U></B>.&rdquo;
The base prospectus or base prospectuses, including all documents incorporated or deemed incorporated therein by reference, included
in the Registration Statement, as it may be supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, in the form in which such prospectus or
prospectuses and/or Prospectus Supplement have most recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b)
under the Securities Act, together with the then issued Issuer Free Writing Prospectus(es) (defined below), is herein called the
&ldquo;<B><U>Prospectus</U></B>.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any reference herein
to the Registration Statement, any Prospectus Supplement, Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus shall be deemed to refer
to and include the documents, if any, incorporated by reference therein (the &ldquo;<B><U>Incorporated Documents</U></B>&rdquo;),
including, unless the context otherwise requires, the documents, if any, filed as exhibits to such Incorporated Documents. Any
reference herein to the terms &ldquo;amend,&rdquo; &ldquo;amendment&rdquo; or &ldquo;supplement&rdquo; with respect to the Registration
Statement, any Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include
the filing of any document under the Exchange Act on or after the most-recent effective date of the Registration Statement, or
the date of the Prospectus Supplement, Prospectus or such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as the case may be, and incorporated
therein by reference. For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or to any amendment
or supplement thereto shall be deemed to include the most recent copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data
Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System, or if applicable, the Interactive Data Electronic Application system when used by the
Commission (collectively, &ldquo;<B><U>EDGAR</U></B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Placements</U>.
Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell Placement Shares hereunder (each, a &ldquo;<B><U>Placement</U></B>&rdquo;),
it will notify the Agent by email notice (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the parties) of the number of Placement
Shares to be issued, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number of Placement Shares
that may be sold in any one day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made (a &ldquo;<B><U>Placement Notice</U></B>&rdquo;),
the form of which is attached hereto as Schedule 1. The receipt of each such Placement Notice shall be promptly acknowledged by
the Agent by email confirmation to the Company. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company
set forth on Schedule 3 (with a copy to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed
to each of the individuals from the Agent set forth on Schedule 3, as such Schedule 3 may be amended from time to time. The Placement
Notice shall be effective immediately upon receipt by the Agent unless and until (i) the Agent declines in writing to accept the
terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, within two (2) Business Days (as defined below) of receipt, (ii)
the entire amount of the Placement Shares thereunder has been sold, (iii) the Company, in its sole discretion, suspends or terminates
the Placement Notice or (iv) this Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of <U>Section 12</U>. The amount of any discount,
commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares shall be
calculated in accordance with the terms set forth in Schedule 2. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company
nor the Agent will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company
delivers a Placement Notice to the Agent and the Agent does not decline such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above,
and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between the terms of <U>Sections 2</U> or
<U>3</U> of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Sale
of Placement Shares by Agent</U>. The Agent, for the period specified in a Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable
efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and
the rules of the NYSE MKT LLC (the &ldquo;<B>Exchange</B>&rdquo;), to sell the Placement Shares up to the amount specified in,
and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Agent will provide written confirmation to the Company
no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales
of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of Placement Shares sold on such day, the compensation payable by the Company
to the Agent pursuant to Section 2 with respect to such sales, and the Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable to the Company,
with an itemization of the deductions made by the Agent (as set forth in Section 5(b)) from the gross proceeds that it receives
from such sales. Subject to the terms of a Placement Notice, the Agent agrees that all sales of the Placement Shares by the Agent
will be made only by methods permitted by law and deemed to be an &ldquo;at the market&rdquo; offering as defined in Rule 415 of
the Securities Act, including without limitation sales made directly on the Exchange, on any other existing trading market for
the Common Stock or to or through a market maker. Subject to the terms of a Placement Notice, the Agent may also sell Placement
Shares by any other method permitted by law, including, but not limited to, in privately negotiated transactions. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, no sale may be made in a privately negotiated transaction without the prior written consent of the Company. &ldquo;<B>Trading
Day</B>&rdquo; means any day on which Common Stock is traded on the Exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Suspension
of Sales</U>. The Company or the Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each
of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 3, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any
of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable
facsimile transmission or email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 3), suspend
any sale of Placement Shares (a &ldquo;<B><U>Suspension</U></B>&rdquo;); provided, however, that such suspension shall not affect
or impair any party&rsquo;s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice.
While a Suspension is in effect, any obligation under <U>Sections 7(l)</U>, <U>7(m)</U>, and <U>7(n)</U> with respect to the delivery
of certificates, opinions, or comfort letters to the Agent, shall be waived, provided, however, that such waiver shall not apply
for the Representation Date (defined below) occurring on the date that the Company files its annual report on Form 10-K. Each of
the parties agrees that no such notice under this <U>Section 4</U> shall be effective against any other party unless it is made
to one of the individuals named on Schedule 3 hereto, as such Schedule may be amended from time to time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Sale
and Delivery to the Agent; Settlement</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Sale
of Placement Shares</U>. On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions
herein set forth, upon the Agent&rsquo;s acceptance of the terms of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares
described therein has been declined, suspended, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Agent,
for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading
and sales practices and applicable law and regulations to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount specified in, and otherwise
in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance
that the Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares, (ii) the Agent will incur no liability or obligation to the Company
or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by the Agent to use its
commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable law and regulations to sell
such Placement Shares as required under this Agreement and (iii) the Agent shall be under no obligation to purchase Placement Shares
on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise agreed by the Agent and the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Settlement
of Placement Shares</U>. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement Shares
will occur on the third (3<SUP>rd</SUP>) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for regular-way trading) following
the date on which such sales are made (each, a &ldquo;<B><U>Settlement Date</U></B>&rdquo;). The Agent shall notify the Company
of each sale of Placement Shares on the date of such sale. The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement
Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the &ldquo;<B><U>Net Proceeds</U></B>&rdquo;) will be equal to the aggregate
sales price received by the Agent, after deduction for (i) the Agent&rsquo;s commission, discount or other compensation for such
sales payable by the Company pursuant to Section 2 hereof, and (ii) any transaction fees imposed by any governmental or self-regulatory
organization in respect of such sales.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Placement Shares</U>. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically
transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting the Agent&rsquo;s or its designee&rsquo;s account (provided the Agent shall
have given the Company written notice of such designee and such designee&rsquo;s account information at least two Trading Days
prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System (&ldquo;<B><U>DWAC</U></B>&rdquo;)
or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradable,
transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds
in same day funds to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement Date. The Agent will be responsible for
providing DWAC instructions or instructions for delivery by other means with respect to the transfer of the Placement Shares being
sold. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver Placement
Shares on a Settlement Date through no fault of the Agent, then the Company agrees that in addition to and in no way limiting the
rights and obligations set forth in <U>Section 10(a)</U> hereto, it will (i) hold the Agent harmless against any loss, claim, damage,
or reasonable documented actual expense (including reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses), arising out of or in connection
with such default by the Company or its transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii) pay to the Agent any commission, discount, or other
compensation to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Denominations;
Registration</U>. Certificates for the Placement Shares, if any, shall be in such denominations and registered in such names as
the Agent may request in writing at least one full Business Day (as defined below) before the Settlement Date. The certificates
for the Placement Shares, if any, will be made available by the Company for examination and packaging by the Agent in The City
of New York not later than noon (New York time) on the Business Day prior to the Settlement Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Limitations
on Offering Size</U>. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares if, after
giving effect to the sale of such Placement Shares, the aggregate gross sales proceeds of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this
Agreement would exceed the lesser of (A) together with all sales of Placement Shares under this Agreement, the Maximum Amount,
(B) the amount available for offer and sale under the currently effective Registration Statement and (C) the amount authorized
from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement by the Company&rsquo;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee
thereof or a duly authorized executive officers of the Company, and notified to the Agent in writing. Under no circumstances shall
the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum
price authorized from time to time by the Company&rsquo;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized
executive committee, and notified to the Agent in writing. Further, under no circumstances shall the Company cause or permit the
aggregate offering amount of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement to exceed the Maximum Amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Representations
and Warranties of the Company</U>. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with Agent that as of the date of this Agreement
and as of each Applicable Time (as defined below), except as set forth below:</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Registration
Statement and Prospectus</U>. The Company and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement meet the requirements for and comply
with the applicable conditions set forth in Form S-3 (including General Instruction I.A and I.B.6, if applicable) under the Securities
Act. The Registration Statement has been filed with the Commission and has been declared effective by the Commission under the
Securities Act prior to the issuance of any Placement Notices by the Company. The Prospectus Supplement will name the Agent as
the agent in the section entitled &ldquo;Plan of Distribution.&rdquo; The Company has not received, and has no notice of, any order
of the Commission preventing or suspending the use of the Registration Statement, or threatening or instituting proceedings for
that purpose. The Registration Statement and the offer and sale of Placement Shares as contemplated hereby meet the requirements
of Rule 415 under the Securities Act and comply in all material respects with said Rule. Any statutes, regulations, contracts or
other documents that are required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to
the Registration Statement have been or will be so described or filed. Copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and
any amendments or supplements thereto and all Incorporated Documents that were filed with the Commission on, prior to or after
the date of this Agreement have been made available, or are available through EDGAR, to the Agent and its counsel. The Company
has not distributed and, prior to the later to occur of each Settlement Date and completion of the distribution of the Placement
Shares, will not distribute any offering material in connection with the offering or sale of the Placement Shares other than the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) to which the Agent has consented
(such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed). The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange
Act and is currently listed on the Exchange under the trading symbol &ldquo;SYN.&rdquo; The Company has taken no action designed
to, or likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act or delisting the Common
Stock from the Exchange, nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission or the Exchange is contemplating terminating
such registration or listing (except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus). Except as set forth in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, it is in material compliance with all applicable listing
requirements of the Exchange. The Company has no reason to believe that it will not in the foreseeable future continue to be in
material compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements, subject to changes in the market price of the Common Stock,
which may from time to time be lower than the minimum allowed under the rules of the Exchange, subject to appropriate corrective
action to be taken by the Company.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Misstatement or Omission</U>. The Registration Statement, when it became effective, did not contain an untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.
The Prospectus and any amendment and supplement thereto, on the date thereof and at each Applicable Time (defined below), did not
or will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein,
in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Incorporated Documents did not, and any further Incorporated
Documents filed after the date of this Agreement will not, when filed with the Commission, contain an untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated in such document or necessary to make the statements in such document,
in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The foregoing shall not apply to statements in, or omissions
from, any such document made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to the Company by Agent specifically
for use in the preparation thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Conformity
with Securities Act and Exchange Act</U>. The Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any
amendment or supplement thereto, and the Incorporated Documents, when such documents were or are filed with the Commission under
the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or became or become effective under the Securities Act, as the case may be, conformed or
will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable. At each
Settlement Date, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as of such date, will conform in all material respects with the
requirements of the Securities Act.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Financial
Information</U>. The consolidated financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement, the Prospectus and the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses, if any, together with the related notes and schedules, comply
in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and present fairly, in all material respects,
the consolidated financial position of the Company and its Subsidiaries (as defined below) as of the dates indicated and the consolidated
statements of operations, statements of changes in stockholders&rsquo; equity, and statements of cash flows of the Company for
the periods specified (subject to normal year end audit adjustments for interim financial statements) and have been prepared in
conformity with GAAP (as defined below) applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved (except as otherwise noted therein);
the summary and selected financial data with respect to the Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined below) contained or incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses, if any, fairly present in
all material respects the information presented therein as at the respective dates and for the respective periods specified and
are derived from the consolidated financial statements and the books and records of the Company. There are no financial statements
(historical or pro forma) that are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, or the Prospectus
that are not included or incorporated by reference as required. The Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined below) do not have
any material liabilities or obligations, direct or contingent (including any off-balance sheet obligations), that are required
to be described in the Registration Statement (excluding the exhibits thereto) and the Prospectus; and all disclosures contained
or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses, if any, regarding
&ldquo;non-GAAP financial measures&rdquo; (as such term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply, in all
material respects, with Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item 10 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, to the extent
applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Conformity
with EDGAR Filing</U>. The Prospectus delivered to the Agent for use in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant
to this Agreement will be identical to the versions of the Prospectus created to be transmitted to the Commission for filing via
EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Organization</U>.
The Company and each of its Subsidiaries (as defined below) has been duly organized and is validly existing as a corporation or
other entity in good standing under the laws of their respective jurisdictions of organization, with corporate power and authority
to own its properties and conduct its business as currently being conducted and as described in the Registration Statement and
the Prospectus, and is duly qualified as a foreign corporation or other entity for the transaction of business and is in good standing
under the laws of each other jurisdiction in which it owns or leases properties or conducts any business so as to require such
qualification, except where the failure to be so qualified in any such jurisdiction would not reasonably be expected to, individually
or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the assets, business, operations, financial condition, stockholders&rsquo;
equity or results of operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined below) taken as a whole (a &ldquo;<B><U>Material
Adverse Effect</U></B>&rdquo;).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Subsidiaries</U>.
The subsidiaries set forth on <U>Schedule 4</U> (collectively, the &ldquo;<B><U>Subsidiaries</U></B>&rdquo;) are the Company&rsquo;s
only significant subsidiaries (as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Commission). Except as
set forth in the Registration Statement and in the Prospectus, the Company does not own, directly or indirectly, any shares of
stock or any other equity or long-term debt securities of any other corporation or have any equity interest in any other corporation,
partnership, joint venture, association, trust or other entity. No Subsidiary is currently prohibited, directly or indirectly,
from paying any dividends to the Company, from making any other distribution on such Subsidiary&rsquo;s capital stock, from repaying
to the Company any loans or advances to such Subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such Subsidiary&rsquo;s property
or assets to the Company or any other Subsidiary of the Company that would, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse
Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Violation or Default</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is (i) in violation of its charter or by-laws or similar
organizational documents; (ii) in default, and no event has occurred that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute
such a default, in the due performance or observance of any term, covenant or condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed
of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which
the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries
are subject; or (iii) in violation of any law or statute or any judgment, order, rule or regulation of any court or arbitrator
or governmental or regulatory authority having jurisdiction over the Company, except, in the case of each of clauses (ii) and (iii)
above, for any such violation or default that would not, individually or in the aggregate, be reasonably expected to have a Material
Adverse Effect. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, no other party under any material contract or other agreement to which it or
any of its Subsidiaries is a party is in default in any respect thereunder where such default would have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Material Adverse Change</U>. Since the date of the most recent financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by
reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (including any Incorporated Document), there has not been (i) any Material
Adverse Effect, (ii) other than as contemplated by this Agreement, any transaction which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries
taken as a whole, (iii) any obligation or liability, direct or contingent (including any off-balance sheet obligations), incurred
by the Company or any Subsidiary, which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole and would be required
to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, (iv) any material change in the capital stock (other than as
a result of the sale of Placement Shares) or outstanding long-term indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (v)
any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made on the capital stock of the Company or any Subsidiary, other than
in each case above in the ordinary course of business or as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including
any Incorporated Document).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Capitalization</U>.
The issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been validly issued, are fully paid and nonassessable and,
other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, are not subject to any preemptive rights, rights of first
refusal or similar rights pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s charter, bylaws or any agreement or other instrument to which the Company
is a party or by which the Company is bound. The Company has an authorized, issued and outstanding capitalization as set forth
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as of the dates referred to therein (other than (i) the grant of additional options
or other equity awards under the Company&rsquo;s existing stock option plans, (ii) changes in the number of outstanding shares
of Common Stock of the Company due to the issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or
convertible into, Common Stock outstanding on the date hereof, or (iii) issuance of the Placement Shares) and such authorized capital
stock conforms in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.
The description of the securities of the Company in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus is complete and accurate in all
material respects. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as of the date referred to therein, the
Company does not have outstanding any options to purchase, or any rights or warrants to subscribe for, or any securities or obligations
convertible into, or exchangeable for, any contracts or commitments to issue or sell, any shares of capital stock or other securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Authorization;
Enforceability</U>. The Company has full corporate power and authority to enter into this Agreement and perform the transactions
contemplated hereby. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and is a legal, valid and binding
agreement of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except as rights to indemnification or
contribution hereunder may be limited by federal or state securities laws or public policy considerations and except as such enforceability
may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors&rsquo; rights generally
and by general equitable principles.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Authorization
of Placement Shares</U>. The Placement Shares, when issued and delivered pursuant to the terms approved by the board of directors
of the Company or a duly authorized committee thereof, or a duly authorized executive committee, against payment therefor as provided
herein, will be duly authorized and validly issued and fully paid and nonassessable and free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance,
security interest or other claim, including any statutory or contractual preemptive rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal
or other similar rights, and will be registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act. The Placement Shares, when issued,
will conform in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in or incorporated into the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Consents Required</U>. No consent, approval, authorization, order, registration or qualification of or with any court or arbitrator
or governmental or regulatory authority having jurisdiction over the Company is required for the execution, delivery and performance
by the Company of this Agreement or the issuance and sale by the Company of the Placement Shares, except for (i) the registration
of the Placement Shares under the Securities Act; (ii) application(s) to the Exchange for the listing of the Placement Shares for
trading thereon in the time and manner required thereby; and (iii) such consents, approvals, authorizations, orders and registrations
or qualifications as may be required under applicable state and federal securities laws or by the by-laws and rules of the Financial
Industry Regulatory Authority (&ldquo;<B><U>FINRA</U></B>&rdquo;) or the Exchange in connection with the sale of the Placement
Shares by the Agent or as have been previously obtained by the Company.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(n)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Preferential Rights</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, (i) no person, as such term is defined
in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act (each, a &ldquo;<B><U>Person</U></B>&rdquo;), has the right,
contractual or otherwise, to cause the Company to issue or sell to such Person any Common Stock or shares of any other capital
stock or other securities of the Company (other than upon the exercise of options or warrants to purchase Common Stock or upon
the exercise of options or vesting of restricted stock units or other awards that may be granted from time to time under the Company&rsquo;s
equity incentive plans), (ii) no Person has any preemptive rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal, or any other rights
(whether pursuant to a &ldquo;poison pill&rdquo; provision or otherwise) to purchase any Common Stock or shares of any other capital
stock or other securities of the Company, (iii) no Person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the
Company in connection with the offer and sale of the Placement Shares, and (iv) no Person has the right, contractual or otherwise,
to require the Company to register under the Securities Act any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities
of the Company, or to include any such shares or other securities in the Registration Statement or the offering contemplated thereby,
whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated
thereby or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(o)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Independent
Public Accounting Firm</U>. BDO USA, LLP (the &ldquo;<B><U>Accountant</U></B>&rdquo;), whose report on the consolidated financial
statements of the Company is filed with the Commission as part of the Company&rsquo;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed
with the Commission and incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, are and, during the periods
covered by their report, were an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Accountant is not in violation
of the auditor independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the &ldquo;<B><U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U></B>&rdquo;)
with respect to the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(p)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Enforceability
of Agreements</U>. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, all agreements between the Company and third parties expressly referenced
in the Prospectus are, except as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company
enforceable in accordance with their respective terms, except to the extent that (i) enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy,
insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors&rsquo; rights generally and by general equitable principles
and (ii) the indemnification provisions of certain agreements may be limited by federal or state securities laws or public policy
considerations in respect thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(q)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Litigation</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, there are no legal, governmental or regulatory
actions, suits or proceedings pending, nor, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any legal, governmental or regulatory audits or investigations,
to which the Company or a Subsidiary is a party or to which any property of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is the subject
that, individually or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, would reasonably be
expected to have a Material Adverse Effect or materially and adversely affect the ability of the Company to perform its obligations
under this Agreement; to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, no such actions, suits or proceedings are threatened or contemplated by
any governmental or regulatory authority or threatened by others; and (i) there are no current or pending legal, governmental or
regulatory audits or investigations, actions, suits or proceedings that are required under the Securities Act to be described in
the Prospectus that are not so described; and (ii) there are no contracts or other documents that are required under the Securities
Act to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement that are not so filed.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(r)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Consents
and Permits</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and its Subsidiaries have made
all filings, applications and submissions required by, possesses and is operating in compliance with, all approvals, licenses,
certificates, certifications, clearances, consents, grants, exemptions, marks, notifications, orders, permits and other authorizations
issued by, the appropriate federal, state or foreign governmental or regulatory authorities (including, without limitation, the
United States Food and Drug Administration (the &ldquo;<B><U>FDA</U></B>&rdquo;), the United States Drug Enforcement Administration
or any other foreign, federal, state, provincial, court or local government or regulatory authorities engaged in the regulation
of clinical trials, pharmaceuticals, biologics or biohazardous substances or materials) necessary for the ownership or lease of
their respective properties or to conduct its businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (collectively,
&ldquo;<B><U>Permits</U></B>&rdquo;), except for such Permits the failure of which to possess, obtain or make the same would not
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; the Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms and
conditions of all such Permits, except where the failure to be in compliance would not reasonably be expected to have a Material
Adverse Effect; all of the Permits are valid and in full force and effect, except where any invalidity, individually or in the
aggregate, would not be reasonably expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries
has received any written notice of proceedings relating to the limitation, revocation, cancellation, suspension, modification or
non-renewal of any such Permit which, individually or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding,
would be reasonably expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, or has any reason to believe that any such license, certificate,
permit or authorization will not be renewed in the ordinary course to the extent required. To the extent required by applicable
laws and regulations of the FDA, the Company or the applicable Subsidiary has submitted to the FDA an Investigational New Drug
Application or amendment or supplement thereto for each clinical trial it has conducted or sponsored or is conducting or sponsoring;
to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, all such submissions were in material compliance with applicable laws and rules and regulations
when submitted and no material deficiencies have been asserted by the FDA with respect to any such submissions. To the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, the preclinical studies and clinical trials conducted or sponsored by the Company and described in the Prospectus were,
and, if still pending, are being, conducted in all material respects in accordance with the experimental protocols, procedures
and controls pursuant to, where applicable, accepted professional and scientific standards for products or product candidates comparable
to those being developed by the Company; the descriptions of such studies and trials, and the results thereof, contained in the
Prospectus are accurate and complete in all material respects; the Company is not aware of any studies or trials not described
in the Prospectus, the results of which reasonably call into question the results of the studies and trials described in the Prospectus;
and the Company has not received any written notice or correspondence from the FDA or any foreign, state or local governmental
body exercising comparable authority requiring the termination, suspension, clinical hold or material modification of any studies
or trials.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Regulatory
Filings</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries
has failed to file with the applicable regulatory authorities (including, without limitation, the FDA, or any foreign, federal,
state, provincial or local governmental or regulatory authority performing functions similar to those performed by the FDA) any
required filing, declaration, listing, registration, report or submission, except for such failures that, individually or in the
aggregate, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; except as disclosed in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus, all such filings, declarations, listings, registrations, reports or submissions were in compliance with applicable
laws when filed and no deficiencies have been asserted by any applicable regulatory authority with respect to any such filings,
declarations, listings, registrations, reports or submissions, except for any deficiencies that, individually or in the aggregate,
would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has operated and currently is, in all material
respects, in compliance with the United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, all applicable rules and regulations of the
FDA and other federal, state, local and foreign governmental bodies exercising comparable authority. The Company has not received
any FDA Form 483, notice of adverse finding, warning letter, or other correspondence or notice from the FDA or any other governmental
authority alleging or asserting noncompliance with any applicable laws or any licenses, certificates, approvals, clearances, authorizations,
permits and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such applicable laws, except for such failure of which to possess,
obtain or make the same would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Additionally, neither the Company nor
any of its Subsidiaries, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any of their respective employees, officers, directors, agents or
contractors has been excluded, suspended or debarred from participation in any federal health care program or, to the knowledge
of Company and its Subsidiaries, is subject to an inquiry, investigation, proceeding, or other similar matter that could subject
the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective employees, officers, directors, agents or contractors to exclusion,
suspension or debarment.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(t)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Intellectual
Property</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and its Subsidiaries own, possess,
license or have other rights to use all foreign and domestic patents, patent applications, trade and service marks, trade and service
mark registrations, trade names, copyrights, licenses, inventions, trade secrets, technology, Internet domain names, know-how and
other intellectual property (collectively, the &ldquo;<B><U>Intellectual Property</U></B>&rdquo;), necessary for the conduct of
their respective businesses as now conducted except to the extent that the failure to own, possess, license or otherwise hold adequate
rights to use such Intellectual Property would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material
Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (i) there are no rights of third parties to
any such Intellectual Property owned by the Company and its Subsidiaries; (ii) to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, there is no infringement
by third parties of any such Intellectual Property; (iii) there is no pending or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, threatened
action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the Company&rsquo;s and its Subsidiaries&rsquo; rights in or to any such
Intellectual Property, and the Company is unaware of any facts which could form a reasonable basis for any such action, suit, proceeding
or claim; (iv) there is no pending or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others
challenging the validity or scope of any such Intellectual Property; (v) there is no pending or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge,
threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others that the Company and its Subsidiaries infringe or otherwise violate any
patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret or other proprietary rights of others; (vi) to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, there
is no third-party U.S. patent or published U.S. patent application which contains claims for which an Interference Proceeding (as
defined in 35 U.S.C. &sect; 135) has been commenced against any patent or patent application described in the Prospectus as being
owned by or licensed to the Company; and (vii) the Company and its Subsidiaries have complied with the terms of each agreement
pursuant to which Intellectual Property has been licensed to the Company or such Subsidiary, and all such agreements are in full
force and effect, except, in the case of any of clauses (i)-(vii) above, for any such infringement by third parties or any such
pending or threatened suit, action, proceeding or claim as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected
to result in a Material Adverse Effect, and (y) in the case of clause (vii) above, for any non-compliance as would not, individually
or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(u)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>
FINRA Exemption</U>. To enable the Agent to rely on Rule 5110(b)(7)(C)(i) of FINRA, the Company represents that the Company (i)
has a non-affiliate, public common equity float of at least $150 million or a non-affiliate, public common equity float of at least
$100 million and annual trading volume of at least three million shares and (ii) has been subject to the Exchange Act reporting
requirements for a period of at least 36 months.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(v)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Shell
Company</U>. The Company is not a shell company (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) and has not been a shell company
for at least 12 calendar months previously and if it has been a shell company at any time previously, has filed current Form 10
information (as defined in General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3) with the Commission at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting
its status as an entity that is not a shell company.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(w)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Material Defaults</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is in default on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed
money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected
to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has not filed a report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act since
the filing of its last Annual Report on Form 10-K, indicating that it (i) has failed to pay any dividend or sinking fund installment
on preferred stock or (ii) has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more
long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(x)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Certain
Market Activities</U>. Neither the Company, nor any of the Subsidiaries, nor, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any of their respective
directors, officers or controlling persons has taken, directly or indirectly, any unlawful action designed, or that has constituted
or might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, the stabilization or manipulation of
the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(y)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Broker/Dealer
Relationships</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries or any related entities (i) is required to register as a &ldquo;broker&rdquo;
or &ldquo;dealer&rdquo; in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act or (ii) directly or indirectly through one or more
intermediaries, controls or is a &ldquo;person associated with a member&rdquo; or &ldquo;associated person of a member&rdquo; (within
the meaning set forth in the FINRA Manual).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(z)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Reliance</U>. The Company has not relied upon the Agent or legal counsel for the Agent for any legal, tax or accounting advice
in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(aa)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Taxes</U>.
The Company and each of its Subsidiaries have filed all federal, state, local and foreign income and franchise tax returns and
other material tax returns which have been required to be filed by the Company or a Subsidiary, or have properly requested extensions
thereof, and paid all taxes shown thereon through the date hereof, to the extent that such taxes have become due and are not being
contested in good faith, except where the failure to so file or pay would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse
Effect. Except as otherwise disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, no tax deficiency has
been determined adversely to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which has had, or would reasonably be expected to have, individually
or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has no knowledge of any federal, state or other governmental tax deficiency,
penalty or assessment which has been asserted or threatened against it which would not reasonably be expected to have a Material
Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(bb)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Title
to Real and Personal Property</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company and its Subsidiaries
have good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property owned by them and good and marketable title in all personal property
owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and the Subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all liens, except
for (i) liens as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed
to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries and (ii) liens for the payment of federal, state or other taxes,
for which appropriate reserves have been made in accordance with GAAP and, the payment of which is neither delinquent nor subject
to penalties. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and the Subsidiaries are held by them under valid,
subsisting and enforceable leases with which the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(cc)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Environmental
Laws</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge the Company and
its Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules, regulations, and orders
relating to the protection of human health and safety, the environment or hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or
contaminants (collectively, &ldquo;<B><U>Environmental Laws</U></B>&rdquo;); (ii) have received and are in compliance with all
permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses
as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; and (iii) have not received notice of any actual or potential liability
for the investigation or remediation of any disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants,
except, in the case of any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii) above, for any such failure to comply or failure to receive required permits,
licenses, other approvals or liability as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material
Adverse Effect. The representations and warranties made in this Section 6(cc) are the only representations and warranties made
by the Company under this Agreement with respect to Environmental Laws.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(dd)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Disclosure
Controls</U>. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries maintain systems of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable
assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management&rsquo;s general or specific authorizations; (ii) transactions
are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles
(&ldquo;<B><U>GAAP</U></B>&rdquo;) and to maintain asset accountability; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance
with management&rsquo;s general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the
existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company&rsquo;s internal
control over financial reporting is effective and the Company is not aware of any material weaknesses in its internal control over
financial reporting (other than as set forth in the Prospectus). Since the date of the latest audited financial statements of the
Company included in the Prospectus, there has been no change in the Company&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting that
has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting
(other than as set forth in the Prospectus). The Company has established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange
Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15) for the Company and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information
relating to the Company and each of its Subsidiaries is made known to the certifying officers by others within those entities,
including during the period in which the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as the case
may be, is being prepared. The Company&rsquo;s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company&rsquo;s disclosure
controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of the Form 10-K for the fiscal year most recently
ended (such date, the &ldquo;<B><U>Evaluation Date</U></B>&rdquo;). The Company presented in its Form 10-K for the fiscal year
most recently ended the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures
based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date and the disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Since the Evaluation
Date, there have been no significant changes in the Company&rsquo;s internal controls (as such term is defined in Item 307(b) of
Regulation S-K under the Securities Act) or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, in other factors that could significantly affect
the Company&rsquo;s internal controls.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(ee)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Sarbanes-Oxley</U>.
There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or, to the knowledge of the Company, any of the Company&rsquo;s directors
or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Each of the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer
of the Company (or each former principal executive officer of the Company and each former principal financial officer of the Company
as applicable) has made all certifications required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect to all reports,
schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by it or furnished by it to the Commission. For purposes
of the preceding sentence, &ldquo;principal executive officer&rdquo; and &ldquo;principal financial officer&rdquo; shall have the
meanings given to such terms in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(ff)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Finder&rsquo;s
Fees</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has incurred any liability for any finder&rsquo;s fees, brokerage commissions
or similar payments in connection with the transactions herein contemplated, except as may otherwise exist with respect to Agent
pursuant to this Agreement.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(gg)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Labor
Disputes</U>. No labor disturbance by or dispute with employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge
of the Company, is threatened which would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(hh)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Investment
Company Act</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is or, after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Placement
Shares, will be an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; or an entity &ldquo;controlled&rdquo; by an &ldquo;investment company,&rdquo;
as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the &ldquo;<B><U>Investment Company Act</U></B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Operations</U>.
The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial
record keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money
laundering statutes of all jurisdictions to which the Company or its Subsidiaries are subject, the rules and regulations thereunder
and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency having
jurisdiction over the Company (collectively, the &ldquo;<B><U>Money Laundering Laws</U></B>&rdquo;), except as would not reasonably
be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect; and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency,
authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws
is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(jj)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Off-Balance
Sheet Arrangements</U>. There are no transactions, arrangements and other relationships between and/or among the Company, and/or,
to the knowledge of the Company, any of its affiliates and any unconsolidated entity, including, but not limited to, any structured
finance, special purpose or limited purpose entity (each, an &ldquo;<B><U>Off Balance Sheet Transaction</U></B>&rdquo;) that would
reasonably be expected to affect materially the Company&rsquo;s liquidity or the availability of or requirements for its capital
resources, including those Off Balance Sheet Transactions described in the Commission&rsquo;s Statement about Management&rsquo;s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations (Release Nos. 33-8056; 34-45321; FR-61), required to
be described in the Prospectus which have not been described as required.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(kk)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Underwriter
Agreements</U>. Except as previously disclosed to the Agent, the Company is not a party to any agreement with an agent or underwriter
for any other &ldquo;at-the-market&rdquo; or continuous equity transaction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(ll)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>ERISA</U>.
To the knowledge of the Company, each material employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (&ldquo;<B><U>ERISA</U></B>&rdquo;), that is maintained, administered or contributed to
by the Company or any of its affiliates for employees or former employees of the Company and any of its Subsidiaries has been maintained
in material compliance with its terms and the requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including,
but not limited to, ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the &ldquo;<B><U>Code</U></B>&rdquo;); no prohibited
transaction, within the meaning of Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, has occurred which would result in a material
liability to the Company with respect to any such plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative
exemption; and for each such plan that is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, no &ldquo;accumulated
funding deficiency&rdquo; as defined in Section 412 of the Code has been incurred, whether or not waived, and the fair market value
of the assets of each such plan (excluding for these purposes accrued but unpaid contributions) exceeds the present value of all
benefits accrued under such plan determined using reasonable actuarial assumptions.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(mm)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Forward
Looking Statements</U>. No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of
the Exchange Act) (a &ldquo;<B><U>Forward Looking Statement</U></B>&rdquo;) contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(nn)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Margin
Rules</U>. Neither the issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement Shares nor the application of the proceeds thereof by the Company
as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the
Federal Reserve System or any other regulation of such Board of Governors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(oo)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Insurance</U>.
The Company and each of its Subsidiaries carry, or are covered by, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company
and each of its Subsidiaries reasonably believe are adequate for the conduct of their properties and as is customary for companies
engaged in similar businesses of comparable size in similar industries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(pp)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Improper Practices</U>. (i) Neither the Company nor, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries, nor to the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, any of their respective executive officers has, in the past five years, made any unlawful contributions to any candidate
for any political office (or failed fully to disclose any contribution in violation of law) or made any contribution or other payment
to any official of, or candidate for, any federal, state, municipal, or foreign office or other person charged with similar public
or quasi-public duty in violation of any law or of the character required to be disclosed in the Prospectus; (ii) no relationship,
direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any Subsidiary or any affiliate of
any of them, on the one hand, and the directors, officers and stockholders of the Company or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge,
any Subsidiary, on the other hand, that is required by the Securities Act to be described in the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus that is not so described; (iii) no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any Subsidiary
or any affiliate of them, on the one hand, and the directors, officers, or stockholders of the Company or, to the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, any Subsidiary, on the other hand, that is required by the rules of FINRA to be described in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus that is not so described; (iv) except as described in the Prospectus, there are no material outstanding loans
or advances or material guarantees of indebtedness by the Company or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any Subsidiary to or for
the benefit of any of their respective officers or directors or any of the members of the families of any of them; (v) the Company
has not offered, or caused any placement agent to offer, Common Stock to any person with the intent to influence unlawfully (A)
a customer or supplier of the Company or any Subsidiary to alter the customer&rsquo;s or supplier&rsquo;s level or type of business
with the Company or any Subsidiary or (B) a trade journalist or publication to write or publish favorable information about the
Company or any Subsidiary or any of their respective products or services, and (vi) neither the Company nor any Subsidiary nor,
to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, any employee or agent of the Company or any Subsidiary has made any payment of funds of the Company
or any Subsidiary or received or retained any funds in violation of any law, rule or regulation (including, without limitation,
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977), which payment, receipt or retention of funds is of a character required to be disclosed
in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(qq)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Status
Under the Securities Act</U>. The Company was not and is not an ineligible issuer as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act
at the times specified in Rules 164 and 433 under the Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(rr)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Misstatement or Omission in an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</U>. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as of its issue date and
as of each Applicable Time (as defined in Section 24 below), did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted,
conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any Incorporated
Document that has not been superseded or modified. The foregoing sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from any
Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Agent specifically
for use therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(ss)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Conflicts</U>. Neither the execution of this Agreement, nor the issuance, offering or sale of the Placement Shares, nor the consummation
of any of the transactions contemplated herein, nor the compliance by the Company with the terms and provisions hereof will conflict
with, or will result in a breach of, any of the terms and provisions of, or has constituted or will constitute a default under,
or has resulted in or will result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets
of the Company pursuant to the terms of any contract or other agreement to which the Company is bound or to which any of the property
or assets of the Company is subject, except (i) such conflicts, breaches or defaults as may have been waived and (ii) such conflicts,
breaches and defaults that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; nor will such action result (x)
in any violation of the provisions of the organizational or governing documents of the Company, or (y) to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge,
in any material violation of the provisions of any statute or any order, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any
court or of any federal, state or other regulatory authority or other government body having jurisdiction over the Company, other
than, with respect to clause (y) only, any violation that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(tt)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Sanctions</U>.
The Company represents that neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (collectively, the &ldquo;<B><U>Entity</U></B>&rdquo;)
or any director, officer, employee, agent, affiliate or representative of the Entity, is a government, individual, or entity (in
this paragraph (uu), &ldquo;<B><U>Person</U></B>&rdquo;) that is, or is owned or controlled by a Person that is:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(A)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>the
subject of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury&rsquo;s Office of Foreign Assets Control,
the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty&rsquo;s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively,
&ldquo;<B><U>Sanctions</U></B>&rdquo;), nor</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(B)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>located,
organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of Sanctions (including, without limitation, Burma/Myanmar,
Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>The
Entity represents and covenants that it will not, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute
or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(A)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>to
fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any Person or in any country or territory that, at the time of such funding
or facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(B)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>in
any other manner that will result in a violation of Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering,
whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(iii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>The
Entity represents and covenants that, except as detailed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, for the past 5 years,
it has not knowingly engaged in, is not now knowingly engaged in, and will not engage in, any dealings or transactions with any
Person, or in any country or territory, that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(uu)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Stock
Transfer Taxes</U>. On each Settlement Date, all stock transfer or similar transfer taxes (other than income taxes) which are required
to be paid in connection with the sale and transfer of the Placement Shares to be sold hereunder will be, or will have been, fully
paid or provided for by the Company and all laws imposing such taxes will be or will have been fully complied with, except in each
case for any taxes or compliance that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(vv)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Reserved</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any certificate signed
by an officer of the Company and delivered to the Agent or to counsel for the Agent pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement
shall be deemed to be a representation and warranty by the Company, as applicable, to the Agent as to the matters set forth therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Covenants
of the Company</U>. The Company covenants and agrees with Agent that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Registration
Statement Amendments</U>. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus relating to any Placement
Shares is required to be delivered by Agent under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be
satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act), (i) the Company will notify the Agent promptly of the time when any subsequent
amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated by reference, has been filed with the Commission and/or
has become effective or any subsequent supplement to the Prospectus has been filed and of any request by the Commission for any
amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information, (ii) the Company will prepare
and file with the Commission, promptly upon the Agent&rsquo;s request, any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement
or Prospectus that, in such Agent&rsquo;s reasonable opinion, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution
of the Placement Shares by the Agent (provided, however, that the failure of the Agent to make such request shall not relieve the
Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agent&rsquo;s right to rely on the representations and warranties
made by the Company in this Agreement and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agent shall have with respect to the failure
to make such filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed); (iii) the
Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus disclosing a material change in the
terms of the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares unless a copy thereof has been submitted to Agent
within a reasonable period of time before the filing and the Agent has not reasonably objected in writing thereto within two (2)
Business Days (provided, however, that the failure of the Agent to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation
or liability hereunder, or affect the Agent&rsquo;s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in
this Agreement and the Company has no obligation to provide the Agent any advance copy of such filing or to provide the Agent any
opportunity to object to such filing if such filing does not name the Agent and does not relate to the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement, and provided, further, that the only remedy Agent shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to seek
such consent shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement) and the Company will furnish to the Agent at the time of filing
thereof a copy of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus,
except for those documents available via EDGAR; and (iv) the Company will cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus
to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act or, in the
case of any document to be incorporated therein by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the Exchange
Act, within the time period prescribed (the determination to file or not file any amendment or supplement with the Commission under
this Section 7(a), based on the Company&rsquo;s reasonable opinion or reasonable objections, shall be made exclusively by the Company).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Notice
of Commission Stop Orders</U>. The Company will advise the Agent, promptly after it receives notice or obtains knowledge thereof,
of the issuance or threatened issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement,
of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or
threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will promptly use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the
issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. The Company will advise the Agent
promptly after it receives any request by the Commission for any amendments to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplements
to the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or for additional information related to the offering of the Placement
Shares or for additional information related to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes</U>. During any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to
be delivered by the Agent under the Securities Act with respect to the offer and sale of the Placement Shares, (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company will use reasonable best efforts
to comply in all material respects with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force,
and to file on or before their respective due dates all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to
be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the
Exchange Act. If the Company has omitted any information from the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities
Act, it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply with the provisions of and make all requisite filings with the Commission
pursuant to said Rule 430B and to notify the Agent promptly of all such filings if not available on EDGAR. If during such period
any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing,
not misleading, or if during such period it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply
with the Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify Agent to suspend the offering of the Placement Shares during such period
and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as
to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance; provided, however, that the Company may delay any such amendment
or supplement if, in the reasonable judgment of the Company, it is in the best interests of the Company to do so.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Listing
of Placement Shares</U>. During any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered
by the Agent under the Securities Act with respect to the offer and sale of the Placement Shares, the Company will use its commercially
reasonable efforts to cause the Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Registration Statement and Prospectus</U>. The Company will furnish to the Agent and its counsel (at the expense of the Company)
copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all Incorporated Documents) and all amendments and supplements
to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during any period in which a Prospectus relating
to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities Act (including all Incorporated Documents filed with the
Commission during such period), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as the Agent may from time
to time reasonably request and, at the Agent&rsquo;s request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange or market
on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to furnish any document
(other than the Prospectus) to the Agent to the extent such document is available on EDGAR.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Earnings
Statement</U>. The Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon as practicable, but in any event not later
than 15 months after the end of the Company&rsquo;s current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement covering a 12-month period that
satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) and Rule 158 of the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Use
of Proceeds</U>. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled &ldquo;Use of Proceeds.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Notice
of Other Sales</U>. Without the prior written consent of Agent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, the Company will
not, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common
Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common
Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock during the period beginning on the date on which any Placement
Notice is delivered to Agent hereunder and ending on the third (3rd) Trading Day immediately following the final Settlement Date
with respect to Placement Shares sold pursuant to such Placement Notice (or, if the Placement Notice has been terminated or suspended
prior to the sale of all Placement Shares covered by a Placement Notice, the date of such suspension or termination); provided,
however, that such restrictions will not apply in connection with the Company&rsquo;s issuance or sale of (i) Common Stock, options
to purchase Common Stock or restricted stock units or other equity awards or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options,
pursuant to any employee, consultant or director stock option or benefits plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan
(but not Common Stock subject to a waiver to exceed plan limits in its dividend reinvestment plan) of the Company whether now in
effect or hereafter implemented, (ii) Common Stock issuable upon conversion of securities or the exercise of warrants, options
or other rights in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR or otherwise in writing to
the Agent, (iii) Common Stock or securities convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock, offered and
sold in a privately negotiated transaction to vendors, customers, strategic partners or potential strategic partners or other investors
conducted in a manner so as not to be integrated with the offering of Common Stock hereby, and (iv) Common Stock issued in connection
with any acquisition, strategic investment or other similar transaction (including any joint venture, strategic alliance or partnership)
and or as consideration for mergers, acquisitions, other business combinations or strategic alliances occurring after the date
of this Agreement which are not issued for capital raising purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Change
of Circumstances</U>. The Company will, at any time during the pendency of a Placement Notice, advise the Agent promptly after
it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would adversely affect in any material
respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document required to be provided to the Agent pursuant to this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Due
Diligence Cooperation</U>. During the term of this Agreement, the Company will cooperate with any reasonable due diligence review
conducted by the Agent or its representatives in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation,
providing information and making available documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the Company&rsquo;s
principal offices, as the Agent may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Required
Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares</U>. The Company agrees that on such dates as the Securities Act shall require
the filing of a prospectus supplement with respect to the sale of Placement Shares hereunder, the Company will (i) file a prospectus
supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (each and every filing date
under Rule 424(b), a &ldquo;<B><U>Filing Date</U></B>&rdquo;), which prospectus supplement will set forth, within the relevant
period, the amount of Placement Shares sold through the Agent, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation payable by
the Company to the Agent with respect to such Placement Shares, and (ii) deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus
supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations of such
exchange or market.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Representation
Dates; Certificate</U>. (1) On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice and (2) following the delivery of the first Placement
Notice each time during the term of this Agreement that the Company:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>files
the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares or amends or supplements (other than a prospectus supplement relating solely to
an offering of securities other than the Placement Shares) the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement
Shares by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of documents by reference
into the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>files
an annual report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act (including any Form 10-K/A containing amended audited financial information
or a material amendment to the previously filed Form 10-K);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(iii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>files
its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q under the Exchange Act; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(iv)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>files
a current report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than information &ldquo;furnished&rdquo; pursuant
to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or to provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K relating to the reclassification of
certain properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144) under the
Exchange Act (each date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (i) through (iv) shall be a &ldquo;<B><U>Representation
Date</U></B>&rdquo;);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">the Company shall furnish
the Agent (but in the case of clause (iv) above only if the Agent reasonably determines that the information contained in such
Form 8-K is material) with a certificate dated the Representation Date, in the form and substance satisfactory to the Agent and
its counsel, substantially similar to the form previously provided to the Agent and its counsel, modified, as necessary, to relate
to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented. The requirement to provide a certificate under this
Section 7(l) shall be waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time in which no Placement Notice is pending (including
as a result of a Suspension being in effect), which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers
instructions for the sale of Placement Shares hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date)
and the next occurring Representation Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement
Shares following a Representation Date when such waiver applied and did not provide the Agent with a certificate under this Section
7(l), then before the Company delivers the instructions for the sale of Placement Shares or the Agent sells any Placement Shares
pursuant to such instructions, the Company shall provide the Agent with a certificate in conformity with this Section 7(l) dated
as of the date that the instructions for the sale of Placement Shares are issued.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Legal
Opinions</U>. (1) On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agent a
written opinion in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Agent and its counsel of: (i) Gracin &amp; Marlow LLP (&ldquo;<B><U>Company
Counsel</U></B>&rdquo;), (ii) special Nevada counsel to the Company, (iii) special patent counsel to the Company, and (iv) special
regulatory counsel to the Company, and (2) unless a Suspension is in effect, within five (5) Trading Days of each Representation
Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(l) for which no waiver is applicable
and excluding the date of this Agreement, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agent a written opinion of Company Counsel,
in a form and substance substantially similar to the opinion delivered on or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice, modified,
as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented; provided, however, the
Company shall be required to furnish to Agent no more than one opinion from Company Counsel hereunder per calendar quarter and
the Company shall not be required to furnish any such letter if the Company does not intend to deliver a Placement Notice in such
calendar quarter until such time as the Company delivers its next Placement Notice; provided, further, that in lieu of such opinions
for subsequent periodic filings under the Exchange Act, counsel may furnish the Agent with a letter (a &ldquo;<B><U>Reliance Letter</U></B>&rdquo;)
to the effect that the Agent may rely on a prior opinion delivered under this Section 7(m) to the same extent as if it were dated
the date of such letter (except that statements in such prior opinion shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and
the Prospectus as amended or supplemented as of the date of the Reliance Letter).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(n)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Comfort
Letter</U>. (1) On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice and (2) unless a Suspension is in effect, within five (5)
Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section
7(l), other than pursuant to Section 7(l)(iii), for which no waiver is applicable and excluding the date of this Agreement, the
Company shall cause its independent registered public accounting firm to furnish the Agent letters (the &ldquo;<B><U>Comfort Letters</U></B>&rdquo;),
dated the date the Comfort Letter is delivered, which shall meet the requirements set forth in this Section 7(n); provided, that
if requested by the Agent, the Company shall cause a Comfort Letter to be furnished to the Agent within ten (10) Trading Days of
the date of occurrence of any material transaction or event, including the restatement of the Company&rsquo;s financial statements.
The Comfort Letter from the Company&rsquo;s independent registered public accounting firm shall be in a form and substance reasonably
satisfactory to the Agent, (i) confirming that they are an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of
the Securities Act and the PCAOB, (ii) stating, as of such date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the
financial information and other matters ordinarily covered by accountants&rsquo; &ldquo;comfort letters&rdquo; to underwriters
in connection with registered public offerings (the first such letter, the &ldquo;<B><U>Initial Comfort Letter</U></B>&rdquo;)
and (iii) updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter
had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended
and supplemented to the date of such letter.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(o)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Market
Activities</U>. The Company will not, directly or indirectly, (i) take any action designed to cause or result in, or that constitutes
or would reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to
facilitate the sale or resale of Common Stock or (ii) sell, bid for, or purchase the Placement Shares in violation of Regulation
M, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than the Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(p)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Investment
Company Act</U>. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it nor any of its
Subsidiaries will be or become, at any time prior to the termination of this Agreement, required to register as an &ldquo;investment
company,&rdquo; as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(q)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Offer to Sell</U>. Other than an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus approved in advance by the Company and the Agent in its capacity
as agent hereunder, neither the Agent nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Agent in its capacity
as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written communication (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities
Act), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement
Shares hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(r)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Blue
Sky and Other Qualifications</U>. If required by applicable law, the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts, in cooperation
with the Agent, to qualify the Placement Shares for offering and sale, or to obtain an exemption for the Placement Shares to be
offered and sold, under the applicable securities laws of such states and other jurisdictions (domestic or foreign) as the Agent
may reasonably designate and to maintain such qualifications and exemptions in effect for so long as required for the distribution
of the Placement Shares (but in no event for less than one year from the date of this Agreement); <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>,
that the Company shall not be obligated to file any general consent to service of process or to qualify as a foreign corporation
or as a dealer in securities in any jurisdiction in which it is not so qualified to subject itself to taxation in respect of doing
business in any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject. In each jurisdiction in which the Placement Shares have been
so qualified or exempt, the Company will file such statements and reports as may be required by the laws of such jurisdiction to
continue such qualification or exemption, as the case may be, in effect for so long as required for the distribution of the Placement
Shares (but in no event for less than one year from the date of this Agreement) so long as the Company has approved in advance
the sale of Placement Shares in such jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Sarbanes-Oxley
Act</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries will maintain and keep accurate books and records reflecting their assets and maintain
internal accounting controls in a manner designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting
and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and including those policies and procedures
that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions
of the assets of the Company, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation
of the Company&rsquo;s consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, (iii) that receipts and expenditures of the Company
are being made only in accordance with management&rsquo;s and the Company&rsquo;s directors&rsquo; authorization, and (iv) provide
reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company&rsquo;s
assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements. The Company and the Subsidiaries will maintain such controls
and other procedures, including, without limitation, those required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the
applicable regulations thereunder that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports
that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified
in the Commission&rsquo;s rules and forms, including, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information
required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated
to the Company&rsquo;s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing
similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and to ensure that material information
relating to the Company or the Subsidiaries is made known to them by others within those entities, particularly during the period
in which such periodic reports are being prepared.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(t)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Secretary&rsquo;s
Certificate; Further Documentation</U>. On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice, the Company shall deliver to the
Agent a certificate of the Secretary of the Company and attested to by an executive officer of the Company, dated as of such date,
certifying as to (i) the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, (ii) the Amended and Restated Bylaws
of the Company, (iii) the resolutions of the Board of Directors of the Company, or a duly authorized committee of the Board of
Directors, authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the issuance of the Placement Shares and (iv)
the incumbency of the officers duly authorized to execute this Agreement and the other documents contemplated by this Agreement.
Unless a Suspension is in effect, within five (5) Trading Days of each Representation Date, the Company shall have furnished to
the Agent such further information, certificates and documents as the Agent may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Payment
of Expenses</U>. The Company will pay all expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, including
(i) the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, including any fees required by the Commission, and the printing or
electronic delivery of the Prospectus as originally filed and of each amendment and supplement thereto, in such number as the Agent
shall deem reasonably necessary, (ii) the printing and delivery to the Agent of this Agreement and such other documents as may
be reasonably required in connection with the offering, purchase, sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares, (iii) the
preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates, if any, for the Placement Shares to the Agent, including any stock or other
transfer taxes and any capital duties, stamp duties or other duties or taxes payable upon the sale, issuance or delivery of the
Placement Shares to the Agent, (iv) the fees and disbursements of the counsel, accountants and other advisors to the Company, (v)
the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees and disbursements of the counsel to the Agent, payable upon the execution of this
Agreement, in an amount not to exceed $30,000, (vi) the qualification or exemption of the Placement Shares under state securities
laws in accordance with the provisions of Section 7(r) hereof, including filing fees, but excluding fees of the Agent&rsquo;s counsel,
(vii) the printing and delivery to the Agent of copies of any Permitted Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and the Prospectus and any
amendments or supplements thereto in such number as the Agent shall reasonably deem necessary, (viii) the preparation, printing
and delivery to the Agent of copies of the blue sky survey, if applicable, (ix) the fees and expenses of the transfer agent and
registrar for the Common Stock, (x) the filing and other fees incident to any review by FINRA of the terms of the sale of the Placement
Shares including the fees of the Agent&rsquo;s counsel (subject to the cap, set forth in clause (v) above), and (xi) the fees and
expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Representations
and Covenants of Agent</U>. Agent represents and warrants that it is duly registered as a broker-dealer under FINRA, the Exchange
Act and the applicable statutes and regulations of each state in which the Placement Shares will be offered and sold, except such
states in which Agent is exempt from registration or such registration is not otherwise required. Agent shall continue, for the
term of this Agreement, to be duly registered as a broker-dealer under FINRA, the Exchange Act and the applicable statutes and
regulations of each state in which the Placement Shares will be offered and sold, except such states in which Agent is exempt from
registration or such registration is not otherwise required, during the term of this Agreement. Agent will comply with all applicable
law and regulations in connection with the Placement Shares, including, but not limited to, Regulation M.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Conditions
to Agent&rsquo;s Obligations</U>. The obligations of the Agent hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject to the continuing
accuracy and completeness of the representations and warranties made by the Company herein (other than those representations and
warranties made as of a specified date or time), to the due performance in all material respects by the Company of its obligations
hereunder, to the completion by the Agent of a due diligence review satisfactory to it in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing
reasonable satisfaction (or waiver by the Agent in its sole discretion) of the following additional conditions as of each Representation
Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Registration
Statement Effective</U>. The Registration Statement shall have become effective and shall be available for the (i) resale of all
Placement Shares issued to the Agent and not yet sold by the Agent and (ii) sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be issued
by any Placement Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Material Notices</U>. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company of any request
for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority during the period of effectiveness
of the Registration Statement, the response to which would require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus (other than immaterial amendments or supplements to documents incorporated by reference therein) if
such post effective amendments or supplements have not been made and become effective; (ii) the issuance by the Commission or any
other federal or state governmental authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or receipt
by the Company of notification of the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii) receipt by the Company of any notification
with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in
any jurisdiction or receipt by the Company of notification of the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose;
or (iv) the occurrence of any event that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any
material Incorporated Document by reference untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the Registration
Statement, the Prospectus or material Incorporated Document so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain
any materially untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary
to make the statements therein not misleading and so that, in the case of the Prospectus, it will not contain any materially untrue
statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements
therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Misstatement or Material Omission</U>. The Agent shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus,
or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Agent&rsquo;s reasonable opinion is material,
or omits to state a fact that in the Agent&rsquo;s reasonable opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary
to make the statements therein not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Material
Changes</U>. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company&rsquo;s reports filed with the Commission, there
shall not have been any material adverse change in the authorized capital stock of the Company or any Material Adverse Effect or
any development that would reasonably be expected to cause a Material Adverse Effect, or a downgrading in or withdrawal of the
rating assigned to any of the Company&rsquo;s securities (other than asset backed securities) by any rating organization or a public
announcement by any rating organization that it has under surveillance or review its rating of any of the Company&rsquo;s securities
(other than asset backed securities), the effect of which, in the case of any such action by a rating organization described above,
in the reasonable judgment of the Agent (without relieving the Company of any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is
so material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the Placement Shares on the terms and in
the manner contemplated in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Legal
Opinions</U>. The Agent shall have received the opinions of Company Counsel required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(m) on
or before the date on which such delivery of such opinion is required pursuant to Section 7(m).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Comfort
Letter</U>. The Agent shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(n) on or before the
date on which such delivery of such Comfort Letter is required pursuant to Section 7(n).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Representation
Certificate</U>. The Agent shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(l) on or before the
date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to Section 7(l).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Suspension</U>. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on the Exchange and the Common Stock shall not have been
delisted from the Exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Other
Materials</U>. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(l), the Company shall
have furnished the Agent such appropriate further information, opinions, certificates, letters and other documents as the Agent
may reasonably request. All such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents will be in compliance with the provisions
hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Securities
Act Filings Made.</U> All filings with the Commission with respect to the Placement Shares required by Rule 424 under the Securities
Act to have been filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time
period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424.</P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Approval
for Listing</U>. The Placement Shares shall either have been approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to notice of issuance,
or the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at, or prior to, the issuance
of any Placement Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>FINRA</U>.
FINRA shall have raised no objection to the terms of this offering and the amount of compensation allowable or payable to the Agent
as described in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>No
Termination Event.</U> There shall not have occurred any event that would permit the Agent to terminate this Agreement pursuant
to Section 13(a).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Indemnification
and Contribution</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Company
Indemnification</U>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Agent, its partners, members, directors, officers, employees
and agents and each person, if any, who controls the Agent within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20
of the Exchange Act as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>against
any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, arising out of or based upon
any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto),
or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements
therein not misleading, or arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included in any related
Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission
therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they
were made, not misleading;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>against
any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, to the extent of the aggregate
amount paid in settlement of any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or
threatened, or of any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or
omission; provided that (subject to Section 11(d) below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company,
which consent shall not unreasonably be delayed or withheld; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(iii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>against
any and all expense whatsoever, as incurred (including the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees and disbursements of counsel),
reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any
governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission,
or any such alleged untrue statement or omission, to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i) or (ii) above,</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>,
that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, liability, claim, damage or expense to the extent arising out of any
untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made solely in reliance upon and in conformity with written
information furnished to the Company by the Agent expressly for use in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), or
in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Agent
Indemnification</U>. Agent agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and each officer and director of
the Company who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who (i) controls the Company within the meaning of
Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act or (ii) is controlled by or is under common control with the
Company against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity contained in Section 11(a), as
incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration
Statement (or any amendments thereto) or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus
in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished to the Company in writing by the Agent expressly for use therein.
The Company hereby acknowledges that the only information that the Agent has furnished to the Company expressly for use in the
Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) are the statements
set forth in the seventh and ninth paragraphs under the caption &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo; in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Procedure</U>.
Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this Section 11 will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement
of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this
Section 11, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but
the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i) any liability that it might
have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this Section 11 and (ii) any liability that it may have to any indemnified party
under the foregoing provision of this Section 11 unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture or
material impairment of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified
party and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and,
to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the commencement
of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of
the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the
indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for
any legal or other expenses except as provided below and except for the reasonable costs of investigation subsequently incurred
by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in
any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless
(1) the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2) the indemnified
party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel) that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified
parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3) a conflict or potential conflict
of interest exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party
(in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified
party) or (4) the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action within a reasonable
time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket
fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood
that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction,
be liable for the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm
admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such reasonable and documented
out-of-pocket fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly and after the indemnifying
party receives a written notice relating to the fees, disbursements and other charges in reasonable detail. An indemnifying party
will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent if such consent
is required by this Section 11(c). No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party, settle
or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the
matters contemplated by this Section 11 (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise
or consent (1) includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such litigation, investigation,
proceeding or claim and (2) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or
on behalf of any indemnified party.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Contribution</U>.
In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing
paragraphs of this Section 11 is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable from the
Company or the Agent, the Company and the Agent will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages
(including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement
of, any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons
other than the Agent, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act, officers of the Company
who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company
and the Agent may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company
on the one hand and the Agent on the other hand. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agent on
the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total Net Proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares (before
deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by the Agent (before deducting expenses) from
the sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not
permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only
the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the
Agent, on the other hand, with respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage,
or action in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative
fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact
or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or the Agent, the intent
of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission.
The Company and the Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this Section 11(e) were to
be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations
referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage,
or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this Section 11(e) shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this Section
11(e), any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending
any such action or claim to the extent consistent with Section 11(c) hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section
11(e), the Agent shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by it under this Agreement
and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) will be
entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section
11(e), any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any officers, directors,
partners, employees or agents of the Agent, will have the same rights to contribution as that party, and each officer and director
of the Company who signed the Registration Statement will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each
case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action
against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this Section 11(e), will notify any such party
or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will not relieve that party or parties from whom
contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this Section 11(e) except to the extent that the
failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom contribution
is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of Section 11(c) hereof, no party will be liable
for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant to
Section 11(c) hereof.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Representations
and Agreements to Survive Delivery</U>. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section 11 of this Agreement and
all representations and warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as of their
respective dates, regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of the Agent, any controlling persons, or the Company
(or any of their respective officers, directors or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and
payment therefor or (iii) any termination of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Termination</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>The
Agent may terminate this Agreement, by notice to the Company, as hereinafter specified at any time (1) if there has been, since
the time of execution of this Agreement or since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, any change, or any
development or event involving a prospective change, in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the business, properties,
earnings, results of operations or prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising
in the ordinary course of business, which individually or in the aggregate, in the sole judgment of the Agent is material and adverse
and makes it impractical or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares,
(2) if there has occurred any material adverse change in the financial markets in the United States or the international financial
markets, any outbreak of hostilities or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis or any change or development involving a
prospective change in national or international political, financial or economic conditions, in each case the effect of which is
such as to make it, in the judgment of the Agent, impracticable or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts
for the sale of the Placement Shares, (3) if trading in the Common Stock has been suspended or limited by the Commission or the
Exchange, or if trading generally on the Exchange has been suspended or limited, or minimum prices for trading have been fixed
on the Exchange, (4) if any suspension of trading of any securities of the Company on any exchange or in the over-the-counter market
shall have occurred and be continuing, (5) if a major disruption of securities settlements or clearance services in the United
States shall have occurred and be continuing, or (6) if a banking moratorium has been declared by either U.S. Federal or New York
authorities. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section
8 (Payment of Expenses), Section 11 (Indemnification and Contribution), Section 12 (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery),
Section 18 (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and Section 19 (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full
force and effect notwithstanding such termination. If the Agent elects to terminate this Agreement as provided in this Section
13(a), the Agent shall provide the required notice as specified in Section 14 (Notices).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>The
Company shall have the right, by giving five (5) days&rsquo; written notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement
in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party
to any other party except that the provisions of Section 8, Section 11, Section 12, Section 18 and Section 19 hereof shall remain
in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>The
Agent shall have the right, by giving ten (10) days&rsquo; notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement in its sole
discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other
party except that the provisions of Section 8, Section 11, Section 12, Section 18 and Section 19 hereof shall remain in full force
and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>This
Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to Sections 13(a), (b), or (c) above or otherwise by
mutual agreement of the parties; provided, however, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed
to provide that Section 8, Section 11, Section 12, Section 18 and Section 19 shall remain in full force and effect.<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; color: red">
</FONT>Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company shall not have any liability to an Agent for any discount, commission or
other compensation with respect to any Placement Shares not otherwise sold by an Agent under this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>Any
termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; provided, however, that such
termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Agent or the Company,
as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement
Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Notices</U>.
All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the terms of
this Agreement shall be in writing, unless otherwise specified, and if sent to the Agent, shall be delivered to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">1300 North 17<SUP>th</SUP> Street</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Suite 1400</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Arlington, VA 22209</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Attention: Legal Department</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">and with a copy to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Duane Morris LLP</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">One Riverfront Plaza</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">1037 Raymond Boulevard, Suite 1800</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Newark, NJ 07102</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Attention: Dean M. Colucci</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Facsimile: (973) 556-1406</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">and if to the Company, shall be delivered to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">9605 Medical Center Drive</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Suite 270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Rockville, MD 20850<BR>
Attention: Steven A. Shallcross<BR>
Facsimile: (301) 417-4367</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Gracin &amp; Marlow, LLP</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">The Chrysler Building</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">405 Lexington Avenue</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">26<SUP>th</SUP> Floor</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">New York, NY 10174</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Attention: Leslie Marlow Esq.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Facsimile: (212) 907-6457</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Each party to this
Agreement may change such address for notices by sending to the parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such
purpose. Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i) when delivered personally, by email, or by verifiable
facsimile transmission on or before 4:30 p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day or, if such day is not a Business Day, on
the next succeeding Business Day, (ii) on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier
and (iii) on the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested,
postage prepaid). For purposes of this Agreement, &ldquo;<B><U>Business Day</U></B>&rdquo; shall mean any day on which the Exchange
and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">An electronic communication
(&ldquo;<B><U>Electronic Notice</U></B>&rdquo;) shall be deemed written notice for purposes of this Section 14 if sent to the electronic
mail address specified by the receiving party under separate cover. Electronic Notice shall be deemed received at the time the
party sending Electronic Notice receives verification of receipt by the receiving party. Any party receiving Electronic Notice
may request and shall be entitled to receive the notice on paper, in a nonelectronic form (&ldquo;<B><U>Nonelectronic Notice</U></B>&rdquo;)
which shall be sent to the requesting party within ten (10) days of receipt of the written request for Nonelectronic Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Successors
and Assigns</U>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and the Agent and their respective
successors and the affiliates, controlling persons, officers and directors referred to in Section 11 hereof. References to any
of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing
in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors
and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly
provided in this Agreement. Neither party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent
of the other party.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Adjustments
for Stock Splits</U>. The parties acknowledge and agree that all share-related numbers contained in this Agreement shall be adjusted
to take into account any stock split, stock dividend or similar event effected with respect to the Placement Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">17.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Entire
Agreement; Amendment; Severability</U>. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement Notices
issued pursuant hereto) constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings,
both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof
may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and the Agent. In the event that any one or more
of the provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as
written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible
extent that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such
invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such
provision and the remainder of the terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected
in this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000"><B>18.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></FONT><B><U>GOVERNING
LAW AND TIME; WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL</U>. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE
OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO THE PRINCIPLES OF CONFLICTS OF LAWS. SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY TIME. EACH PARTY
HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING
ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000"><B>19.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></FONT><B><U>CONSENT
TO JURISDICTION</U>. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY SUBMITS TO THE NON-EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF THE STATE AND FEDERAL COURTS SITTING
IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY TRANSACTION
CONTEMPLATED HEREBY, AND HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, AND AGREES NOT TO ASSERT IN ANY SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING, ANY CLAIM THAT
IT IS NOT PERSONALLY SUBJECT TO THE JURISDICTION OF ANY SUCH COURT, THAT SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS BROUGHT IN AN INCONVENIENT
FORUM OR THAT THE VENUE OF SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS IMPROPER. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES PERSONAL SERVICE OF
PROCESS AND CONSENTS TO PROCESS BEING SERVED IN ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING BY MAILING A COPY THEREOF (CERTIFIED OR REGISTERED
MAIL, RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED) TO SUCH PARTY AT THE ADDRESS IN EFFECT FOR NOTICES TO IT UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND AGREES THAT SUCH
SERVICE SHALL CONSTITUTE GOOD AND SUFFICIENT SERVICE OF PROCESS AND NOTICE THEREOF. NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE DEEMED TO
LIMIT IN ANY WAY ANY RIGHT TO SERVE PROCESS IN ANY MANNER PERMITTED BY LAW.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">20.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Use
of Information</U>. The Agent may not use any information gained in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement, including due diligence, to any third party other than its legal counsel advising it on this Agreement unless
expressly approved by the Company in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">21.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Counterparts</U>.
This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together
shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made by facsimile
or electronic transmission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">22.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Effect
of Headings</U>. The section and exhibit headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">23.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Permitted
Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. The Company represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior consent of the Agent,
which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, and the Agent represents, warrants and agrees that, unless
it obtains the prior consent of the Company, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Placement Shares that
would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or that would otherwise constitute a &ldquo;free writing prospectus,&rdquo;
as defined in Rule 405, required to be filed with the Commission. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Agent or
by the Company, as the case may be, is hereinafter referred to as a &ldquo;Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.&rdquo; The Company
represents and warrants that it has treated and agrees that it will treat each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an &ldquo;issuer
free writing prospectus,&rdquo; as defined in Rule 433, and has complied and will comply with the requirements of Rule 433 applicable
to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping.
For the purposes of clarity, the parties hereto agree that all free writing prospectuses, if any, listed in <U>Exhibit 23</U> hereto
are Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">24.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Absence
of Fiduciary Relationship</U>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>the
Agent is acting solely as agent in connection with the public offering of the Placement Shares and in connection with each transaction
contemplated by this Agreement and the process leading to such transactions, and no fiduciary or advisory relationship between
the Company or any of its respective affiliates, stockholders (or other equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party,
on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other hand, has been or will be created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement, irrespective of whether or not the Agent has advised or is advising the Company on other matters, and the Agent
has no obligation to the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement except the obligations expressly
set forth in this Agreement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>it
is capable of evaluating and understanding, and understands and accepts, the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>neither
the Agent nor its affiliates have provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement and it has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>it
is aware that the Agent and its affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests that differ
from those of the Company and the Agent and its affiliates have no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the
Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship or otherwise; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT>it
waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against the Agent or its affiliates for breach of fiduciary
duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the sale of Placement Shares under this Agreement and agrees that the
Agent and its affiliates shall not have any liability (whether direct or indirect, in contract, tort or otherwise) to it in respect
of such a fiduciary duty claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on its behalf or in right of it or the Company,
employees or creditors of Company, other than in respect of the Agent&rsquo;s obligations under this Agreement and to keep information
provided by the Company to the Agent and the Agent&rsquo;s counsel confidential to the extent not otherwise publicly-available.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; color: #010000">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: #010000">25.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Definitions</U>.
As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><U>Applicable
Time</U></B>&rdquo; means (i) each Representation Date and (ii) the time of each sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this
Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><U>Issuer
Free Writing Prospectus</U></B>&rdquo; means any &ldquo;issuer free writing prospectus,&rdquo; as defined in Rule 433, relating
to the Placement Shares that (1) is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company, (2) is a &ldquo;road show&rdquo; that
is a &ldquo;written communication&rdquo; within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i) whether or not required to be filed with the Commission,
or (3) is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a description of the Placement Shares or of the
offering that does not reflect the final terms, in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or,
if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company&rsquo;s records pursuant to Rule 433(g) under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><U>Rule 164</U></B>,&rdquo;
&ldquo;<B><U>Rule 172</U></B>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<B><U>Rule 405</U></B>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<B><U>Rule 415</U></B>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<B><U>Rule
424</U></B>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<B><U>Rule 424(b)</U></B>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<B><U>Rule 430B</U></B>,&rdquo; and &ldquo;<B><U>Rule 433</U></B>&rdquo;
refer to such rules under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All references in this
Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information that is &ldquo;contained,&rdquo; &ldquo;included&rdquo; or
&ldquo;stated&rdquo; in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (and all other references of like import) shall be deemed
to mean and include all such financial statements and schedules and other information that is incorporated by reference in the
Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as the case may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All references in this
Agreement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be deemed
to include the copy filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; all references in this Agreement to any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus
(other than any Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses that, pursuant to Rule 433, are not required to be filed with the Commission)
shall be deemed to include the copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; and all references in this Agreement to
&ldquo;supplements&rdquo; to the Prospectus shall include, without limitation, any supplements, &ldquo;wrappers&rdquo; or similar
materials prepared in connection with any offering, sale or private placement of any Placement Shares by the Agent outside of the
United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[<B><I>Signature Page Follows</I></B>]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing correctly
sets forth the understanding between the Company and the Agent, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose,
whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement between the Company and the Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 45%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>By:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Name:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Steven A. Shallcross</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Title:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chief Financial Officer</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written:</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><B>FBR CAPITAL MARKETS &amp; CO.</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>By:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">/s/ Patrice McNicoll</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Name:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Patrice McNicoll</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Title:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Co-Head of Capital Markets</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Signature Page</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Synthetic Biologics, Inc. &ndash; Sales
Agreement</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>


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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>SCHEDULE 1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid; width: 25%">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Form of Placement Notice</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid; width: 25%">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 13%">From:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 87%">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>To:</TD>
    <TD>FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Attention: [&bull;]</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>Subject:</TD>
    <TD>Placement Notice</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>Date:</TD>
    <TD>[&bull;], 201_</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the terms
and subject to the conditions contained in the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement between Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation
(the &ldquo;<B><U>Company</U></B>&rdquo;), and FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co. (&ldquo;<B><U>Agent</U></B>&rdquo;), dated August
5, 2016, the Company hereby requests that the Agent sell up to [&bull;] of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.001 per
share, at a minimum market price of $[&bull;] per share, during the time period beginning [month, day, time] and ending [month,
day, time].</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SCHEDULE 2</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Compensation</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company shall pay
to the Agent in cash, upon each sale of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, an amount equal to up to 3.0% of the aggregate
gross proceeds from each sale of Placement Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SCHEDULE 3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Notice Parties</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>The Company</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 25%">Jeffrey Riley</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 75%">jriley@syntheticbiologics.com</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>Steven A. Shallcross</TD>
    <TD>sshallcross@syntheticbiologics.com</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>The Agent</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 25%">Margery Fischbein</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 75%">mfischbein@fbr.com</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>Ryan Loforte</TD>
    <TD>rloforte@fbr.com</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>Patrice McNicoll</TD>
    <TD>pmcnicoll@fbr.com</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>Keith Pompliano</TD>
    <TD>kpompliano@fbr.com</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">With a copy to atmdesk@fbr.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SCHEDULE 4</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Subsidiaries</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Pipex Therapeutics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Effective Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Solovax, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">CD4 Biosciences, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Epitope Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Healthmine, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Putney Drug Corp.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Synthetic Biomics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U>Exhibit 23</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Permitted Free Writing Prospectus</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">None.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>v446112_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><IMG SRC="tex5-1logo.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">August 5, 2016</P>

<P STYLE="font: small-caps bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Rockville, MD 20850</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">Re:</TD><TD>Synthetic Biologics, Inc. Offering of Shares of Common Stock under a Registration Statement on Form S-3</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have acted as special
counsel for Synthetic Biologics Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), in connection with the issuance of up to
$40,000,000 of shares (the &ldquo;<B>Shares</B>&rdquo;) of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;<B>Common
Stock</B>&rdquo;). The Shares are included in a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-206266) (the &ldquo;<B>Registration
Statement</B>&rdquo;) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B>Commission</B>&rdquo;) under the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;<B>Securities Act</B>&rdquo;), and declared effective on August 18, 2015, a base prospectus
dated August 18, 2015 included in the Registration Statement at the time it originally became effective (the &ldquo;<B>Base Prospectus</B>&rdquo;),
and a prospectus supplement, dated August 5, 2016, filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (together
with the Base Prospectus, the &ldquo;<B>Prospectus</B>&rdquo;). This opinion is being furnished in connection with the requirements
of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, and no opinion is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to
the contents of the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, other than as expressly stated herein with respect to the issue of
the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In connection with
this opinion, we have examined the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Sales Agreement (as defined below). We also have
examined such corporate records, certificates and other documents and such questions of law as we have considered necessary or
appropriate for the purpose of this opinion. We have assumed: (A) the genuineness and authenticity of all documents submitted to
us as originals; and (B) the conformity to originals of all documents submitted to us as copies thereof. As to certain factual
matters, we have relied upon certificates of officers of the Company and have not sought independently to verify such matters.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As such counsel, we
have examined such matters of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With your
consent, we have relied upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters without
having independently verified such factual matters. We are opining herein as to the Nevada Revised Statutes, and we express
no opinion with respect to the applicability thereto, or the effect thereon, of the laws of any other jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our knowledge of the
Company and its legal and other affairs is limited by the scope of our engagement, which scope includes the delivery of this opinion
letter. We do not represent the Company with respect to all legal matters or issues. The Company may employ other independent counsel
and, to our knowledge, handles certain matters and issues without the assistance of independent counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the foregoing
and the other matters set forth herein, it is our opinion that, as of the date hereof, the Shares have been duly and validly authorized,
and upon their issuance in accordance with the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated August 5, 2016 (the &ldquo;<B>Sales Agreement</B>&rdquo;)
entered into by the Company with FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co., will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We hereby consent to
the reference to our firm under the caption &ldquo;Legal Matters&rdquo; in the Prospectus and to the filing of this opinion as
Exhibit 5.1 to the Company&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K relating to the issuance and sale of the Shares pursuant to the Sales
Agreement. In giving our consent, we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under
Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. &nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is delivered
solely in connection with the consummation of the transactions described herein, and may not be relied upon by you for any other
purpose nor by any other person for any purpose.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">PARSONS BEHLE &amp; LATIMER</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
